Jimmy Carter

<h2 id="early-life">Early life</h2>

James Earl Carter Jr. was born on October 1, 1924, in <a href="/facts/Plains%2c_Georgia/91MX7Kwn">Plains, Georgia</a>, at the <a href="/facts/Wise_Sanitarium/YLDgum1q">Wise Sanitarium</a>, where his mother worked as a registered nurse.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> Carter was the first U.S. president born in a hospital.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> He was the eldest child of <a href="/facts/Bessie_Lillian_Gordy/AWUlDwee">Bessie Lillian Gordy</a> and <a href="/facts/James_Earl_Carter_Sr./kHXn7PbY">James Earl Carter Sr.</a>, and a descendant of English immigrant Thomas Carter, who settled in the <a href="/facts/Colony_of_Virginia/l8uHy7Rc">Colony of Virginia</a> in 1635.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> In Georgia, numerous generations of Carters worked as cotton farmers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> Carter's father was a successful local businessman who ran a <a href="/facts/General_store/DcLwFgmx">general store</a> and was an investor in farmland;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> he had served as a reserve second lieutenant in the <a href="/facts/U.S._Army_Quartermaster_Corps/RP6D4tnw">U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps</a> during <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>
During Carter's infancy, his family moved several times, settling on a dirt road in nearby <a href="/facts/Archery%2c_Georgia/ctYGem2F">Archery</a>, which was almost entirely populated by impoverished Black families.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> His family eventually had three more children, <a href="/facts/Gloria_Carter_Spann/YbnaXSpG">Gloria</a>, <a href="/facts/Ruth_Carter_Stapleton/4HnmVIXz">Ruth</a>, and <a href="/facts/Billy_Carter/MNdknPSq">Billy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> Carter had a good relationship with his parents, even though his mother was often absent during his childhood since she worked long hours. Although his father was staunchly <a href="/facts/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States/AHovv4q6">pro-segregation</a>, he allowed Jimmy to befriend the Black farmhands' children.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> Carter was an enterprising teenager who was given his own acre of Earl's farmland, where he grew and sold peanuts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Carter also rented out a section of tenant housing he had purchased.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>

<h3>Education</h3>
Carter attended Plains High School from 1937 to 1941, graduating from the 11th grade; the school did not have a 12th grade.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> By that time, Archery and Plains had been impoverished by the <a href="/facts/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States/WhukPD96">Great Depression</a>, but the family benefited from <a href="/facts/New_Deal/R33TXQFB">New Deal</a> farming subsidies, and Carter's father became a community leader.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Carter was a diligent student with a fondness for reading.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> According to a popular anecdote, he was passed over for <a href="/facts/Valedictorian/0Dh31FMv">valedictorian</a> after he and his friends skipped school to venture downtown in a <a href="/facts/Hot_rod/UWdd1MoU">hot rod</a> (although it is not clear he would otherwise have been valedictorian).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> Carter played on the Plains High School basketball team and joined <a href="/facts/Future_Farmers_of_America/60zKz2Hw">Future Farmers of America</a>, which helped him develop a lifelong interest in woodworking.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>
Carter had long dreamed of attending the <a href="/facts/United_States_Naval_Academy/zKBGBBUC">United States Naval Academy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> In 1941, he started undergraduate coursework in engineering at <a href="/facts/Georgia_Southwestern_College/htl5wp8t">Georgia Southwestern College</a> in nearby Americus, Georgia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> The next year, Carter transferred to the <a href="/facts/Georgia_School_of_Technology/HKtrUSao">Georgia School of Technology</a> (now Georgia Tech) in Atlanta, where civil rights icon <a href="/facts/Blake_Van_Leer/8jjmUAvS">Blake Van Leer</a> was president.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> While at Georgia Tech, Carter took part in the <a href="/facts/Reserve_Officers%2527_Training_Corps/LIq549By">Reserve Officers' Training Corps</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> Van Leer encouraged Carter to join the Naval Academy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> In 1943, he received an appointment to the Naval Academy from U.S. Representative <a href="/facts/Stephen_Pace_(politician)/P6PT3JgS">Stephen Pace</a>, and Carter graduated with a Bachelor of Science in 1946.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> He was a good student, but was seen as reserved and quiet, in contrast to the academy's culture of aggressive hazing of freshmen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> While at the academy, Carter fell in love with <a href="/facts/Rosalynn_Smith/5zScNlFk">Rosalynn Smith</a>, a friend of his sister Ruth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> The two wed shortly after his graduation in 1946, and were married until her death on November 19, 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> Carter was a <a href="/facts/Sprint_football/bLYyImWk">sprint football</a> player for the <a href="/facts/Navy_Midshipmen/dRrl7llF">Navy Midshipmen</a> and a standout freshman <a href="/facts/Navy_Midshipmen_cross_country/dRrl7llF">cross country runner</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> He graduated 60th out of 821 midshipmen in the class of 1947<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> with a Bachelor of Science degree and was commissioned as an <a href="/facts/Ensign_(rank)/K6EuCgvs">ensign</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>

<h2 id="naval-career">Naval career</h2>

From 1946 to 1953, the Carters lived in <a href="/facts/Virginia/WSyGxzaH">Virginia</a>, <a href="/facts/Territory_of_Hawaii/qa71CwE6">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/facts/Connecticut/LeDhYdJG">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/facts/New_York_(state)/mnl67G1G">New York</a>, and <a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a>, during his deployments in <a href="/facts/U.S._Atlantic_Fleet/Ygq6vknY">the Atlantic</a> and <a href="/facts/U.S._Pacific_Fleet/aFwzSbeU">Pacific fleets</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> In 1948, he began officer training for submarine duty and served aboard <a href="/facts/USS_Pomfret/dX20SG85">USS Pomfret</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> Carter was promoted to <a href="/facts/Lieutenant_junior_grade/sYEFj62l">lieutenant junior grade</a> in 1949. His service aboard Pomfret included a simulated war patrol to the western Pacific and Chinese coast from January to March of that year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> In 1951, Carter was assigned to the diesel/electric <a href="/facts/USS_Barracuda_(SSK-1)/rPuVWqre">USS K-1 (SSK-1)</a>, qualified for command, and served in several positions, including executive officer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a>
In 1952, Carter began an association with the Navy's fledgling <a href="/facts/Nuclear_submarine/EwB3jEwd">nuclear submarine</a> program, led by then-Captain <a href="/facts/Hyman_G._Rickover/0dmgztHv">Hyman G. Rickover</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> Rickover had high standards, and Carter later said that, next to his parents, Rickover had the greatest influence on his life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> Carter was sent to the <a href="/facts/Naval_Reactors/omrogq3u">Naval Reactors</a> Branch of the <a href="/facts/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission/7VXrvVJ9">Atomic Energy Commission</a> in Washington, D.C., for three-month temporary duty, while Rosalynn moved with their children to <a href="/facts/Schenectady%2c_New_York/QKnQGCSh">Schenectady, New York</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a>
On December 12, 1952, an accident with the experimental <a href="/facts/NRX/wrNle8hm">NRX</a> reactor at <a href="/facts/Atomic_Energy_of_Canada/Dv09lsfo">Atomic Energy of Canada</a>'s <a href="/facts/Chalk_River_Laboratories/aHQ9MQYv">Chalk River Laboratories</a> caused a partial <a href="/facts/Nuclear_meltdown/ISGm78Mv">meltdown</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> Carter was ordered to Chalk River to lead a U.S. maintenance crew to assist in the shutdown of the reactor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> The painstaking process required each team member to don protective gear and be lowered individually into the reactor for 90 seconds at a time, limiting their exposure to radioactivity while they disassembled the crippled reactor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> During and after his presidency, Carter said that his experience at Chalk River had shaped his views on atomic energy and led him to cease the development of a <a href="/facts/Neutron_bomb/CDQspbMM">neutron bomb</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>
In March 1953, Carter began a six-month nuclear power plant operation course at <a href="/facts/Union_College/wbXlufMb">Union College</a> in Schenectady.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> His intent was to eventually work aboard <a href="/facts/USS_Seawolf_(SSN-575)/YBn8qLp3">USS Seawolf</a>, which was intended to be the second U.S. nuclear submarine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> His plans changed when his father died of <a href="/facts/Pancreatic_cancer/6h9GIInW">pancreatic cancer</a> in July, two months before construction of Seawolf began, and Carter obtained a release from active duty so he could take over the family peanut business.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> Deciding to leave Schenectady proved difficult, as Rosalynn had grown comfortable with their life there.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> She later said that returning to small-town life in Plains seemed "a monumental step backward".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> Carter left active duty on October 9, 1953.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> He served in the inactive <a href="/facts/United_States_Navy_Reserve/xwbzlJ0t">Navy Reserve</a> until 1961 and left with the rank of <a href="/facts/Lieutenant_(navy)/SRRT6ddj">lieutenant</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> Carter's awards include the <a href="/facts/American_Campaign_Medal/9AIyw7eK">American Campaign Medal</a>, <a href="/facts/World_War_II_Victory_Medal/b8eaut8K">World War II Victory Medal</a>, <a href="/facts/China_Service_Medal/EEjCT3ea">China Service Medal</a>, and <a href="/facts/National_Defense_Service_Medal/Gj4kUfzt">National Defense Service Medal</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> As a submarine officer, he also earned the <a href="/facts/Submarine_Warfare_insignia/MEjmRgt4">"dolphin" badge</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a>

<h2 id="farming">Farming</h2>
After debt settlements and division of his father's estate, Jimmy inherited comparatively little.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> For a year, he, Rosalynn, and their three sons lived in public housing in Plains.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> Carter set out to expand the family's peanut-growing business.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> Transitioning from the Navy to farming was difficult as his first-year harvest failed due to drought, and Carter had to open several lines of credit to keep the farm afloat.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> He took classes and studied agriculture while Rosalynn learned accounting to manage the business's books.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> Though they barely broke even the first year, the Carters grew the business and became quite successful.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a>

<h2 id="early-political-career-196382111971">Early political career (1963–1971)</h2>
<h3>Georgia state senator (1963–1967)</h3>
As racial tension inflamed in Plains by the 1954 <a href="/facts/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States/rJHothwW">Supreme Court of the United States</a> ruling in <a href="/facts/Brown_v._Board_of_Education/g8KI1T4g">Brown v. Board of Education</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> Carter favored integration but often kept those feelings to himself to avoid making enemies. By 1961, Carter began to speak more prominently of integration as a member of the <a href="/facts/Baptist_Church/nMKlmaVb">Baptist Church</a> and chairman of the <a href="/facts/Sumter_County%2c_Georgia/5ooruL7J">Sumter County</a> school board.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> In 1962, he announced his campaign for an open <a href="/facts/Georgia_State_Senate/MRoXPMqQ">Georgia State Senate</a> seat.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> Rosalynn, who had an instinct for politics and organization, was instrumental in his campaign. While early counting of the ballots showed Carter trailing his opponent, Homer Moore, this was later proven to be the result of fraudulent voting.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a> Another election was held, in which Carter defeated Moore as the sole Democratic candidate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> He served in both the <a href="/facts/127th_Georgia_General_Assembly/R2bActkw">127th Georgia General Assembly</a> and the <a href="/facts/128th_Georgia_General_Assembly/geG82UV3">128th Georgia General Assembly</a>.
The <a href="/facts/Civil_rights_movement/llwscvvR">civil rights movement</a> was well underway when Carter took office. Carter remained relatively quiet on the issue at first, even as it polarized much of the county, to avoid alienating his segregationist colleagues. Carter did speak up on a few divisive issues, giving speeches against <a href="/facts/Literacy_test/YgL5Pym4">literacy tests</a> and against an amendment to the <a href="/facts/Constitution_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)/NdNqg4MJ">Georgia Constitution</a> that he felt implied a compulsion to practice religion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> Carter entered the state Democratic Executive Committee two years into office, where he helped rewrite the state party's rules. He became the chairman of the West Central Georgia Planning and Development Commission, which oversaw the disbursement of federal and state grants for projects such as historic site restoration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a>
When <a href="/facts/Bo_Callaway/YptlbmrD">Bo Callaway</a> was elected to the <a href="/facts/United_States_House_of_Representatives/cdBPb9pY">United States House of Representatives</a> in 1964, Carter immediately began planning to challenge him. The two had previously clashed over which two-year college would be expanded to a four-year college program by the state, and Carter saw Callaway—who had switched to the <a href="/facts/Republican_Party_(United_States)/XXM1EVPr">Republican Party</a>—as representing aspects of politics he despised.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> Carter was reelected to a second two-year term in the state Senate,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> where he chaired its Education Committee and sat on the Appropriations Committee. He contributed to a bill expanding statewide education funding and getting <a href="/facts/Georgia_Southwestern_State_University/htl5wp8t">Georgia Southwestern State University</a> a four-year program. He leveraged his regional planning work, giving speeches around the district to make himself more visible to potential voters. On the last day of the term, Carter announced his candidacy for the House of Representatives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a> Callaway decided to run for governor instead;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> Carter decided to do the same.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a>

<h3>1966 and 1970 gubernatorial campaigns</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/1966_Georgia_gubernatorial_election/jLX2gu9J">1966 Georgia gubernatorial election</a> and <a href="/facts/1970_Georgia_gubernatorial_election/n6QYUU5R">1970 Georgia gubernatorial election</a>
In the 1966 gubernatorial election, Carter ran against liberal former governor <a href="/facts/Ellis_Arnall/bahWc97o">Ellis Arnall</a> and conservative segregationist <a href="/facts/Lester_Maddox/e4Xlm7S7">Lester Maddox</a> in the Democratic primary. In a press conference, he described his ideology as "Conservative, moderate, liberal and middle-of-the-road ... I believe I am a more complicated person than that."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> He lost the primary but drew enough votes as a third-place candidate to force Arnall into a <a href="/facts/Runoff_election/2sFF4NBG">runoff election</a> with Maddox, who defeated Arnall.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> In the general election, Republican nominee Callaway won a plurality of the vote but less than a majority, allowing the Democratic-majority <a href="/facts/Georgia_House_of_Representatives/E0Q7VRfK">Georgia House of Representatives</a> to elect Maddox as governor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> Maddox's victory—due to his segregationist stance—was seen as the worst outcome for the indebted Carter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> Carter returned to his agriculture business, carefully planning his next campaign. This period was a spiritual turning point for Carter; he declared himself a <a href="/facts/Born_again/uKsRyoPs">born again</a> Christian. His last child, <a href="/facts/Amy_Carter/hpYwMy7l">Amy</a>, was born during this time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a>
In the 1970 gubernatorial election, liberal former governor <a href="/facts/Carl_Sanders/tlaQfSnm">Carl Sanders</a> became Carter's main opponent in the Democratic primary. Carter ran a more modern campaign, employing printed graphics and statistical analysis. Responding to polls, he leaned more conservative than before, positioning himself as a <a href="/facts/Populist/J0EXt6XK">populist</a> and criticizing Sanders for both his wealth and perceived links to the national Democratic Party. He also accused Sanders of corruption, but when pressed by the media, he did not provide evidence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a> Throughout his campaign, Carter sought both the black vote and the votes of those who had supported prominent Alabama segregationist <a href="/facts/George_Wallace/twKh8dVu">George Wallace</a>. While he met with black figures such as <a href="/facts/Martin_Luther_King_Sr./fVgKNw8S">Martin Luther King Sr.</a> and <a href="/facts/Andrew_Young/HAauhA8o">Andrew Young</a> and visited many black-owned businesses, he also praised Wallace and promised to invite him to give a speech in Georgia. Carter's appeal to racism became more blatant over time, with his senior campaign aides handing out a photograph of Sanders celebrating with Black basketball players.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a>
Carter came ahead of Sanders in the first ballot, leading to a runoff election. The subsequent campaign was even more bitter. Despite his early support for civil rights, Carter's appeal to racism grew, and he criticized Sanders for supporting <a href="/facts/Martin_Luther_King_Jr./dhWS0DP0">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> Carter won the runoff election and won the general election against Republican nominee <a href="/facts/Hal_Suit/3v850mfH">Hal Suit</a>. Once elected, Carter began to speak against Georgia's racist politics. <a href="/facts/Leroy_Johnson_(Georgia_politician)/e7BAddRp">Leroy Johnson</a>, a black state senator, voiced his support for Carter: "I understand why he ran that kind of ultra-conservative campaign. I don't believe you can win this state without being a racist."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a>

<h2 id="georgia-governorship-197182111975">Georgia governorship (1971–1975)</h2>

Carter was sworn in as the 76th <a href="/facts/Governor_of_Georgia/64AIhSph">governor of Georgia</a> on January 12, 1971. In his inaugural speech, he declared that "the time for racial discrimination is over",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> shocking the crowd and causing many segregationists who had supported his candidacy to feel betrayed. Carter was reluctant to engage with fellow politicians, making him unpopular with the legislature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> He expanded the governor's authority by introducing a reorganization plan submitted in January 1972. Despite an initially cool reception in the legislature, the plan passed at midnight on the last day of the session.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a> Carter merged about 300 state agencies into 22, although it is disputed whether that saved the state money.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a> On July 8, 1971, during an appearance in <a href="/facts/Columbus%2c_Georgia/jKDqM2qq">Columbus, Georgia</a>, he stated his intention to establish a Georgia Human Rights Council.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a>
In a July 1971 news conference, Carter announced that he had ordered department heads to reduce spending to prevent a $57 million deficit by the end of the 1972 fiscal year, specifying that each state department would be affected and estimating that five percent over government revenue would be lost if state departments continued to fully use allocated funds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a> In January 1972, he requested that the state legislature fund an early childhood development program along with prison reform programs and $48 million (equivalent to $270 million in 2023) in paid taxes for nearly all state employees.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a>
In March 1972, Carter said he might call a special session of the general assembly if the Justice Department struck down any reapportionment plans by either the House or Senate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> He pushed several reforms through the legislature, providing equal state aid to schools, setting up community centers for mentally disabled children, and increasing educational programs for convicts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a> In one of his more controversial decisions, he vetoed a plan to build a dam on Georgia's <a href="/facts/Flint_River/BDsyakaM">Flint River</a>, which attracted the attention of environmentalists nationwide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a>

Civil rights were a high priority for Carter, who added black state employees and portraits of three prominent black Georgians to the capitol building. This angered the <a href="/facts/Ku_Klux_Klan/gTyz2sld">Ku Klux Klan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a> He favored a constitutional amendment to ban <a href="/facts/Busing/zuccURNe">busing</a> for the purpose of expediting integration in schools on a televised joint appearance with Florida Governor <a href="/facts/Reubin_Askew/2EqT9dH8">Reubin Askew</a> on January 31, 1973,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a> and co-sponsored an anti-busing resolution with Wallace at the 1971 National Governors Conference.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> After the U.S. Supreme Court struck down Georgia's <a href="/facts/Capital_punishment_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)/vfrqeGI0">death penalty</a> statute in <a href="/facts/Furman_v._Georgia/wdh4aXhq">Furman v. Georgia</a> (1972), Carter signed a revised statute that reintroduced the practice. He later regretted endorsing the death penalty, saying, "I didn't see the injustice of it as I do now."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a>
Ineligible for a second consecutive term under the 1945 Georgia Constitution, Carter considered running for president and engaged in national politics. He was named to several southern planning commissions and a delegate to the <a href="/facts/1972_Democratic_National_Convention/Mj2nFdGL">1972 Democratic National Convention</a>, where U.S. Senator <a href="/facts/George_McGovern/VdmoWWNu">George McGovern</a> was the likely nominee. Carter tried to ingratiate himself with conservative and anti-McGovern voters. He was fairly obscure at the time, and his attempt at triangulation failed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a> On August 3, Carter met with Wallace in <a href="/facts/Birmingham%2c_Alabama/gQB3RGPA">Birmingham, Alabama</a>, to discuss preventing the Democrats from losing in a landslide,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a> but they did.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a>
Carter regularly met with his fledgling campaign staff and decided to start putting together a presidential campaign for 1976. He tried unsuccessfully to become chairman of the <a href="/facts/National_Governors_Association/FXnTgFND">National Governors Association</a> to boost his visibility. With <a href="/facts/David_Rockefeller/sArdHJuU">David Rockefeller</a>'s endorsement, he was named to the <a href="/facts/Trilateral_Commission/mr69hvDk">Trilateral Commission</a> in April 1973. The next year, he was named chairman of the <a href="/facts/Democratic_National_Committee/zGbMqAUU">Democratic National Committee</a>'s congressional and gubernatorial campaigns.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> In May 1973, Carter warned his party against politicizing the <a href="/facts/Watergate_scandal/7fEhrNXM">Watergate scandal</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a> which he attributed to president <a href="/facts/Richard_Nixon/HS8uXAoC">Richard Nixon</a>'s isolation from Americans and secretive decision-making.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a>

<h2 id="1976-presidential-campaign">1976 presidential campaign</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Jimmy_Carter_1976_presidential_campaign/YIYtSB9F">Jimmy Carter 1976 presidential campaign</a>
Further information: <a href="/facts/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries/rMWcIaky">1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a>

On December 12, 1974, Carter announced his presidential campaign at the <a href="/facts/National_Press_Club_(United_States)/5yYd0Reg">National Press Club</a> in Washington, D.C. His speech contained themes of domestic inequality, optimism, and change.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> Upon his entrance in the Democratic primaries, he was competing against sixteen other candidates and was considered to have little chance against the more nationally known politicians such as Wallace.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a> His name recognition was very low, and his opponents derisively asked "Jimmy Who?".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a> In response to this, Carter began to emphasize his name and what he stood for, stating "My name is Jimmy Carter, and I'm running for president."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a>
This strategy proved successful. By mid-March 1976, Carter was not only far ahead of the active contenders for the presidential nomination, but led incumbent Republican president <a href="/facts/Gerald_Ford/AdMS7jGW">Gerald Ford</a> by a few percentage points.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a> As the Watergate scandal was still fresh in the voters' minds, Carter's position as an outsider proved helpful. He promoted government reorganization. In June, Carter published a memoir titled Why Not the Best? to introduce himself to the American public.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a>

Carter became the front-runner early on by winning the <a href="/facts/Iowa_caucuses/fnsn94Ju">Iowa caucuses</a> and the <a href="/facts/New_Hampshire_primary/zrurXmn5">New Hampshire primary</a>. His strategy involved reaching a region before another candidate could extend influence there, traveling over 50,000 miles (80,000 kilometres), visiting 37 states, and delivering over 200 speeches before any other candidate had entered the race.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a> In the South, he tacitly conceded certain areas to Wallace and swept them as a moderate when it became clear Wallace could not win the region. In the North, Carter appealed largely to conservative Christian and rural voters. While he did not achieve a majority in most Northern states, he won several by building the largest singular support base. Although Carter was initially dismissed as a regional candidate, he would clinch the Democratic nomination.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a> In 1980, Laurence Shoup noted that the national news media discovered and promoted Carter, and stated:

<blockquote>What Carter had that his opponents did not was the acceptance and support of elite sectors of the mass communications media. It was their favorable coverage of Carter and his campaign that gave him an edge, propelling him rocket-like to the top of the opinion polls. This helped Carter win key primary election victories, enabling him to rise from an obscure public figure to President-elect in the short space of 9 months.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a></blockquote>

During an interview in April 1976, Carter said, "I have nothing against a community that is... trying to maintain the ethnic purity of their neighborhoods."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a> His remark was intended as supportive of <a href="/facts/Open_housing/tTUalV2Q">open housing</a> laws, but specifying opposition to government efforts to "inject black families into a white neighborhood just to create some sort <a href="/facts/Racial_integration/2uw7Nbhq">of integration</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a> Carter's stated positions during his campaign included public financing of congressional campaigns,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a> supporting the creation of a federal consumer protection agency,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a> creating a separate cabinet-level department for education,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a> signing a peace treaty with the <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> to limit nuclear weapons,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a> reducing the defense budget,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a> a tax proposal implementing "a substantial increase toward those who have the higher incomes" alongside a levy reduction on taxpayers with lower and middle incomes,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a> making multiple amendments to the <a href="/facts/Social_Security_Act/MMN9w4eQ">Social Security Act</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a> and having a balanced budget by the end of his first term.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a>
On July 15, 1976, Carter <a href="/facts/1976_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection/xfoEFWvn">chose</a> U.S. senator <a href="/facts/Walter_Mondale/Mt6WnypN">Walter Mondale</a> as his running mate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a> Carter and Ford faced off in three televised debates,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a> the first <a href="/facts/United_States_presidential_debates/Hz2k3w3W">United States presidential debates</a> since 1960.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a>
For the November 1976 issue of <a href="/facts/Playboy/VodMMDTT">Playboy</a>, which hit newsstands a couple of weeks before the election, <a href="/facts/Robert_Scheer/bSlT1xXr">Robert Scheer</a> interviewed Carter. While discussing his religion's view of pride, Carter said: "I've looked on a lot of women with lust. I've committed adultery in my heart many times."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a> This response and his admission in another interview that he did not mind if people uttered the word "fuck" led to a media feeding frenzy and critics lamenting the erosion of boundary between politicians and their private intimate lives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a>

<h3>Election</h3>
Further information: <a href="/facts/1976_United_States_presidential_election/9jhb4GKN">1976 United States presidential election</a>

Carter once had a sizable lead over Ford in national polling, but by late September his lead had narrowed to only several points.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a> In the final days before the election, several polls showed that Ford had tied Carter, and one <a href="/facts/Gallup_poll/rW70sbKh">Gallup poll</a> found that he was slightly ahead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a> Most analysts agreed that Carter was going to win the <a href="/facts/Popular_vote/oEF5QKUB">popular vote</a>, but some argued Ford had an opportunity to win the <a href="/facts/United_States_Electoral_College/Uyko6bfl">electoral college</a> and thus the election.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a>
Carter and Mondale ultimately defeated Ford and his runningmate (Senator <a href="/facts/Bob_Dole/aEGlx9vj">Bob Dole</a>), receiving 297 electoral votes and 50.1% of the popular vote.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a> Carter's victory was attributed in part<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a> to his overwhelming support among black voters in states decided by close margins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a> In Ohio and Wisconsin, where the margin between Carter and Ford was under two points, the black vote was crucial for Carter; if he had not won both states, Ford would have won the election.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a>

<h3>Transition</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Presidential_transition_of_Jimmy_Carter/nr8c2MKW">Presidential transition of Jimmy Carter</a>

Preliminary planning for Carter's <a href="/facts/United_States_presidential_transition/MuUKVH1g">presidential transition</a> had been underway for months before his election.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a> Carter had been the first presidential candidate to allot significant funds and a significant number of personnel to a pre-election transition planning effort, which then became standard practice.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a> He set a mold that influenced all future transitions to be larger, more methodical and more formal than they were.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a>
On November 22, 1976, Carter conducted his first visit to Washington, D.C. after being elected, meeting with director of the <a href="/facts/Office_of_Management_and_Budget/CgNXcMkS">Office of Management and Budget</a> (OMB) <a href="/facts/James_Lynn/rJWrcLPs">James Lynn</a> and United States secretary of defense <a href="/facts/Donald_Rumsfeld/nTbFApTY">Donald Rumsfeld</a> at the <a href="/facts/Blair_House/vj3ChKk5">Blair House</a>, and holding an afternoon meeting with President Ford at the <a href="/facts/White_House/CJQc7dKF">White House</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a> The next day, he conferred with congressional leaders, saying that his meetings with cabinet members had been "very helpful" and that Ford had offered his assistance if he needed anything.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a> Relations between Ford and Carter were relatively cold during the transition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a> During his transition, Carter announced the selection of numerous designees for positions in his administration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a>
A few weeks before his inauguration, Carter moved his peanut business into the hands of trustees to avoid a potential <a href="/facts/Conflict_of_interest/Qdcsd326">conflict of interest</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a> He also asked incoming members of his administration to divest themselves of assets through <a href="/facts/Blind_trust/rlRDsH9J">blind trusts</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a>

<h2 id="presidency-197782111981">Presidency (1977–1981)</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter/1qnkgxGJ">Presidency of Jimmy Carter</a>
For a chronological guide, see <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency/5eAJdGAl">Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency</a>. See also: <a href="/facts/Inauguration_of_Jimmy_Carter/T6T8C0Ev">Inauguration of Jimmy Carter</a>

Carter was inaugurated as the 39th president on January 20, 1977.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a> One of Carter's first acts was the fulfillment of a campaign promise by issuing <a href="/facts/Proclamation_4483/JTVsnAfG">Proclamation 4483</a> declaring unconditional <a href="/facts/Amnesty/uvqQXgdc">amnesty</a> for <a href="/facts/Vietnam_War/W0gfbGTE">Vietnam War</a>–era <a href="/facts/Draft_evaders/RImp00dr">draft evaders</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a> Carter's tenure in office was marked by an economic malaise, a time of continuing inflation and recession and the <a href="/facts/1979_energy_crisis/nbjj6wwL">1979 energy crisis</a>. Under Carter, in May 1980, the <a href="/facts/Federal_Trade_Commission/Hkz0PwF9">Federal Trade Commission</a> became "apparently the first agency ever closed by a budget dispute", but Congress took action and the agency opened the next day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a>
Carter attempted to calm various conflicts around the world, most visibly in the Middle East with the signing of the <a href="/facts/Camp_David_Accords/wVkUlrVW">Camp David Accords</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a> <a href="/facts/Torrijos%25E2%2580%2593Carter_Treaties/svAuKrh4">giving the Panama Canal</a> to Panama; and signing the <a href="/facts/Salt_II/E1H7pIvA">SALT II nuclear arms reduction treaty</a> with Soviet leader <a href="/facts/Leonid_Brezhnev/sL5scf4N">Leonid Brezhnev</a>. His final year was marred by the <a href="/facts/Iran_hostage_crisis/HTMyLwrb">Iran hostage crisis</a>, which contributed to his losing the <a href="/facts/1980_United_States_presidential_election/70vx94U4">1980 election</a> to <a href="/facts/Ronald_Reagan/z6AaKAad">Ronald Reagan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a> Whistleblowers have alleged, most recently in 2023, that people working on the Reagan campaign's behalf <a href="/facts/October_surprise_conspiracy_theory/kJ4lESF7">convinced Iran to prolong the crisis</a> to reduce Carter's chance of reelection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a>

<h3>Domestic policy</h3>
<h4>Holidays and proclamations</h4>
In 1978, Carter signed into law a bill creating a celebration in May called Asian American Heritage Week. May 7 and 10 were designated for national observance and recognition of the contributions of Asian Americans and Asian immigrants to American society. In 1992, President <a href="/facts/George_H._W._Bush/Xk5UxRqp">George H. W. Bush</a> signed a bill expanding the celebration into <a href="/facts/Asian_American_Heritage_Month/eCU0IxmM">Asian American Heritage Month</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a> In 2021, President <a href="/facts/Joe_Biden/fe2ThfUp">Joe Biden</a> signed a bill renaming this celebration Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Heritage Month.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a>

<h4>Economy</h4>

The first two years of Carter's presidency were a time of intense <a href="/facts/Stagflation/a0CLc2l3">stagflation</a>, primarily due to recovery from <a href="/facts/1973%25E2%2580%25931975_recession/Q6kktds7">a previous recession</a> that had left fixed investment at extreme lows and unemployment at 9%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a> Under Carter, the unemployment rate declined from 8.1% when he took office to 5.7% by July 1978,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a> but during the <a href="/facts/Early_1980s_recession_in_the_United_States/QIFHgrSF">early 1980s recession</a> it returned to its pre-1977 level.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a> His last two years were marked by double-digit inflation, very high interest rates,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a> oil shortages, and slow economic growth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a> Due to economic stimulus legislation, such as the Public Works Employment Act of 1977, proposed by Carter and passed by Congress, real household median income had grown by 5.2%, with a projection of 6.4% for the next quarter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a>
The 1979 energy crisis ended this period of growth, and as inflation and interest rates rose, economic growth, job creation and <a href="/facts/Consumer_confidence/eL00uCd7">consumer confidence</a> declined sharply.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a> <a href="/facts/Federal_Reserve_Board/zavlRHkU">Federal Reserve Board</a> chairman <a href="/facts/G._William_Miller/q2xtPgCt">G. William Miller</a>'s relatively loose <a href="/facts/Monetary_policy/LXehzvG0">monetary policy</a> had already contributed to somewhat higher inflation,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a> rising from 5.8% in 1976 to 7.7% in 1978. The sudden doubling of <a href="/facts/Crude_oil/IQV0bHVd">crude oil</a> prices<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a> forced inflation to double-digit levels, averaging 11.3% in 1979 and 13.5% in 1980.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a> The sudden shortage of gasoline as the 1979 summer vacation season began exacerbated the problem and came to symbolize the crisis to the general public;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a> the acute shortage, originating in the shutdown of <a href="/facts/Amerada_Hess/EyjdQm0h">Amerada Hess</a> refining facilities, led the federal government to sue the company that year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a>

<h4>Environment</h4>
During his 1976 campaign, Carter promised to sign into law any bills Congress passed to regulate <a href="/facts/Strip_mining/YTgBBloU">strip mining</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a> In 1977, Carter signed the <a href="/facts/Surface_Mining_Control_and_Reclamation_Act_of_1977/0r593JcC">Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977</a>, which regulated strip mining.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a>
In 1978, Carter declared a federal emergency in the <a href="/facts/Love_Canal/8qmgEUVq">Love Canal</a> neighborhood of <a href="/facts/Niagara_Falls%2c_New_York/s1qaPSHg">Niagara Falls, New York</a>. More than 800 families were evacuated from the neighborhood, which was on top of a <a href="/facts/Toxic_waste/NnAJeE7B">toxic waste</a> landfill. The <a href="/facts/Superfund/FFJJqmmu">Superfund</a> law was created in response to the situation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a> Federal disaster money was appropriated to demolish about 500 houses and two schools built atop the dump, and to remediate the dump and construct a containment area for the hazardous waste. This was the first time such a process had been undertaken. Carter acknowledged that several more "Love Canals" existed across the country, and that discovering such hazardous dump sites was "one of the grimmest discoveries of our modern era".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a>
In December 1978, Carter used the <a href="/facts/1906_Antiquities_Act/g75Le0tJ">1906 Antiquities Act</a> and his executive order power to designate 56,000,000 acres (23,000,000 ha) of land in Alaska as a national monument. This executive order protected the <a href="/facts/Arctic_National_Wildlife_Refuge/mhxUV480">Arctic National Wildlife Refuge</a> until Congress codified it into law with the <a href="/facts/Alaska_National_Interest_Lands_Conservation_Act_of_1980/nuvha4Lp">Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980</a>, which doubled the amount of public land set aside for national parks and wildlife refuges.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a>

<h4>U.S. energy crisis</h4>
Further information: <a href="/facts/1979_oil_crisis/nbjj6wwL">1979 oil crisis</a>

Moralism typified much of Carter's action.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a> On April 18, 1977, he delivered a televised speech declaring that the energy crisis was the "moral equivalent of war". He encouraged <a href="/facts/Energy_conservation/Sk7d6Dg2">energy conservation</a> and installed <a href="/facts/Solar_power_at_the_White_House/DURtL98y">solar water heating panels on the White House</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a> He wore a <a href="/facts/Cardigan_(sweater)/8kX0hRug">cardigan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a> to offset turning down the heat in the White House.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a> On August 4, 1977, Carter signed the <a href="/facts/Department_of_Energy_Organization_Act_of_1977/PRp6Cz8g">Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977</a>, forming the Department of Energy, the first new cabinet position in eleven years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a>
Carter emphasized that the House of Representatives had "adopted almost all" of the energy proposal he had made five months earlier and called the compromise "a turning point in establishing a comprehensive energy program."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a> The next month, he called energy "the most important domestic issue that we will face while I am in office".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a>
On January 12, 1978, Carter said the continued discussions about his energy reform proposal had been "long and divisive and arduous".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a> In an April 11, 1978, news conference, Carter said his biggest surprise "in the nature of a disappointment" since becoming president was the difficulty Congress had in passing legislation, citing the energy reform bill in particular.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a> After much deliberation and modification, Congress approved the Carter energy legislation on October 15, 1978. It deregulated the sale of natural gas, dropped a longstanding pricing disparity between intra- and interstate gas, and created tax credits to encourage energy conservation and the use of non-fossil fuels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a>
On March 1, 1979, Carter submitted a standby <a href="/facts/Rationing_in_the_United_States/aFq1zWGD">gasoline rationing plan</a> per the request of Congress.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a> On April 5, he delivered an address in which he stressed the urgency of energy conservation and increasing domestic production of energy sources such as coal and solar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a>
On July 15, 1979, Carter delivered a nationally televised address in which he identified what he believed to be a "crisis of confidence" among American people,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203">203</a> under the advisement of pollster <a href="/facts/Pat_Caddell/aJkfBe0y">Pat Caddell</a> who believed Americans faced a crisis in confidence from events of the 1960s and 1970s, before his presidency.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204">204</a> Some later called this his "<a href="/facts/Malaise/vdb5DxAU">malaise</a> speech",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205">205</a> memorable for mixed reactions<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206">206</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207">207</a> and his use of rhetoric.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208">208</a> The speech's negative reception centered on a view that he did not emphasize his own efforts to address the energy crisis and seemed too reliant on Americans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209">209</a>

<h4>Relations with Congress</h4>

Carter typically refused to conform to Washington's rules.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210">210</a> He avoided phone calls from members of Congress and verbally insulted them. He was unwilling to return political favors. His negativity led to frustration in passing legislation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211">211</a> During a press conference on February 23, 1977, Carter stated that it was "inevitable" that he would come into conflict with Congress and added that he had found "a growing sense of cooperation" with Congress and met in the past with congressional members of both parties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212">212</a> Carter developed a bitter feeling following an unsuccessful attempt at having Congress enact the scrapping of several water projects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213">213</a>
As a rift ensued between the White House and Congress afterward, Carter noted that the Democratic Party's liberal wing opposed his policies the most ardently, attributing this to <a href="/facts/Ted_Kennedy_1980_presidential_campaign/3b3QzkUp">Ted Kennedy's wanting the presidency</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214">214</a> Thinking he had support from 74 Congressmen, Carter issued a "hit list" of 19 projects that he claimed were "pork barrel" spending that he said he would veto if they were included in legislation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215">215</a> He found himself again at odds with Congressional Democrats, as <a href="/facts/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives/BtGvrhK1">House Speaker</a> <a href="/facts/Tip_O%2527Neill/CdQaJKmB">Tip O'Neill</a> found it inappropriate for a president to pursue what had traditionally been the role of Congress. Carter was also weakened by signing a bill that contained many of the "hit list" projects he had intended to veto.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216">216</a>


In an address to a fundraising dinner for the Democratic National Committee on June 23, 1977, Carter said, "I think it's good to point out tonight, too, that we have evolved a good working relationship with the Congress. For eight years we had government by partisanship. Now we have government by partnership."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217">217</a> At a July 28 news conference, assessing the first six months of his presidency, Carter spoke of his improved understanding of Congress: <blockquote>I have learned to respect the Congress more in an individual basis. I've been favorably impressed at the high degree of concentrated experience and knowledge that individual members of Congress can bring on a specific subject, where they've been the chairman of a subcommittee or committee for many years and have focused their attention on this particular aspect of government life which I will never be able to do.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218">218</a></blockquote>
On May 10, 1979, the House voted against giving Carter authority to produce a standby gas rationing plan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219">219</a> The following day, Carter described himself as shocked and embarrassed for the U.S. government by the vote and concluded "the majority of the House Members are unwilling to take the responsibility, the political responsibility for dealing with a potential, serious threat to our Nation." He added that most House members were placing higher importance on "local or parochial interests" and challenged the House to compose its own rationing plan in the next 90 days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220">220</a>
Carter's remarks were met with criticism by House Republicans, who accused his comments of not befitting the formality a president should have in their public remarks. Others pointed to 106 Democrats voting against his proposal and the bipartisan criticism potentially coming back to haunt him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221">221</a> At a news conference on July 25, 1979, Carter called on believers in the future of the U.S. and his proposed energy program to speak with Congress as it bore the responsibility to impose his proposals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222">222</a> Amid the energy proposal opposition, The New York Times commented that "as the comments flying up and down Pennsylvania Avenue illustrate, there is also a crisis of confidence between Congress and the President, sense of doubt and distrust that threatens to undermine the President's legislative program and become an important issue in next year's campaign."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223">223</a>

<h4>Deregulation</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Airline_Deregulation_Act/HIGGmP0u">Airline Deregulation Act</a>

In 1977, Carter appointed <a href="/facts/Alfred_E._Kahn/rxy0bPTu">Alfred E. Kahn</a> to lead the <a href="/facts/Civil_Aeronautics_Board/Jl9WDssk">Civil Aeronautics Board</a> (CAB). He was part of a push for deregulation of the industry, supported by leading economists, leading think tanks in Washington, a civil society coalition advocating the reform, the head of the regulatory agency, Senate leadership, the Carter administration, and even some in the airline industry. This coalition swiftly gained legislative results in 1978.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224">224</a>
Carter signed the <a href="/facts/Airline_Deregulation_Act/HIGGmP0u">Airline Deregulation Act</a> into law on October 24, 1978. The main purpose of the act was to <a href="/facts/Airline_deregulation/MfQIhSgW">remove government control</a> over fares, routes and market entry (of new airlines) from <a href="/facts/Commercial_aviation/3JJhl9jL">commercial aviation</a>. The Civil Aeronautics Board's powers of regulation were to be phased out, eventually allowing market forces to determine routes and fares. The Act did not remove or diminish the <a href="/facts/Federal_Aviation_Administration/PYsXt3YT">Federal Aviation Administration</a>'s regulatory powers over airline safety.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225">225</a>
In 1978, Carter signed a bill into law "allowing homebrewing and small-scale craft brewing to operate legally".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226">226</a> The new law deregulated the American beer industry by making it legal to sell <a href="/facts/Malt/Tupt6cGw">malt</a>, <a href="/facts/Hops/mBRf6xGx">hops</a>, and <a href="/facts/Yeast/eGD24nfI">yeast</a> to American <a href="/facts/Homebrewing/5583bWYV">home brewers</a> for the first time since the 1920 beginning of <a href="/facts/Prohibition_in_the_United_States/53aVxXXb">prohibition in the United States</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227">227</a> This deregulation led to an increase in home brewing that by the 2000s had developed into a strong craft <a href="/facts/Microbrewery/olIC7Gcq">microbrew</a> culture in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228">228</a>

<h4>Chrysler bailout</h4>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Chrysler_Corporation_Loan_Guarantee_Act_of_1979/n4VH6m2n">Chrysler Corporation Loan Guarantee Act of 1979</a>
In the late 1970s, the <a href="/facts/Chrysler/kMHhMgYx">Chrysler Cooperation</a>—one of the "<a href="/facts/Big_Three_(automobile_manufacturers)/5cyTUsmk">Big Three</a>" automakers in the U.S.—faced near-certain bankruptcy as it projected a loss of $1 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229">229</a> Carter proposed that the company forgo salary increases and bonuses, saying that it might be done "without decimating the company or putting it on its knees", but the company had already frozen wage increases and bonuses months before, to no avail.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230">230</a> In 1979, Congress began working on a <a href="/facts/Bailout/GhEhGMRS">bailout</a> plan for Chrysler, led by Congressman <a href="/facts/James_J._Blanchard/CkFdffVL">James J. Blanchard</a>. Carter assembled a team that included Vice President Mondale and Assistant Domestic Policy Adviser <a href="/facts/David_Rubenstein/ScL164xM">David Rubenstein</a> to secure a $1.5 billion loan guarantee.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231">231</a>
In December, Congress passed the <a href="/facts/Chrysler_Corporation_Loan_Guarantee_Act_of_1979/n4VH6m2n">Chrysler Corporation Loan Guarantee Act of 1979</a> to bail Chrysler out with $3.5 billion (equivalent to $10.9 billion in 2023) in aid.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232">232</a> The bill turned over $162 million in stock to Chrysler's workers, eliminated around $125 million in wage increases, and gave Chrysler $500 million in bank loans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233">233</a> Carter, who had initially opposed the bailout of corporations,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234">234</a> signed it into law in January, saying that the bill saved thousands of jobs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235">235</a> The bailout was successful at the time, but Chrysler would eventually file for bankruptcy during the <a href="/facts/2008_financial_crisis/qw8n1pSN">2008 financial crisis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236">236</a>

<h4>Healthcare</h4>
During his presidential campaign, Carter embraced healthcare reform akin to the <a href="/facts/Ted_Kennedy/Q65NCfM2">Ted Kennedy</a>–sponsored bipartisan universal <a href="/facts/National_health_insurance/s5JL8kc5">national health insurance</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237">237</a> Carter's proposals on healthcare while in office included a 1977 mandatory health care cost proposal,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238">238</a> and a 1979 proposal that provided private health insurance coverage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239">239</a> The 1977 mandatory health care cost proposal was passed in the Senate,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240">240</a> but later defeated in the House.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241">241</a> During 1978, he met with Kennedy over a compromise healthcare law that proved unsuccessful.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242">242</a> He later said Kennedy's disagreements thwarted his plan to provide a comprehensive American health care system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243">243</a>
In 1980, Carter signed into law the <a href="/facts/Mental_Health_Systems_Act_of_1980/hoVHlJj0">Mental Health Systems (MHSA) Act</a>, which allocated <a href="/facts/Block_grant/7McB4Jqp">block grants</a> to states to bolster community health services and provided funding to states to create and implement community-based health services. The MHSA was considered landmark legislation in mental health care.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244">244</a> By September 1981, the Reagan administration had repealed most of the law.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245">245</a>

<h4>Education</h4>

Early into his term, Carter collaborated with Congress to fulfill his campaign promise to create a cabinet-level education department. In an address from the White House on February 28, 1978, Carter argued "Education is far too important a matter to be scattered piecemeal among various government departments and agencies, which are often busy with sometimes dominant concerns."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246">246</a> On February 8, 1979, the Carter administration released an outline of its plan to establish an education department and asserted enough support for the enactment to occur by June.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247">247</a> On October 17, the same year, Carter signed the <a href="/facts/Department_of_Education_Organization_Act/q6rJr38U">Department of Education Organization Act</a> into law,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248">248</a> establishing the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Education/VuahmIvb">United States Department of Education</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249">249</a>
Carter added 43,000 children and families to the <a href="/facts/Head_Start_(program)/AQT8X7r7">Head Start</a> program,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250">250</a> while the percentage of nondefense dollars spent on education was doubled.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251">251</a> In a speech on November 1, 1980, Carter stated his administration had extended Head Start to migrant children.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252">252</a>

<h4>LGBTQ rights</h4>
During Carter's administration, the United States Foreign Service "lifted its ban on gay and lesbian personnel". In 1977, the Carter administration became the first U.S. presidential administration to invite gay and lesbian rights activists to the White House to discuss federal policy with regard to ending employment discrimination in the federal government on the basis of sexual orientation and related issues.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253">253</a>

<h3>Foreign policy</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Foreign_policy_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_administration/aJXAD06K">Foreign policy of the Jimmy Carter administration</a>

<h4>Israel and Egypt</h4>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter/1qnkgxGJ">Presidency of Jimmy Carter § Camp David Accords</a>, and <a href="/facts/Camp_David_Accords/wVkUlrVW">Camp David Accords</a>

From the onset of his presidency, Carter attempted to mediate the <a href="/facts/Arab%25E2%2580%2593Israeli_conflict/2MYWXMWk">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254">254</a> After a failed attempt to seek a comprehensive settlement in 1977 (through reconvening the <a href="/facts/Geneva_Conference_(1973)/mhqVqglo">1973 Geneva conference</a>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255">255</a> Carter invited the Egyptian president <a href="/facts/Anwar_Sadat/3Xs5rdMR">Anwar Sadat</a> and Israeli prime minister <a href="/facts/Menachem_Begin/FG6tSzs3">Menachem Begin</a> to the presidential lodge Camp David in September 1978, in hopes of creating a definitive peace. While the two sides could not agree on Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank, the negotiations resulted in Egypt formally recognizing Israel, and the creation of an elected government in the West Bank and Gaza. This resulted in the Camp David Accords, which ended the war between Israel and Egypt.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256">256</a>
The accords were a source of great domestic opposition in both Egypt and Israel. Historian Jørgen Jensehaugen argues that by the time Carter left office in January 1981, he was "in an odd position—he had attempted to break with traditional U.S. policy but ended up fulfilling the goals of that tradition, which had been to break up the Arab alliance, sideline the Palestinians, build an alliance with Egypt, weaken the Soviet Union and secure Israel."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257">257</a>

<h4>Africa</h4>

In an address to the African officials at the United Nations on October 4, 1977, Carter stated the U.S.'s interest to "see a strong, vigorous, free, and prosperous Africa with as much of the control of government as possible in the hands of the residents of your countries" and pointed to their unified efforts on "the problem of how to resolve the Rhodesian, Zimbabwe question."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258">258</a> At a news conference later that month, Carter said the U.S. wanted to "work harmoniously with South Africa in dealing with the threats to peace in Namibia and in Zimbabwe in particular", to do away with racial issues such as apartheid, and to work for equal opportunities in other facets of society in the region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259">259</a>
Despite human rights concerns, Carter continued U.S. support for <a href="/facts/Mobutu_Sese_Seko/Qq9pprJa">Mobutu Sese Seko</a> of <a href="/facts/Zaire/fQ4DIs0j">Zaire</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260">260</a> Zaire received nearly half the foreign aid Carter allocated to sub-Saharan Africa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261">261</a> Under Carter an alliance with Liberia's <a href="/facts/Samuel_Doe/TL142K5Q">Samuel Doe</a>, who had come to power in a <a href="/facts/1980_Liberian_coup_d%2527%25C3%25A9tat/t7mMHkz1">1980 coup</a>, was pursued.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262">262</a>

Carter visited Nigeria from March 31 to April 3, 1978, to improve relations,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263">263</a> the first U.S. president to do so.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264">264</a> He reiterated interest in convening a peace conference on Rhodesia that involved all parties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265">265</a>
The elections of <a href="/facts/Margaret_Thatcher/E4JKgfJE">Margaret Thatcher</a> as <a href="/facts/Prime_minister_of_the_United_Kingdom/Uf40UlBb">prime minister of the United Kingdom</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266">266</a> and <a href="/facts/Abel_Muzorewa/bdYozG7m">Abel Muzorewa</a> for <a href="/facts/Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe_Rhodesia/gdPLMNR3">Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267">267</a> South Africa turning down a plan for <a href="/facts/South_West_Africa/xoeFfUSf">South West Africa</a>'s independence, and domestic opposition in Congress were seen as a heavy blow to the Carter administration's policy toward South Africa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268">268</a> On May 16, 1979, the Senate voted in favor of lifting economic sanctions against <a href="/facts/Rhodesia/JHQJpmdj">Rhodesia</a>, seen by some Rhodesians and South Africans as a potentially fatal blow to joint diplomacy efforts and any compromise between the Salisbury leaders and guerrillas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269">269</a> On December 3, Secretary of State <a href="/facts/Cyrus_Vance/xhcpS0Dn">Cyrus Vance</a> promised Senator <a href="/facts/Jesse_Helms/h5R9c1UE">Jesse Helms</a> that when the British governor arrived in <a href="/facts/Harare/DLq2hWlg">Salisbury</a> to implement an agreed Lancaster House settlement and the electoral process began, the President would take prompt action to lift sanctions against Zimbabwe Rhodesia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270">270</a>

<h4>East Asia</h4>

Carter sought closer relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC), continuing the Nixon administration's drastic policy of rapprochement. The two countries increasingly collaborated against the Soviet Union, and the Carter administration tacitly consented to the <a href="/facts/Sino-Vietnamese_War/S0Qq3kI5">Chinese invasion of Vietnam</a>. In December 1978, he announced the United States' intention to formally recognize and establish full diplomatic relations with the PRC starting on January 1, 1979, while severing ties with <a href="/facts/Taiwan/VcJoUD8w">Taiwan</a>, including revoking a mutual defense treaty with the latter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271">271</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272">272</a> In 1979, Carter extended formal diplomatic recognition to the PRC for the first time. This decision led to a boom in trade between the United States and the PRC, which was pursuing economic reforms under the leadership of <a href="/facts/Deng_Xiaoping/qloJ6G8m">Deng Xiaoping</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273">273</a> Carter supported the China-allied <a href="/facts/Khmer_Rouge/fEDLaMwY">Khmer Rouge</a> regime in <a href="/facts/Democratic_Kampuchea/BFElKtqL">Cambodia</a> fighting the Soviet-backed <a href="/facts/Cambodian%25E2%2580%2593Vietnamese_War/tVTha8PM">Vietnamese invasion</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274">274</a>

After the <a href="/facts/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan/nBl7TvtD">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a>, Carter allowed the sale of military supplies to China and began negotiations to share military intelligence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275">275</a> In January 1980, Carter unilaterally revoked the <a href="/facts/Sino-American_Mutual_Defense_Treaty/0SLM6dgU">Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty</a> with the <a href="/facts/Republic_of_China/VcJoUD8w">Republic of China</a> (ROC). Conservative Republicans challenged Carter's abrogation of the treaty in court, but the Supreme Court ruled that the issue was a non-justiciable <a href="/facts/Political_question/KFjwUDqJ">political question</a> in <a href="/facts/Goldwater_v._Carter/e4IXrf4m">Goldwater v. Carter</a>. The U.S. continued to maintain quasi-diplomatic contacts with the ROC through the 1979 <a href="/facts/Taiwan_Relations_Act/wUV4FCbv">Taiwan Relations Act</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276">276</a>
During Carter's presidency, the U.S. continued to support <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a> under <a href="/facts/Suharto/PASc013k">Suharto</a> as a Cold War ally, despite <a href="/facts/East_Timor_genocide/w3rL3n1q">human rights violations</a> in <a href="/facts/East_Timor_(province)/S2KWaGN4">East Timor</a>. The violations followed Indonesia's <a href="/facts/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor/GtaCjolj">December 1975 invasion</a> of East Timor. Under Carter's administration military assistance to Indonesia increased, peaking in 1978.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277">277</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278">278</a> This was antithetical to Carter's stated policy of "not selling weapons if it would exacerbate a potential conflict in a region".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279">279</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280">280</a> In the <a href="/facts/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%25E2%2580%25931986)/1Nfo0hzm">Philippines</a>, Carter supported the regime of President <a href="/facts/Ferdinand_Marcos/D2Xb6SR6">Ferdinand Marcos</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281">281</a>
During a news conference on March 9, 1977, Carter reaffirmed his interest in having a gradual withdrawal of American troops from <a href="/facts/Fourth_Republic_of_Korea/yXxo7llc">South Korea</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282">282</a> On May 19, <a href="/facts/The_Washington_Post/dRvzvqJc">The Washington Post</a> quoted Chief of Staff of U.S. forces in South Korea <a href="/facts/John_K._Singlaub/koWvMTua">John K. Singlaub</a> as criticizing Carter's withdrawal of troops from the Korean peninsula.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283">283</a> Carter relieved Singlaub of his duties on May 21.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284">284</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285">285</a>
During a news conference on May 26, 1977, Carter said South Korea could defend itself with reduced American troops in case of conflict.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286">286</a> From June 30 to July 1, 1979, Carter held meetings with <a href="/facts/President_of_South_Korea/68FumoI0">president of South Korea</a> <a href="/facts/Park_Chung_Hee/Atcmtk7V">Park Chung Hee</a> for a discussion on relations between the U.S. and South Korea as well as Carter's interest in preserving his policy of worldwide tension reduction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287">287</a> On April 21, 1978, Carter announced a reduction in American troops in South Korea scheduled to be released by the end of the year by two-thirds, citing lack of action by Congress in regard to a compensatory aid package for the South Korean government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288">288</a> He supported South Korean President <a href="/facts/Chun_Doo-hwan/nb2mP1TB">Chun Doo-hwan</a> during the suppression of the <a href="/facts/Gwangju_Uprising/56BCzTIq">Gwangju Uprising</a> in May 1980.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289">289</a> South Korean pro-democracy activist <a href="/facts/Kim_Dae-jung/RgpyQQLK">Kim Dae-jung</a> was sentenced to death in September 1980, but his sentence was commuted after the intervention of presidents Carter and Reagan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290">290</a>

<h4>Iran</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Iran_hostage_crisis/HTMyLwrb">Iran hostage crisis</a>

On November 15, 1977, Carter pledged that his administration would continue positive relations between the U.S. and Iran, calling its contemporary status "strong, stable and progressive".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291">291</a> On December 31, 1977, he called Iran under the Shah an "island of stability".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292">292</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293">293</a> Carter praised the Shah's "great leadership" and spoke of "personal friendship" between them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294">294</a> American support for the unpopular Shah increased anti-American sentiment in Iran, which intensified after the Shah, who was dying of cancer, <a href="/facts/Iranian_revolution/frTYhJ0F">left Iran</a> for the last time in January 1979 and Carter allowed him to be admitted to the <a href="/facts/Memorial_Sloan_Kettering_Cancer_Center/M9BVl8tB">Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center</a> in New York on October 22, 1979.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295">295</a>
On November 4, 1979, a group of Iranian students took over the <a href="/facts/U.S._Embassy_in_Tehran/wT4I0KlS">U.S. Embassy in Tehran</a>. The students belonged to the <a href="/facts/Muslim_Student_Followers_of_the_Imam%2527s_Line/66tEYHcq">Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line</a> and supported the <a href="/facts/Iranian_revolution/frTYhJ0F">Iranian revolution</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296">296</a> Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for the next 444 days. They were freed immediately after Ronald Reagan succeeded Carter as president on January 20, 1981. During the crisis, Carter remained in isolation in the White House for more than 100 days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297">297</a>
A month into the affair, Carter announced his commitment to resolving the dispute without "any military action that would cause bloodshed or arouse the unstable captors of our hostages to attack them or to punish them".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298">298</a> On April 7, 1980, he issued Executive Order 12205, imposing economic sanctions against Iran,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299">299</a> and announced further government measures he deemed necessary to ensure a safe release.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:300" href="#fn:300">300</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:301" href="#fn:301">301</a>
On April 24, 1980, Carter ordered <a href="/facts/Operation_Eagle_Claw/EdH0fQTs">Operation Eagle Claw</a> to try to free the hostages. The mission failed, leaving eight American servicemen dead and two aircraft destroyed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:302" href="#fn:302">302</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:303" href="#fn:303">303</a> The failure led Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, who had opposed the mission, to resign.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:304" href="#fn:304">304</a>
Released in 2017, a declassified memo produced by the CIA in 1980 concluded "Iranian hardliners—especially <a href="/facts/Ayatollah_Khomeini/y1kgDUoG">Ayatollah Khomeini</a>" were "determined to exploit the hostage issue to bring about President Carter's defeat in the November elections." Additionally, Tehran in 1980 wanted "the world to believe that Imam Khomeini caused President Carter's downfall and disgrace."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:305" href="#fn:305">305</a>

<h4>Soviet Union</h4>

On February 8, 1977, Carter said he had urged the Soviet Union to align with the U.S. in forming "a comprehensive test ban to stop all nuclear testing for at least an extended period of time", and that he was in favor of the Soviet Union ceasing deployment of the <a href="/facts/RSD-10_Pioneer/wf9qylRD">RSD-10 Pioneer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:306" href="#fn:306">306</a> At a June 13 press conference, he announced that the U.S. would "work closely with the Soviet Union on a comprehensive test ban treaty to prohibit all testing of nuclear devices underground or in the atmosphere", and that <a href="/facts/Paul_Warnke/9WrF6V5B">Paul Warnke</a> would negotiate demilitarization of the Indian Ocean with the Soviet Union.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:307" href="#fn:307">307</a>
At a December 30 news conference, Carter said that during "the last few months, the United States and the Soviet Union have made great progress in dealing with a long list of important issues, the most important of which is to control the deployment of strategic nuclear weapons", and that the two countries sought to conclude SALT II talks by the spring of the next year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:308" href="#fn:308">308</a> The talk of a comprehensive test ban treaty materialized with the signing of the <a href="/facts/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Treaty_II/E1H7pIvA">Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II</a> by Carter and Leonid Brezhnev on June 18, 1979.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:309" href="#fn:309">309</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:310" href="#fn:310">310</a>

In 1979, the Soviets intervened in the <a href="/facts/Second_Yemenite_War/cCBqEh88">Second Yemenite War</a>. The Soviet backing of <a href="/facts/South_Yemen/pm282o7k">South Yemen</a> constituted a "smaller shock", in tandem with tensions that were rising due to the Iranian Revolution. This played a role in making Carter's stance on the Soviet Union more assertive, a shift that finalized with the impending Soviet-Afghan War.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:311" href="#fn:311">311</a>
In his <a href="/facts/1980_State_of_the_Union_Address/hhMWkdMg">1980 State of the Union Address</a>, Carter emphasized the significance of relations between the two regions: "Now, as during the last 3½ decades, the relationship between our country, the United States of America, and the Soviet Union is the most critical factor in determining whether the world will live at peace or be engulfed in global conflict."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:312" href="#fn:312">312</a>

<h5>Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</h5>
Communists under the leadership of <a href="/facts/Nur_Muhammad_Taraki/pyzJUUj3">Nur Muhammad Taraki</a> <a href="/facts/Saur_Revolution/0tr1sWzf">seized power in Afghanistan</a> on April 27, 1978.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:313" href="#fn:313">313</a> Due to the regime's improvement of secular education and redistribution of land coinciding with mass executions and political oppression, Taraki was deposed by rival <a href="/facts/Hafizullah_Amin/BYYkIuMT">Hafizullah Amin</a> in September.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:314" href="#fn:314">314</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:315" href="#fn:315">315</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:316" href="#fn:316">316</a> Amin was considered a "brutal psychopath" by foreign observers and had lost control of much of the country, prompting the Soviet Union to <a href="/facts/Soviet%25E2%2580%2593Afghan_War/nBl7TvtD">invade Afghanistan</a> on December 24, 1979, execute Amin, and install <a href="/facts/Babrak_Karmal/04PWSBlL">Babrak Karmal</a> as president.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:317" href="#fn:317">317</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:318" href="#fn:318">318</a>

In the West, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was considered a threat to global security and the oil supplies of the <a href="/facts/Persian_Gulf/W78AfnC1">Persian Gulf</a>, as well as the existence of Pakistan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:319" href="#fn:319">319</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:320" href="#fn:320">320</a> These concerns led Carter to expand collaboration between the CIA and Pakistan's <a href="/facts/Inter-Services_Intelligence/fvkwo04J">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> (ISI), which had begun in July 1979, when the CIA started providing $695,000 worth of non-lethal assistance to the <a href="/facts/Afghan_mujahideen/nDVlPBW9">Afghan mujahideen</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:321" href="#fn:321">321</a> The modest scope of this early collaboration was likely influenced by the understanding, later recounted by CIA official <a href="/facts/Robert_Gates/39P5ptq4">Robert Gates</a>, "that a substantial U.S. covert aid program" might have "raise[d] the stakes", thereby causing "the Soviets to intervene more directly and vigorously than otherwise intended."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:322" href="#fn:322">322</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:323" href="#fn:323">323</a>
According to a 2020 review of declassified U.S. documents by Conor Tobin in the journal <a href="/facts/Diplomatic_History_(journal)/eeS5Uwn4">Diplomatic History</a>: <blockquote>The primary significance of this small-scale aid was in creating constructive links with dissidents through Pakistan's ISI that could be utilized in the case of an overt Soviet intervention ... The small-scale covert program that developed in response to the increasing Soviet influence was part of a contingency plan if the Soviets did intervene militarily, as Washington would be in a better position to make it difficult for them to consolidate their position, but not designed to induce an intervention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:324" href="#fn:324">324</a></blockquote>
On December 28, 1979, Carter signed a presidential finding explicitly allowing the CIA to transfer "lethal military equipment either directly or through third countries to the Afghan opponents of the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan" and to arrange "selective training, conducted outside of Afghanistan, in the use of such equipment either directly or via third country intermediation."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:325" href="#fn:325">325</a> His finding defined the CIA's mission as "harassment" of Soviet troops; at the time, "this was not a war the CIA expected to win outright on the battlefield," in the words of <a href="/facts/Steve_Coll/XCQaG00x">Steve Coll</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:326" href="#fn:326">326</a>
Carter was determined to respond harshly to what he considered a dangerous provocation. In a televised speech on January 23, 1980, he announced sanctions on the Soviet Union, promised renewed aid and registration to Pakistan and the <a href="/facts/Selective_Service_System/9WYn0lmd">Selective Service System</a>, and <a href="/facts/Carter_Doctrine/YM4F6ztc">committed the U.S. to the Persian Gulf's defense</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:327" href="#fn:327">327</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:328" href="#fn:328">328</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:329" href="#fn:329">329</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:330" href="#fn:330">330</a> Carter imposed an embargo on grain shipments to the USSR, tabled SALT II, requested a 5% annual increase in defense spending,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:331" href="#fn:331">331</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:332" href="#fn:332">332</a> and called for a boycott of the <a href="/facts/1980_Summer_Olympics/PPkdLUkI">1980 Summer Olympics</a> in Moscow, which was ultimately joined by 65 other nations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:333" href="#fn:333">333</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:334" href="#fn:334">334</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:335" href="#fn:335">335</a>
In early 1980, Carter determined the thrust of U.S. policy for the duration of the war: he initiated <a href="/facts/Operation_Cyclone/JAdv0qeL">a program to arm the mujahideen through Pakistan's ISI</a> and secured a pledge from Saudi Arabia to match U.S. funding for this purpose. Despite huge expenditure, the Soviet Union was unable to quell the insurgency and <a href="/facts/Soviet_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan/PvAMMNAI">withdrew from Afghanistan</a> in 1989.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:336" href="#fn:336">336</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:337" href="#fn:337">337</a> The routing of U.S. aid through Pakistan led to some controversy, as weapons sent to <a href="/facts/Karachi/pz65ABkw">Karachi</a> were frequently controlled by Pakistan, whose government influenced which rebels received assistance. Despite this, Carter has expressed no regret over his decision to support what he considered the Afghan freedom fighters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:338" href="#fn:338">338</a>

<h4>International trips</h4>
Further information: <a href="/facts/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Jimmy_Carter/1qnkgxGJ">List of international presidential trips made by Jimmy Carter</a>

Carter made twelve international trips to 25 countries as president.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:339" href="#fn:339">339</a> He was the first president to make a state visit to Sub-Saharan Africa when he went to Nigeria in 1978.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:340" href="#fn:340">340</a> He made several trips to the Middle East to broker peace negotiations. His visit to <a href="/facts/Pahlavi_Iran/WqU7j2W8">Iran</a> from December 31, 1977, to January 1, 1978, took place less than a year before the overthrow of <a href="/facts/Shah_Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi/r2bcadLc">Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:341" href="#fn:341">341</a> 
Carter gave his "<a href="/facts/Island_of_Stability_(speech)/Ps9IWWgc">Island of Stability</a>" speech during this visit.

<h3>Allegations and investigations</h3>
On September 21, 1977, the Carter administration's OMB director <a href="/facts/Bert_Lance/uEe8LDQ9">Bert Lance</a> resigned amid allegations of improper banking activities before his tenure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:342" href="#fn:342">342</a> <a href="/facts/United_States_Attorney_General/8VaY1rlI">United States Attorney General</a> <a href="/facts/Griffin_Bell/kann44Mq">Griffin Bell</a> appointed <a href="/facts/Paul_J._Curran/y7MW5X7m">Paul J. Curran</a> as a special counsel to investigate loans made to the peanut business Carter owned by a bank controlled by Lance,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:343" href="#fn:343">343</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:344" href="#fn:344">344</a> and Carter became the first sitting president to testify under oath as part of an investigation of him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:345" href="#fn:345">345</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:346" href="#fn:346">346</a> In October 1979, Curran announced that no evidence had been found to support allegations that funds loaned from the National Bank of Georgia had been diverted to Carter's 1976 presidential campaign, ending the investigation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:347" href="#fn:347">347</a>

<h3>1980 presidential campaign</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign/Dr4tno4L">Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign</a> and <a href="/facts/1980_United_States_presidential_election/70vx94U4">1980 United States presidential election</a>

Carter's reelection campaign was based primarily on attacking Ronald Reagan. The campaign frequently pointed out and mocked Reagan's proclivity for gaffes, using his age and perceived lack of connection to his native California voter base against him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:348" href="#fn:348">348</a> Later, the campaign used similar rhetoric as <a href="/facts/Lyndon_B._Johnson_1964_presidential_campaign/JHXg3gge">Lyndon Johnson's 1964 presidential campaign</a>, portraying Reagan as a warmonger who could not be trusted with the nuclear arsenal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:349" href="#fn:349">349</a> Carter attempted to deny the <a href="/facts/Ronald_Reagan_1980_presidential_campaign/uPDYEKE0">Reagan campaign</a> $29.4 million (equivalent to $91 million in 2023) in campaign funds, due to dependent conservative groups already raising $60 million to get him elected—an amount that exceeded the limit of campaign funds. Carter's attempt was later denied by the <a href="/facts/Federal_Election_Commission/0uc3QnkN">Federal Election Commission</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:350" href="#fn:350">350</a>
Carter announced his reelection campaign in December 1979.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:351" href="#fn:351">351</a> A month earlier, Senator Ted Kennedy had announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:352" href="#fn:352">352</a> During the <a href="/facts/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries/Wj0plVbH">Democratic presidential primaries</a>, questions about Kennedy were a frequent subject of Carter's press conferences.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:353" href="#fn:353">353</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:354" href="#fn:354">354</a> Despite winning key states such as California and New York, Kennedy surprised his supporters by running a weak campaign. Carter won most of the primaries and secured renomination. He later wrote that the strongest opposition to his policies came from the Democratic Party's liberal wing, which he attributed to Kennedy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:355" href="#fn:355">355</a> Kennedy had mobilized the liberal wing, which weakened Carter's support in the general election.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:356" href="#fn:356">356</a>
Carter and Mondale were formally nominated at the <a href="/facts/1980_Democratic_National_Convention/YF3FcEIU">1980 Democratic National Convention</a> in New York City.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:357" href="#fn:357">357</a> Carter delivered a speech notable for its tribute to the late <a href="/facts/Hubert_Humphrey/03zHKcbR">Hubert Humphrey</a>, whom he initially called "Hubert <a href="/facts/Horatio_Hornblower/PY5HKqIg">Horatio Hornblower</a>",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:358" href="#fn:358">358</a> and Kennedy made "<a href="/facts/The_Dream_Shall_Never_Die/0upWFt4C">The Dream Shall Never Die</a>" speech, in which he criticized Reagan and did not endorse Carter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:359" href="#fn:359">359</a>

Along with Reagan and Kennedy, Carter was opposed by centrist <a href="/facts/John_B._Anderson/pCGa8Ny8">John B. Anderson</a>, who had previously contested the <a href="/facts/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries/GCy0jfNs">Republican presidential primaries</a>, and upon losing to Reagan, reentered the race as an independent. Anderson advertised himself as a more liberal alternative to Reagan's conservatism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:360" href="#fn:360">360</a> As the campaign went on, Anderson's polling numbers dropped and his base was gradually pulled to Carter or Reagan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:361" href="#fn:361">361</a> Carter had to run against his own "stagflation"-ridden economy, while the hostage crisis in Iran dominated the news. He was attacked by conservatives for failing to "prevent Soviet gains" in less-developed countries, as pro-Soviet governments had taken power in countries including Angola, Ethiopia, Nicaragua and Afghanistan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:362" href="#fn:362">362</a> His brother, Billy Carter, caused controversy due to his association with <a href="/facts/Muammar_Gaddafi/JFp2s57J">Muammar Gaddafi</a>'s regime in <a href="/facts/Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya/vKj7t2Rt">Libya</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:363" href="#fn:363">363</a> Carter alienated many liberal college students, who were expected to be one of his strongest support bases, by reactivating the Selective Service System on July 2, 1980, reinstating registration for the military draft. His campaign manager, <a href="/facts/Timothy_Kraft/Lzq7dcac">Timothy Kraft</a>, stepped down five weeks before the general election amid what turned out to be an uncorroborated allegation of <a href="/facts/Cocaine/rdQP4zwF">cocaine</a> use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:364" href="#fn:364">364</a>
On October 28, Carter and Reagan participated in the sole presidential debate of the election cycle in which they were both present, due to Carter refusing to participate in debates that included Anderson.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:365" href="#fn:365">365</a> Though initially trailing Carter by several points,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:366" href="#fn:366">366</a> Reagan experienced a surge in polling after the debate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:367" href="#fn:367">367</a> This was in part influenced by Reagan deploying the phrase "<a href="/facts/There_you_go_again/lTesaW2V">There you go again</a>", which became the election's defining phrase.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:368" href="#fn:368">368</a> It was later discovered that in the final days of the campaign, Reagan's team <a href="/facts/Debategate/nno46wPf">acquired classified documents</a> Carter used to prepare for the debate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:369" href="#fn:369">369</a>
Reagan and his running mate (George H. W. Bush) defeated Carter and Mondale in a landslide, winning 489 electoral votes. The Senate <a href="/facts/1980_United_States_Senate_elections/cQ7EjAMV">went Republican</a> for the first time since 1952.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:370" href="#fn:370">370</a> Carter's 49 electoral votes were the second-fewest for an incumbent president seeking reelection. In his concession speech, Carter admitted that he was hurt by the election's outcome but pledged "a very fine transition period" with President-elect Reagan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:371" href="#fn:371">371</a>

<h2 id="post-presidency-198182112024">Post-presidency (1981–2024)</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Post-presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter/x5oNKx6w">Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter</a>

Shortly after losing reelection, Carter told the White House press corps that he intended to emulate the retirement of <a href="/facts/Harry_S._Truman/2E2LmMoB">Harry S. Truman</a> and not use his subsequent public life to enrich himself.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:372" href="#fn:372">372</a>

<h3>Diplomacy</h3>
Diplomacy was a large part of Carter's post-presidency. These diplomatic efforts began in the Middle East, with a September 1981 meeting with <a href="/facts/Prime_minister_of_Israel/NcrzDyr9">prime minister of Israel</a> Menachem Begin,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:373" href="#fn:373">373</a> and a March 1983 tour of Egypt that included meeting with members of the <a href="/facts/Palestine_Liberation_Organization/9Kk16qMp">Palestine Liberation Organization</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:374" href="#fn:374">374</a>
In 2018, official files revealed that, in January 1993, Carter had been suggested for a <a href="/facts/Northern_Ireland_peace_process/TKdt1zyD">Northern Ireland peace process</a> role by president-elect <a href="/facts/Bill_Clinton/x5mwYkVh">Bill Clinton</a> amid speculation that Clinton would appoint a <a href="/facts/United_States_Special_Envoy_for_Northern_Ireland/N3JAGuE1">special envoy for Northern Ireland</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:375" href="#fn:375">375</a>
In 1994, Clinton sought Carter's assistance in a North Korea peace mission, during which Carter negotiated an understanding with <a href="/facts/Kim_Il_Sung/zu8yFT7T">Kim Il Sung</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:376" href="#fn:376">376</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:377" href="#fn:377">377</a> Carter outlined a treaty with Kim, which he announced to CNN without the Clinton administration's consent to spur American action.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:378" href="#fn:378">378</a>

In March 1999, Carter visited Taiwan and met with President <a href="/facts/Lee_Teng-hui/fotW8nlv">Lee Teng-hui</a>. During the meeting, Carter praised the progress Taiwan made in democracy, human rights, economy, culture, science, and technology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:379" href="#fn:379">379</a> But Carter remained a controversial figure in Taiwan for having ended U.S. diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:380" href="#fn:380">380</a>
In 2003, Carter championed a plan to hold elections in <a href="/facts/Venezuela/eX1qnkln">Venezuela</a> amid <a href="/facts/2002%25E2%2580%25932003_Venezuelan_general_strike/ePXbNNCk">protests aimed at doing so</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:381" href="#fn:381">381</a> Ultimately, no elections were held.
In 2006, Carter stated his disagreements with Israel's domestic and foreign policy while saying he supported the country,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:382" href="#fn:382">382</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:383" href="#fn:383">383</a> extending his criticisms to Israel's policies in Lebanon, the <a href="/facts/West_Bank/xzTTVNJl">West Bank</a>, and <a href="/facts/Gaza_Strip/GodcCxlV">Gaza</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:384" href="#fn:384">384</a>
In July 2007, Carter joined <a href="/facts/Nelson_Mandela/FeD1aGFC">Nelson Mandela</a> in Johannesburg, South Africa, to announce his participation in <a href="/facts/The_Elders_(organization)/EhdNrVA2">The Elders</a>, a group of independent global leaders working together on peace and human rights issues.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:385" href="#fn:385">385</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:386" href="#fn:386">386</a> After the announcement, Carter participated in visits to <a href="/facts/Darfur/g6NlXSgc">Darfur</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:387" href="#fn:387">387</a> Sudan,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:388" href="#fn:388">388</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:389" href="#fn:389">389</a> Cyprus, the <a href="/facts/Korean_Peninsula/cj2kDBzc">Korean Peninsula</a>, and the Middle East, among others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:390" href="#fn:390">390</a> He attempted to travel to Zimbabwe in 2008, but was stopped by President <a href="/facts/Robert_Mugabe/GBRkL3H8">Robert Mugabe</a>'s government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:391" href="#fn:391">391</a> In December 2008, Carter met with Syrian President <a href="/facts/Bashar_al-Assad/uFjUSQv6">Bashar al-Assad</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:392" href="#fn:392">392</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:393" href="#fn:393">393</a> and in a June 2012 call with <a href="/facts/Jeffrey_Brown_(journalist)/YLbTVpGd">Jeffery Brown</a>, he stressed that Egyptian military generals could take full executive and legislative power to form a new constitution favoring themselves if their announced intentions came true.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:394" href="#fn:394">394</a>
On August 10, 2010, Carter traveled to North Korea and negotiated the release of <a href="/facts/Aijalon_Gomes/3R7IJrq3">Aijalon Gomes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:395" href="#fn:395">395</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:396" href="#fn:396">396</a> In 2017, as tensions between the U.S. and North Korea persisted, Carter recommended a peace treaty between the two nations,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:397" href="#fn:397">397</a> and confirmed that he had volunteered to the Trump administration to be a diplomatic envoy to North Korea.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:398" href="#fn:398">398</a>

<h3>Views on later presidents</h3>

Carter began his first year out of office with a pledge not to critique the <a href="/facts/Reagan_administration/8kKVR2pA">Reagan administration</a>, saying it was "too early".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:399" href="#fn:399">399</a> He sided with Reagan on issues like building neutron arms after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:400" href="#fn:400">400</a> but frequently spoke out against his administration, denouncing many of its actions in the Middle East.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:401" href="#fn:401">401</a> He condemned the handling of the <a href="/facts/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre/zsYeWrXY">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:402" href="#fn:402">402</a> the lack of efforts to rescue and retrieve four American businessmen from <a href="/facts/Beirut/0sxJRAqW">West Beirut</a> in 1984,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:403" href="#fn:403">403</a> Reagan's support of the <a href="/facts/Strategic_Defense_Initiative/qM0jrPXe">Strategic Defense Initiative</a> in 1985,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:404" href="#fn:404">404</a> and his claim of an international conspiracy on terrorism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:405" href="#fn:405">405</a> In 1987 he criticized Reagan for conceding to terrorist demands,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:406" href="#fn:406">406</a> nominating <a href="/facts/Robert_Bork/0FQB5IW8">Robert Bork</a> for the Supreme Court,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:407" href="#fn:407">407</a> and his handling of the Persian Gulf crisis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:408" href="#fn:408">408</a>
On January 16, 1989, before the <a href="/facts/Inauguration_of_George_H._W._Bush/qj0TF87a">inauguration of George H. W. Bush</a>, Carter told Gerald Ford that Reagan had experienced a media honeymoon, saying that he believed Reagan's immediate successor would be less fortunate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:409" href="#fn:409">409</a>

Carter had a mostly poor relationship with Bill Clinton, who snubbed him from his inauguration ceremony. He questioned the Clinton administration's morality, particularly with respect to the <a href="/facts/Clinton%25E2%2580%2593Lewinsky_scandal/rjqzrgQe">Clinton–Lewinsky scandal</a> and the pardon of <a href="/facts/Marc_Rich/YSsBjofp">Marc Rich</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:410" href="#fn:410">410</a>
In July 2001, Carter said he was "disappointed in almost everything" President <a href="/facts/George_W._Bush/mYSgM515">George W. Bush</a> had done, but after the <a href="/facts/September_11_attacks/PfWQcQNx">September 11 attacks</a>, he offered only praise, calling on Americans to support Bush with "complete unity".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:411" href="#fn:411">411</a> Later, Carter opposed the <a href="/facts/Iraq_War/dlAgf8at">Iraq War</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:412" href="#fn:412">412</a> and what he considered an attempt by Bush and <a href="/facts/Tony_Blair/3oytaWsP">Tony Blair</a> to oust <a href="/facts/Saddam_Hussein/nHnSodgy">Saddam Hussein</a> with "lies and misinterpretations".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:413" href="#fn:413">413</a> In 2004, Carter said he believed Bush had exploited the September 11 attacks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:414" href="#fn:414">414</a> In 2007, Carter said the Bush administration "has been the worst in history" on foreign affairs;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:415" href="#fn:415">415</a> he later said he was just comparing Bush's tenure to Nixon's.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:416" href="#fn:416">416</a> On the Bush administration's behalf, <a href="/facts/Tony_Fratto/DUEYa7Hb">Tony Fratto</a> responded that Carter's comments increased his irrelevance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:417" href="#fn:417">417</a>
Though he praised President <a href="/facts/Barack_Obama/76wUMgL1">Barack Obama</a> in the early part of his tenure,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:418" href="#fn:418">418</a> Carter stated his disagreement with using <a href="/facts/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle/qt87T19t">drone</a> strikes against suspected terrorists, Obama's choice to keep <a href="/facts/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp/VhKvUdIk">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a> open,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:419" href="#fn:419">419</a> and the federal surveillance programs <a href="/facts/Edward_Snowden/yRDLtpH9">Edward Snowden</a> revealed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:420" href="#fn:420">420</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:421" href="#fn:421">421</a>
During <a href="/facts/Donald_Trump/pqqKY21P">Donald Trump</a>'s presidency, Carter spoke favorably of the chance for immigration reform<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:422" href="#fn:422">422</a> and criticized Trump for his handling of the <a href="/facts/U.S._national_anthem_protests_(2016%25E2%2580%2593present)/QS014A3x">U.S. national anthem protests</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:423" href="#fn:423">423</a> In an October 2017 interview with The New York Times, he said the media had covered Trump more harshly "than any other president certainly that I've known about".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:424" href="#fn:424">424</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:425" href="#fn:425">425</a> In 2019, Trump called Carter and expressed concern that China was "getting ahead" of the United States. Carter agreed, saying that China's strength came from its lack of involvement in armed conflict and calling the U.S. "the most warlike nation in the history of the world."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:426" href="#fn:426">426</a>
In July 2021, Carter gave his final recorded interview and said that President <a href="/facts/Joe_Biden/fe2ThfUp">Joe Biden</a> "has done very well" in office.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:427" href="#fn:427">427</a>

<h3>Presidential politics</h3>

Carter was considered a potential candidate in the <a href="/facts/1984_United_States_presidential_election/PFY8EpUq">1984 presidential election</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:428" href="#fn:428">428</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:429" href="#fn:429">429</a> In May 1982, Carter ruled out another run, and instead endorsed Mondale for the Democratic presidential nomination.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:430" href="#fn:430">430</a> After Mondale secured the nomination in <a href="/facts/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries/JstpmPpP">the Democratic primaries</a>, Carter critiqued the Reagan campaign,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:431" href="#fn:431">431</a> spoke at the <a href="/facts/1984_Democratic_National_Convention/lQRTErqM">1984 Democratic National Convention</a>, and advised Mondale about <a href="/facts/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign/7DH0cvuY">his campaign</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:432" href="#fn:432">432</a> After the election, in which Reagan defeated Mondale, Carter said the loss was predictable because Mondale's platform included raising taxes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:433" href="#fn:433">433</a>
In March 1987, Carter ruled himself out as a candidate in the <a href="/facts/1988_United_States_presidential_election/PMlqk9kT">1988 presidential election</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:434" href="#fn:434">434</a> Ahead of the <a href="/facts/1988_Democratic_National_Convention/JqgrngtG">1988 Democratic National Convention</a>, Carter predicted that the convention would see party unity<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:435" href="#fn:435">435</a> after tensions arose between <a href="/facts/Presumptive_nominee/KTn7V9Qu">presumptive</a> nominee <a href="/facts/Michael_Dukakis/kdeDPA70">Michael Dukakis</a> and runner-up <a href="/facts/Jesse_Jackson/vLAD0nNT">Jesse Jackson</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:436" href="#fn:436">436</a> Carter delivered an address at the convention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:437" href="#fn:437">437</a>
Carter spoke of the need for the <a href="/facts/1992_Democratic_National_Convention/vRhnRze2">1992 Democratic National Convention</a> to address certain issues not focused on in the past,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:438" href="#fn:438">438</a> and campaigned for Clinton after he became the Democratic nominee,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:439" href="#fn:439">439</a> publicly stating his expectation to be consulted during Clinton's presidency.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:440" href="#fn:440">440</a>
Carter endorsed Vice President <a href="/facts/Al_Gore/d7zSAghl">Al Gore</a>, the Democratic nominee, days before the <a href="/facts/2000_United_States_presidential_election/VvudLd5N">2000 presidential election</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:441" href="#fn:441">441</a> and in subsequent years voiced his opinion that Gore won the election,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:442" href="#fn:442">442</a> despite Republican nominee George W. Bush having been certified the victor following the Supreme Court's ruling in <a href="/facts/Bush_v._Gore/0wkEnF3u">Bush v. Gore</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:443" href="#fn:443">443</a>
In the <a href="/facts/2004_United_States_presidential_election/rlEGvrHT">2004 presidential election</a>, Carter endorsed the Democratic nominee <a href="/facts/John_Kerry/K1HWRIMo">John Kerry</a> and spoke at the <a href="/facts/2004_Democratic_National_Convention/mCB0VoAX">2004 Democratic National Convention</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:444" href="#fn:444">444</a> He also voiced concern about another voting mishap in Florida.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:445" href="#fn:445">445</a>
During the <a href="/facts/2008_Democratic_presidential_primaries/Q43FE35p">2008 Democratic presidential primaries</a>, it was speculated that Carter would endorse Barack Obama over his main primary rival <a href="/facts/Hillary_Clinton/dPzm9ru4">Hillary Clinton</a>, as Carter and other members of the Carter family had spoken favorably of Obama.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:446" href="#fn:446">446</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:447" href="#fn:447">447</a> Although he did not endorse Obama during the primaries, he said in late May 2008 that Clinton should end her bid and concede to Obama after the final primaries on June 3.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:448" href="#fn:448">448</a> On June 3, Carter endorsed Obama, and said he would vote for Obama as a superdelegate to the <a href="/facts/2008_Democratic_National_Convention/jS0qjmx2">2008 Democratic National Convention</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:449" href="#fn:449">449</a> (as a former president, Carter was entitled to hold one of 20 superdelegate slots reserved for "distinguished party leaders").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:450" href="#fn:450">450</a> Before this, he had remained publicly neutral.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:451" href="#fn:451">451</a> During the general election campaign, Carter criticized <a href="/facts/John_McCain/faE5g7r7">John McCain</a>, the Republican nominee.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:452" href="#fn:452">452</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:453" href="#fn:453">453</a> Once Obama became the presumptive nominee, he advised Obama not to select Clinton as his running mate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:454" href="#fn:454">454</a>
Ahead of the primaries of the <a href="/facts/2012_United_States_presidential_election/aNbvykA0">2012 presidential election</a>, Carter expressed his preference for <a href="/facts/Mitt_Romney/yh2KKjsu">Mitt Romney</a> to win the Republican nomination, though he clarified that he preferred Romney because he believed him to be the prospective Republican nominee who would most assure Obama's reelection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:455" href="#fn:455">455</a> Carter recorded an address that was shown at the <a href="/facts/2012_Democratic_National_Convention/xjjyXpcY">2012 Democratic National Convention</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:456" href="#fn:456">456</a>

In the <a href="/facts/2016_United_States_presidential_election/Bs9DUEoc">2016 presidential election</a>, Carter was critical of Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump shortly after Trump entered the primary, predicting that he would lose.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:457" href="#fn:457">457</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:458" href="#fn:458">458</a> As the primary continued, Carter said he preferred Trump to his main rival, <a href="/facts/Ted_Cruz/uysDJvQq">Ted Cruz</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:459" href="#fn:459">459</a> though he rebuked the Trump campaign during the primary<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:460" href="#fn:460">460</a> and in his address to the <a href="/facts/2016_Democratic_National_Convention/jGCbH9lg">2016 Democratic National Convention</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:461" href="#fn:461">461</a> In August 2016, Carter endorsed the presumptive Democratic nominee, Hillary Clinton.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:462" href="#fn:462">462</a> He again expressed his support of Clinton in his speech to the Democratic convention, which he delivered by video.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:463" href="#fn:463">463</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:464" href="#fn:464">464</a> In 2019, Carter said that Trump would not have been elected without <a href="/facts/Russia%2527s_interference_in_the_2016_election/joyqKPf7">Russia's interference in the 2016 election</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:465" href="#fn:465">465</a> When questioned, he agreed that Trump is an "illegitimate president".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:466" href="#fn:466">466</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:467" href="#fn:467">467</a> In a 2017 discussion with Senator <a href="/facts/Bernie_Sanders/MjDFDSVY">Bernie Sanders</a>, Carter said he voted for Sanders in the <a href="/facts/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries/JlnIBKBX">2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:468" href="#fn:468">468</a>
Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter delivered a recorded audio message endorsing Joe Biden for the virtual <a href="/facts/2020_Democratic_National_Convention/7shJQkvD">2020 Democratic National Convention</a>. On January 6, 2021, after the <a href="/facts/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack/hcF25Aqf">U.S. Capitol attack</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:469" href="#fn:469">469</a> Carter released a statement that he and his wife were "troubled" by the events, that what had occurred was "a national tragedy and is not who we are as a nation", and that "having observed elections in troubled democracies worldwide, I know that we the people can unite to walk back from this precipice to peacefully uphold the laws of our nation".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:470" href="#fn:470">470</a> Carter recorded an audio message for <a href="/facts/Biden%2527s_inauguration/Nms0sFxk">Biden's inauguration</a> on January 20, 2021, as the Carters could not attend the ceremony in person.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:471" href="#fn:471">471</a>
In November 2022, the <a href="/facts/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit/1CXnSzs9">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a> overruled a three-judge panel of the court and scheduled a rehearing of the case against the <a href="/facts/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump/7Dlz31my">Trump administration</a>–proposed land swap in Alaska to allow a road through the <a href="/facts/Izembek_National_Wildlife_Refuge/czynFzbc">Izembek National Wildlife Refuge</a>. In an unusual action, Carter had filed an opinion in support of a lawsuit by environmental groups, saying the swap violated the <a href="/facts/Alaska_National_Interest_Lands_Conservation_Act/nuvha4Lp">Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act</a> passed near the end of his presidency. Carter said the act "may be the most significant domestic achievement of my political life".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:472" href="#fn:472">472</a>
In August 2024, Carter's son Chip said his father wanted to live to 100 to vote for <a href="/facts/Kamala_Harris/hqeaVyFQ">Kamala Harris</a> in the <a href="/facts/2024_United_States_presidential_election/g70dUqvC">2024 presidential election</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:473" href="#fn:473">473</a> He did so on October 16.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:474" href="#fn:474">474</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:475" href="#fn:475">475</a>

<h3>Hurricane relief</h3>
Carter criticized the <a href="/facts/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush/n3TPjCeF">Bush administration</a>'s handling of <a href="/facts/Hurricane_Katrina/EflS9fkS">Hurricane Katrina</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:476" href="#fn:476">476</a> and built homes in the aftermath of <a href="/facts/Hurricane_Sandy/8TdgDGtR">Hurricane Sandy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:477" href="#fn:477">477</a> He also partnered with former presidents to work with <a href="/facts/One_America_Appeal/qxFWRoxs">One America Appeal</a> to help the victims of <a href="/facts/Hurricane_Harvey/yFBjfnqT">Hurricane Harvey</a> and <a href="/facts/Hurricane_Irma/lALmyvyl">Hurricane Irma</a> in the <a href="/facts/Gulf_Coast/ggS4KL87">Gulf Coast</a> and Texas communities,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:478" href="#fn:478">478</a> in addition to writing op-eds about the goodness seen in Americans who assist each other during natural disasters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:479" href="#fn:479">479</a>

<h3>Other activities</h3>

The Carter family's peanut business accumulated a $1 million debt in 1981. Carter began writing books to pay off this debt. As of July 2019, he had "published more than 30, from a children's book to reflections on his presidency".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:480" href="#fn:480">480</a> After he left the White House, "[o]n average, he completed just about one book per year over those 35 years, including many bestsellers, a novel and a children's book."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:481" href="#fn:481">481</a>
In 1982, Carter founded the <a href="/facts/Carter_Center/pzWVXFdw">Carter Center</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:482" href="#fn:482">482</a> a non-governmental and nonprofit organization with the purpose of <a href="/facts/Human_rights_activists/tXfjFn2v">advancing human rights</a> and alleviating human <a href="/facts/Suffering/gDdgz4lj">suffering</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:483" href="#fn:483">483</a> Among these efforts has been working with the <a href="/facts/World_Health_Organization/YNN3bgug">World Health Organization</a> to <a href="/facts/Eradication_of_dracunculiasis/qK7g2Yzn">eradicate dracunculiasis</a>, also called Guinea worm disease. The incidence of this disease has decreased from 3.5 million cases in the mid-1980s<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:484" href="#fn:484">484</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:485" href="#fn:485">485</a> to four in the first seven months of 2024, according to the Carter Center's statistics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:486" href="#fn:486">486</a>
Carter attended the dedication of his presidential library<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:487" href="#fn:487">487</a> and those of Presidents Ronald Reagan,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:488" href="#fn:488">488</a> George H. W. Bush,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:489" href="#fn:489">489</a> Bill Clinton,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:490" href="#fn:490">490</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:491" href="#fn:491">491</a> and George W. Bush.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:492" href="#fn:492">492</a> He delivered eulogies at the funerals of <a href="/facts/Coretta_Scott_King/nr4Bp9Ao">Coretta Scott King</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:493" href="#fn:493">493</a> Gerald Ford,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:494" href="#fn:494">494</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:495" href="#fn:495">495</a> and <a href="/facts/Theodore_Hesburgh/Ezj94uup">Theodore Hesburgh</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:496" href="#fn:496">496</a>
In 2007, Carter founded the <a href="/facts/New_Baptist_Covenant/IlJRRVMj">New Baptist Covenant</a> organization for <a href="/facts/Social_justice/yPVcRR0w">social justice</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:497" href="#fn:497">497</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:498" href="#fn:498">498</a>
In 2013, Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, their son Chip, and Chip's wife Becky traveled to the neighborhood of Queens Village in New York City. They worked on five housing construction projects with <a href="/facts/Habitat_for_Humanity/Uphdg97l">Habitat for Humanity</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:499" href="#fn:499">499</a>
As of August 2019, Carter was Honorary Chair of the <a href="/facts/World_Justice_Project/Y7oun3Jl">World Justice Project</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:500" href="#fn:500">500</a> He was formerly an honorary chair of the <a href="/facts/Continuity_of_Government_Commission/aBS5IxGd">Continuity of Government Commission</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:501" href="#fn:501">501</a> He continued to occasionally teach Sunday school at Maranatha Baptist Church as of 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:502" href="#fn:502">502</a> Carter also taught at <a href="/facts/Emory_University/Qbjn5830">Emory University</a>, and in 2019 was awarded tenure for 37 years of service.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:503" href="#fn:503">503</a>

<h3>Israel and Palestine</h3>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Commentary_on_Palestine%3a_Peace_Not_Apartheid/bjztbNh4">Commentary on Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid</a> and <a href="/facts/Israeli_apartheid/o06hBX1c">Israeli apartheid</a>

Carter was one of many international observers who took part in the <a href="/facts/1996_Palestinian_general_election/QenjYgfo">first Palestinian general election in 1996</a>. The Carter Center and National Democratic Institute sent an 85-person team to take part in the election observation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:504" href="#fn:504">504</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:505" href="#fn:505">505</a>
Carter's 2006 book <a href="/facts/Palestine%3a_Peace_Not_Apartheid/E1yrxpu4">Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid</a>, a <a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list/6UYSsPpG">New York Times Best Seller</a>, generated controversy for characterizing Israel's policies in the <a href="/facts/Israeli-occupied/FxQkx2V8">Israeli-occupied</a> West Bank and Gaza Strip as amounting to <a href="/facts/Crime_of_apartheid/4cly04GL">apartheid</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:506" href="#fn:506">506</a> In remarks broadcast over radio, he said that Israel's policies amounted to an apartheid worse than South Africa's:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:507" href="#fn:507">507</a>

<blockquote>When Israel does occupy this territory deep within the West Bank, and connects the 200 or so settlements with each other, with a road, and then prohibits the Palestinians from using that road, or in many cases even crossing the road, this perpetrates even worse instances of apartness, or apartheid, than we witnessed even in South Africa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:508" href="#fn:508">508</a></blockquote>
Carter defended himself against <a href="/facts/Weaponization_of_antisemitism/p2t5yxjM">accusations of antisemitism</a> by saying "the hope is that my book will at least stimulate a debate, which has not existed in this country. There's never been any debate on this issue of any significance."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:509" href="#fn:509">509</a> He said that Israel would not have peace until it agreed to withdraw from the <a href="/facts/Israeli-occupied_territories/FxQkx2V8">occupied territories</a>, adding, "the greatest commitment in my life has been trying to bring peace to Israel."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:510" href="#fn:510">510</a>
In a 2007 speech at <a href="/facts/Brandeis_University/zPuA6KfV">Brandeis University</a>, Carter apologized for wording in the book that suggested that Palestinian suicide terror attacks were justified as a political tool. "That sentence was worded in a completely improper and stupid way. I've written my publishers to change that sentence immediately in future editions of the book. I apologize to you personally and to everyone here."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:511" href="#fn:511">511</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:512" href="#fn:512">512</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:513" href="#fn:513">513</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:514" href="#fn:514">514</a>
In his 2010 book <a href="/facts/We_Can_Have_Peace_in_the_Holy_Land/7y74FzV2">We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land</a>, Carter cites Israel's unwillingness to withdraw from the <a href="/facts/Occupied_Palestinian_territories/pTUwGmIE">occupied Palestinian territories</a> and <a href="/facts/Israeli_settlements/vSrw9ylS">settlement expansion</a> as the primary obstacle to peace in the Middle East.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:515" href="#fn:515">515</a>

<h2 id="personal-life">Personal life</h2>
Carter had three younger siblings, all of whom died of pancreatic cancer: <a href="/facts/Gloria_Spann/YbnaXSpG">Gloria Spann</a>, <a href="/facts/Ruth_Stapleton/4HnmVIXz">Ruth Stapleton</a>, and Billy Carter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:516" href="#fn:516">516</a> He was a first cousin of politician <a href="/facts/Hugh_Carter/G2AKnIDy">Hugh Carter</a> and a distant cousin of the <a href="/facts/Carter_family/gGINLu80">Carter family</a> of musicians.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:517" href="#fn:517">517</a>
Carter married Rosalynn Smith on July 7, 1946, in the Plains Methodist Church, the church of Rosalynn's family.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:518" href="#fn:518">518</a> They had three sons, <a href="/facts/Jack_Carter_(politician)/f9gQT18y">John "Jack"</a>, James III "Chip", and Donnel "Jeff", and a daughter, Amy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:519" href="#fn:519">519</a> <a href="/facts/Mary_Prince_(nanny)/wcrAmNAm">Mary Prince</a> (an African American woman wrongly convicted of murder, and later pardoned) was their daughter Amy's nanny for most of the period from 1971 until Carter's presidency ended.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:520" href="#fn:520">520</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:521" href="#fn:521">521</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:522" href="#fn:522">522</a> Carter had asked to be designated as her <a href="/facts/Parole_officer/BLS7GMdp">parole officer</a>, helping enable her to work in the White House.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:523" href="#fn:523">523</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:524" href="#fn:524">524</a>
On October 19, 2019, the Carters became the longest-wed presidential couple, having overtaken George and <a href="/facts/Barbara_Bush/p9Fv9ywU">Barbara Bush</a> at 26,765 days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:525" href="#fn:525">525</a> After Rosalynn's death on November 19, 2023, Carter released the following statement:

<blockquote>Rosalynn was my equal partner in everything I ever accomplished. She gave me wise guidance and encouragement when I needed it. As long as Rosalynn was in the world, I always knew somebody loved and supported me.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:526" href="#fn:526">526</a></blockquote>
The Carters' eldest son, Jack Carter, was the 2006 Democratic <a href="/facts/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nevada/VrzFuTMe">nominee for U.S. Senate in Nevada</a> and lost to Republican incumbent <a href="/facts/John_Ensign/C21gAk7M">John Ensign</a>. Jack's son <a href="/facts/Jason_Carter_(politician)/Es0zk27p">Jason Carter</a> is a former Georgia state senator<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:527" href="#fn:527">527</a> who in 2014 was the Democratic nominee for <a href="/facts/2014_Georgia_gubernatorial_election/j67aAvCp">governor of Georgia</a>, losing to the Republican incumbent, <a href="/facts/Nathan_Deal/y8vtlVxo">Nathan Deal</a>. On December 20, 2015, while teaching a Sunday school class, Carter announced that his 28-year-old grandson Jeremy Carter had died of unspecified causes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:528" href="#fn:528">528</a>

<h3>Interests, friendships and hobbies</h3>
Carter's hobbies included painting,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:529" href="#fn:529">529</a> <a href="/facts/Fly_fishing/dCKhBjoE">fly fishing</a>, woodworking, cycling, tennis, and skiing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:530" href="#fn:530">530</a> He also had an interest in poetry, particularly the works of <a href="/facts/Dylan_Thomas/24bF9nEk">Dylan Thomas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:531" href="#fn:531">531</a> During a state visit to the UK in 1977, Carter suggested that Thomas should have a memorial in <a href="/facts/Poets%2527_Corner/kVb1shLw">Poets' Corner</a> at <a href="/facts/Westminster_Abbey/txMva2Xf">Westminster Abbey</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:532" href="#fn:532">532</a> this came to fruition in 1982.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:533" href="#fn:533">533</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:534" href="#fn:534">534</a> In 1994, Carter published a book of poetry, Always a Reckoning and Other Poems, illustrated by his granddaughter Sarah Chuldenko.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:535" href="#fn:535">535</a>
Carter was a personal friend of <a href="/facts/Elvis_Presley/T0RDjznN">Elvis Presley</a>, whom he and Rosalynn met on June 30, 1973.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:536" href="#fn:536">536</a> They remained in contact by telephone two months before Presley's sudden death in August 1977. According to Carter, Presley was almost incoherent because of barbiturates; although he phoned the White House several more times, that was the last time they spoke.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:537" href="#fn:537">537</a> The day after Presley's death, Carter issued a statement and said Presley had "changed the face of American popular culture".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:538" href="#fn:538">538</a>
Carter filed a report with both the International UFO Bureau and the <a href="/facts/National_Investigations_Committee_On_Aerial_Phenomena/HWeRpRB2">National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:539" href="#fn:539">539</a> saying that <a href="/facts/Jimmy_Carter_UFO_incident/0qz2YXFq">he saw an unidentified flying object</a> in October 1969.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:540" href="#fn:540">540</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:541" href="#fn:541">541</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:542" href="#fn:542">542</a> Records showed that Carter got the date wrong, and it was in fact on January 6, 1969. In 2016, a former Air Force scientist found old government reports about a scientific project that on that date launched a barium cloud to examine the upper atmosphere. It would have appeared in the sky at an elevation of 33 degrees, which is almost exactly what Carter had speculated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:543" href="#fn:543">543</a>

<h3>Beliefs</h3>
From a young age, Carter showed deep commitment to <a href="/facts/Evangelical_Christianity/64I65VDK">evangelical Christianity</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:544" href="#fn:544">544</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:545" href="#fn:545">545</a> He taught Sunday school at Maranatha Baptist Church in Plains.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:546" href="#fn:546">546</a> At a private inauguration worship service, the preacher was Nelson Price, the pastor of Roswell Street Baptist Church of Marietta, Georgia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:547" href="#fn:547">547</a> An evangelical Christian, Carter appealed to voters after the scandals of the <a href="/facts/Nixon_Administration/HQzepo9f">Nixon Administration</a>, and is credited with popularizing the term "born again" into American <a href="/facts/Lexicon/MxfVm3gl">lexicon</a> during his 1976 presidential campaign.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:548" href="#fn:548">548</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:549" href="#fn:549">549</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:550" href="#fn:550">550</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:551" href="#fn:551">551</a> As president, Carter prayed several times a day, and said Jesus was the driving force in his life. He was greatly influenced by a sermon he had heard as a young man that asked: "If you were arrested for being a Christian, would there be enough evidence to convict you?"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:552" href="#fn:552">552</a> In 2000, after the <a href="/facts/Southern_Baptist_Convention/pGgGGrUy">Southern Baptist Convention</a> announced it would no longer permit women to become pastors, he renounced his membership, saying: "I personally feel that women should play an absolutely equal role in service of Christ in the church."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:553" href="#fn:553">553</a> He remained a member of the <a href="/facts/Cooperative_Baptist_Fellowship/qrVNXsfa">Cooperative Baptist Fellowship</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:554" href="#fn:554">554</a> Carter's support for the <a href="/facts/Equal_Rights_Amendment/PelNvXVz">Equal Rights Amendment</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:555" href="#fn:555">555</a> led many <a href="/facts/Evangelical_conservatives/Ue6eJ4xd">evangelical conservatives</a> to leave the Democratic Party, contributing to the development of the <a href="/facts/Christian_right/98P9XalN">Christian right</a> in American politics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:556" href="#fn:556">556</a>

<h2 id="health">Health</h2>

On August 3, 2015, Carter underwent <a href="/facts/Elective_surgery/ne9phpB5">elective surgery</a> to remove a small mass on his liver, and his prognosis for a full recovery was initially said to be excellent. On August 12, he announced he had been diagnosed with cancer that had <a href="/facts/Metastasized/4dadbm6z">metastasized</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:557" href="#fn:557">557</a> On August 20, Carter said that <a href="/facts/Melanoma/qdT7E97Y">melanoma</a> had been found in his brain and liver and that he had begun treatment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:558" href="#fn:558">558</a> On December 5, he announced that his medical scans <a href="/facts/Remission_(medicine)/8HuMct73">no longer showed any cancer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:559" href="#fn:559">559</a>
Carter broke his hip in a fall at his Plains home on May 13, 2019, and underwent surgery the same day at the Phoebe Sumter Medical Center in Americus, Georgia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:560" href="#fn:560">560</a> On October 6, an injury above his left eyebrow sustained in another fall at home required 14 stitches<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:561" href="#fn:561">561</a> and resulted in a <a href="/facts/Black_eye/Dqt7mVWs">black eye</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:562" href="#fn:562">562</a> On October 21, Carter was admitted to the Phoebe Sumter Medical Center after sustaining a minor pelvic fracture from falling at home for the third time in 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:563" href="#fn:563">563</a>
On November 11, 2019, Carter was hospitalized at the <a href="/facts/Emory_University_Hospital/36zsf11D">Emory University Hospital</a> in Atlanta for a procedure to relieve pressure on his brain caused by bleeding connected with his falls.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:564" href="#fn:564">564</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:565" href="#fn:565">565</a> He was released from the hospital on November 27.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:566" href="#fn:566">566</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:567" href="#fn:567">567</a> On December 2, 2019, Carter was readmitted to the hospital for a urinary tract infection. He was released on December 4.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:568" href="#fn:568">568</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:569" href="#fn:569">569</a>
On February 18, 2023, the Carter Center announced that following a "series of short hospital stays", Carter decided to "spend his remaining time at home with his family" in Plains to "receive <a href="/facts/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States/5sme1Bc2">hospice care</a>"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:570" href="#fn:570">570</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:571" href="#fn:571">571</a> for an unspecified illness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:572" href="#fn:572">572</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:573" href="#fn:573">573</a>

<h3>Longevity</h3>

At 100 years old, Carter was the longest-lived former U.S. president.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:574" href="#fn:574">574</a> He was the earliest-serving living former president since <a href="/facts/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford/4jmcDVbc">Gerald Ford's death</a> in 2006. In 2012, he surpassed <a href="/facts/Herbert_Hoover/9vdabkqa">Herbert Hoover</a> as the longest-retired president. In 2017 and 2021, he became the first president to live to the 40th anniversary of his inauguration and post-presidency, respectively. In 2017, Carter, then 92, became the oldest former president ever to attend an <a href="/facts/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump/eL67VfME">American presidential inauguration</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:575" href="#fn:575">575</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:576" href="#fn:576">576</a> On March 22, 2019, he became the <a href="/facts/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age/zr3Q1Gh8">longest-lived U.S. president</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:577" href="#fn:577">577</a> He said in a 2019 interview with <a href="/facts/People_(magazine)/oMofkIN9">People</a> that he never expected to live as long as he had and that the best explanation for longevity was a good marriage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:578" href="#fn:578">578</a>
The Carter Center announced Jimmy Carter 100: A Celebration in Song, an event concert to celebrate Carter's 100th birthday that featured appearances by musicians and celebrities. The event took place on September 17, 2024, at the <a href="/facts/Fox_Theatre_(Atlanta)/aLDFq9Qo">Fox Theatre</a> in Atlanta.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:579" href="#fn:579">579</a> On October 1, 2024, Carter <a href="/facts/Turned_100/rubjcm3A">turned 100</a>, the first U.S. president to do so.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:580" href="#fn:580">580</a> Local events celebrating his birthday included a <a href="/facts/F-18_Super_Hornet/TemtsKRp">F-18 Super Hornet</a> flyover formation by eight Navy pilots from <a href="/facts/Naval_Air_Station_Oceana/NjIhWo0P">Naval Air Station Oceana</a>, which Carter viewed from his backyard, and a naturalization ceremony for 100 new citizens at Plains High School, which Chip Carter attended.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:581" href="#fn:581">581</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:582" href="#fn:582">582</a>
Carter made arrangements to be buried in front of his home at <a href="/facts/209_Woodland_Drive/2W7Efn1r">209 Woodland Drive</a> in Plains. In 2006, he said that a funeral in Washington, D.C., with visitation at the Carter Center, was also planned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:583" href="#fn:583">583</a> Carter asked President Biden to deliver his eulogy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:584" href="#fn:584">584</a>

<h2 id="death-and-funeral">Death and funeral</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Jimmy_Carter/SDc50XPx">Death and state funeral of Jimmy Carter</a>

Carter died at his home in Plains, Georgia, on December 29, 2024, at the age of 100.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:585" href="#fn:585">585</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:586" href="#fn:586">586</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:587" href="#fn:587">587</a>
Shortly after the announcement, President Joe Biden released a statement honoring Carter's legacy, calling him a "man of principle, faith, and humility".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:588" href="#fn:588">588</a> The nation held an official <a href="/facts/State_funeral/M2s2sL7y">state funeral</a> and day of mourning for Carter on January 9, 2025. All five living U.S. presidents—Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, president-elect Donald Trump, and incumbent Biden—attended Carter's funeral.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:589" href="#fn:589">589</a>

<h2 id="legacy">Legacy</h2>
<h3>Assessments</h3>
When Carter left office in 1981, scholars and even many Democrats viewed his presidency as a failure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:590" href="#fn:590">590</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:591" href="#fn:591">591</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:592" href="#fn:592">592</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:593" href="#fn:593">593</a> <a href="/facts/Betty_Glad/frDA6f6J">Betty Glad</a>, a <a href="/facts/Political_scientist/Gqy5EoRX">political scientist</a> at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Illinois/gusw7HoS">University of Illinois</a>, summarized the public consensus on Carter: "he didn't have a well-developed political philosophy and gave people a feeling he didn't quite know where he was headed."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:594" href="#fn:594">594</a>
Historians <a href="/facts/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States/SzRz5GwT">have ranked Carter's presidency</a> as below average.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:595" href="#fn:595">595</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:596" href="#fn:596">596</a> After leaving office, he told allies he predicted history would be kinder to him than voters were in the 1980 election.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:597" href="#fn:597">597</a> In a 1982 <a href="/facts/Chicago_Tribune/Bbms9uy5">Chicago Tribune</a> survey, when 49 historians and scholars were asked to rank the best and worst U.S. presidents, Carter was ranked the tenth worst.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:598" href="#fn:598">598</a> In 2006, conservative British historian <a href="/facts/Andrew_Roberts%2c_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia/3HS0YMce">Andrew Roberts</a> ranked Carter the worst U.S. president.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:599" href="#fn:599">599</a> Yet some of Carter's policy accomplishments have been more favorably received.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:600" href="#fn:600">600</a> The 2009 documentary <a href="/facts/Back_Door_Channels%3a_The_Price_of_Peace/KIzmxpDK">Back Door Channels: The Price of Peace</a> credits Carter's efforts at Camp David, which brought peace between Israel and Egypt, with bringing the only meaningful peace to the Middle East.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:601" href="#fn:601">601</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:602" href="#fn:602">602</a> <a href="/facts/Stuart_E._Eizenstat/nE2uQpPb">Stuart E. Eizenstat</a>, who served as Carter's chief White House domestic policy adviser, wrote, "Carter's accomplishments at home and abroad were more extensive and longer lasting than those of almost all modern presidents."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:603" href="#fn:603">603</a>
While historians generally consider Carter a below-average president, his post-presidency activities have been universally praised, including his <a href="/facts/Peacekeeping/bFrKlQY2">peacekeeping</a> and humanitarian efforts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:604" href="#fn:604">604</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:605" href="#fn:605">605</a> <a href="/facts/The_Independent/g1P75Mfz">The Independent</a> wrote in 2009, "Carter is widely considered a better man than he was a president."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:606" href="#fn:606">606</a>

<h3>Public opinion</h3>
In exit polls from the 1976 presidential election, many voters still held <a href="/facts/Ford%2527s_pardon_of_Nixon/NnYcHAj6">Ford's pardon of Nixon</a> in 1974 against him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:607" href="#fn:607">607</a> By comparison, Carter was viewed as a sincere, honest, and well-meaning <a href="/facts/Southern_United_States/ppnGuAtB">southerner</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:608" href="#fn:608">608</a> During his presidency, polls generally showed that most Americans saw Carter as likable and "a man of high moral principles".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:609" href="#fn:609">609</a> In the 1980 election, Reagan projected an easy self-confidence, in contrast to Carter's serious and introspective temperament. Carter was portrayed as more pessimistic and indecisive than Reagan, who was known for his charm and delegation of tasks to subordinates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:610" href="#fn:610">610</a> Reagan used the economic issues, the Iran hostage crisis, and the lack of Washington cooperation to portray Carter as a weak and ineffectual leader. Carter was the first elected incumbent president since Herbert Hoover <a href="/facts/1932_United_States_presidential_election/b1Q0uUWL">in 1932</a> to lose a reelection bid.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:611" href="#fn:611">611</a>
Carter began his presidency with an <a href="/facts/Approval_rating/59PEtq3t">approval rating</a> between 66% and 75%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:612" href="#fn:612">612</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:613" href="#fn:613">613</a> He maintained approval ratings above 50% until March 1978,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:614" href="#fn:614">614</a> and the following month his approval rating fell to 39%,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:615" href="#fn:615">615</a> primarily due to the declining economy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:616" href="#fn:616">616</a> His ratings briefly rebounded after the Camp David Accords in late 1978<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:617" href="#fn:617">617</a> but dipped during the 1979 energy crisis and got as low as 28% in July 1979.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:618" href="#fn:618">618</a> At the beginning of the Iran hostage crisis, his approval rating surged to 61%, up 23 points from his pre-crisis rating.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:619" href="#fn:619">619</a> Polls also found that up to 77% of Americans approved of Carter's initial response to the crisis,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:620" href="#fn:620">620</a> but by June 1980, amid heated criticism from across the political spectrum<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:621" href="#fn:621">621</a> for his failure to free the hostages, his approval rating slumped to 33%; that same month Reagan surpassed Carter in pre-1980 election polling.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:622" href="#fn:622">622</a> As Carter was leaving office, a Gallup poll found that 48% of Americans thought he had been an "average" or "above average" president, 46% said he had been "below average" or "poor", and only 3% thought he had been "outstanding".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:623" href="#fn:623">623</a> His average approval rating during his entire presidency was 46%,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:624" href="#fn:624">624</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:625" href="#fn:625">625</a> and he left office as one of the most unpopular U.S. presidents in history.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:626" href="#fn:626">626</a>
In a 1990 Gallup survey, 45% of respondents said they approved of the overall job Carter did as president, leaving only Nixon and <a href="/facts/Lyndon_B._Johnson/PKNthHX1">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> with lower ratings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:627" href="#fn:627">627</a> In a 2006 poll, 61% of respondents said they approved of the job Carter did as president, his highest rating since 1979.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:628" href="#fn:628">628</a> In a 2021 survey, 27% of respondents said he had been an "outstanding" or "above average" president, 43% regarded him as "average", and only 24% said he had been "below average" or "poor".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:629" href="#fn:629">629</a> A 2025 YouGov poll listed Carter as the most popular politician in America, with an overall approval rating of 64%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:630" href="#fn:630">630</a>

<h3>Awards and honors</h3>
Further information: <a href="/facts/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Jimmy_Carter/fBLkB40G">List of awards and honors received by Jimmy Carter</a>
<a href="/facts/Carterpuri/RbolUDjv">Carterpuri</a>, a village in <a href="/facts/Haryana/bo4Qo3c8">Haryana</a>, India, was renamed in his honor after he visited in 1978.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:631" href="#fn:631">631</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:632" href="#fn:632">632</a>
Carter received the <a href="/facts/American_Academy_of_Achievement/JLFsXAjM">American Academy of Achievement</a>'s Golden Plate Award in 1984.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:633" href="#fn:633">633</a>

The <a href="/facts/Jimmy_Carter_Library_and_Museum/ReUIckDs">Jimmy Carter Library and Museum</a> was opened in 1986.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:634" href="#fn:634">634</a> The following year, buildings connected to Carter's life were granted status as <a href="/facts/National_Historic_Site_(United_States)/wPxDaXgT">National Historic Sites</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:635" href="#fn:635">635</a> and in 2021 were collectively renamed the <a href="/facts/Jimmy_Carter_National_Historic_Park/Rbl9E71c">Jimmy Carter National Historic Park</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:636" href="#fn:636">636</a>
In 1991, Carter was made an honorary member of <a href="/facts/Phi_Beta_Kappa/5TkV3tLw">Phi Beta Kappa</a> at <a href="/facts/Kansas_State_University/SVBVNaBr">Kansas State University</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:637" href="#fn:637">637</a> and was elected to the <a href="/facts/American_Philosophical_Society/auqTbV2C">American Philosophical Society</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:638" href="#fn:638">638</a> In 1998, the U.S. Navy named the third and final <a href="/facts/Seawolf-class_submarine/Ds8TvpIT">Seawolf-class</a> submarine <a href="/facts/USS_Jimmy_Carter/QJyN9nAR">USS Jimmy Carter</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:639" href="#fn:639">639</a>
Carter received the <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights/hLtI6CUY">United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights</a>, given in honor of human rights achievements,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:640" href="#fn:640">640</a> and the <a href="/facts/Hoover_Medal/k1fCXw5S">Hoover Medal</a>, recognizing engineers who have contributed to global causes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:641" href="#fn:641">641</a> Carter's 2002 <a href="/facts/Nobel_Peace_Prize/2wVhmLrX">Nobel Peace Prize</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:642" href="#fn:642">642</a> was partially a response to president George W. Bush's threats of war against Iraq and Carter's criticism of the Bush administration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:643" href="#fn:643">643</a>
In 2009, the <a href="/facts/Souther_Field/Pv2kjr7d">Souther Field</a> Airport in <a href="/facts/Americus%2c_Georgia/GhvKD7YY">Americus, Georgia</a>, was renamed <a href="/facts/Jimmy_Carter_Regional_Airport/yEBwU4oo">Jimmy Carter Regional Airport</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:644" href="#fn:644">644</a>
In November 2024, Carter received his 10th nomination for the <a href="/facts/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album/1QxjLKFI">Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album</a> for audio recordings of his books. He won four times—for <a href="/facts/Our_Endangered_Values/QBwqHrQE">Our Endangered Values</a>: America's Moral Crisis (2007), <a href="/facts/A_Full_Life%3a_Reflections_at_90/QXTagP6S">A Full Life: Reflections at 90</a> (2015), Faith: A Journey For All (2018), and Last Sunday in Plains: A Centennial Celebration (2024).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:645" href="#fn:645">645</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:646" href="#fn:646">646</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:647" href="#fn:647">647</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:648" href="#fn:648">648</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:649" href="#fn:649">649</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:650" href="#fn:650">650</a> He is the most nominated and awarded recipient in the category. 
On February 21, 2024, the <a href="/facts/White_House_Historical_Association/tkWd78t4">White House Historical Association</a> unveiled its official 2024 White House Christmas ornament honoring Carter's naval service and efforts for peace. This was the first time a president being honored was alive at the time of the unveiling.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:651" href="#fn:651">651</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Electoral_history_of_Jimmy_Carter/Xy5qlqvS">Electoral history of Jimmy Carter</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jimmy_Carter_rabbit_incident/dHF6Lqk1">Jimmy Carter rabbit incident</a> – Swamp rabbit attack on the American president</li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_centenarians_(politicians_and_civil_servants)/yeuNjyPj">List of centenarians (politicians and civil servants)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_members_of_the_American_Legion/6L2zAN65">List of members of the American Legion</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_peace_activists/a8sLVAB5">List of peace activists</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States/Vh0XFrco">List of presidents of the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience/HJbE0wuX">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/facts/Mush_from_the_Wimp/1IWQbgI9">Mush from the Wimp</a>" – Joke headline from The Boston Globe in a 1980 op-ed</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Political_positions_of_Jimmy_Carter/q0YgCQd0">Political positions of Jimmy Carter</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h3>Bibliography</h3>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Jonathan_Alter/73jwFmfl">Alter, Jonathan</a> (2020). His Very Best: Jimmy Carter, a Life. <a href="/facts/Simon_%2526_Schuster/pESq8Dxl">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Balmer, Randall (2014). Redeemer: The Life of Jimmy Carter. <a href="/facts/Basic_Books/mfV01W4C">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Biven, W. Carl (2002). Jimmy Carter's Economy: Policy in an Age of Limits. <a href="/facts/University_of_North_Carolina_Press/xGaCMfdT">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53876246">53876246</a>.</li>
<li>Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. <a href="/facts/Charles_Scribner%2527s_Sons/VRo5mFWQ">Scribner</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593">96048593</a>. <a href="/facts/OL_(identifier)/A13NLNNh">OL</a> <a href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL22339703M">22339703M</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Douglas_Brinkley/76FA35ll">Brinkley, Douglas</a> (1998). The Unfinished Presidency — Jimmy Carter's Journey Beyond the White House. <a href="/facts/Viking_Press/DEd2dk7M">Viking Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98182755">98182755</a>. <a href="/facts/OL_(identifier)/A13NLNNh">OL</a> <a href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24739261M">24739261M</a>.</li>
<li>Carter, Jeff (2012). Ancestors of Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter. <a href="/facts/McFarland_%2526_Co/UGcW6D1h">McFarland & Co</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/802261814">802261814</a>.</li>
<li>Carter, Jimmy (1992). Turning Point: A Candidate, a State, and a Nation Come of Age. <a href="/facts/Three_Rivers_Press/taluWgY6">Three Rivers Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Flippen, J. Brooks (2011). Jimmy Carter, the Politics of Family, and the Rise of the Religious Right. <a href="/facts/University_of_Georgia_Press/Cjq8JweX">University of Georgia Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/724088293">724088293</a>.</li>
<li>Frank, Northen Magill (1995). Great Events from History II: 1945–1966. <a href="/facts/Salem_Press/fNScarKF">Salem Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Freeman, Roger A. (1982). The Wayward Welfare State. <a href="/facts/Hoover_Press/TLMKp8LW">Hoover Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Gherman, Beverly (2004). Jimmy Carter. <a href="/facts/Lerner_Publications/265Cb5us">Lerner Publications</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51861756">51861756</a>.</li>
<li>Godbold, E. Stanly Jr. (2010). Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter: the Georgia Years, 1924–1974. <a href="/facts/Oxford_University_Press/CYyTzzWG">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Hambley, Del (2008). Presidential Footprints: Inauguration of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, January 20, 1961. Dog Ear Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/678081512">678081512</a>.</li>
<li>Hamilton, Neil A. (2005). Presidents: a Biographical Dictionary (2 ed.). <a href="/facts/Facts_On_File/EqPtkn6t">Facts On File</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/234178908">234178908</a>.</li>
<li>Hayward, Steven F. (2004). The Real Jimmy Carter: How Our Worst Ex-president Undermines American Foreign Policy, Coddles Dictators, and Created the Party of Clinton and Kerry. <a href="/facts/Regnery_Publishing/TNR4v8Jw">Regnery Publishing</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/836407503">836407503</a>. Earl may not have voted for FRD again, but he was not above receiving several New Deal agricultural subsidies as the Depression wore on.</li>
<li>Hayward, Steven F. (2009). The Age of Reagan: the Fall of the Old Liberal Order: 1964–1980. <a href="/facts/Crown_Publishing_Group/RmpMhKID">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Herring, George C. (2008). From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776. <a href="/facts/Oxford_University_Press/CYyTzzWG">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008007996">2008007996</a>. <a href="/facts/OL_(identifier)/A13NLNNh">OL</a> <a href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL19970907M">19970907M</a>.</li>
<li>Hobkirk, Lori (2002). James Earl Carter: Our Thirty-ninth President. The Child's World, Inc. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45024331">45024331</a>.</li>
<li>Kaufman, Scott (2016). A Companion to Gerald R. Ford and Jimmy Carter. <a href="/facts/Wiley_(publisher)/53g3LqJc">Wiley</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/916409068">916409068</a>.</li>
<li>Kaufman, Burton I.; Kaufman, Scott (2006). The Presidency of James Earl Carter (2 ed.). <a href="/facts/University_Press_of_Kansas/P7zNzUoe">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OL_(identifier)/A13NLNNh">OL</a> <a href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7763218M">7763218M</a>.</li>
<li>Kaufman, Diane; Kaufman, Scott (2013). Historical Dictionary Of the Carter Era. <a href="/facts/Rowman_%2526_Littlefield/NJNX9xwH">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/834614686">834614686</a>.</li>
<li>Marguet, Serge (2022). A Brief History of Nuclear Reactor Accidents from Leipzig to Fukushima. <a href="/facts/Springer_Science%252BBusiness_Media/nAesf6nT">Springer</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1366112034">1366112034</a>.</li>
<li>Martel, Peter (2008). Memoirs of a Hayseed Physicist. Strategic Book. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Morris, Kenneth Earl (1996). Jimmy Carter, American Moralist. <a href="/facts/University_of_Georgia_Press/Cjq8JweX">University of Georgia Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96006350">96006350</a>. <a href="/facts/OL_(identifier)/A13NLNNh">OL</a> <a href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL969764M">969764M</a>.</li>
<li>Mukunda, Gautam (2022). Picking Presidents: How to Make the Most Consequential Decision in the World. <a href="/facts/University_of_California_Press/r11UnrYP">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1303569935">1303569935</a>.</li>
<li>Newton, David E. (2016). The Global Water Crisis: a Reference Handbook. <a href="/facts/ABC-CLIO/7B9JFAeq">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/945976409">945976409</a>.</li>
<li>Nijnatten, Frans van (2012). Tussen liberalisme en conservatisme: de verkiezingscampagnes van Jimmy Carter (1962–1980) [Between Liberalism and Conservatism: Jimmy Carter's Election Campaigns (1962–1980)] (in Dutch). <a href="/facts/Vossiuspers_UvA/b7BY6KkU">Vossiuspers UvA</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/775137957">775137957</a>.</li>
<li>Panton, Kenneth J. (2022). Historical Dictionary of the United States. <a href="/facts/Rowman_%2526_Littlefield/NJNX9xwH">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1295808727">1295808727</a>.</li>
<li>Ryan, Bernard Jr. (2006). Jimmy Carter: U.S. President and Humanitarian. Ferguson Publishing Company. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Schneider, Dorothy; Schneider, Carl J. (2005). First Ladies: a Biographical Dictionary (2 ed.). <a href="/facts/Infobase/EqPtkn6t">Infobase</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/234178582">234178582</a>.</li>
<li>Thomas, Sunny (1978). Jimmy Carter: From Peanuts to Presidency. Vesta Publications. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6041403">6041403</a>.</li>
<li>Wead, Doug (2005). The Raising of a President: The Mothers and Fathers of Our Nation's Leaders. <a href="/facts/Atria_Books/v1CoRSMV">Atria Books</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Wertheimer, Molly Meijer (2004). Inventing a Voice: the Rhetoric of American First Ladies of the Twentieth Century. <a href="/facts/Rowman_%2526_Littlefield/NJNX9xwH">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/835122766">835122766</a>.</li>
<li>Wooten, James T. (1978). Dasher: The Roots and the Rising of Jimmy Carter. <a href="/facts/Summit_Books/pESq8Dxl">Summit Books</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3481251">3481251</a>.</li>
<li>World Book Encyclopedia (Hardcover) [Jimmy Carter entry]. <a href="/facts/World_Book/NgR6oDwP">World Book</a>. January 2001. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Zelizer, Julian E. (2010). Jimmy Carter. <a href="/facts/Times_Books/MGWy906Y">Times Books</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010016818">2010016818</a>. <a href="/facts/OL_(identifier)/A13NLNNh">OL</a> <a href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24804105M">24804105M</a>.</li></ul>

<h3>News sources</h3>

<ul><li>Hingston, Sandy (April 24, 2016). <a href="https://www.phillymag.com/news/2016/04/24/princeton-sprint-football-team/">"Why This Princeton Football Team Won't Be Suiting Up Next Season"</a>. <a href="/facts/Philadelphia_(magazine)/J3gm4RKC">Philadelphia</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161106124516/https://www.phillymag.com/news/2016/04/24/princeton-sprint-football-team/">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2016. Retrieved November 5, 2016.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Amy_Argetsinger/q1aMsJS2">Argetsinger, Amy</a> (June 5, 1996). <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1996/06/05/the-class-of-the-naval-academy-has-50th-reunion/1631f2ba-b06e-4fe4-9968-1c39efb7d6bc/">"The Class of the Naval Academy Has 50th Reunion"</a>. <a href="/facts/The_Washington_Post/dRvzvqJc">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved March 4, 2023.</li>
<li>Barrow, Bill; Warren, Michael (November 20, 2023). <a href="https://apnews.com/article/rosalynn-carter-dead-e4291133392444bc9ad9d1da461d95c1">"Rosalynn Carter, Outspoken Former First Lady, Dies At 96"</a>. <a href="/facts/Associated_Press_News/b4T5P1bT">Associated Press News</a>. Retrieved September 24, 2024.</li>
<li>Milnes, Arthur (January 28, 2009). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110217161647/https://ottawariverkeeper.ca/news/when_jimmy_carter_faced_radioactivity_head_on">"When Jimmy Carter Faced Radioactivity Head-on"</a>. <a href="/facts/Ottawa_Citizen/33TvUvHb">Ottawa Citizen</a>. Archived from <a href="https://ottawariverkeeper.ca/news/when_jimmy_carter_faced_radioactivity_head_on/">the original</a> on February 17, 2011.</li>
<li>Suciu, Peter (March 27, 2020). <a href="https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-president-jimmy-carter-got-his-very-own-submarine-137717">"Why President Jimmy Carter Got His Very Own Submarine"</a>. <a href="/facts/The_National_Interest/3LmSpbDB">The National Interest</a>.</li>
<li>Berman, Eliza (2022). <a href="https://www.life.com/history/jimmy-carter-governor-inauguration-discrimination/">"A Governor Speaks Out on Race: LIFE's Look at Jimmy Carter, 1971"</a>. <a href="/facts/Life_(magazine)/t3r71BEK">Life</a>. Retrieved September 24, 2024.</li>
<li><a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19710714&printsec=frontpage">"Carter Aims to Create Human Relations Panel"</a>. <a href="/facts/Rome_News-Tribune/NYrF80YP">Rome News-Tribune</a>. July 8, 1971. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211212140454/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19710714&printsec=frontpage">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.</li>
<li><a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GW5NAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vDUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3623%2C1460658">"Gov. Carter Orders Cuts In Georgia Spending"</a>. <a href="/facts/Rome_News-Tribune/NYrF80YP">Rome News-Tribune</a>. July 14, 1971. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901170904/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GW5NAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vDUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3623,1460658">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.</li>
<li><a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19720113&printsec=frontpage">"Two Budget Proposals Offered By Gov. Carter to Legislature"</a>. <a href="/facts/Rome_News-Tribune/NYrF80YP">Rome News-Tribune</a>. January 13, 1972. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211212140459/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19720113&printsec=frontpage">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.</li>
<li><a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=N5pMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xzUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2478%2C241190">"Reappointment Rejection Could Bring Session"</a>. <a href="/facts/Rome_News-Tribune/NYrF80YP">Rome News-Tribune</a>. March 2, 1972. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901170905/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=N5pMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xzUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2478,241190">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna25889670">"Jimmy Carter Battles Plan for Dams – Again"</a>. <a href="/facts/NBC_News/hWQ2wFfx">NBC News</a>. July 28, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801090635/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/25889670/ns/us_news-environment/t/jimmy-carter-battles-plan-dams-again/">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved August 30, 2021.</li>
<li><a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19730201&printsec=frontpage">"Governors Disagree on School Busing"</a>. <a href="/facts/Rome_News-Tribune/NYrF80YP">Rome News-Tribune</a>. February 1, 1973. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211212140451/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19730201&printsec=frontpage">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.</li>
<li><a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19711107&printsec=frontpage">"Southern Governors Meeting in Atlanta"</a>. <a href="/facts/Rome_News-Tribune/NYrF80YP">Rome News-Tribune</a>. November 7, 1971. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211212140455/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19711107&printsec=frontpage">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.</li>
<li>Pilkington, Ed (November 11, 2013). <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/11/jimmy-carter-supreme-court-death-penalty">"Jimmy Carter Calls for Fresh Moratorium on Death Penalty"</a>. <a href="/facts/The_Guardian/H84wwJYM">The Guardian</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230705115637/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/11/jimmy-carter-supreme-court-death-penalty">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2021.</li>
<li><a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19720804&printsec=frontpage">"Carter, Wallace Hold Election Conference"</a>. <a href="/facts/Rome_News-Tribune/NYrF80YP">Rome News-Tribune</a>. August 4, 1972. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211011183951/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19720804&printsec=frontpage">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.</li>
<li><a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19730513&printsec=frontpage">"Carter Cautions Democrats to Play it Cool on Watergate"</a>. <a href="/facts/Rome_News-Tribune/NYrF80YP">Rome News-Tribune</a>. May 13, 1973. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817013656/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19730513&printsec=frontpage">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.</li>
<li><a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19730514&printsec=frontpage">"Carter Off on European Tour"</a>. <a href="/facts/Rome_News-Tribune/NYrF80YP">Rome News-Tribune</a>. May 14, 1973. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211212140453/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19730514&printsec=frontpage">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.</li></ul>

<h3>Websites</h3>

<ul><li><a href="https://www.nps.gov/places/plains-high-school.htm">"Plains High School"</a>. <a href="/facts/National_Park_Service/KyR15FW6">National Park Service</a>. October 14, 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717143320/https://www.nps.gov/places/plains-high-school.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved July 17, 2022.</li>
<li>Rattini, Kristin Baird (2020). <a href="https://www.gtalumni.org/s/1481/alumni/17/magazine-pages.aspx?sid=1481&gid=21&pgid=18394&cid=40232&ecid=40232&crid=0&calpgid=18390&calcid=40218">"Jimmy Carter"</a>. <a href="/facts/Georgia_Tech_Alumni_Association/VBEQ6x6A">Georgia Tech Alumni Association</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231106231900/https://www.gtalumni.org/s/1481/alumni/17/magazine-pages.aspx?sid=1481&gid=21&pgid=18394&cid=40232&ecid=40232&crid=0&calpgid=18390&calcid=40218">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved August 21, 2023.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.cartercenter.org/news/pr/2023/statement-rosalynn-carter-111923.html">"Former First Lady Rosalynn Carter Passes Away at Age 96"</a>. <a href="/facts/Carter_Center/pzWVXFdw">Carter Center</a>. November 19, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119201739/https://www.cartercenter.org/news/pr/2023/statement-rosalynn-carter-111923.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 19, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2023.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151116012607/https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/documents/jec/jcnavy.phtml">"Jimmy Carter's Naval Service"</a>. <a href="/facts/Jimmy_Carter_Library_and_Museum/ReUIckDs">Jimmy Carter Library and Museum</a>. November 19, 2004. Archived from <a href="https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/documents/jec/jcnavy.phtml">the original</a> on November 16, 2015. Retrieved November 24, 2015.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-c/carter-james-e.html">"James Earl Carter, Jr"</a>. <a href="/facts/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command/CC3Gfwn0">Naval History and Heritage Command</a>. October 19, 1997. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220154017/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-c/carter-james-e.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023.</li>
<li>Eckstein, Megan (March 9, 2015). <a href="https://news.usni.org/2015/03/09/from-ensign-to-commander-in-chief-a-look-at-the-presidents-who-served-in-the-u-s-navy-reserve">"From Ensign to Commander-in-Chief: A Look at the Presidents Who Served in the U.S. Navy Reserve"</a>. <a href="/facts/USNI_News/MzmPF3gL">USNI News</a>. <a href="/facts/United_States_Naval_Institute/MzmPF3gL">United States Naval Institute</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816164136/https://news.usni.org/2015/03/09/from-ensign-to-commander-in-chief-a-look-at-the-presidents-who-served-in-the-u-s-navy-reserve">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/people/presidents/carter.html">"Lieutenant James Earl Carter Jr., USN"</a>. <a href="/facts/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command/CC3Gfwn0">Naval History and Heritage Command</a>. March 3, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816204427/https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/people/presidents/carter.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.</li>
<li>Donica, Adrienne; Piccotti, Tyler (March 27, 2018). <a href="https://www.biography.com/us-president/jimmy-carter">"Jimmy Carter"</a>. <a href="/facts/Biography.com/4mFu7fFf">Biography.com</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606151959/https://www.biography.com/us-president/jimmy-carter">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2020.</li>
<li><a href="https://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/cgi-bin/govdimag.cgi?path=dbs/1965/ga/s700/_ps1/g4/1965_h66/sess_p1_sno_p1.con/&user=galileo&sessionid=637f8586-1547653717-5036&serverid=DU&instcode=afpl&return=ggpd%3fuserid%3dgalileo%26dbs%3dggpd%26action%3dretrieve%26recno%3d70%26numrecs%3d100%26__rtype%3drecno%26key%3dy-ga-bs700-b-ps1-bg4-b1965-h66-bsess-p1-sno-p1">"Members Of The General Assembly Of Georgia: State Senate and Hous of Representatives – Term 1965–1966"</a>. <a href="/facts/Georgia_General_Assembly/8a1mPv5z">Georgia General Assembly</a>. February 1965. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216151724/https://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/cgi-bin/govdimag.cgi?path=dbs%2F1965%2Fga%2Fs700%2F_ps1%2Fg4%2F1965_h66%2Fsess_p1_sno_p1.con%2F&user=galileo&sessionid=637f8586-1547653717-5036&serverid=DU&instcode=afpl&return=ggpd%3Fuserid%3Dgalileo&dbs=ggpd&action=retrieve&recno=70&numrecs=100&__rtype=recno&key=y-ga-bs700-b-ps1-bg4-b1965-h66-bsess-p1-sno-p1">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2018.</li>
<li>Sidey, Hugh S. (January 22, 2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120427131522/https://www.worldbook.com/content-spotlight/item/1156-lives-and-times-of-american-presidents-1961-present/1156-lives-and-times-of-american-presidents-1961-present?start=5">"Carter, Jimmy"</a>. <a href="/facts/World_Book/NgR6oDwP">World Book</a>. Archived from <a href="https://www.worldbook.com/content-spotlight/item/1156-lives-and-times-of-american-presidents-1961-present/1156-lives-and-times-of-american-presidents-1961-present?start=5">the original</a> on April 27, 2012.</li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Jimmy_Carter_bibliography/vUwjVPXx">Jimmy Carter bibliography</a> and <a href="/facts/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter/1qnkgxGJ">Presidency of Jimmy Carter § Further reading</a>

<ul><li>Andelic, Patrick. Donkey Work: Congressional Democrats in Conservative America, 1974–1994 (2019) <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0700628037/">excerpt</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210331131229/https://www.amazon.com/Donkey-Work-Congressional-Democrats-Conservative/dp/0700628037/">Archived</a> March 31, 2021, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li>Berggren, D. Jason; Rae, Nicol C. (2006). "Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush: Faith, Foreign Policy, and an Evangelical Presidential Style". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 36 (4): 606–632. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-5705.2006.02570.x">10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.02570.x</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-4918">0360-4918</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Kai_Bird/50QeUcfx">Bird, Kai</a> (2021). The Outlier: The Unfinished Presidency of Jimmy Carter (First hardcover ed.). New York: Crown. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1280936868">1280936868</a>. In-depth biography focused on the presidency. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0451495233/">Excerpt</a>; <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125173151/https://www.amazon.com/Outlier-Unfinished-Presidency-Jimmy-Carter/dp/0451495233/">Archived</a> January 25, 2022, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a>.</li>
<li>Busch, Andrew E. (2005). Reagan's Victory: The Presidential Election of 1980 and the Rise of the Right. University Press of Kansas.</li>
<li>Clymer, Kenton (2003). "Jimmy Carter, Human Rights, and Cambodia". Diplomatic History. 27 (2): 245–278. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-7709.00349">10.1111/1467-7709.00349</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24914265">24914265</a>.</li>
<li>Daigle, Craig. "Beyond Camp David: Jimmy Carter, Palestinian Self-Determination, and Human Rights." Diplomatic History 42.5 (2018): 802–830.</li>
<li>Dumbrell, John (1995). The Carter Presidency: A Re-evaluation (2nd ed.). Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Fink, Gary M.; Graham, Hugh Davis, eds. (1998). <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780700608959">The Carter Presidency: Policy Choices in the Post-New Deal Era</a>. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Flint, Andrew R.; Porter, Joy (March 2005). <a href="https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/4404056">"Jimmy Carter: The re-emergence of faith-based politics and the abortion rights issue"</a>. Presidential Studies Quarterly. 35 (1): 28–51. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-5705.2004.00234.x">10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00234.x</a>.</li>
<li>Freedman, Robert (2005). "The Religious Right and the Carter Administration". The Historical Journal. 48 (1): 231–260. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X04004285">10.1017/S0018246X04004285</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-246X">0018-246X</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154791980">154791980</a>.</li>
<li>Gillon, Steven M. (1992). The Democrats' Dilemma: Walter F. Mondale and the Liberal Legacy. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Glad, Betty (1980). <a href="https://archive.org/details/jimmycarterinsea0000glad">Jimmy Carter: In Search of the Great White House</a>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Hahn, Dan F. (1992). "The rhetoric of Jimmy Carter, 1976–1980". In Windt, Theodore; Ingold, Beth (eds.). Essays in Presidential Rhetoric (3rd ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt. pp. 331–365. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Hargrove, Erwin C. (1988). <a href="https://archive.org/details/jimmycarteraspre00erwi">Jimmy Carter as President: Leadership and the Politics of the Public Good</a>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li><a href="/facts/David_Harris_(protestor)/9IWdb8ho">Harris, David</a> (2004). <a href="https://archive.org/details/crisispresidentp00harr">The Crisis: the President, the Prophet, and the Shah – 1979 and the Coming of Militant Islam</a>. Little, Brown. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Jensehaugen, Jørgen. Arab-Israeli diplomacy under Carter: the US, Israel and the Palestinians (Bloomsbury, 2018).</li>
<li>Jones, Charles O. (1988). <a href="https://archive.org/details/trusteeshippresi0000jone">The Trusteeship Presidency: Jimmy Carter and the United States Congress</a>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Jorden, William J. (1984). <a href="https://archive.org/details/panamaodyssey00jord">Panama Odyssey</a>. Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Keys, Barbara J. (2014). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BZHzAgAAQBAJ">Reclaiming American Virtue: The Human Rights Revolution of the 1970s</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . Retrieved March 21, 2022.</li>
<li>Kucharsky, David (1976). <a href="https://archive.org/details/manfromplainsthe00kuch">The Man From Plains: The Mind and Spirit of Jimmy Carter</a>. New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Mattson, Kevin (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RbpdkYGh65kC">What the Heck Are You Up To, Mr. President?</a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . Retrieved March 21, 2022.</li>
<li>Morgan, Iwan (2004). "Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, and the New Democratic Economics". The Historical Journal. 47 (4): 1015–1039. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X0400408X">10.1017/S0018246X0400408X</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-246X">0018-246X</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159975563">159975563</a>.</li>
<li>Reichard, Gary W. "Early Returns: Assessing Jimmy Carter" Presidential Studies Quarterly 20#3 (Summer 1990) 603–620. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40574538">online</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513054928/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40574538">Archived</a> May 13, 2021, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li>Ribuffo, Leo P. (1989). <a href="https://archive.org/details/transformingfait0000unse/page/141">"God and Jimmy Carter"</a>. In M. L. Bradbury and James B. Gilbert (ed.). Transforming Faith: The Sacred and Secular in Modern American History. New York: Greenwood Press. pp. <a href="https://archive.org/details/transformingfait0000unse/page/141">141–159</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Ribuffo, Leo P. (1997). "'Malaise' revisited: Jimmy Carter and the crisis of confidence". In John Patrick Diggins (ed.). <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691048291/page/164">The Liberal Persuasion: Arthur Schlesinger Jr. and the Challenge of the American Past</a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691048291/page/164">164–185</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Rosenbaum, Herbert D.; Ugrinsky, Alexej, eds. (1994). The Presidency and Domestic Policies of Jimmy Carter. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 83–116. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Schram, Martin (1977). <a href="https://archive.org/details/runningforpresid0000schr">Running for President, 1976: The Carter Campaign</a>. New York: Stein and Day. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Schmitz, David F.; Walker, Vanessa (2004). "Jimmy Carter and the Foreign Policy of Human Rights: the Development of a Post-cold War Foreign Policy". Diplomatic History. 28 (1): 113–143. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2004.00400.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.2004.00400.x</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>.</li>
<li>Strong, Robert A. (Fall 1986). "Recapturing leadership: The Carter administration and the crisis of confidence". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 16 (3): 636–650.</li>
<li>Strong, Robert A. (2000). Working in the World: Jimmy Carter and the Making of American Foreign Policy. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/01/opinion/topics-thermostatic-legacy.html">"Topics; Thermostatic Legacy"</a>. The New York Times. January 1, 1981. Section 1, Page 18, Column 1. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009183157/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/01/opinion/topics-thermostatic-legacy.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2022.</li>
<li>Vogel, Steve (May 4, 2000). "Remembering Failed Iranian Mission". The Washington Post.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Theodore_H._White/J5ozS6Yt">White, Theodore H.</a> (1982). America in Search of Itself: The Making of the President, 1956–1980. New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Williams, Daniel K. The Election of the Evangelical: Jimmy Carter, Gerald Ford, and the Presidential Contest of 1976 (University Press of Kansas, 2020) <a href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=55955">online review</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210820141336/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=55955">Archived</a> August 20, 2021, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li>Witcover, Jules (1977). <a href="https://archive.org/details/marathonpursuit000witc">Marathon: The Pursuit of the Presidency, 1972–1976</a>. New York: Viking Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li><a href="https://millercenter.org/president/carter/life-after-the-presidency">"Jimmy Carter: Life After the Presidency"</a>. Miller Center. October 4, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180922101708/https://millercenter.org/president/carter/life-after-the-presidency">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2018. Retrieved September 22, 2018.</li></ul>

<h3>Primary sources</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Bibliography_of_Jimmy_Carter/vUwjVPXx">Bibliography of Jimmy Carter § Books by Carter</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Joseph_A._Califano_Jr./ffI00H7l">Califano, Joseph A. Jr.</a> (2007) [1981]. Governing America: An Insider's Report from the White House and the Cabinet. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Carter, Jimmy (1977). <a href="https://archive.org/details/whynotbest00cart">Why Not the Best?</a>.</li>
<li>Carter, Jimmy (1982). Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President; <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Keeping-Faith-President-Jimmy-Carter/dp/0553050230/">excerpt</a>; <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160108053822/https://www.amazon.com/Keeping-Faith-President-Jimmy-Carter/dp/0553050230">Archived</a> January 8, 2016, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a>.</li>
<li>Carter, Jimmy (1978–1981). Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Jimmy Carter, 1977. Annual compilation of all his public documents.</li>
<li>Carter, Jimmy (2001). An Hour Before Daylight: Memories of a Rural Boyhood. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Hour-Before-Daylight-Memories-Boyhood/dp/0743211995/">Excerpt</a>; <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808060049/https://www.amazon.com/Hour-Before-Daylight-Memories-Boyhood/dp/0743211995/">Archived</a> August 8, 2022, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a>.</li>
<li>Carter, Jimmy (2002). <a href="https://archive.org/details/nobelpeaceprizel0000cart">The Nobel Peace Prize Lecture: Delivered in Oslo on December 10, 2002</a>.</li>
<li>Carter, Jimmy (2003). Negotiation: The Alternative To Hostility; <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Negotiation-Carl-Vinson-Memorial-Lecture/dp/086554882X/">excerpt</a>; <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220830060621/https://www.amazon.com/Negotiation-Carl-Vinson-Memorial-Lecture/dp/086554882X">Archived</a> August 30, 2022, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a>.</li>
<li>Carter, Jimmy (2005). Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Our-Endangered-Values-Americas-Crisis/dp/0743284577/">Excerpt</a>; <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810185448/https://www.amazon.com/Our-Endangered-Values-Americas-Crisis/dp/0743284577">Archived</a> August 10, 2023, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a>.</li>
<li>Carter, Jimmy (2006). <a href="https://archive.org/details/palestinepeaceno00cart">Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid</a>.</li>
<li>Carter, Jimmy (2007). <a href="https://archive.org/details/beyondwhitehouse0000cart_c2f5">Beyond the White House: Waging Peace, Fighting Disease, Building Hope</a>.</li>
<li>Carter, Jimmy (2011). <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312577193">White House Diary</a>.</li>
<li>Carter, Jimmy (2015). <a href="https://archive.org/details/fulllifereflecti0000cart_c1q5">A Full Life: Reflections at Ninety</a>.</li>
<li>Jordan, Hamilton (1982). Crisis: The Last Year of the Carter Presidency. Putnam. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Lance, Bert (1991). <a href="https://archive.org/details/truthofmattermyl0000lanc">The Truth of the Matter: My Life In and Out of Politics</a>. Summit. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

<ul><li><a href="https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/">Jimmy Carter Presidential Library & Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cartercenter.org/">The Carter Center</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.nps.gov/jica/index.htm">Jimmy Carter National Historic Site</a></li>
<li><a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/james-carter/">White House biography</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?2484">Appearances</a> on <a href="/facts/C-SPAN/MdgMU5eM">C-SPAN</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0141699/">Jimmy Carter</a> at <a href="/facts/IMDb_(identifier)/uWrqVYVy">IMDb</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/Jimmy+Carter+%285%29">Jimmy Carter</a> discography at <a href="/facts/Discogs/wdyMoREv">Discogs</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Godbold 2010, p.&nbsp;9. - Godbold, E. Stanly Jr. (2010). Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter: the Georgia Years, 1924&#8211;1974. Oxford University Press. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-19-977962-8. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;11&#8211;32. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Kaufman &amp; Kaufman 2013, p.&nbsp;70. - Kaufman, Diane; Kaufman, Scott (2013). Historical Dictionary Of the Carter Era. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-8108-7968-3. OCLC&nbsp;834614686. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/834614686" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/834614686</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Carter 2012, p.&nbsp;10. - Carter, Jeff (2012). Ancestors of Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter. McFarland &amp; Co. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-7864-8954-1. OCLC&nbsp;802261814. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/802261814" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/802261814</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Bourne 1997, p.&nbsp;9. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Bourne 1997, p.&nbsp;114. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Bourne 1997, p.&nbsp;114. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;11&#8211;32. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Biven 2002, p.&nbsp;57. - Biven, W. Carl (2002). Jimmy Carter's Economy: Policy in an Age of Limits. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN&nbsp;0-8078-6124-3. OCLC&nbsp;53876246. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53876246" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53876246</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Flippen 2011, p.&nbsp;25. - Flippen, J. Brooks (2011). Jimmy Carter, the Politics of Family, and the Rise of the Religious Right. University of Georgia Press. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-8203-3955-9. OCLC&nbsp;724088293. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/724088293" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/724088293</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Newton 2016, p.&nbsp;172. - Newton, David E. (2016). The Global Water Crisis: a Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-4408-3981-8. OCLC&nbsp;945976409. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/945976409" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/945976409</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Hamilton 2005, p.&nbsp;334. - Hamilton, Neil A. (2005). Presidents: a Biographical Dictionary (2&nbsp;ed.). Facts On File. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-4381-0816-2. OCLC&nbsp;234178908. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/234178908" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/234178908</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;11&#8211;32. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">National Park Service 2020. - &quot;Plains High School&quot;. National Park Service. October 14, 2020. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved July 17, 2022. <a href="https://www.nps.gov/places/plains-high-school.htm" target="_blank">https://www.nps.gov/places/plains-high-school.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Hamilton 2005, p.&nbsp;334. - Hamilton, Neil A. (2005). Presidents: a Biographical Dictionary (2&nbsp;ed.). Facts On File. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-4381-0816-2. OCLC&nbsp;234178908. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/234178908" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/234178908</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Hayward 2004, The Plain Man from Plains. - Hayward, Steven F. (2004). The Real Jimmy Carter: How Our Worst Ex-president Undermines American Foreign Policy, Coddles Dictators, and Created the Party of Clinton and Kerry. Regnery Publishing. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-59698-278-9. OCLC&nbsp;836407503. Earl may not have voted for FRD again, but he was not above receiving several New Deal agricultural subsidies as the Depression wore on. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/836407503" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/836407503</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Hobkirk 2002, p.&nbsp;8. - Hobkirk, Lori (2002). James Earl Carter: Our Thirty-ninth President. The Child's World, Inc. ISBN&nbsp;1-56766-873-9. OCLC&nbsp;45024331. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45024331" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45024331</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;33&#8211;43; Alter 2020, p.&nbsp;45. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;33&#8211;43. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Hamilton 2005, p.&nbsp;334. - Hamilton, Neil A. (2005). Presidents: a Biographical Dictionary (2&nbsp;ed.). Facts On File. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-4381-0816-2. OCLC&nbsp;234178908. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/234178908" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/234178908</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Panton 2022, p.&nbsp;99. - Panton, Kenneth J. (2022). Historical Dictionary of the United States. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-5381-2419-2. OCLC&nbsp;1295808727. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1295808727" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1295808727</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Rattini 2020. - Rattini, Kristin Baird (2020). &quot;Jimmy Carter&quot;. Georgia Tech Alumni Association. Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved August 21, 2023. <a href="https://www.gtalumni.org/s/1481/alumni/17/magazine-pages.aspx?sid=1481&gid=21&pgid=18394&cid=40232&ecid=40232&crid=0&calpgid=18390&calcid=40218" target="_blank">https://www.gtalumni.org/s/1481/alumni/17/magazine-pages.aspx?sid=1481&gid=21&pgid=18394&cid=40232&ecid=40232&crid=0&calpgid=18390&calcid=40218</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Balmer 2014, p.&nbsp;34. - Balmer, Randall (2014). Redeemer: The Life of Jimmy Carter. Basic Books. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-465-02958-7. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Archives (January 21, 2020). &quot;The Colonel&quot;. Van Leer Family Archives &amp; History. Archived from the original on January 12, 2025. Retrieved January 8, 2025. <a href="https://vanleerarchives.org/the-colonel/" target="_blank">https://vanleerarchives.org/the-colonel/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Hobkirk 2002, p.&nbsp;38. - Hobkirk, Lori (2002). James Earl Carter: Our Thirty-ninth President. The Child's World, Inc. ISBN&nbsp;1-56766-873-9. OCLC&nbsp;45024331. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45024331" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45024331</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Balmer 2014, p.&nbsp;34. - Balmer, Randall (2014). Redeemer: The Life of Jimmy Carter. Basic Books. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-465-02958-7. <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Kaufman &amp; Kaufman 2013, p.&nbsp;62. - Kaufman, Diane; Kaufman, Scott (2013). Historical Dictionary Of the Carter Era. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-8108-7968-3. OCLC&nbsp;834614686. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/834614686" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/834614686</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Wertheimer 2004, p.&nbsp;343. - Wertheimer, Molly Meijer (2004). Inventing a Voice: the Rhetoric of American First Ladies of the Twentieth Century. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. ISBN&nbsp;0-7425-2970-3. OCLC&nbsp;835122766. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/835122766" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/835122766</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;44&#8211;55. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Barrow &amp; Warren 2023. - Barrow, Bill; Warren, Michael (November 20, 2023). &quot;Rosalynn Carter, Outspoken Former First Lady, Dies At 96&quot;. Associated Press News. Retrieved September 24, 2024. <a href="https://apnews.com/article/rosalynn-carter-dead-e4291133392444bc9ad9d1da461d95c1" target="_blank">https://apnews.com/article/rosalynn-carter-dead-e4291133392444bc9ad9d1da461d95c1</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Hingston 2016. - Hingston, Sandy (April 24, 2016). &quot;Why This Princeton Football Team Won't Be Suiting Up Next Season&quot;. Philadelphia. Archived from the original on November 6, 2016. Retrieved November 5, 2016. <a href="https://www.phillymag.com/news/2016/04/24/princeton-sprint-football-team/" target="_blank">https://www.phillymag.com/news/2016/04/24/princeton-sprint-football-team/</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">&quot;On the road with Carter ROADRUNNER Continued from Page A1&quot;. The Boston Globe. November 11, 1979. p.&nbsp;91. Retrieved December 31, 2024. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-on-the-road-with-carter/161959991/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-on-the-road-with-carter/161959991/</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">The Naval Academy's Class of 1947 graduated in 1946 as a result of World War II.[27] <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Alter 2020, p.&nbsp;59. - Alter, Jonathan (2020). His Very Best: Jimmy Carter, a Life. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-5011-2554-6. <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Zelizer 2010, pp.&nbsp;11&#8211;12. - Zelizer, Julian E. (2010). Jimmy Carter. Times Books. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-8050-8957-8. LCCN&nbsp;2010016818. OL&nbsp;24804105M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010016818" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/2010016818</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Thomas 1978, p.&nbsp;18. - Thomas, Sunny (1978). Jimmy Carter: From Peanuts to Presidency. Vesta Publications. ISBN&nbsp;0-919806-61-9. OCLC&nbsp;6041403. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6041403" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6041403</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Nijnatten 2012, p.&nbsp;77. - Nijnatten, Frans van (2012). Tussen liberalisme en conservatisme: de verkiezingscampagnes van Jimmy Carter (1962&#8211;1980) [Between Liberalism and Conservatism: Jimmy Carter's Election Campaigns (1962&#8211;1980)] (in Dutch). Vossiuspers UvA. ISBN&nbsp;978-90-5629-698-8. OCLC&nbsp;775137957. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/775137957" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/775137957</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Jimmy Carter Library and Museum 2004. - &quot;Jimmy Carter's Naval Service&quot;. Jimmy Carter Library and Museum. November 19, 2004. Archived from the original on November 16, 2015. Retrieved November 24, 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151116012607/https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/documents/jec/jcnavy.phtml" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20151116012607/https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/documents/jec/jcnavy.phtml</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Hambley 2008, p.&nbsp;202. - Hambley, Del (2008). Presidential Footprints: Inauguration of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, January 20, 1961. Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-59858-815-6. OCLC&nbsp;678081512. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/678081512" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/678081512</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;72&#8211;77. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Bourne 1997, p.&nbsp;74. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Frank 1995, p.&nbsp;554. - Frank, Northen Magill (1995). Great Events from History II: 1945&#8211;1966. Salem Press. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-89356-753-8. <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Martel 2008, p.&nbsp;64. - Martel, Peter (2008). Memoirs of a Hayseed Physicist. Strategic Book. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-60693-341-1. <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Marguet 2022, p.&nbsp;262. - Marguet, Serge (2022). A Brief History of Nuclear Reactor Accidents from Leipzig to Fukushima. Springer. ISBN&nbsp;978-3-031-10500-5. OCLC&nbsp;1366112034. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1366112034" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1366112034</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Milnes 2009. - Milnes, Arthur (January 28, 2009). &quot;When Jimmy Carter Faced Radioactivity Head-on&quot;. Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on February 17, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110217161647/https://ottawariverkeeper.ca/news/when_jimmy_carter_faced_radioactivity_head_on" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110217161647/https://ottawariverkeeper.ca/news/when_jimmy_carter_faced_radioactivity_head_on</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Zelizer 2010, pp.&nbsp;11&#8211;12. - Zelizer, Julian E. (2010). Jimmy Carter. Times Books. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-8050-8957-8. LCCN&nbsp;2010016818. OL&nbsp;24804105M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010016818" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/2010016818</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Naval History and Heritage Command 1997. - &quot;James Earl Carter, Jr&quot;. Naval History and Heritage Command. October 19, 1997. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023. <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-c/carter-james-e.html" target="_blank">https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-c/carter-james-e.html</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Wead 2005, p.&nbsp;404. - Wead, Doug (2005). The Raising of a President: The Mothers and Fathers of Our Nation's Leaders. Atria Books. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-4165-1307-0. <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Panton 2022, p.&nbsp;100. - Panton, Kenneth J. (2022). Historical Dictionary of the United States. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-5381-2419-2. OCLC&nbsp;1295808727. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1295808727" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1295808727</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Wooten 1978, p.&nbsp;270. - Wooten, James T. (1978). Dasher: The Roots and the Rising of Jimmy Carter. Summit Books. ISBN&nbsp;0-671-40004-5. OCLC&nbsp;3481251. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3481251" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3481251</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Schneider &amp; Schneider 2005, p.&nbsp;310. - Schneider, Dorothy; Schneider, Carl J. (2005). First Ladies: a Biographical Dictionary (2&nbsp;ed.). Infobase. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-4381-0815-5. OCLC&nbsp;234178582. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/234178582" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/234178582</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Bourne 1997, p.&nbsp;79. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;77&#8211;81. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Hayward 2009, p.&nbsp;23. - Hayward, Steven F. (2009). The Age of Reagan: the Fall of the Old Liberal Order: 1964&#8211;1980. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-307-45370-9. <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Eckstein 2015. - Eckstein, Megan (March 9, 2015). &quot;From Ensign to Commander-in-Chief: A Look at the Presidents Who Served in the U.S. Navy Reserve&quot;. USNI News. United States Naval Institute. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://news.usni.org/2015/03/09/from-ensign-to-commander-in-chief-a-look-at-the-presidents-who-served-in-the-u-s-navy-reserve" target="_blank">https://news.usni.org/2015/03/09/from-ensign-to-commander-in-chief-a-look-at-the-presidents-who-served-in-the-u-s-navy-reserve</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Suciu 2020. - Suciu, Peter (March 27, 2020). &quot;Why President Jimmy Carter Got His Very Own Submarine&quot;. The National Interest. <a href="https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-president-jimmy-carter-got-his-very-own-submarine-137717" target="_blank">https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-president-jimmy-carter-got-his-very-own-submarine-137717</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Gherman 2004, p.&nbsp;34. - Gherman, Beverly (2004). Jimmy Carter. Lerner Publications. ISBN&nbsp;0-8225-0816-8. OCLC&nbsp;51861756. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51861756" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51861756</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Mukunda 2022, p.&nbsp;105. - Mukunda, Gautam (2022). Picking Presidents: How to Make the Most Consequential Decision in the World. University of California Press. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-520-97703-7. OCLC&nbsp;1303569935. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1303569935" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1303569935</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Carter was the only U.S. president to have lived in subsidized housing before he took office.[52] <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Kaufman 2016, p.&nbsp;66. - Kaufman, Scott (2016). A Companion to Gerald R. Ford and Jimmy Carter. Wiley. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-118-90763-4. OCLC&nbsp;916409068. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/916409068" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/916409068</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Gherman 2004, p.&nbsp;38. - Gherman, Beverly (2004). Jimmy Carter. Lerner Publications. ISBN&nbsp;0-8225-0816-8. OCLC&nbsp;51861756. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51861756" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51861756</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Morris 1996, p.&nbsp;115. - Morris, Kenneth Earl (1996). Jimmy Carter, American Moralist. University of Georgia Press. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-8203-1862-2. LCCN&nbsp;96006350. OL&nbsp;969764M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96006350" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96006350</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;83&#8211;91. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Morris 1996, p.&nbsp;115. - Morris, Kenneth Earl (1996). Jimmy Carter, American Moralist. University of Georgia Press. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-8203-1862-2. LCCN&nbsp;96006350. OL&nbsp;969764M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96006350" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96006350</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Gherman 2004, p.&nbsp;40. - Gherman, Beverly (2004). Jimmy Carter. Lerner Publications. ISBN&nbsp;0-8225-0816-8. OCLC&nbsp;51861756. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51861756" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51861756</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;92&#8211;108. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Donica &amp; Piccotti 2018. - Donica, Adrienne; Piccotti, Tyler (March 27, 2018). &quot;Jimmy Carter&quot;. Biography.com. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2020. <a href="https://www.biography.com/us-president/jimmy-carter" target="_blank">https://www.biography.com/us-president/jimmy-carter</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Carter 1992, pp.&nbsp;83&#8211;87. - Carter, Jimmy (1992). Turning Point: A Candidate, a State, and a Nation Come of Age. Three Rivers Press. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-8129-2299-8. <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Carter 1992, pp.&nbsp;83&#8211;87. - Carter, Jimmy (1992). Turning Point: A Candidate, a State, and a Nation Come of Age. Three Rivers Press. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-8129-2299-8. <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;108&#8211;132. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;132&#8211;140. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Ryan 2006, p.&nbsp;37. - Ryan, Bernard Jr. (2006). Jimmy Carter: U.S. President and Humanitarian. Ferguson Publishing Company. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-8160-5903-4. <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;132&#8211;145. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">Georgia General Assembly 1965. - &quot;Members Of The General Assembly Of Georgia: State Senate and Hous of Representatives &#8211; Term 1965&#8211;1966&quot;. Georgia General Assembly. February 1965. Archived from the original on February 16, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2018. <a href="https://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/cgi-bin/govdimag.cgi?path=dbs/1965/ga/s700/_ps1/g4/1965_h66/sess_p1_sno_p1.con/&user=galileo&sessionid=637f8586-1547653717-5036&serverid=DU&instcode=afpl&return=ggpd%3fuserid%3dgalileo%26dbs%3dggpd%26action%3dretrieve%26recno%3d70%26numrecs%3d100%26__rtype%3drecno%26key%3dy-ga-bs700-b-ps1-bg4-b1965-h66-bsess-p1-sno-p1" target="_blank">https://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/cgi-bin/govdimag.cgi?path=dbs/1965/ga/s700/_ps1/g4/1965_h66/sess_p1_sno_p1.con/&user=galileo&sessionid=637f8586-1547653717-5036&serverid=DU&instcode=afpl&return=ggpd%3fuserid%3dgalileo%26dbs%3dggpd%26action%3dretrieve%26recno%3d70%26numrecs%3d100%26__rtype%3drecno%26key%3dy-ga-bs700-b-ps1-bg4-b1965-h66-bsess-p1-sno-p1</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;145&#8211;149. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">Bourne 1997, p.&nbsp;150. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;154&#8211;155. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;149&#8211;153. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;153&#8211;165. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;153&#8211;165. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;153&#8211;165. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;165&#8211;179. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Hayward 2009, pp.&nbsp;39&#8211;46. - Hayward, Steven F. (2009). The Age of Reagan: the Fall of the Old Liberal Order: 1964&#8211;1980. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-307-45370-9. <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;180&#8211;199. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">Hayward 2009, pp.&nbsp;46&#8211;51. - Hayward, Steven F. (2009). The Age of Reagan: the Fall of the Old Liberal Order: 1964&#8211;1980. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-307-45370-9. <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;180&#8211;199. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">Hayward 2009, pp.&nbsp;46&#8211;51. - Hayward, Steven F. (2009). The Age of Reagan: the Fall of the Old Liberal Order: 1964&#8211;1980. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-307-45370-9. <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;180&#8211;199. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">Berman 2022. - Berman, Eliza (2022). &quot;A Governor Speaks Out on Race: LIFE's Look at Jimmy Carter, 1971&quot;. Life. Retrieved September 24, 2024. <a href="https://www.life.com/history/jimmy-carter-governor-inauguration-discrimination/" target="_blank">https://www.life.com/history/jimmy-carter-governor-inauguration-discrimination/</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">Bourne 1997, p.&nbsp;204. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Hayward 2009, pp.&nbsp;55&#8211;56. - Hayward, Steven F. (2009). The Age of Reagan: the Fall of the Old Liberal Order: 1964&#8211;1980. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-307-45370-9. <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;214&#8211;220. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Freeman 1982, p.&nbsp;5. - Freeman, Roger A. (1982). The Wayward Welfare State. Hoover Press. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-8179-7493-0. <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Rome News-Tribune 1971a. - &quot;Carter Aims to Create Human Relations Panel&quot;. Rome News-Tribune. July 8, 1971. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19710714&printsec=frontpage" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19710714&printsec=frontpage</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">Rome News-Tribune 1971b. - &quot;Gov. Carter Orders Cuts In Georgia Spending&quot;. Rome News-Tribune. July 14, 1971. Archived from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GW5NAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vDUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3623%2C1460658" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GW5NAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vDUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3623%2C1460658</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">Rome News-Tribune 1972a. - &quot;Two Budget Proposals Offered By Gov. Carter to Legislature&quot;. Rome News-Tribune. January 13, 1972. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19720113&printsec=frontpage" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19720113&printsec=frontpage</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Rome News-Tribune 1972b. - &quot;Reappointment Rejection Could Bring Session&quot;. Rome News-Tribune. March 2, 1972. Archived from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=N5pMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xzUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2478%2C241190" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=N5pMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xzUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2478%2C241190</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">Sidey 2012. - Sidey, Hugh S. (January 22, 2012). &quot;Carter, Jimmy&quot;. World Book. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120427131522/https://www.worldbook.com/content-spotlight/item/1156-lives-and-times-of-american-presidents-1961-present/1156-lives-and-times-of-american-presidents-1961-present?start=5" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120427131522/https://www.worldbook.com/content-spotlight/item/1156-lives-and-times-of-american-presidents-1961-present/1156-lives-and-times-of-american-presidents-1961-present?start=5</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">World Book 2001, p.&nbsp;542. - World Book Encyclopedia (Hardcover) [Jimmy Carter entry]. World Book. January 2001. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-7166-0101-2. <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">NBC News 2008. - &quot;Jimmy Carter Battles Plan for Dams &#8211; Again&quot;. NBC News. July 28, 2008. Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna25889670" target="_blank">https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna25889670</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;250&#8211;251. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;250&#8211;251. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">Rome News-Tribune 1973a. - &quot;Governors Disagree on School Busing&quot;. Rome News-Tribune. February 1, 1973. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19730201&printsec=frontpage" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19730201&printsec=frontpage</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:104">Rome News-Tribune 1971c. - &quot;Southern Governors Meeting in Atlanta&quot;. Rome News-Tribune. November 7, 1971. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19711107&printsec=frontpage" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19711107&printsec=frontpage</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;212&#8211;213. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:106">Pilkington 2013. - Pilkington, Ed (November 11, 2013). &quot;Jimmy Carter Calls for Fresh Moratorium on Death Penalty&quot;. The Guardian. Archived from the original on July 5, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/11/jimmy-carter-supreme-court-death-penalty" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/11/jimmy-carter-supreme-court-death-penalty</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:107">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;221&#8211;230. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:108">Eagleton was later replaced on the ticket by Sargent Shriver.[92] <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" target="_blank">/wiki/Sargent_Shriver</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:109">Rome News-Tribune 1972c. - &quot;Carter, Wallace Hold Election Conference&quot;. Rome News-Tribune. August 4, 1972. Archived from the original on October 11, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19720804&printsec=frontpage" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19720804&printsec=frontpage</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:110">Bourne 1997, p.&nbsp;234. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:111">Bourne 1997, pp.&nbsp;237&#8211;250. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:112">Rome News-Tribune 1973b. - &quot;Carter Cautions Democrats to Play it Cool on Watergate&quot;. Rome News-Tribune. May 13, 1973. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19730513&printsec=frontpage" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19730513&printsec=frontpage</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:113">Rome News-Tribune 1973c. - &quot;Carter Off on European Tour&quot;. Rome News-Tribune. May 14, 1973. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19730514&printsec=frontpage" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19730514&printsec=frontpage</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:114">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. (December 12, 1974). &quot;Address Announcing Candidacy for the Democratic Presidential Nomination at the National Press Club in Washington, DC&quot;. The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-announcing-candidacy-for-the-democratic-presidential-nomination-the-national-press" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-announcing-candidacy-for-the-democratic-presidential-nomination-the-national-press</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:115">&quot;Carter a candidate for the presidency&quot;. Lodi News-Sentinel. December 13, 1974. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CG0zAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3DIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=6942%2C5857919" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CG0zAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3DIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=6942%2C5857919</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:116">E. Zelizer, Julian (September 7, 2015). &quot;17 Democrats Ran for President in 1976. Can Today's GOP Learn Anything From What Happened?&quot;. Politico. Archived from the original on October 15, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021. <a href="https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/09/2016-election-1976-democratic-primary-213125/" target="_blank">https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/09/2016-election-1976-democratic-primary-213125/</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:117">&quot;American History: Jimmy Carter Wins the 1976 Presidential Election&quot;. Archived from the original on June 16, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021. <a href="https://www.manythings.org/voa/history/220.html" target="_blank">https://www.manythings.org/voa/history/220.html</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:118">Setterfield, Ray (December 31, 2020). &quot;'My Name is Jimmy Carter and I'm Running for President'&quot;. On This Day. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021. <a href="https://www.onthisday.com/articles/my-name-is-jimmy-carter-and-im-running-for-president" target="_blank">https://www.onthisday.com/articles/my-name-is-jimmy-carter-and-im-running-for-president</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:119">Shoup, Laurence H. (1980). The Carter Presidency, and Beyond: Power and Politics in the 1980s. Ramparts Press. p.&nbsp;70. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-87867-075-8. <a href="978-0-87867-075-8" target="_blank">978-0-87867-075-8</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:121">&quot;Jimmy Carter&quot;. The American Experience. Public Broadcasting Service. November 11, 2002. Archived from the original on June 26, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020. <a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/carter/#transcript" target="_blank">https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/carter/#transcript</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:123">Shoup, Laurence H. (1980). The Carter Presidency, and Beyond: Power and Politics in the 1980s. Ramparts Press. p.&nbsp;94. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-87867-075-8. <a href="978-0-87867-075-8" target="_blank">978-0-87867-075-8</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:124">&quot;The Campaign: Candidate Carter: I Apologize&quot;. Time. Vol.&nbsp;107, no.&nbsp;16. April 19, 1976. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved July 13, 2018. <a href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/printout/0,8816,914056,00.html" target="_blank">https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/printout/0,8816,914056,00.html</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:125">&quot;The Campaign: Candidate Carter: I Apologize&quot;. Time. Vol.&nbsp;107, no.&nbsp;16. April 19, 1976. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved July 13, 2018. <a href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/printout/0,8816,914056,00.html" target="_blank">https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/printout/0,8816,914056,00.html</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:126">&quot;Carter Officially Enters Demo Presidential Race&quot;. Herald-Journal. December 13, 1974. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=SFOYbPikdlgC&dat=19741213&printsec=frontpage" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=SFOYbPikdlgC&dat=19741213&printsec=frontpage</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:127">&quot;Carter Backs Consumer Plans&quot;. Toledo Blade. August 10, 1976. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8_tS2Vw13FcC&dat=19760810&printsec=frontpage" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8_tS2Vw13FcC&dat=19760810&printsec=frontpage</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:128">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. &quot;Bardstown, Kentucky Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session at a Town Meeting. (July 31, 1979)&quot;. The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2021. THE PRESIDENT. Could you all hear it? The question was, since it appears that the campaign promise that I made to have a separate department of education might soon be fulfilled, would I consider appointing a classroom teacher as the secretary of education. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32680" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32680</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:129">&quot;Carter Berates Lack Of New A-Arm Pact&quot;. Toledo Blade. October 14, 1976. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8_tS2Vw13FcC&dat=19761014&printsec=frontpage" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8_tS2Vw13FcC&dat=19761014&printsec=frontpage</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:130">Kane, Frank (October 3, 1976). &quot;Carter Positions on Amnesty, Defense Targets of Dole Jabs&quot;. Toledo Blade. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8_tS2Vw13FcC&dat=19761003&printsec=frontpage" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8_tS2Vw13FcC&dat=19761003&printsec=frontpage</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:131">&quot;GOP Raps Carter On Tax Proposal&quot;. Herald-Journal. September 19, 1976. Archived from the original on October 11, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=SFOYbPikdlgC&dat=19760919&printsec=frontpage" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=SFOYbPikdlgC&dat=19760919&printsec=frontpage</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:132">&quot;Social Security Amendments of 1977 Statement on Signing S. 305 Into Law&quot;. American Presidency Project. December 20, 1977. Archived from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7035" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7035</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:133">&quot;Carter Would Delay Programs If Necessary&quot;. Herald-Journal. September 4, 1976. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=SFOYbPikdlgC&dat=19760904&printsec=frontpage" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=SFOYbPikdlgC&dat=19760904&printsec=frontpage</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:134">Kane, Frank (July 15, 1976). &quot;Carter Nominated, Names Mondale Running Mate&quot;. Toledo Blade. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8_tS2Vw13FcC&dat=19760715&printsec=frontpage" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8_tS2Vw13FcC&dat=19760715&printsec=frontpage</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:135">Howard, Adam (September 26, 2016). &quot;10 Presidential Debates That Actually Made an Impact&quot;. NBC News. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2016. <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/2016-presidential-debates/10-presidential-debates-made-impact-n650741" target="_blank">https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/2016-presidential-debates/10-presidential-debates-made-impact-n650741</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:136">Howard, Adam (September 26, 2016). &quot;10 Presidential Debates That Actually Made an Impact&quot;. NBC News. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2016. <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/2016-presidential-debates/10-presidential-debates-made-impact-n650741" target="_blank">https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/2016-presidential-debates/10-presidential-debates-made-impact-n650741</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:137">Kraus, Sidney (1979). The Great Debates: Carter vs. Ford, 1976. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p.&nbsp;3. Archived from the original on January 1, 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2016. <a href="https://www.questia.com/read/94445794/the-great-debates-carter-vs-ford-1976" target="_blank">https://www.questia.com/read/94445794/the-great-debates-carter-vs-ford-1976</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:138">&quot;The Playboy Interview: Jimmy Carter.&quot; Robert Scheer. Playboy, November 1976, Vol. 23, Iss. 11, pp. 63&#8211;86. <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:139">Casser-Jayne, Halli. A Year in My Pajamas with President Obama, The Politics of Strange Bedfellows. Halli Casser-Jayne. p.&nbsp;216. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-9765960-3-5. Archived from the original on July 5, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2022. <a href="978-0-9765960-3-5" target="_blank">978-0-9765960-3-5</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:141">Carter's lead narrows Archived October 7, 2024, at the Wayback Machine. The Springfield News-Leader. September 29, 1976. October 3, 2024. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-springfield-news-leader-carters-lea/156473356/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-springfield-news-leader-carters-lea/156473356/</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:142">Harris, Louis (October 30, 1976). Harris Poll says Carter holds only a 1-point lead. Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved September 30, 2024. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/tampa-bay-times-harris-poll-says-carter/156324701/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/article/tampa-bay-times-harris-poll-says-carter/156324701/</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:146">&quot;Carter Appears Victor Over Ford&quot;. Toledo Blade. November 3, 1976. Archived from the original on November 22, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8_tS2Vw13FcC&dat=19761103&printsec=frontpage" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8_tS2Vw13FcC&dat=19761103&printsec=frontpage</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:147">Kaplan, Seth; Kaplan, James I. (November 3, 1976). Many Factors Figured in Carter's Win Archived December 24, 2024, at the Wayback Machine. The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved September 30, 2024. <a href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1976/11/3/many-factors-figured-in-carters-win/" target="_blank">https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1976/11/3/many-factors-figured-in-carters-win/</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:149">Delaney, Paul (November 8, 1976). &quot;Blacks Line Up For Carter Plums&quot;. The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 26, 2024. Retrieved September 30, 2024 &#8211; via The Parsons Sun. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-parsons-sun-blacks-line-up-for-carte/156325287/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-parsons-sun-blacks-line-up-for-carte/156325287/</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:153">Burke, John P. (2004). Becoming President: The Bush Transition, 2000&#8211;2003. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp.&nbsp;12, 18. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-58826-292-9. <a href="978-1-58826-292-9" target="_blank">978-1-58826-292-9</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:154">Burke, John P. (2004). Becoming President: The Bush Transition, 2000&#8211;2003. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp.&nbsp;12, 18. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-58826-292-9. <a href="978-1-58826-292-9" target="_blank">978-1-58826-292-9</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:155">Skinner, Richard (October 5, 2016). &quot;Jimmy Carter changed presidential transitions forever&quot;. Vox. Archived from the original on March 11, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021. <a href="https://www.vox.com/mischiefs-of-faction/2016/10/5/13142390/jimmy-carter-changed-presidential-transitions" target="_blank">https://www.vox.com/mischiefs-of-faction/2016/10/5/13142390/jimmy-carter-changed-presidential-transitions</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:156">&quot;Carter in Washington, Meets Lynn, Rumsfield&quot;. Toledo Blade. November 22, 1976. Archived from the original on November 26, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8_tS2Vw13FcC&dat=19761122&printsec=frontpage" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8_tS2Vw13FcC&dat=19761122&printsec=frontpage</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:158">Eksterowicz, Anthony J.; Hastedt, Glenn (1998). &quot;Modern Presidential Transitions: Problems, Pitfalls, and Lessons for Success&quot;. Presidential Studies Quarterly. 28 (2): 299&#8211;319. ISSN&nbsp;0360-4918. JSTOR&nbsp;27551861. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:169">&quot;Jimmy Carter remembered for launching 1st Asian Pacific American Heritage Week&quot;. NBC News. December 30, 2024. Archived from the original on January 6, 2025. Retrieved January 6, 2025. <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/jimmy-carter-asian-american-heritage-month-rcna71682" target="_blank">https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/jimmy-carter-asian-american-heritage-month-rcna71682</a> <a href="#fnref:169" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:170">&quot;Proclamation 10189&#8212;Asian American and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander Heritage Month, 2021&quot;. The American Presidency Project. May 5, 2021. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved January 6, 2025. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-10189-asian-american-and-native-hawaiianpacific-islander-heritage-month-2021" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-10189-asian-american-and-native-hawaiianpacific-islander-heritage-month-2021</a> <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:171">&quot;1988 Statistical Abstract of the United States&quot; (PDF). Department of Commerce. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1988-04.pdf" target="_blank">https://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1988-04.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:171" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:172">Sharp Drop Noted In Unemployment. Associated Press. Spokane Chronicle. July 7, 1978. Retrieved October 2, 2024. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/spokane-chronicle-sharp-drop-noted-in-un/156447735/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/article/spokane-chronicle-sharp-drop-noted-in-un/156447735/</a> <a href="#fnref:172" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:173">Jobless Level Up Slightly. The New York Times. The Patriot-News. October 7, 1978. Retrieved October 26, 2024. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-patriot-news-jobless-level-up-slight/157880385/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-patriot-news-jobless-level-up-slight/157880385/</a> <a href="#fnref:173" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:174">Jobless Rate Could Reach 7.5% This Year, 8% In 1981, Kahn Predicts. Associated Press. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. May 1, 1980. Retrieved October 2, 2024. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-louis-post-dispatch-jobless-rate-cou/156448077/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-louis-post-dispatch-jobless-rate-cou/156448077/</a> <a href="#fnref:174" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:175">Bourne 1997, p.&nbsp;447. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:175" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:176">Jim Jubak (April 1, 2008). &quot;Is '70s-style stagflation returning?&quot;. Jubak's Journal. MSN. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110820042310/https://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Investing/JubaksJournal/Is70sStyleStagflationComing.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110820042310/https://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Investing/JubaksJournal/Is70sStyleStagflationComing.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:176" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:177">Bourne 1997, p.&nbsp;422. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:177" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:178">Bourne 1997, p.&nbsp;447. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:178" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:179">&quot;The Inflation of the 1970s: November 21, 1978&quot;. University of California at Berkeley and National Bureau of Economic Research. December 19, 1995. Archived from the original on February 19, 1997. Retrieved March 18, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970219022512/https://econ161.berkeley.edu/Econ_Articles/theinflationofthes.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/19970219022512/https://econ161.berkeley.edu/Econ_Articles/theinflationofthes.html</a> <a href="#fnref:179" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:180">&quot;The Outlook for U.S. Oil Dependence&quot; (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 13, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170513154741/https://www-cta.ornl.gov/cta/Publications/Reports/ORNL-6873%20.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170513154741/https://www-cta.ornl.gov/cta/Publications/Reports/ORNL-6873%20.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:180" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:181">&quot;1988 Statistical Abstract of the United States&quot; (PDF). Department of Commerce. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1988-04.pdf" target="_blank">https://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1988-04.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:181" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:182">Bourne 1997, p.&nbsp;447. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:182" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:183">&quot;United States v. Society of Independent Gasoline Marketers of America&quot;. Archived from the original on June 28, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2021. <a href="https://archive.today/20120628221218/https://md.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.%5CFCT%5CC04%5C1979%5C19791226_0040006.C04.htm/qx" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20120628221218/https://md.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.%5CFCT%5CC04%5C1979%5C19791226_0040006.C04.htm/qx</a> <a href="#fnref:183" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:184">Ford defends vetoing limits on strip mines. The Courier-Journal. October 23, 1977. Retrieved January 1, 2025. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-courier-journal-ford-defends-vetoing/162054331/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-courier-journal-ford-defends-vetoing/162054331/</a> <a href="#fnref:184" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:185">Coal strip mining bill signed into law by Carter Archived January 12, 2025, at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times. August 4, 1977. Retrieved January 1, 2025. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-union-coal-strip-mining-bill/162054756/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-union-coal-strip-mining-bill/162054756/</a> <a href="#fnref:185" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:186">W. Kolb, Robert (2008). Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society. SAGE Publications. p.&nbsp;1305. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-4522-6569-8. Archived from the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2022. <a href="978-1-4522-6569-8" target="_blank">978-1-4522-6569-8</a> <a href="#fnref:186" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:187">E. Rosenfeld, Paul; Feng, Lydia; Andrew, William (2011). Risks of Hazardous Wastes. William Andrew. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-4377-7843-4. Archived from the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2022. <a href="978-1-4377-7843-4" target="_blank">978-1-4377-7843-4</a> <a href="#fnref:187" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:188">&quot;The bold environmental vision of President Jimmy Carter&quot;. Archived from the original on January 1, 2025. Retrieved January 1, 2025. <a href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/12/president-jimmy-carter-death-100-environmental-legacy-conservation-solar-energy-alaskan-national-wildlife-refuge/" target="_blank">https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/12/president-jimmy-carter-death-100-environmental-legacy-conservation-solar-energy-alaskan-national-wildlife-refuge/</a> <a href="#fnref:188" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:189">See Seth S. King, &quot;Carter Designates U.S. Land In Alaska For National Parks,&quot; The New York Times, December 2, 1978 Archived July 6, 2019, at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/02/archives/carter-designates-us-land-in-alaska-for-national-parks-56-million.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/02/archives/carter-designates-us-land-in-alaska-for-national-parks-56-million.html</a> <a href="#fnref:189" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:190">Kenneth Earl Morris, ed. Jimmy Carter, American Moralist ( University of Georgia Press, 1996). <a href="#fnref:190" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:191">&quot;Maine college to auction off former White House solar panels&quot;. October 28, 2004. Archived from the original on January 22, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100122051251/https://www.unity.edu/News/solar1004.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100122051251/https://www.unity.edu/News/solar1004.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:191" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:192">Burdick, Dave (January 27, 2009). &quot;White House Solar Panels: What Ever Happened To Carter's Solar Thermal Water Heater? (VIDEO)&quot;. HuffPost. Archived from the original on September 4, 2009. Retrieved January 31, 2010. <a href="https://huffingtonpost.com/2009/01/27/white-house-solar-panels_n_160575.html" target="_blank">https://huffingtonpost.com/2009/01/27/white-house-solar-panels_n_160575.html</a> <a href="#fnref:192" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:193">Bird, Kai. &quot;The bold environmental vision of President Jimmy Carter&quot;. Archived from the original on January 1, 2025. Retrieved January 1, 2025. <a href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/12/president-jimmy-carter-death-100-environmental-legacy-conservation-solar-energy-alaskan-national-wildlife-refuge/" target="_blank">https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/12/president-jimmy-carter-death-100-environmental-legacy-conservation-solar-energy-alaskan-national-wildlife-refuge/</a> <a href="#fnref:193" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:195">Relyea, Harold; Carr, Thomas P. (2003). The executive branch, creation and reorganization. Nova Publishers. p.&nbsp;29. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-59033-610-6. <a href="978-1-59033-610-6" target="_blank">978-1-59033-610-6</a> <a href="#fnref:195" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:202">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. &quot;Energy Address to the Nation. (5 April 1979)&quot;. The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/energy-address-the-nation" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/energy-address-the-nation</a> <a href="#fnref:202" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:203">&quot;&quot;Crisis of Confidence&quot; Speech (July 15, 1979)&quot;. Miller Center, University of Virginia. October 20, 2016. Archived from the original (text and video) on July 21, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090721024329/https://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3402" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090721024329/https://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3402</a> <a href="#fnref:203" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:204">&quot;Jimmy Carter&quot;. American Experience. PBS. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved March 21, 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019101602/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/carter-crisis-speech/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131019101602/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/carter-crisis-speech/</a> <a href="#fnref:204" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:205">&quot;&quot;Crisis of Confidence&quot; Speech (July 15, 1979)&quot;. Miller Center, University of Virginia. October 20, 2016. Archived from the original (text and video) on July 21, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090721024329/https://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3402" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090721024329/https://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3402</a> <a href="#fnref:205" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:206">Cutler Cleveland (January 24, 2007). &quot;Jimmy Carter's &quot;malaise speech&quot;&quot;. The Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived from the original on July 11, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2022. <a href="https://www.eoearth.org/article/Jimmy_Carter%27s__malaise_speech_" target="_blank">https://www.eoearth.org/article/Jimmy_Carter%27s__malaise_speech_</a> <a href="#fnref:206" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:207">Adam Clymer (July 18, 1979). &quot;Speech Lifts Carter Rating to 37%; Public Agrees on Confidence Crisis; Responsive Chord Struck&quot;. The New York Times. p.&nbsp;A1. Archived from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="/wiki/Adam_Clymer" target="_blank">/wiki/Adam_Clymer</a> <a href="#fnref:207" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:208">&quot;Jimmy Carter&quot;. American Experience. PBS. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved March 21, 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019101602/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/carter-crisis-speech/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131019101602/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/carter-crisis-speech/</a> <a href="#fnref:208" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:209">Weintraub, Walter (1986). Political Psychology 7: Profiles of American Presidents as Revealed in Their Public Statements: The Presidential News Conferences of Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan. International Society of Political Psychology. pp.&nbsp;285&#8211;295. <a href="#fnref:209" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:210">Zelizer 2010, pp.&nbsp;53&#8211;55. - Zelizer, Julian E. (2010). Jimmy Carter. Times Books. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-8050-8957-8. LCCN&nbsp;2010016818. OL&nbsp;24804105M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010016818" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/2010016818</a> <a href="#fnref:210" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:211">&quot;The 'Georgia Mafia'. Jimmy Carter&quot;. WGBH American Experience. PBS. Archived from the original on February 15, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215065641/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/georgia-mafiahttps://" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170215065641/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/georgia-mafiahttps://</a> <a href="#fnref:211" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:212">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. &quot;The President's News Conference (23 February 1977)&quot;. The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-119" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-119</a> <a href="#fnref:212" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:213">&quot;Commentary: New president's 100 days of pressure &#8211; CNN.com&quot;. CNN. October 28, 2008. Archived from the original on December 3, 2009. Retrieved May 22, 2010. <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/10/27/zelizer.hundred/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/10/27/zelizer.hundred/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:213" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:214">Carter, Jimmy Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis, p. 8, (2005), Simon &amp; Schuster <a href="#fnref:214" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:215">Pincus, Walter (April 1, 1977). &quot;When a Campaign Vow Crashes into a Pork Barrel&quot;. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 25, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525152206/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/143163782.html?dids=143163782:143163782&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+1,+1977&author=By+Walter+Pincus+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=When+a+Campaign+Vow+Crashes+Into+a+Pork+Barrel" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110525152206/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/143163782.html?dids=143163782:143163782&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+1,+1977&author=By+Walter+Pincus+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=When+a+Campaign+Vow+Crashes+Into+a+Pork+Barrel</a> <a href="#fnref:215" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:216">&quot;Jimmy Carter: Water Resource Projects Message to the Congress&quot;. presidency.ucsb.edu. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828215048/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=6799" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160828215048/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=6799</a> <a href="#fnref:216" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:217">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. &quot;Democratic National Committee Dinner Remarks at the Fundraising Dinner in New York City. (23 June 1977)&quot;. The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on October 12, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/democratic-national-committee-dinner-remarks-the-fundraising-dinner-new-york-city" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/democratic-national-committee-dinner-remarks-the-fundraising-dinner-new-york-city</a> <a href="#fnref:217" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:218">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. &quot;The President's News Conference (28 July 1977)&quot;. The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-104" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-104</a> <a href="#fnref:218" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:219">Bourne 1997, p.&nbsp;436. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:219" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:220">Carter, Jimmy (May 11, 1979). &quot;Standby Gasoline Rationing Plan Remarks on the House of Representatives Disapproval of the Plan (10 May 1979)&quot;. American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32325" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32325</a> <a href="#fnref:220" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:221">&quot;Carter's Clash With Congress on Gas Plan&quot;. The New York Times. May 15, 1979. Archived from the original on May 31, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/05/15/archives/carters-clash-with-congress-on-gas-plan-news-analysis-some.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1979/05/15/archives/carters-clash-with-congress-on-gas-plan-news-analysis-some.html</a> <a href="#fnref:221" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:222">&quot;The President's News Conference (25 July 1979)&quot;. American Presidency Project. July 25, 1979. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32653" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32653</a> <a href="#fnref:222" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:223">Roberts, Steven V. (August 5, 1979). &quot;Carter and the Congress: Doubt and Distrust Prevail&quot;. The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/05/archives/carter-and-the-congress-doubt-and-distrust-prevail.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/05/archives/carter-and-the-congress-doubt-and-distrust-prevail.html</a> <a href="#fnref:223" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:224">Vietor, Richard H. K. Contrived Competition: Regulation and Deregulation in America. Harvard University Press. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-674-43679-4. OCLC&nbsp;897163998. <a href="978-0-674-43679-4" target="_blank">978-0-674-43679-4</a> <a href="#fnref:224" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:225">Cannon, James R.; Richey, Franklin D. (2012). Practical Applications in Business Aviation Management. Government Institutes. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-60590-770-3. <a href="978-1-60590-770-3" target="_blank">978-1-60590-770-3</a> <a href="#fnref:225" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:226">&quot;From White House to brew houses: How Jimmy Carter sparked a craft beer revival&quot;. newscentermaine.com. December 31, 2024. <a href="https://www.newscentermaine.com/article/money/business/small-business/maine-craft-brew-industry-president-jimmy-carter-homebrewing-small-scale-breweries/97-44c37318-3b14-447c-a92b-cbbbb33f929b#:~:text=In+1978,+Carter+signed+HR,first+licensed+craft+brewery+opened." target="_blank">https://www.newscentermaine.com/article/money/business/small-business/maine-craft-brew-industry-president-jimmy-carter-homebrewing-small-scale-breweries/97-44c37318-3b14-447c-a92b-cbbbb33f929b#:~:text=In+1978,+Carter+signed+HR,first+licensed+craft+brewery+opened.</a> <a href="#fnref:226" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:227">Philpott, Tom (August 17, 2011). &quot;Beer Charts of the Day&quot;. Mother Jones. Archived from the original on December 18, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2011. <a href="https://motherjones.com/tom-philpott/2011/08/beer-charts" target="_blank">https://motherjones.com/tom-philpott/2011/08/beer-charts</a> <a href="#fnref:227" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:228">&quot;Brewers Association Releases Annual Craft Brewing Industry Production Report and Top 50 Producing Craft Brewing Companies for 2021&quot;. Brewers Association. April 5, 2022. Archived from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023. <a href="https://www.brewersassociation.org/press-releases/brewers-association-releases-annual-craft-brewing-industry-production-report-and-top-50-producing-craft-brewing-companies-for-2021/" target="_blank">https://www.brewersassociation.org/press-releases/brewers-association-releases-annual-craft-brewing-industry-production-report-and-top-50-producing-craft-brewing-companies-for-2021/</a> <a href="#fnref:228" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:229">Chrysler Aid Plan Signed Archived December 26, 2024, at the Wayback Machine. The Kansas City Times. January 8, 1980. Retrieved December 22, 2024. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-kansas-city-times-chrysler-aid-plan/161339133/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-kansas-city-times-chrysler-aid-plan/161339133/</a> <a href="#fnref:229" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:230">Auto firm says sacrifices made Archived December 26, 2024, at the Wayback Machine. The Hamilton Spectator. August 13, 1979. Retrieved December 22, 2024. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-hamilton-spectator-auto-firm-says-sa/161338413/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-hamilton-spectator-auto-firm-says-sa/161338413/</a> <a href="#fnref:230" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:231">Howard, Phoebe Wall (December 31, 2024). Chrysler rescue of 80,000 jobs during Carter administration almost didn't happen Archived January 1, 2025, at the Wayback Machine. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved January 1, 2025. <a href="https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/chrysler/2024/12/31/jimmy-carter-jim-blanchard-chrysler-bailout/77347439007/" target="_blank">https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/chrysler/2024/12/31/jimmy-carter-jim-blanchard-chrysler-bailout/77347439007/</a> <a href="#fnref:231" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:232">Kaufman &amp; Kaufman 2006, p.&nbsp;183. - Kaufman, Burton I.; Kaufman, Scott (2006). The Presidency of James Earl Carter (2&nbsp;ed.). University Press of Kansas. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-7006-1471-4. OL&nbsp;7763218M. <a href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7763218M" target="_blank">https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7763218M</a> <a href="#fnref:232" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:233">Chrysler Aid Plan Signed Archived December 26, 2024, at the Wayback Machine. The Kansas City Times. January 8, 1980. Retrieved December 22, 2024. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-kansas-city-times-chrysler-aid-plan/161339133/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-kansas-city-times-chrysler-aid-plan/161339133/</a> <a href="#fnref:233" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:234">Howard, Phoebe Wall (December 31, 2024). Chrysler rescue of 80,000 jobs during Carter administration almost didn't happen Archived January 1, 2025, at the Wayback Machine. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved January 1, 2025. <a href="https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/chrysler/2024/12/31/jimmy-carter-jim-blanchard-chrysler-bailout/77347439007/" target="_blank">https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/chrysler/2024/12/31/jimmy-carter-jim-blanchard-chrysler-bailout/77347439007/</a> <a href="#fnref:234" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:235">Chrysler Aid Plan Signed Archived December 26, 2024, at the Wayback Machine. The Kansas City Times. January 8, 1980. Retrieved December 22, 2024. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-kansas-city-times-chrysler-aid-plan/161339133/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-kansas-city-times-chrysler-aid-plan/161339133/</a> <a href="#fnref:235" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:236">Howard, Phoebe Wall (December 31, 2024). Chrysler rescue of 80,000 jobs during Carter administration almost didn't happen Archived January 1, 2025, at the Wayback Machine. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved January 1, 2025. <a href="https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/chrysler/2024/12/31/jimmy-carter-jim-blanchard-chrysler-bailout/77347439007/" target="_blank">https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/chrysler/2024/12/31/jimmy-carter-jim-blanchard-chrysler-bailout/77347439007/</a> <a href="#fnref:236" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:237">Multiple sources * Reinhold, Robert (April 17, 1976). &quot;Carter proposes U.S. health plan; says he favors mandatory insurance financed from wage and general taxes&quot;. The New York Times. p.&nbsp;1. Archived from the original on May 21, 2013. Retrieved September 16, 2017. Although Mr. Carter left some details a bit vague today, his proposal seemed almost identical to the so-called Kennedy-Corman health security plan. His position on the issue is now substantially the same as that of his chief rivals, Senator Hubert H. Humphrey, Senator Henry M. Jackson and Representative Morris K. Udall. All three are co-sponsors of the Kennedy-Corman bill. * Auerbach, Stuart (April 17, 1976). &quot;Carter gives broad outline for national health plan; cost unknown&quot;. The Washington Post. p.&nbsp;A1. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved March 21, 2022. The outlines of Carter's program are close to one sponsored by Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.) and strongly supported by organized labor. * &quot;Carter urges universal health plan&quot;. Chicago Tribune. United Press International. April 17, 1976. p.&nbsp;4. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved March 21, 2022. Although Carter didn't provide an estimate of what his health plan would cost taxpayers, it features many proposals similar to plans suggested by others, including Sen. Edward Kennedy [D., Mass.] which are estimated to cost at least $40 billion annually. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521003608/https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30717FD3E5F167493C5A8178FD85F428785F9" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130521003608/https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30717FD3E5F167493C5A8178FD85F428785F9</a> <a href="#fnref:237" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:238">&quot;Hospital cost control&quot;. Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 95th Congress 1st Session....1977. Vol.&nbsp;33. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. 1978. pp.&nbsp;499&#8211;507. ISSN&nbsp;0095-6007. OCLC&nbsp;1564784. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:238" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:239">&quot;National health insurance&quot;. Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 96th Congress 1st Session....1979. Vol.&nbsp;35. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. 1980. pp.&nbsp;536&#8211;540. ISSN&nbsp;0095-6007. OCLC&nbsp;1564784. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:239" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:240">&quot;Hospital cost control legislation dies&quot;. Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 95th Congress 2nd Session....1978. Vol.&nbsp;34. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. 1979. pp.&nbsp;619&#8211;625. ISSN&nbsp;0095-6007. OCLC&nbsp;1564784. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:240" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:241">&quot;House kills Carter hospital cost control plan&quot;. Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 96th Congress 1st Session....1979. Vol.&nbsp;35. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. 1980. pp.&nbsp;512&#8211;518. ISSN&nbsp;0095-6007. OCLC&nbsp;1564784. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:241" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:242">Zelizer 2010, p.&nbsp;78. - Zelizer, Julian E. (2010). Jimmy Carter. Times Books. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-8050-8957-8. LCCN&nbsp;2010016818. OL&nbsp;24804105M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010016818" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/2010016818</a> <a href="#fnref:242" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:243">Carter, Jimmy (1982). Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President. Bantam Books. pp.&nbsp;86&#8211;87. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-553-05023-3. <a href="978-0-553-05023-3" target="_blank">978-0-553-05023-3</a> <a href="#fnref:243" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:244">Mental Health Systems Act 'landmark' legislation, state MH director says Archived October 7, 2024, at the Wayback Machine. Hattiesburg American. October 30, 1980. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/hattiesburg-american-mental-health-syste/156446002/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/article/hattiesburg-american-mental-health-syste/156446002/</a> <a href="#fnref:244" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:245">Walker, Joe (September 18, 1981). Mental health boss focuses help call on the public Archived October 7, 2024, at the Wayback Machine. The Paducah Sun. Retrieved October 2, 2024. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-paducah-sun-mental-health-boss-focus/156446169/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-paducah-sun-mental-health-boss-focus/156446169/</a> <a href="#fnref:245" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:246">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. &quot;Elementary and Secondary Education Remarks Announcing the Administration's Proposals to the Congress. (28 February 1978)&quot;. The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/elementary-and-secondary-education-remarks-announcing-the-administrations-proposals-the" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/elementary-and-secondary-education-remarks-announcing-the-administrations-proposals-the</a> <a href="#fnref:246" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:247">&quot;Department of Education Outlined&quot;. Associated Press. February 9, 1979. Archived from the original on October 12, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IkwNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5661,1224804" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IkwNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5661,1224804</a> <a href="#fnref:247" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:252">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. &quot;Brownsville, Texas Remarks at a Rally With Area Residents. (1 November 1980)&quot;. The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/brownsville-texas-remarks-rally-with-area-residents" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/brownsville-texas-remarks-rally-with-area-residents</a> <a href="#fnref:252" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:253">Gallagher (he/him), John (December 29, 2024). &quot;Jimmy Carter has died at the age of 100. He invited the first gay activists to the White House&quot;. LGBTQ Nation. <a href="https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2024/12/jimmy-carter-has-died-at-the-age-of-100-he-invited-the-first-gay-activists-to-the-white-house/" target="_blank">https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2024/12/jimmy-carter-has-died-at-the-age-of-100-he-invited-the-first-gay-activists-to-the-white-house/</a> <a href="#fnref:253" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:255">Kaufman &amp; Kaufman 2006, pp.&nbsp;53&#8211;56. - Kaufman, Burton I.; Kaufman, Scott (2006). The Presidency of James Earl Carter (2&nbsp;ed.). University Press of Kansas. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-7006-1471-4. OL&nbsp;7763218M. <a href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7763218M" target="_blank">https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7763218M</a> <a href="#fnref:255" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:257">J&#248;rgen Jensehaugen. Arab&#8211;Israeli Diplomacy under Carter: The US, Israel and the Palestinians (2018) p. 178, quoted on H-DIPLO Archived July 4, 2019, at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/28443/discussions/4083976/h-diplo-roundtable-xx-36-j%C3%B8rgen-jensehaugen-arab-israeli" target="_blank">https://networks.h-net.org/node/28443/discussions/4083976/h-diplo-roundtable-xx-36-j%C3%B8rgen-jensehaugen-arab-israeli</a> <a href="#fnref:257" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:258">&quot;United Nations Remarks at a Working Luncheon for Officials of African Nations&quot;. American Presidency Project. October 4, 1977. Archived from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2021. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=6745" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=6745</a> <a href="#fnref:258" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:260">John Soares, &quot;Jimmy Carter in Africa: Race and the Cold War.&quot; Presidential Studies Quarterly 48.4 (2018): 865&#8211;866. <a href="#fnref:260" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:261">Lamb, David (1987) The Africans, Vintage, ISBN&nbsp;0394753089, p. 46 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:261" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:262">Gershoni, Yekutiel (2022). Liberia Under Samuel Doe, 1980&#8211;1985 The Politics of Personal Rule. Lexington Books. p.&nbsp;301. <a href="#fnref:262" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:263">Kaufman, Michael T. (March 31, 1978). &quot;Carter Trip to Nigeria Culminates Long Effort to Improve Relations&quot;. The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 31, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2021. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/31/archives/carter-trip-to-nigeria-culminates-long-effort-to-improve-relations.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/31/archives/carter-trip-to-nigeria-culminates-long-effort-to-improve-relations.html</a> <a href="#fnref:263" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:266">&quot;Conservatives Win British Vote; Margaret Thatcher First Woman to Head a European Government&quot;. The New York Times. May 4, 1979. Archived from the original on September 7, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2021. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/05/04/archives/conservatives-win-british-vote-margaret-thatcher-first-woman-to.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1979/05/04/archives/conservatives-win-british-vote-margaret-thatcher-first-woman-to.html</a> <a href="#fnref:266" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:267">&quot;Rhodesian Election Ends with Turnout Put at 65 Percent&quot;. The New York Times. April 25, 1979. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2021. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/04/25/archives/muzorewa-party-wins-in-rhodesia-with-bare-majority-in-parliament.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1979/04/25/archives/muzorewa-party-wins-in-rhodesia-with-bare-majority-in-parliament.html</a> <a href="#fnref:267" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:270">&quot;Carter Promises to Stop Sanctions After Rhodesia Political Settlement&quot;. The New York Times. December 4, 1979. Archived from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2021. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/12/04/archives/carter-promises-to-stop-sanctions-after-rhodesia-political.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1979/12/04/archives/carter-promises-to-stop-sanctions-after-rhodesia-political.html</a> <a href="#fnref:270" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:275">Herring 2008, pp.&nbsp;855&#8211;856. - Herring, George C. (2008). From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776. Oxford University Press. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-19-507822-0. LCCN&nbsp;2008007996. OL&nbsp;19970907M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008007996" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/2008007996</a> <a href="#fnref:275" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:279">Carter, Jimmy (September 10, 2007). &quot;Fmr. President Jimmy Carter on &quot;Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid,&quot; Iraq, Greeting the Shah of Iran at the White House, Selling Weapons to Indonesia During the Occupation of East Timor, and More&quot;. Democracy Now! (Interview). Interviewed by Amy Goodman. Archived from the original on July 30, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019. <a href="#fnref:279" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:280">Ball, Nicole; Lettenberg, Milton (February 1979). &quot;The foreign arms sales of the Carter administration&quot;. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 35 (2). Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science: 31&#8211;36. Bibcode:1979BuAtS..35b..31B. doi:10.1080/00963402.1979.11458586. ISSN&nbsp;0096-3402. Archived from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved October 28, 2019. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GgsAAAAAMBAJ&q=Carter+weapons+sales+Indonesia&pg=PA31" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=GgsAAAAAMBAJ&q=Carter+weapons+sales+Indonesia&pg=PA31</a> <a href="#fnref:280" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:281">&quot;Carter Asks for No Cut in Arms Aid to Marcos Despite Negative Human-Rights Report&quot;. The New York Times. February 6, 1978. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/06/archives/carter-asks-for-no-cut-in-arms-aid-to-marcos-despite-negative.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/06/archives/carter-asks-for-no-cut-in-arms-aid-to-marcos-despite-negative.html</a> <a href="#fnref:281" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:283">&quot;Carter Summons General in Korea Over Criticism of Withdrawal Plan&quot;. The New York Times. May 20, 1977. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/20/archives/carter-summons-general-in-korea-over-criticism-of-withdrawal-plan.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/20/archives/carter-summons-general-in-korea-over-criticism-of-withdrawal-plan.html</a> <a href="#fnref:283" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:284">Weinraub, Bernard (May 22, 1977). &quot;Carter Disciplines Gen. Singlaub, Who Attacked His Policy on Korea&quot;. The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/22/archives/carter-disciplines-gen-singlaub-who-attacked-his-policy-on-korea.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/22/archives/carter-disciplines-gen-singlaub-who-attacked-his-policy-on-korea.html</a> <a href="#fnref:284" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:285">&quot;Armed Forces: General on the Carpet&quot;. Time. May 30, 1977. Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021. <a href="https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,914937,00.html" target="_blank">https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,914937,00.html</a> <a href="#fnref:285" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:286">&quot;Carter Defends Plan to Reduce Forces in Korea&quot;. The New York Times. May 27, 1977. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/27/archives/carter-defends-plan-to-reduce-forces-in-korea-carer-defends-plan-to.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/27/archives/carter-defends-plan-to-reduce-forces-in-korea-carer-defends-plan-to.html</a> <a href="#fnref:286" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:287">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. &quot;Seoul, Republic of Korea Joint Communiqu&#233; Issued at the Conclusion of Meetings With President Park. (1 July 1979)&quot;. The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/seoul-republic-korea-joint-communique-issued-the-conclusion-meetings-with-president-park" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/seoul-republic-korea-joint-communique-issued-the-conclusion-meetings-with-president-park</a> <a href="#fnref:287" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:296">Bourne 1997, p.&nbsp;452. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:296" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:297">D. Sarna, Jonathan (December 2, 2009). &quot;How Hanukkah Came To The White House&quot;. The Forward. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://forward.com/articles/120124/how-hanukkah-came-to-the-white-house/" target="_blank">https://forward.com/articles/120124/how-hanukkah-came-to-the-white-house/</a> <a href="#fnref:297" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:298">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. &quot;American Hostages in Iran Remarks to State Department Employees. (7 December 1979)&quot;. The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/american-hostages-iran-remarks-state-department-employees" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/american-hostages-iran-remarks-state-department-employees</a> <a href="#fnref:298" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:299">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. &quot;Executive Order 12205&#8212;Economic Sanctions Against Iran (7 April 1980)&quot;. The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-12205-economic-sanctions-against-iran" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-12205-economic-sanctions-against-iran</a> <a href="#fnref:299" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:300">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. &quot;Sanctions Against Iran Remarks Announcing U.S. Actions. (7 April 1980)&quot;. The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/sanctions-against-iran-remarks-announcing-us-actions" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/sanctions-against-iran-remarks-announcing-us-actions</a> <a href="#fnref:300" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:301">&quot;Carter Cuts Ties With Iran&quot;. The Harvard Crimson. April 8, 1980. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1980/4/8/carter-cuts-ties-with-iran-ppresident/" target="_blank">https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1980/4/8/carter-cuts-ties-with-iran-ppresident/</a> <a href="#fnref:301" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:302">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. &quot;Address to the Nation on the Rescue Attempt for American Hostages in Iran (24 April 1980)&quot;. The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-the-nation-the-rescue-attempt-for-american-hostages-iran" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-the-nation-the-rescue-attempt-for-american-hostages-iran</a> <a href="#fnref:302" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:303">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. &quot;Rescue Attempt for American Hostages in Iran White House Statement. (25 April 1980)&quot;. The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/rescue-attempt-for-american-hostages-iran-white-house-statement" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/rescue-attempt-for-american-hostages-iran-white-house-statement</a> <a href="#fnref:303" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:304">Bourne 1997, p.&nbsp;460. - Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN&nbsp;96048593. OL&nbsp;22339703M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/96048593</a> <a href="#fnref:304" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:305">&quot;Declassified CIA memo predicted the 1980 October Surprise&quot;. MuckRock. July 24, 2017. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021. <a href="https://www.muckrock.com/news/archives/2017/jul/24/declassified-cia-memo-predicted-1980-october-surpr/" target="_blank">https://www.muckrock.com/news/archives/2017/jul/24/declassified-cia-memo-predicted-1980-october-surpr/</a> <a href="#fnref:305" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:306">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. &quot;The President's News Conference (8 February 1977)&quot;. The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2021. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-112" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-112</a> <a href="#fnref:306" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:307">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. &quot;The President's News Conference (13 June 1977)&quot;. The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2021. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-114" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-114</a> <a href="#fnref:307" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:308">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. &quot;The President's News Conference (30 December 1977)&quot;. The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2021. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-115" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-115</a> <a href="#fnref:308" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:309">&quot;U.S. And Soviet Sign Strategic Arms Treaty; Carter Urges Congress To Support Accord&quot;. The New York Times. June 19, 1979. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2021. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/06/19/archives/us-and-soviet-sign-strategic-arms-treaty-carter-urges-congress-to.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1979/06/19/archives/us-and-soviet-sign-strategic-arms-treaty-carter-urges-congress-to.html</a> <a href="#fnref:309" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:310">Glass, Andrew (June 18, 2015). &quot;Jimmy Carter signs Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, June 18, 1979&quot;. Politico. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2021. <a href="https://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/this-day-in-politics-june-18-1979-119113" target="_blank">https://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/this-day-in-politics-june-18-1979-119113</a> <a href="#fnref:310" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:311">&quot;Jimmy Carter and the Second Yemenite War: A Smaller Shock of 1979?&quot;. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. June 28, 2021. Archived from the original on November 22, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2021. <a href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/jimmy-carter-and-second-yemenite-war-smaller-shock-1979" target="_blank">https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/jimmy-carter-and-second-yemenite-war-smaller-shock-1979</a> <a href="#fnref:311" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:312">&quot;The State of the Union Address Delivered Before a Joint Session of the Congress. (January 23, 1980)&quot;. The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on September 11, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911122002/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=33079" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180911122002/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=33079</a> <a href="#fnref:312" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:313">Kaplan, Robert D. (2008). Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Knopf Doubleday. pp.&nbsp;115&#8211;117. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-307-54698-2. <a href="978-0-307-54698-2" target="_blank">978-0-307-54698-2</a> <a href="#fnref:313" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:314">Kaplan, Robert D. (2008). Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Knopf Doubleday. pp.&nbsp;115&#8211;117. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-307-54698-2. <a href="978-0-307-54698-2" target="_blank">978-0-307-54698-2</a> <a href="#fnref:314" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:315">Kepel, Gilles (2006). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. I.B. Tauris. pp.&nbsp;138&#8211;139, 142&#8211;144. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-84511-257-8. <a href="978-1-84511-257-8" target="_blank">978-1-84511-257-8</a> <a href="#fnref:315" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:316">Blight, James G. (2012). Becoming Enemies: U.S.-Iran Relations and the Iran-Iraq War, 1979&#8211;1988. Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers. pp.&nbsp;69&#8211;70. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-4422-0830-8. <a href="978-1-4422-0830-8" target="_blank">978-1-4422-0830-8</a> <a href="#fnref:316" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:317">Kaplan, Robert D. (2008). Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Knopf Doubleday. pp.&nbsp;115&#8211;117. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-307-54698-2. <a href="978-0-307-54698-2" target="_blank">978-0-307-54698-2</a> <a href="#fnref:317" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:318">Kepel, Gilles (2006). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. I.B. Tauris. pp.&nbsp;138&#8211;139, 142&#8211;144. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-84511-257-8. <a href="978-1-84511-257-8" target="_blank">978-1-84511-257-8</a> <a href="#fnref:318" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:319">Kepel, Gilles (2006). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. I.B. Tauris. pp.&nbsp;138&#8211;139, 142&#8211;144. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-84511-257-8. <a href="978-1-84511-257-8" target="_blank">978-1-84511-257-8</a> <a href="#fnref:319" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:320">Riedel, Bruce (2014). What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979&#8211;1989. Brookings Institution Press. pp.&nbsp;ix&#8211;xi, 21&#8211;22, 93, 98&#8211;99, 105. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-8157-2595-4. <a href="978-0-8157-2595-4" target="_blank">978-0-8157-2595-4</a> <a href="#fnref:320" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:321">Tobin, Conor (April 2020). &quot;The Myth of the 'Afghan Trap': Zbigniew Brzezinski and Afghanistan, 1978&#8211;1979&quot;. Diplomatic History. 44 (2). Oxford University Press: 237&#8211;264. doi:10.1093/dh/dhz065. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhz065" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhz065</a> <a href="#fnref:321" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:322">Riedel, Bruce (2014). What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979&#8211;1989. Brookings Institution Press. pp.&nbsp;ix&#8211;xi, 21&#8211;22, 93, 98&#8211;99, 105. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-8157-2595-4. <a href="978-0-8157-2595-4" target="_blank">978-0-8157-2595-4</a> <a href="#fnref:322" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:323">Gates, Bob (2007). From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War. Simon and Schuster. pp.&nbsp;145&#8211;147. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-4165-4336-7. When asked whether he expected that the revelations in his memoir would inspire the conspiracy theories surrounding the U.S. aid program, Gates replied: &quot;No, because there was no basis in fact for an allegation the administration tried to draw the Soviets into Afghanistan militarily.&quot; See Gates, email communication with John Bernell White Jr., October 15, 2011, as cited in White, John Bernell (May 2012). The Strategic Mind Of Zbigniew Brzezinski: How A Native Pole Used Afghanistan To Protect His Homeland (PDF) (Thesis). pp.&nbsp;45&#8211;46, 82. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 11, 2016. cf. Coll, Steve (2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. Penguin. p.&nbsp;581. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-59420-007-6. Contemporary memos&#8212;particularly those written in the first days after the Soviet invasion&#8212;make clear that while Brzezinski was determined to confront the Soviets in Afghanistan through covert action, he was also very worried the Soviets would prevail.&nbsp;... Given this evidence and the enormous political and security costs that the invasion imposed on the Carter administration, any claim that Brzezinski lured the Soviets into Afghanistan warrants deep skepticism. <a href="978-1-4165-4336-7978-1-59420-007-6" target="_blank">978-1-4165-4336-7978-1-59420-007-6</a> <a href="#fnref:323" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:324">Tobin, Conor (April 2020). &quot;The Myth of the 'Afghan Trap': Zbigniew Brzezinski and Afghanistan, 1978&#8211;1979&quot;. Diplomatic History. 44 (2). Oxford University Press: 237&#8211;264. doi:10.1093/dh/dhz065. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhz065" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhz065</a> <a href="#fnref:324" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:325">Tobin, Conor (April 2020). &quot;The Myth of the 'Afghan Trap': Zbigniew Brzezinski and Afghanistan, 1978&#8211;1979&quot;. Diplomatic History. 44 (2). Oxford University Press: 237&#8211;264. doi:10.1093/dh/dhz065. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhz065" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhz065</a> <a href="#fnref:325" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:326">Coll, Steve (2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. Penguin Group. p.&nbsp;58. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-59420-007-6. <a href="978-1-59420-007-6" target="_blank">978-1-59420-007-6</a> <a href="#fnref:326" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:327">Riedel, Bruce (2014). What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979&#8211;1989. Brookings Institution Press. pp.&nbsp;ix&#8211;xi, 21&#8211;22, 93, 98&#8211;99, 105. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-8157-2595-4. <a href="978-0-8157-2595-4" target="_blank">978-0-8157-2595-4</a> <a href="#fnref:327" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:328">Gates, Bob (2007). From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War. Simon and Schuster. pp.&nbsp;145&#8211;147. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-4165-4336-7. When asked whether he expected that the revelations in his memoir would inspire the conspiracy theories surrounding the U.S. aid program, Gates replied: &quot;No, because there was no basis in fact for an allegation the administration tried to draw the Soviets into Afghanistan militarily.&quot; See Gates, email communication with John Bernell White Jr., October 15, 2011, as cited in White, John Bernell (May 2012). The Strategic Mind Of Zbigniew Brzezinski: How A Native Pole Used Afghanistan To Protect His Homeland (PDF) (Thesis). pp.&nbsp;45&#8211;46, 82. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 11, 2016. cf. Coll, Steve (2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. Penguin. p.&nbsp;581. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-59420-007-6. Contemporary memos&#8212;particularly those written in the first days after the Soviet invasion&#8212;make clear that while Brzezinski was determined to confront the Soviets in Afghanistan through covert action, he was also very worried the Soviets would prevail.&nbsp;... Given this evidence and the enormous political and security costs that the invasion imposed on the Carter administration, any claim that Brzezinski lured the Soviets into Afghanistan warrants deep skepticism. <a href="978-1-4165-4336-7978-1-59420-007-6" target="_blank">978-1-4165-4336-7978-1-59420-007-6</a> <a href="#fnref:328" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:329">Carter, James. &quot;Jimmy Carter State of the Union Address 1980 (23 January 1980)&quot;. Selected Speeches of Jimmy Carter. Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original on October 15, 2004. Retrieved May 30, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041015134701/https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/documents/speeches/su80jec.phtml" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20041015134701/https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/documents/speeches/su80jec.phtml</a> <a href="#fnref:329" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:330">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. &quot;Jimmy Carter: The State of the Union Address Delivered Before a Joint Session of the Congress&quot;. The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on December 14, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018. <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=33079" target="_blank">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=33079</a> <a href="#fnref:330" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:331">Zelizer 2010, p.&nbsp;103. - Zelizer, Julian E. (2010). Jimmy Carter. Times Books. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-8050-8957-8. LCCN&nbsp;2010016818. OL&nbsp;24804105M. <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010016818" target="_blank">https://lccn.loc.gov/2010016818</a> <a href="#fnref:331" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:332">Leuchtenburg, William E. (2015). &quot;Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter&quot;. The American President. New York: Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;577. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-19-517616-2. <a href="978-0-19-517616-2" target="_blank">978-0-19-517616-2</a> <a href="#fnref:332" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:333">Eaton, Joseph (November 2016). &quot;Reconsidering the 1980 Moscow Olympic Boycott: American Sports Diplomacy in East Asian Perspective&quot;. Diplomatic History. 40 (5): 845&#8211;864. doi:10.1093/dh/dhw026. JSTOR&nbsp;26376807. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:333" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:334">Treadaway, Dan (August 5, 1996). &quot;Carter stresses role of Olympics in promoting global harmony&quot;. Emory Report. 48 (37). Archived from the original on June 22, 2023. Retrieved April 12, 2023. <a href="https://www.emory.edu/EMORY_REPORT/erarchive/1996/August/ERaug.5/8_5_96carter.html" target="_blank">https://www.emory.edu/EMORY_REPORT/erarchive/1996/August/ERaug.5/8_5_96carter.html</a> <a href="#fnref:334" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:335">Toohey, Kristine (November 8, 2007). The Olympic Games: A Social Science Perspective. CABI. p.&nbsp;100. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-84593-355-5. Archived from the original on July 5, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2022. <a href="978-1-84593-355-5" target="_blank">978-1-84593-355-5</a> <a href="#fnref:335" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:336">Gaddis, John Lewis (1997). We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History. Oxford University Press. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-19-878070-0. <a href="978-0-19-878070-0" target="_blank">978-0-19-878070-0</a> <a href="#fnref:336" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:337">Riedel, Bruce (2014). What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979&#8211;1989. Brookings Institution Press. pp.&nbsp;ix&#8211;xi, 21&#8211;22, 93, 98&#8211;99, 105. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-8157-2595-4. <a href="978-0-8157-2595-4" target="_blank">978-0-8157-2595-4</a> <a href="#fnref:337" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:338">Riedel, Bruce (2014). What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979&#8211;1989. Brookings Institution Press. pp.&nbsp;ix&#8211;xi, 21&#8211;22, 93, 98&#8211;99, 105. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-8157-2595-4. <a href="978-0-8157-2595-4" target="_blank">978-0-8157-2595-4</a> <a href="#fnref:338" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:339">&quot;Travels of President Jimmy Carter&quot;. U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 31, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2021. <a href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/carter-jimmy" target="_blank">https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/carter-jimmy</a> <a href="#fnref:339" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:340">&quot;Presidents' Travels to Nigeria (31 March &#8212; 3 April)&quot;. U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2021. <a href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/nigeria" target="_blank">https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/nigeria</a> <a href="#fnref:340" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:341">&quot;Most Important Presidential Visits: No. 7 Jimmy Carter &#8211; Iran&quot;. realclearworld. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2016. <a href="https://www.realclearworld.com/lists/presidential_visits/carter_iran.html" target="_blank">https://www.realclearworld.com/lists/presidential_visits/carter_iran.html</a> <a href="#fnref:341" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:342">Hershey, Robert D. Jr. (August 15, 2013). &quot;Bert Lance, Carter Adviser, Dies at 82&quot;. The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved September 1, 2021. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/16/us/politics/bert-lance-carter-adviser-dies-at-82.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/16/us/politics/bert-lance-carter-adviser-dies-at-82.html</a> <a href="#fnref:342" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:343">&quot;I Have a Job to Do&quot;. Time. April 2, 1979. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved September 1, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025175059/https://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,916712-1,00.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121025175059/https://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,916712-1,00.html</a> <a href="#fnref:343" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:344">Curran also investigated President Jimmy Carter's family peanut business for the Justice Department in 1979, and thus became the first lawyer to examine a sitting president under oath. <a href="#fnref:344" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:394">Epatko, Larisa (June 20, 2012). &quot;Jimmy Carter: If Egypt's Ruling Military Goes Through With Plan, Same as Coup&quot;. PBS. Archived from the original on October 12, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2022. <a href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/carter-on-egypt" target="_blank">https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/carter-on-egypt</a> <a href="#fnref:394" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:395">&quot;Freed American Arrives Home from North Korea&quot;. CNN. August 27, 2010. Archived from the original on June 15, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2010. <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/08/27/north.korea.carter/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/08/27/north.korea.carter/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:395" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:396">McCurry, Justin (August 27, 2010). &quot;North Korea releases US prisoner after talks with Jimmy Carter&quot;. The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 15, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2010. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/27/north-korea-us-prisoner-jimmy-carter" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/27/north-korea-us-prisoner-jimmy-carter</a> <a href="#fnref:396" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:397">Hallerman, Tamar (August 10, 2017). &quot;Jimmy Carter presses U.S., North Korea to tone down escalating rhetoric&quot;. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved January 15, 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171216034109/https://politics.blog.ajc.com/2017/08/10/jimmy-carter-presses-u-s-north-korea-to-tone-down-nuclear-war-rhetoric/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20171216034109/https://politics.blog.ajc.com/2017/08/10/jimmy-carter-presses-u-s-north-korea-to-tone-down-nuclear-war-rhetoric/</a> <a href="#fnref:397" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:398">Bowden, John (October 21, 2017). &quot;Carter volunteers to help solve tensions with North Korea&quot;. The Hill. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2022. <a href="https://thehill.com/policy/international/356567-carter-volunteers-to-help-solve-tensions-with-north-korea/" target="_blank">https://thehill.com/policy/international/356567-carter-volunteers-to-help-solve-tensions-with-north-korea/</a> <a href="#fnref:398" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:399">Thomas, Helen (March 16, 1981). &quot;Too early to criticize Reagan, says Carter&quot;. United Press International. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021. <a href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/03/16/Too-early-to-criticize-Reagan-says-Carter/2336353566800/" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/03/16/Too-early-to-criticize-Reagan-says-Carter/2336353566800/</a> <a href="#fnref:399" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:400">&quot;Carter backs Reagan on neutron weapon&quot;. United Press International. September 3, 1981. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021. <a href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/09/03/Carter-backs-Reagan-on-neutron-weapon/8627368337600/" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/09/03/Carter-backs-Reagan-on-neutron-weapon/8627368337600/</a> <a href="#fnref:400" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:401">&quot;Carter to Lobby Senate on AWACS&quot;. The New York Times. October 12, 1981. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/13/world/carter-to-lobby-senate-on-awacs.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/13/world/carter-to-lobby-senate-on-awacs.html</a> <a href="#fnref:401" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:402">&quot;Former President Jimmy Carter says the massacre of some...&quot; United Press International. September 21, 1982. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021. <a href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/09/21/Former-President-Jimmy-Carter-says-the-massacre-of-some/8666401428800/?spt=su" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/09/21/Former-President-Jimmy-Carter-says-the-massacre-of-some/8666401428800/?spt=su</a> <a href="#fnref:402" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:403">&quot;Former President Jimmy Carter criticized the Reagan administration Sunday...&quot; United Press International. Miami. December 23, 1984. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021. <a href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/12/23/Former-President-Jimmy-Carter-criticized-the-Reagan-administration-Sunday/6686472626000/" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/12/23/Former-President-Jimmy-Carter-criticized-the-Reagan-administration-Sunday/6686472626000/</a> <a href="#fnref:403" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:404">Shanker, Thom (April 12, 1985). &quot;'Star Wars' May Hurt Talks, Carter Warns&quot;. Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved September 9, 2021. <a href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1985/04/12/star-wars-may-hurt-talks-carter-warns/" target="_blank">https://www.chicagotribune.com/1985/04/12/star-wars-may-hurt-talks-carter-warns/</a> <a href="#fnref:404" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:405">&quot;Carter: Avoid force against terrorism&quot;. United Press International. July 14, 1985. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021. <a href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/07/14/Carter-Avoid-force-against-terrorism/9869490161600/?spt=su" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/07/14/Carter-Avoid-force-against-terrorism/9869490161600/?spt=su</a> <a href="#fnref:405" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:406">&quot;Former President Jimmy Carter told students Monday that President...&quot; United Press International. February 9, 1987. Archived from the original on June 17, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021. <a href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/02/09/Former-President-Jimmy-Carter-told-students-Monday-that-President/1036539845200/" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/02/09/Former-President-Jimmy-Carter-told-students-Monday-that-President/1036539845200/</a> <a href="#fnref:406" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:407">Hanrahan, John (September 30, 1987). &quot;Former President Jimmy Carter declared Wednesday he is strongly...&quot; United Press International. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021. <a href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/09/30/Former-President-Jimmy-Carter-declared-Wednesday-he-is-strongly/5450987249052/" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/09/30/Former-President-Jimmy-Carter-declared-Wednesday-he-is-strongly/5450987249052/</a> <a href="#fnref:407" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:408">Quinn, Matthew C. (October 17, 1987). &quot;Carter criticizes Reagan's gulf policy&quot;. United Press International. Archived from the original on August 21, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021. <a href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/10/17/Carter-criticizes-Reagans-gulf-policy/1657561441600/" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/10/17/Carter-criticizes-Reagans-gulf-policy/1657561441600/</a> <a href="#fnref:408" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:409">McCormick, Patrick (January 18, 1989). &quot;Former President Gerald Ford Wednesday said the Washington press...&quot; United Press International. Archived from the original on September 8, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021. <a href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/01/18/Former-President-Gerald-Ford-Wednesday-said-the-Washington-press/7903601102800/" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/01/18/Former-President-Gerald-Ford-Wednesday-said-the-Washington-press/7903601102800/</a> <a href="#fnref:409" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:410">Felsenthal, Carol (May 25, 2011). &quot;Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton: They Genuinely Dislike Each Other&quot;. HuffPost. Archived from the original on October 25, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2021. <a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/carol-felsenthal/jimmy-carter-and-bill-cli_b_94926.html" target="_blank">https://www.huffingtonpost.com/carol-felsenthal/jimmy-carter-and-bill-cli_b_94926.html</a> <a href="#fnref:410" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:411">Berke, Richard L. (September 28, 2001). &quot;A NATION CHALLENGED: THE FORMER PRESIDENTS; From the Outside, Former Presidents Lend the Support of Insiders&quot;. The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 30, 2024. Retrieved October 1, 2024. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/28/us/nation-challenged-former-presidents-outside-former-presidents-lend-support.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/28/us/nation-challenged-former-presidents-outside-former-presidents-lend-support.html</a> <a href="#fnref:411" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:412">Jimmy Carter, &quot;Just War &#8211; or a Just War?&quot; Archived January 27, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, March 9, 2003. Retrieved August 4, 2008. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/09/opinion/just-war-or-a-just-war.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/09/opinion/just-war-or-a-just-war.html</a> <a href="#fnref:412" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:413">&quot;Jimmy Carter: Blair Subservient to Bush&quot;. The Washington Post. Associated Press. August 27, 2006. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2008. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/27/AR2006082701094.html" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/27/AR2006082701094.html</a> <a href="#fnref:413" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:414">Carter says Bush exploiting 9/11 terrorist attacks Archived September 10, 2024, at the Wayback Machine. The Spokesman-Review. October 26, 2004. Retrieved October 1, 2024. <a href="https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2004/oct/26/carter-says-bush-exploiting-911-terrorist-attacks/" target="_blank">https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2004/oct/26/carter-says-bush-exploiting-911-terrorist-attacks/</a> <a href="#fnref:414" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:415">Frank Lockwood, &quot;Carter calls Bush administration worst ever&quot; Archived September 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, May 19, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2008. <a href="https://www2.arkansasonline.com/news/2007/may/19/carter-calls-bush-administration-worst-ever/" target="_blank">https://www2.arkansasonline.com/news/2007/may/19/carter-calls-bush-administration-worst-ever/</a> <a href="#fnref:415" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:416">&quot;Carter: Anti-Bush remarks 'careless or misinterpreted'&quot;. CNN. Associated Press. May 21, 2007. Archived from the original on June 14, 2007. Retrieved June 22, 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614063104/https://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/05/21/carter.bush.ap/index.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070614063104/https://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/05/21/carter.bush.ap/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:416" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:417">&quot;'Carter is irrelevant,' Bush administration shoots back&quot;. CNN. Associated Press. May 20, 2007. Archived from the original on May 23, 2007. Retrieved June 22, 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070523151632/https://edition.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/05/20/carter.bush.ap/index.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070523151632/https://edition.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/05/20/carter.bush.ap/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:417" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:418">Alarkon, Walter (January 28, 2009). &quot;Jimmy Carter Says Obama Will Be 'Outstanding'&quot;. The Hill. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021. <a href="https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/campaigns/administration/35543-jimmy-carter-says-obama-will-be-outstanding/" target="_blank">https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/campaigns/administration/35543-jimmy-carter-says-obama-will-be-outstanding/</a> <a href="#fnref:418" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:419">Bingham, Amy (June 25, 2012). &quot;Jimmy Carter Accuses U.S. of 'Widespread Abuse of Human Rights'&quot;. ABC News. Archived from the original on June 26, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2012. ABC quotes came from a NY Times June 25, 2012 op-ed Archived October 11, 2021, at the Wayback Machine written by Carter <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/06/jimmy-carter-accuses-u-s-of-widespread-abuse-of-human-rights/" target="_blank">https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/06/jimmy-carter-accuses-u-s-of-widespread-abuse-of-human-rights/</a> <a href="#fnref:419" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:420">Bluestein, Greg; Galloway, Jim (July 18, 2013). &quot;Your daily jolt: 'America has no functioning democracy,' says Jimmy Carter&quot;. Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on June 4, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2021. <a href="https://www.ajc.com/politics/political-insider-blog-your-daily-jolt-america-has-no-functioning-democracy-says-jimmy-carter/DKLFS2YYFBANHD7AHB2AYBH6ZA/" target="_blank">https://www.ajc.com/politics/political-insider-blog-your-daily-jolt-america-has-no-functioning-democracy-says-jimmy-carter/DKLFS2YYFBANHD7AHB2AYBH6ZA/</a> <a href="#fnref:420" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:421">Peter Schmitz (July 17, 2013). &quot;NSA-Aff&#228;re: Ex-Pr&#228;sident Carter verdammt US-Schn&#252;ffelei&quot;. Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on July 29, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2013. <a href="https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/nsa-affaere-jimmy-carter-kritisiert-usa-a-911589.html" target="_blank">https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/nsa-affaere-jimmy-carter-kritisiert-usa-a-911589.html</a> <a href="#fnref:421" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:422">&quot;Ex-President Carter: Give Trump credit on forcing immigration debate&quot;. Fox News. September 14, 2017. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2021. <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/ex-president-carter-give-trump-credit-on-forcing-immigration-debate" target="_blank">https://www.foxnews.com/politics/ex-president-carter-give-trump-credit-on-forcing-immigration-debate</a> <a href="#fnref:422" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:423">Thomsen, Jacqueline (October 21, 2017). &quot;Jimmy Carter: 'I would rather see all the players stand during' anthem&quot;. The Hill. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021. <a href="https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/356566-jimmy-carter-i-would-rather-see-all-the-players-stand-during/" target="_blank">https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/356566-jimmy-carter-i-would-rather-see-all-the-players-stand-during/</a> <a href="#fnref:423" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:424">Dowd, Maureen (October 21, 2017). &quot;Jimmy Carter Lusts for a Trump Posting&quot;. The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved January 17, 2018. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/21/opinion/sunday/jimmy-carter-lusts-trump-posting.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/21/opinion/sunday/jimmy-carter-lusts-trump-posting.html</a> <a href="#fnref:424" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:425">Chavez, Nicole. &quot;Jimmy Carter wants to partner with Trump&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2018. <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2017/10/22/politics/jimmy-carter-new-york-times-interview/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnn.com/2017/10/22/politics/jimmy-carter-new-york-times-interview/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:425" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:426">&quot;President Trump Called Former President Carter To Talk About China&quot;. WABE. April 14, 2019. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021. <a href="https://www.wabe.org/president-trump-calls-president-carter-to-talk-china/" target="_blank">https://www.wabe.org/president-trump-calls-president-carter-to-talk-china/</a> <a href="#fnref:426" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:427">Woodruff, Judy; Guray, Geoffrey Lou (July 5, 2021). &quot;Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter reflect on 75 years of marriage, the state of American politics&quot;. PBS News Hour. Archived from the original on December 30, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2025. <a href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/jimmy-and-rosalynn-carter-reflect-on-75-years-of-marriage-the-state-of-america-politics" target="_blank">https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/jimmy-and-rosalynn-carter-reflect-on-75-years-of-marriage-the-state-of-america-politics</a> <a href="#fnref:427" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:428">Sperling, Godfrey Jr. (March 10, 1981). &quot;Mondale in '84: he may run if Jimmy Carter doesn't&quot;. The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021. <a href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1981/0310/031029.html" target="_blank">https://www.csmonitor.com/1981/0310/031029.html</a> <a href="#fnref:428" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:429">Thomas, Helen (April 25, 1984). &quot;Rosalynn Carter: Bitter at 1980 loss: Wishes her husband would run again&quot;. United Press International. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021. <a href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/04/25/Rosalynn-Carter-Bitter-at-1980-loss-Wishes-her-husband-would-run-again/7363451717200/" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/04/25/Rosalynn-Carter-Bitter-at-1980-loss-Wishes-her-husband-would-run-again/7363451717200/</a> <a href="#fnref:429" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:430">Multiple sources:
&quot;Carter Backs Mondale For Presidency in 1984&quot;. Chicago Tribune. May 11, 1982. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
&quot;Mondale wins Carter hometown&quot;. United Press International. March 14, 1984. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
 <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/11/us/carter-backs-mondale-for-presidency-in-1984.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/11/us/carter-backs-mondale-for-presidency-in-1984.html</a> <a href="#fnref:430" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:431">&quot;Carter Predicts That Reagan Will Avoid Debating Mondale&quot;. The New York Times. June 14, 1984. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/14/us/carter-predicts-that-reagan-will-avoid-debating-mondale.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/14/us/carter-predicts-that-reagan-will-avoid-debating-mondale.html</a> <a href="#fnref:431" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:432">&quot;Campaign Notes; Carter Vows to Shun Convention Spotlight&quot;. The New York Times. June 28, 1984. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/28/us/campaign-notes-carter-vows-to-shun-convention-spotlight.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/28/us/campaign-notes-carter-vows-to-shun-convention-spotlight.html</a> <a href="#fnref:432" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:433">Rosenberg, Carol (November 7, 1984). &quot;Former President Jimmy Carter said Wednesday Walter Mondale's defeat...&quot; United Press International. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021. <a href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/11/07/Former-President-Jimmy-Carter-said-Wednesday-Walter-Mondales-defeat/4956468651600/" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/11/07/Former-President-Jimmy-Carter-said-Wednesday-Walter-Mondales-defeat/4956468651600/</a> <a href="#fnref:433" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:434">&quot;Former President Jimmy Carter said today Vice President George...&quot; United Press International. March 19, 1987. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021. <a href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/03/19/Former-President-Jimmy-Carter-said-today-Vice-President-George/2079543128400/" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/03/19/Former-President-Jimmy-Carter-said-today-Vice-President-George/2079543128400/</a> <a href="#fnref:434" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:435">Mackay, Robert (July 16, 1988). &quot;Carter predicts unified convention&quot;. United Press International. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021. <a href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/07/16/Carter-predicts-unified-convention/8408585028800/" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/07/16/Carter-predicts-unified-convention/8408585028800/</a> <a href="#fnref:435" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:436">Dionne, E.J. Jr. (July 15, 1988). &quot;Jackson Suggests Carter Might Heal Rift With Dukakis&quot;. The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2025. Retrieved January 1, 2025. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/15/us/jackson-suggests-carter-might-heal-rift-with-dukakis.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/15/us/jackson-suggests-carter-might-heal-rift-with-dukakis.html</a> <a href="#fnref:436" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:460">Goodstein, Laurie (May 24, 2016). &quot;Jimmy Carter, Seeing Resurgence of Racism, Plans Baptist Conference for Unity&quot;. The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2021. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/24/us/jimmy-carter-racism-baptist-conference-unity-donald-trump.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/24/us/jimmy-carter-racism-baptist-conference-unity-donald-trump.html</a> <a href="#fnref:460" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:481">Brinkley, Douglas. &quot;Jimmy Carter's many books were as direct and plainspoken as their author&quot;. The Washington Post, December 31, 2024. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2024/12/31/jimmy-carter-author/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2024/12/31/jimmy-carter-author/</a> <a href="#fnref:481" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:482">&quot;Timeline and History of The Carter Center [1981&#8211;1989]&quot;. The Carter Center. Archived from the original on November 1, 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091101123818/https://www.cartercenter.org/about/history/chronology_1980.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20091101123818/https://www.cartercenter.org/about/history/chronology_1980.html</a> <a href="#fnref:482" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:483">&quot;The Carter Center At 30 Years&quot;. GeorgiaTrend. October 31, 2012. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved March 11, 2013. <a href="https://www.georgiatrend.com/November-2012/The-Carter-Center-At-30-Years/" target="_blank">https://www.georgiatrend.com/November-2012/The-Carter-Center-At-30-Years/</a> <a href="#fnref:483" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:484">&quot;African worm disease from dirty water nearly eradicated, says Jimmy Carter&quot;. CBS News. January 11, 2017. Archived from the original on November 21, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2021. <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/guinea-worm-disease-nearly-eradicated-jimmy-carter-says/" target="_blank">https://www.cbsnews.com/news/guinea-worm-disease-nearly-eradicated-jimmy-carter-says/</a> <a href="#fnref:484" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:486">&quot;View Latest Worldwide Guinea Worm Case Totals&quot;. Carter Center. August 14, 2024. Retrieved August 23, 2024. <a href="https://www.cartercenter.org/health/guinea_worm/case-totals.html" target="_blank">https://www.cartercenter.org/health/guinea_worm/case-totals.html</a> <a href="#fnref:486" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:487">&quot;You Gave of Yourself': Reagan Praises Carter at Library Dedication&quot;. Los Angeles Times. October 2, 1986. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved September 8, 2021. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-10-02-mn-3888-story.html" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-10-02-mn-3888-story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:487" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:493">&quot;At Mrs. King's Funeral, a Mix of Elegy and Politics&quot;. The New York Times. February 8, 2006. Archived from the original on August 10, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/08/us/at-mrs-kings-funeral-a-mix-of-elegy-and-politics.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/08/us/at-mrs-kings-funeral-a-mix-of-elegy-and-politics.html</a> <a href="#fnref:493" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:494">&quot;Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum&quot;. fordlibrarymuseum.gov. January 3, 2007. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021. <a href="https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/Funeral/Carter.asp" target="_blank">https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/Funeral/Carter.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:494" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:495">&quot;Carter praises 'distinguished opponent' Ford at funeral&quot;. CBC News. January 3, 2007. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2015. <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/carter-praises-distinguished-opponent-ford-at-funeral-1.640103" target="_blank">https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/carter-praises-distinguished-opponent-ford-at-funeral-1.640103</a> <a href="#fnref:495" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:496">Dits, Joseph (August 20, 2018). &quot;Habitat ceremony at Notre Dame is only chance to see Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter&quot;. South Bend Tribune. South Bend, Ind.: GateHouse Media. Archived from the original on November 16, 2019. Retrieved November 16, 2019. <a href="https://www.southbendtribune.com/news/local/habitat-ceremony-at-notre-dame-is-only-chance-to-see/article_f63d275c-f402-52cc-a7dd-0cd740ac393f.html" target="_blank">https://www.southbendtribune.com/news/local/habitat-ceremony-at-notre-dame-is-only-chance-to-see/article_f63d275c-f402-52cc-a7dd-0cd740ac393f.html</a> <a href="#fnref:496" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:497">Carla Hinton, Ex-president Jimmy Carter works to unite all Baptists Archived November 6, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, oklahoman.com, US, July 25, 2009 <a href="https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/politics/2009/07/25/ex-president-jimmy-carter-works-to-unite-all-baptists/61381494007/" target="_blank">https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/politics/2009/07/25/ex-president-jimmy-carter-works-to-unite-all-baptists/61381494007/</a> <a href="#fnref:497" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:498">Cooperman, Alan (January 21, 2007). &quot;Carter, Clinton Seek To Bring Together Moderate Baptists Exiles From Conservative Group Targeted&quot;. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 23, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2007/01/21/carter-clinton-seek-to-bring-together-moderate-baptists-span-classbankheadexiles-from-conservative-group-targetedspan/2044354e-264d-4577-8120-03d491375775/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2007/01/21/carter-clinton-seek-to-bring-together-moderate-baptists-span-classbankheadexiles-from-conservative-group-targetedspan/2044354e-264d-4577-8120-03d491375775/</a> <a href="#fnref:498" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:499">&quot;Queens remembers Jimmy Carter, 100&quot;. January 2, 2025. <a href="https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/queens-remembers-jimmy-carter-100/article_dfb35677-62eb-5fc8-b34f-f29d1d63e29f.html" target="_blank">https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/queens-remembers-jimmy-carter-100/article_dfb35677-62eb-5fc8-b34f-f29d1d63e29f.html</a> <a href="#fnref:499" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:500">&quot;Honorary Chairs&quot;. World Justice Project. Archived from the original on April 17, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2019. <a href="https://worldjusticeproject.org/about-us/who-we-are/honorary-chairs" target="_blank">https://worldjusticeproject.org/about-us/who-we-are/honorary-chairs</a> <a href="#fnref:500" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:501">Preserving Our Institutions (PDF) (Report). Continuity of Government Commission. June 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2019 &#8211; via brookings.edu. <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/06_continuity_of_government.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/06_continuity_of_government.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:501" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:502">&quot;Jimmy Carter's Sunday School Class&quot;. Maranatha Baptist Church. Archived from the original on May 19, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190519103559/https://mbcplains.org/?page_id=212" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190519103559/https://mbcplains.org/?page_id=212</a> <a href="#fnref:502" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:503">Watkins, Eli (June 3, 2019). &quot;Jimmy Carter granted tenure at Emory University&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on June 4, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2019. <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/03/politics/jimmy-carter-emory-university-tenure/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/03/politics/jimmy-carter-emory-university-tenure/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:503" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:504">&quot;Palestinian elections yield unexpected but fair results&quot;. www.emory.edu. Retrieved June 3, 2025. <a href="https://www.emory.edu/EMORY_REPORT/erarchive/2006/March/March%2020/CarterCenter.htm" target="_blank">https://www.emory.edu/EMORY_REPORT/erarchive/2006/March/March%2020/CarterCenter.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:504" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:505">&quot;President Carter's Trip Report on the Palestinian Presidential Election&quot;. The Carter Center. Retrieved June 3, 2025. <a href="https://www.cartercenter.org/news/documents/doc1965.html" target="_blank">https://www.cartercenter.org/news/documents/doc1965.html</a> <a href="#fnref:505" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:506">Craig Daigle, &quot;Beyond Camp David: Jimmy Carter, Palestinian Self-Determination, and Human Rights.&quot; Diplomatic History 42.5 (2018): 802&#8211;830. <a href="#fnref:506" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:507">&quot;Jimmy Carter: Israel's 'Apartheid' Policies Worse Than South Africa's&quot;. Haaretz. November 12, 2006. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023. <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/2006-12-11/ty-article/jimmy-carter-israels-apartheid-policies-worse-than-south-africas/0000017f-db7c-d3a5-af7f-fbfea0530000" target="_blank">https://www.haaretz.com/2006-12-11/ty-article/jimmy-carter-israels-apartheid-policies-worse-than-south-africas/0000017f-db7c-d3a5-af7f-fbfea0530000</a> <a href="#fnref:507" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:508">&quot;Jimmy Carter: Israel's 'Apartheid' Policies Worse Than South Africa's&quot;. Haaretz. November 12, 2006. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023. <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/2006-12-11/ty-article/jimmy-carter-israels-apartheid-policies-worse-than-south-africas/0000017f-db7c-d3a5-af7f-fbfea0530000" target="_blank">https://www.haaretz.com/2006-12-11/ty-article/jimmy-carter-israels-apartheid-policies-worse-than-south-africas/0000017f-db7c-d3a5-af7f-fbfea0530000</a> <a href="#fnref:508" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:509">&quot;Jimmy Carter: Israel's 'Apartheid' Policies Worse Than South Africa's&quot;. Haaretz. November 12, 2006. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023. <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/2006-12-11/ty-article/jimmy-carter-israels-apartheid-policies-worse-than-south-africas/0000017f-db7c-d3a5-af7f-fbfea0530000" target="_blank">https://www.haaretz.com/2006-12-11/ty-article/jimmy-carter-israels-apartheid-policies-worse-than-south-africas/0000017f-db7c-d3a5-af7f-fbfea0530000</a> <a href="#fnref:509" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:510">&quot;Jimmy Carter: Israel's 'Apartheid' Policies Worse Than South Africa's&quot;. Haaretz. November 12, 2006. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023. <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/2006-12-11/ty-article/jimmy-carter-israels-apartheid-policies-worse-than-south-africas/0000017f-db7c-d3a5-af7f-fbfea0530000" target="_blank">https://www.haaretz.com/2006-12-11/ty-article/jimmy-carter-israels-apartheid-policies-worse-than-south-africas/0000017f-db7c-d3a5-af7f-fbfea0530000</a> <a href="#fnref:510" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:511">&quot;Jimmy Carter apologizes for 'mistake' in book&quot;. Brandeis University. Retrieved December 31, 2024. <a href="https://www.brandeis.edu/now/2008/january/cartervisit.html" target="_blank">https://www.brandeis.edu/now/2008/january/cartervisit.html</a> <a href="#fnref:511" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:512">&quot;Carter defends book; challenges Brandeis to send Mideast delegation&quot;. The Justice. Retrieved December 31, 2024. <a href="https://www.thejustice.org/article/2007/01/carter-defends-book-challenges-brandeis-to-send-mideast-delegation" target="_blank">https://www.thejustice.org/article/2007/01/carter-defends-book-challenges-brandeis-to-send-mideast-delegation</a> <a href="#fnref:512" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:513">&quot;Carter Wins Over Student Crowd at Brandeis, Receives Ovation&quot;. The Forward. January 24, 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2024. <a href="https://forward.com/news/9916/carter-wins-over-student-crowd-at-brandeis-receiv/" target="_blank">https://forward.com/news/9916/carter-wins-over-student-crowd-at-brandeis-receiv/</a> <a href="#fnref:513" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:514">The Carter Center (June 20, 2014). &quot;Speech to Brandeis University (Jan. 23, 2007)&quot;. Retrieved December 31, 2024 &#8211; via YouTube. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbUA8ld_2yc" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbUA8ld_2yc</a> <a href="#fnref:514" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:515">&quot;Books written by President and Mrs. Carter&quot;. jimmycarterlibrary.gov. Archived from the original on October 12, 2004. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041012000917/https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/library/carterbi.phtml" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20041012000917/https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/library/carterbi.phtml</a> <a href="#fnref:515" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:516">Robert D. Hershey Jr (September 26, 1988). &quot;Billy Carter Dies of Cancer at 51; Troubled Brother of a President&quot;. The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 7, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2011. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/26/obituaries/billy-carter-dies-of-cancer-at-51-troubled-brother-of-a-president.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/26/obituaries/billy-carter-dies-of-cancer-at-51-troubled-brother-of-a-president.html</a> <a href="#fnref:516" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:517">Cash, John R. (1997). Johnny Cash, the Autobiography. Harper Collins. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-00-274080-7. <a href="978-0-00-274080-7" target="_blank">978-0-00-274080-7</a> <a href="#fnref:517" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:518">Vejnoska, Jill (July 7, 2017). &quot;Happy 71st wedding anniversary Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter!&quot;. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2019. <a href="https://www.ajc.com/news/happy-71st-wedding-anniversary-jimmy-and-rosalynn-carter/8gLu5tUWRYN0iKxX4g8mWP/" target="_blank">https://www.ajc.com/news/happy-71st-wedding-anniversary-jimmy-and-rosalynn-carter/8gLu5tUWRYN0iKxX4g8mWP/</a> <a href="#fnref:518" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:519">&quot;Biography of Jimmy Carter&quot;. Jimmy Carter Library. July 25, 2018. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2020. <a href="https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/about_us/biography_of_jimmy_carter" target="_blank">https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/about_us/biography_of_jimmy_carter</a> <a href="#fnref:519" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:520">Alter 2020, pp.&nbsp;316&#8211;317. - Alter, Jonathan (2020). His Very Best: Jimmy Carter, a Life. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-5011-2554-6. <a href="#fnref:520" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:521">Jimmy Carter (2005). Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis. Simon and Schuster. pp.&nbsp;84&#8211;. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-7432-8457-8. My last book, Sharing Good Times, is dedicated &quot;to Mary Prince, whom we love and cherish.&quot; Mary is a wonderful black woman who, as a teenager visiting a small town, was falsely accused of murder and defended by an assigned lawyer whom she first met on the day of the trial, when he advised her to plead guilty, promising a light sentence. She got life imprisonment instead ... A reexamination of the evidence and trial proceedings by the original judge revealed that she was completely innocent, and she was granted a pardon. <a href="978-0-7432-8457-8" target="_blank">978-0-7432-8457-8</a> <a href="#fnref:521" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:522">Bird, Kai (2021). The Outlier: The Unfinished Presidency of Jimmy Carter. New York: Crown. pp.&nbsp;3&#8211;4, 81&#8211;82. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-451-49523-5. <a href="978-0-451-49523-5" target="_blank">978-0-451-49523-5</a> <a href="#fnref:522" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:523">Jimmy Carter (2005). Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis. Simon and Schuster. pp.&nbsp;84&#8211;. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-7432-8457-8. My last book, Sharing Good Times, is dedicated &quot;to Mary Prince, whom we love and cherish.&quot; Mary is a wonderful black woman who, as a teenager visiting a small town, was falsely accused of murder and defended by an assigned lawyer whom she first met on the day of the trial, when he advised her to plead guilty, promising a light sentence. She got life imprisonment instead ... A reexamination of the evidence and trial proceedings by the original judge revealed that she was completely innocent, and she was granted a pardon. <a href="978-0-7432-8457-8" target="_blank">978-0-7432-8457-8</a> <a href="#fnref:523" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:524">After working in the Georgia governor's mansion as a trustee prisoner, Prince had been returned to prison in 1975 when Carter's term as governor ended, but intervention on her behalf by both Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, with Jimmy Carter asking to be designated as her parole officer, enabled her to be reprieved and to work in the White House.[475][473][476] <a href="/wiki/Trustee#Correctional_institution_usage" target="_blank">/wiki/Trustee#Correctional_institution_usage</a> <a href="#fnref:524" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:525">Barnes, Dustin (October 19, 2019). &quot;'Still going strong': Jimmy &amp; Rosalynn Carter become longest-married presidential couple&quot;. USA Today. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved September 7, 2021. <a href="https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/10/18/jimmy-rosalynn-carter-become-longest-married-presidential-couple/4025978002/" target="_blank">https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/10/18/jimmy-rosalynn-carter-become-longest-married-presidential-couple/4025978002/</a> <a href="#fnref:525" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:597">Historians rate best and worst presidents. Wisconsin State Journal. January 10, 1982. Retrieved December 22, 2024. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/wisconsin-state-journal-historians-rate/161375991/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/article/wisconsin-state-journal-historians-rate/161375991/</a> <a href="#fnref:597" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:598">Presidents rated: Truman, Ike near the top. Chicago Tribune. The World. February 4, 1982. Retrieved September 29, 2024. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-world-presidents-rated-truman-ike/156226892/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-world-presidents-rated-truman-ike/156226892/</a> <a href="#fnref:598" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:622">For the First Time, Reagan Leads Carter. The Tampa Tribune. June 18, 1980. Retrieved September 26, 2024. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tampa-tribune-for-the-first-time-re/156058167/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tampa-tribune-for-the-first-time-re/156058167/</a> <a href="#fnref:622" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:641">&quot;James Earl Carter Jr 1998 &#8211; ASME&quot;. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192308/https://www.asme.org/about-asme/get-involved/honors-awards/unit-awards/hoover-awards/1998" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192308/https://www.asme.org/about-asme/get-involved/honors-awards/unit-awards/hoover-awards/1998</a> <a href="#fnref:641" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:642">&quot;The Nobel Peace Prize for 2002 to Jimmy Carter&quot; (Press release). Nobel Foundation. October 11, 2002. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2015. <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2002/press.html" target="_blank">https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2002/press.html</a> <a href="#fnref:642" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

Jimmy Carter open-in-new

Jimmy Carter