TurkStream

<h2 id="history">History</h2>

The first direct gas pipeline between Russia and Turkey under the Black Sea was <a href="/facts/Blue_Stream/QK6FnB2l">Blue Stream</a>, which was commissioned in 2005. In 2009, Russia′s prime minister <a href="/facts/Vladimir_Putin/DcQdxqbj">Vladimir Putin</a> proposed the Blue Stream II line parallel to the original pipeline.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> The Blue Stream II project never took off and the <a href="/facts/South_Stream/7A0uUYG1">South Stream</a> project took the lead, until it was abandoned in 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a>
The TurkStream (then named Turkish Stream) project was announced by Russia′s president <a href="/facts/Vladimir_Putin/DcQdxqbj">Vladimir Putin</a> on 1 December 2014 during his state visit to Turkey, when a memorandum of understanding was signed between <a href="/facts/Gazprom/gRSbevVh">Gazprom</a> and <a href="/facts/BOTA%25C5%259E/ulxX8qe4">BOTAŞ</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> A permit to conduct engineering surveys for the Turkish offshore section was granted in July 2015. Also in July 2015, a memorandum of understanding between Greece and Russia was signed for the construction and operation of the TurkStream section in the Greek territory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>
In November 2015, after the <a href="/facts/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown/7lAjMlYj">shooting down of a Russian Sukhoi Su-24</a>, the project was unilaterally suspended by Russia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> In late July 2016, following a reconciliation meeting in Moscow, both sides brought the project back to the table.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> On 10 October 2016, Russia and Turkey officially signed the intergovernmental agreement in <a href="/facts/Istanbul/Xo1hzGWH">Istanbul</a> to execute the project.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
A contract with an offshore contractor <a href="/facts/Allseas/UgUb1WPq">Allseas</a> for laying the first line was signed on 8 December 2016 and the contract for the second line was signed on 20 February 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> Laying of the first line in the Russian offshore section started on 7 May 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> The ceremony of completing construction of the offshore section was held in <a href="/facts/Istanbul/Xo1hzGWH">Istanbul</a> on 19 November 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> The offshore section of the pipeline was filled with gas in November 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
Gazprom began shipping gas via TurkStream, including to Bulgaria and <a href="/facts/North_Macedonia/YpfcC5DA">North Macedonia</a>, on 1 January 2020, replacing supplies via the <a href="/facts/Trans-Balkan_pipeline/VMR9nMUa">Trans-Balkan pipeline</a> through <a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/facts/Romania/yolzk5cN">Romania</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> The pipeline was inaugurated on 8 January 2020 by presidents Putin and <a href="/facts/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%25C4%259Fan/7lFKaJH7">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>
The TurkStream project replaced the <a href="/facts/South_Stream/7A0uUYG1">South Stream</a> project that was cancelled in 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> Following the <a href="/facts/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown/7lAjMlYj">shooting down</a> of a Russian fighter jet by Turkey in November 2015, the project was temporarily halted. <a href="/facts/Russia%25E2%2580%2593Turkey_relations/XHf42MAb">Russia–Turkey relations</a> were restored in summer 2016 and the intergovernmental agreement for TurkStream was signed in October 2016. Construction started in May 2017 and gas deliveries to <a href="/facts/Bulgaria/Er5pY3YS">Bulgaria</a> via the pipeline began on 1 January 2020.
On 13 January 2025, the Russian defence ministry reported a failed Ukrainian drone attack on a TurkStream compressor station in the <a href="/facts/Krasnodar_Krai/vQ076rBo">Krasnodar region</a>, which Russia called an "act of energy terrorism". The attack happened after Ukraine refused to renew a five-year transit contract for Russian gas through Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>

<h2 id="technical-features">Technical features</h2>
The pipeline is estimated to cost €11.4 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> The pipeline has two lines with a total capacity of 31.5 billion m3/a (1.11 trillion cu ft/a) of natural gas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> The first line supplies Turkey and the second line allows the transport of natural gas further, to South East and Central Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> Both lines are using pipes with an outer diameter of 810 mm (32 in), manufactured by Europipe GmbH of Germany, Vyksa Steel Works of OMK and Izhora Pipe Mill of <a href="/facts/Severstal/WFQQfc5z">Severstal</a> of Russia, and a consortium of <a href="/facts/Marubeni/LIQMbket">Marubeni</a>, <a href="/facts/Itochu/y8SWFPn7">Itochu</a> and <a href="/facts/Sumitomo/yBnQDWoY">Sumitomo</a> of Japan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> Pipes have a wall thickness of 39 mm (1.5 in)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> and a concrete coating of 80 mm (3.1 in).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> The internal pressure of the pipeline is 300 <a href="/facts/Bar_(unit)/wwFWTTkT">bars</a> (4,400 <a href="/facts/Pound_per_square_inch/RMdeTlB0">psi</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> The pipeline is installed in water depths up to 2,200 m (7,200 ft).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>

<h2 id="route">Route</h2>

TurkStream begins at the Russkaya compressor station near <a href="/facts/Anapa/QXgHRAUS">Anapa</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> It runs approximately 930 km (578 mi) offshore, of which approximately 230 km (140 mi) is located in the Russian maritime zones and approximately 700 km (435 mi) is located in the Turkish waters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> The landing point in Turkey is <a href="/facts/K%25C4%25B1y%25C4%25B1k%25C3%25B6y/2EPFUTfm">Kıyıköy</a>, a village in the district of <a href="/facts/Vize/YbcepdwN">Vize</a> in <a href="/facts/K%25C4%25B1rklareli_Province/rud7tBCf">Kırklareli Province</a> at northwestern Turkey. From there, it continues from Kıyıköy to Malkoçlar into Bulgaria at the Turkey–Bulgaria border.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>
The further extension of the pipeline in South-East and Central European countries are responsibilities of involved countries. For the gas transport both existing infrastructure and construction of new pipelines will be used. For Gazprom the preferable option is to export gas from the second line to <a href="/facts/Bulgaria/Er5pY3YS">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a>, <a href="/facts/Hungary/YRedQLtI">Hungary</a>, <a href="/facts/Slovakia/gmJwpwM3">Slovakia</a>, and <a href="/facts/Austria/4qWIMIyc">Austria</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> The route in Bulgaria starts on the Bulgaria–Turkey borders and runs by a reverse mode to the compressor station in <a href="/facts/Provadia/EgrPM298">Provadia</a>, north-east of Bulgaria. From there, a new 474 km (295 mi) pipeline will run to the Bulgaria–Serbia border. New compressor stations will be built in Provadia and <a href="/facts/Rasovo%2c_Kyustendil_Province/SqdyLwpK">Rasovo</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> The Serbian part of the gas transport route begins near <a href="/facts/Zaje%25C4%258Dar/oYYvgqVk">Zaječar</a> on the Bulgaria–Serbia border and cross the Serbia–Hungary border near <a href="/facts/Horgo%25C5%25A1/YzqbAjLb">Horgoš</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> A connecting branch from Belgrade to <a href="/facts/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/jNVA1gPB">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> is planned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> The Hungarian section will be only 15 km (9.3 mi) long.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a>
The other planned follow-on projects included also the Tesla pipeline, to run from <a href="/facts/Greece/lqHw8bTB">Greece</a> to <a href="/facts/North_Macedonia/YpfcC5DA">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a> and <a href="/facts/Hungary/YRedQLtI">Hungary</a>, ending at the <a href="/facts/Baumgarten_an_der_March/1KdyAUbC">Baumgarten gas hub</a> in <a href="/facts/Austria/4qWIMIyc">Austria</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>

<h2 id="contractors">Contractors</h2>
The project was implemented by South Stream Transport B.V., a subsidiary of Gazprom, which was originally established for the South Stream project.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> In the near-shore areas the offshore pipeline was laid by the pipe-laying vessel Audacia. For the deep part of the Black Sea, the pipe-laying vessel <a href="/facts/Pioneering_Spirit_(ship)/Q3wcuvQD">Pioneering Spirit</a> was used.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>
The contractor for the Turkish section was <a href="/facts/Petrofac/z1e2382r">Petrofac</a> and the subcontractor for the construction of the receiving terminal in Turkey was <a href="/facts/Tekfen/bcKhDqUT">Tekfen</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> Contractor for the onshore section to the Turkey–Bulgaria border was TurkAkim Gaz Tasima A. S. will carry out construction of the land section, a joint venture of Gazprom and BOTAŞ.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a>

<h2 id="impact">Impact</h2>
TurksStream changes the regional gas flows in South-East Europe by diverting the <a href="/facts/Natural_gas_transmission_system_of_Ukraine/Mmwo8Rj7">transit through Ukraine</a> and the Trans Balkan Pipeline system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>
In 2022, Turkish President <a href="/facts/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%25C4%259Fan/7lFKaJH7">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> and Russian President <a href="/facts/Vladimir_Putin/DcQdxqbj">Vladimir Putin</a> planned for Turkey to become an energy hub for all of Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> According to Aura Săbăduș, a senior energy journalist focusing on the Black Sea region, "Turkey would accumulate gas from various producers — <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a>, <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a> and <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan/Ho5joRTJ">Azerbaijan</a>, [liquefied natural gas] and its own Black Sea gas — and then <a href="/facts/Whitewashing_(censorship)/pMBPSMV1">whitewash</a> it and relabel it as Turkish. European buyers wouldn’t know the origin of the gas."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a>
After the cessation of gas transit through Ukraine to Europe at the beginning of 2025, TurkStream will be the only gas pipeline through which Russia can directly supply gas to Europe. By 2023, Russia's gas deliveries via TurkStream have already increased by 23% to 16.7 billion cubic meters. According to Gokhan Yardim, former manager of the state-owned energy company GOTA, this will open up the possibility of a further 15 billion cubic meters of gas transit. On January 11, 2025, Ukraine attacked a TurkStream gas compressor station in Russia with drones. However, the gas transport was not interrupted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>
In 2024, Slovakia entered into a pilot contract to buy <a href="/facts/Natural_gas_in_Azerbaijan/XpjWKrJr">natural gas from Azerbaijan</a> to reduce the impact of the Ukrainian closure of the pipeline for Russian supplies in 2025. Transfer may be via Russia and TurkStream.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>Russia portal</li><li>Energy portal</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Balkan_Stream/hD8VbpRG">Balkan Stream</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Trans_Adriatic_Pipeline/h4GtbkNd">Trans Adriatic Pipeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Trans-Anatolian_gas_pipeline/KHK3X39u">Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
 Media related to TurkStream at Wikimedia Commons

<ul><li><a href="http://turkstream.info/">Official website</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.gem.wiki/TurkStream_Gas_Pipeline">TurkStream Gas Pipeline</a> on <a href="/facts/Global_Energy_Monitor/zMIbX05r">Global Energy Monitor</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Socor, Vladimir (2009-08-11). "Gazprom, Turkey Revive and Reconfigure Blue Stream Two". Eurasia Daily Monitor. The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 2009-08-30. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Socor" target="_blank">/wiki/Vladimir_Socor</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Russia drops South Stream gas pipeline plan". BBC News. 2014-12-01. Retrieved 2014-12-01. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-30283571" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-30283571</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Russia drops South Stream gas pipeline plan". BBC News. 2014-12-01. Retrieved 2014-12-01. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-30283571" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-30283571</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"TurkStream Pipeline". NS Energy. Retrieved 2019-12-12. <a href="https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/turkstream-pipeline/" target="_blank">https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/turkstream-pipeline/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"TurkStream Pipeline". NS Energy. Retrieved 2019-12-12. <a href="https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/turkstream-pipeline/" target="_blank">https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/turkstream-pipeline/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Gotev, Georgi (2015-11-27). "Erdogan fumes at Russia's 'restrictive measures' after jet downing". EURACTIV. Retrieved 2017-05-20. <a href="http://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/erdogan-fumes-at-russia-s-restrictive-measures-after-jet-downing/" target="_blank">http://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/erdogan-fumes-at-russia-s-restrictive-measures-after-jet-downing/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:11">"Gazprom has started construction of the offshore section of Turkish stream". Russia News Today. RIA Novosti. 2017-05-07. Retrieved 2017-05-20. <a href="http://chelorg.com/2017/05/07/gazprom-has-started-construction-of-the-offshore-section-of-turkish-stream/" target="_blank">http://chelorg.com/2017/05/07/gazprom-has-started-construction-of-the-offshore-section-of-turkish-stream/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Astakhova, Olesya; Kucukgocmen, Ali; Balmforth, Tom; Devitt, Polina (2018-11-19). "Russia's Gazprom says offshore part of TurkStream is complete". Reuters. Retrieved 2019-12-13. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-russia-gas-pipeline/russias-gazprom-says-offshore-part-of-turkstream-is-complete-idUSKCN1NO1KS" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-russia-gas-pipeline/russias-gazprom-says-offshore-part-of-turkstream-is-complete-idUSKCN1NO1KS</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">"TurkStream project enters final stage". Budapest Business Journal. 2019-11-22. Retrieved 2019-12-13. <a href="https://bbj.hu/region/turkstream-project-enters-final-stage_174531" target="_blank">https://bbj.hu/region/turkstream-project-enters-final-stage_174531</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Russian begins TurkStream gas flows to Greece, North Macedonia". Reuters. 2020-01-05. Retrieved 2020-01-05. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-bulgaria-gas/russian-begins-turkstream-gas-flows-to-greece-north-macedonia-idUSKBN1Z40D0" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-bulgaria-gas/russian-begins-turkstream-gas-flows-to-greece-north-macedonia-idUSKBN1Z40D0</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Turk Stream launch scheduled for January 8 in Istanbul – Erdogan". TASS. 2019-11-30. Retrieved 2019-12-13. <a href="https://tass.com/economy/1094419" target="_blank">https://tass.com/economy/1094419</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"TurkStream pipeline project to be officially launched Wednesday". Daily Sabah. 6 January 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020. <a href="https://www.dailysabah.com/energy/2020/01/06/turkstream-pipeline-project-to-be-officially-launched-wednesday" target="_blank">https://www.dailysabah.com/energy/2020/01/06/turkstream-pipeline-project-to-be-officially-launched-wednesday</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"Russia drops South Stream gas pipeline plan". BBC News. 2014-12-01. Retrieved 2014-12-01. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-30283571" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-30283571</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Vladimir Soldatkin; Papachristou, Lucy; Rodionov, Maxim (13 January 2025). "Moscow says Ukraine tried to attack TurkStream pipeline infrastructure in Russia". Reuters. Retrieved 16 January 2025. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-tried-attack-turkstream-pipeline-infrastructure-southern-russia-moscow-2025-01-13/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-tried-attack-turkstream-pipeline-infrastructure-southern-russia-moscow-2025-01-13/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"Gazprom plans to begin laying Turkish Stream in summer". TASS. 2017-04-27. Retrieved 2017-05-20. <a href="http://tass.com/economy/943604" target="_blank">http://tass.com/economy/943604</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"Launch date of Turkish Stream not to differ much from South Stream schedule – Gazprom". TASS. 2015-01-16. Retrieved 2015-01-25. <a href="http://tass.com/economy/771456" target="_blank">http://tass.com/economy/771456</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"TurkStream natural gas pipeline to impact region's gas flow". Daily Sabah. 23 October 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019. <a href="https://www.dailysabah.com/energy/2019/10/22/turkstream-natural-gas-pipeline-to-impact-regions-gas-flow" target="_blank">https://www.dailysabah.com/energy/2019/10/22/turkstream-natural-gas-pipeline-to-impact-regions-gas-flow</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Paul, Amanda (2015-01-24). "Game on for 'Turkish Stream'". Today's Zaman. Archived from the original on 2015-01-25. Retrieved 2015-01-25. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150125064258/http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist/amanda-paul/game-on-for-turkish-stream_370649.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150125064258/http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist/amanda-paul/game-on-for-turkish-stream_370649.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"TurkStream project awaits construction start". Offshore. 2017-04-12. Retrieved 2019-12-13. <a href="https://www.offshore-mag.com/pipelines/article/16755988/turkstream-project-awaits-construction-start" target="_blank">https://www.offshore-mag.com/pipelines/article/16755988/turkstream-project-awaits-construction-start</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"TurkStream project awaits construction start". Offshore. 2017-04-12. Retrieved 2019-12-13. <a href="https://www.offshore-mag.com/pipelines/article/16755988/turkstream-project-awaits-construction-start" target="_blank">https://www.offshore-mag.com/pipelines/article/16755988/turkstream-project-awaits-construction-start</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:28">"TurkStream project enters final stage". Budapest Business Journal. 2019-11-22. Retrieved 2019-12-13. <a href="https://bbj.hu/region/turkstream-project-enters-final-stage_174531" target="_blank">https://bbj.hu/region/turkstream-project-enters-final-stage_174531</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:30">"Ankara to complete TurkStream by end of 2019". Hürriyet Daily News. 18 November 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019. <a href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ankara-to-complete-turkstream-by-end-of-2019-148818" target="_blank">http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ankara-to-complete-turkstream-by-end-of-2019-148818</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Barsukov, Yuri (2018-11-22). «Газпром» сделал трубный выбор [Gazprom made a pipe choice]. Kommersant (in Russian). Retrieved 2019-12-13. <a href="«Газпром» сделал трубный выбор" target="_blank">«Газпром» сделал трубный выбор</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

TurkStream open-in-new

TurkStream