Chengdu J-7

<h2 id="design-and-development">Design and development</h2>
<h3>Background</h3>
In the 1950s and early 1960s, the <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> shared a large proportion of its conventional weapons technology with its neighbor, <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>. One such example is the <a href="/facts/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-19/4LL7lMRL">MiG-19</a>, which was locally produced by China as the <a href="/facts/Shenyang_J-6/aKEaUw3e">Shenyang J-6</a> from as early as 1958.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> During the same decade, the even more capable <a href="/facts/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21/AJT2EjY5">MiG-21</a> had been developed by the Soviets; this fighter, being inexpensive but fast, suited the strategy of forming large groups of 'people's fighters' to overcome the technological advantages of Western aircraft. However, the <a href="/facts/Sino-Soviet_split/r958VRaK">Sino-Soviet split</a> abruptly ended initial cooperation efforts; between 28 July and 1 September 1960, the Soviet Union withdrew its advisers from China, resulting in the J-7 project coming to a halt in China.
During February 1962, Soviet Premier <a href="/facts/Nikita_Khrushchev/SBySdWPf">Nikita Khrushchev</a> unexpectedly wrote to <a href="/facts/Mao_Zedong/tU9LMYH3">Mao Zedong</a> to inform him that the Soviet Union was willing to transfer MiG-21 technology to China, and he asked the Chinese to promptly send their representatives to the Soviet Union to discuss arrangements. The Chinese viewed this offer as a Soviet gesture to make peace, while suspicious, they were nonetheless eager to take up the Soviet offer of an aircraft deal. A delegation headed by General <a href="/facts/Liu_Yalou/dvh9PBLq">Liu Yalou</a>, the commander-in-chief of the <a href="/facts/People%2527s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force/QW1epsTb">People's Liberation Army Air Force</a> (PLAAF) and himself a Soviet military academy graduate, was dispatched to <a href="/facts/Moscow/AcFYpQUR">Moscow</a> immediately; the Chinese delegation was given three days to visit the MiG-21's production facility, which was previously off-limits to foreigners.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> The visit's authorization was personally given by Nikita Khrushchev, and on 30 March 1962, the technology transfer deal was signed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>

<h3>Establishing production</h3>
However, given the state of political relations between the two countries, the Chinese were not optimistic about gaining the technology, and allegedly made preparations to <a href="/facts/Reverse_engineering/pmJCV7J7">reverse engineer</a> the aircraft.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> Russian sources state that several complete MiG-21s were sent to China, flown by Soviet pilots, while MiG-21Fs in kit form was also sent along with parts and technical documents. As the Chinese had expected, following the delivery of kits, parts and documents to <a href="/facts/Shenyang_Aircraft_Corporation/5Nnl0k7U">Shenyang Aircraft Factory</a> five months after the deal was signed, it was discovered that some technical documents provided by the Soviets were incomplete and that several parts could not be used.
China set about to engineer the aircraft for local production; in doing so, they successfully solved 249 major issues and reproduced eight major technical documents that were not provided by the Soviet Union. One of the major flaws was with the <a href="/facts/Hydraulic/KSIqLovc">hydraulic</a> systems, which grounded up to 70% of some squadron's aircraft until upgrades were made. Another major modification was to the fuel storage, increasing the aircraft's stability. The MiG-21 carries most of its fuel in the forward fuselage, causing the center of gravity to shift and become unstable after about 45 minutes of operation. The J-7 has redesigned fuel tanks and significantly larger <a href="/facts/Drop_tank/qJEAkrrx">drop tanks</a> in order to maintain a more stable center of gravity, and therefore better <a href="/facts/Longitudinal_static_stability/oELCl2y4">longitudinal static stability</a>. The cockpit was also revised to replace the Soviet ejection seat, which was deemed to be unacceptable. The forward opening canopy was replaced by a standard rear-hinged canopy, which was jettisoned prior to ejection. The re-engineering effort was largely successful, as the Chinese-built J-7 showed only minor differences in design and performance from the original MiG-21.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
During March 1964, domestic production of the J-7 reportedly commenced at the Shenyang Aircraft Factory. However, mass production efforts were severely hindered by an unexpected social and economic problem—<a href="/facts/The_Cultural_Revolution/1EAQGgYk">the Cultural Revolution</a>—that resulted in poor initial quality and slow progress. Achieving full domestic production had involved not only the local assembly of the aircraft itself, but the production of its various components and systems, including its <a href="/facts/Turbojet/8FMD6dNg">turbojet</a> powerplant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> As a consequence, full-scale production of the J-7 was only truly achieved during the 1980s, by which time the original aircraft design was showing its age. By the 1980s, quantity production of the <a href="/facts/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon/0KRD0Gqy">General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon</a> fighter was well underway in the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>; this relatively-affordable single-engined western fighter was considerably more agile than the J-7, even with the former carrying a greater payload.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>

<h3>Further development</h3>
In 1987, the J-7E was introduced, having a greatly improved wing, among other improvements. It was roughly 45% more maneuverable, and its takeoff and landing performance was greatly increased. It was also equipped with a helmet mounted sight, as well as being the first MiG-21 variant to be equipped with <a href="/facts/HOTAS/ks5GaEPe">HOTAS</a> and a multipurpose display. Many of the electronic components were British in origin, such as the gun sight and the multi purpose display. The aircraft is capable of using <a href="/facts/PL-8_(missile)/nztzXoaE">PL-8/Python 3</a> missiles with both the helmet mounted sight or the radar fire control, but the two are not connected. The pilot may use only one system at a time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
In the mid 1980s, Pakistan requested an aircraft with greater radar capabilities. Both the standard radar and the British Marconi radar were plagued by ground clutter, but China did not have any experience with air to ground radar at the time. In 1984, Pakistan provided assistance by having their American-trained F-16 pilots provide training on proper ground attack radar operation, which enabled the Chinese to develop the J-7M. In the late 1980s, the J-7MP and J-7PG introduced significant upgrades to the radar system by converting to an Italian <a href="/facts/FIAR/6V9lq1gP">FIAR</a> Grifo-7 radar, more than tripled the effective range of the radar, as well as greatly increased the maximum angle for target detection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>
The J-7 only reached its Soviet-designed capabilities in the mid 1980s. Being relatively affordable, it was widely exported as the F-7, often with Western systems incorporated, such as to Pakistan. There are over 20 different export variants of the J-7, some of which are equipped to use European weaponry, such as French <a href="/facts/R.550_Magic/vLdrTkw1">R.550 Magic</a> missiles. The Discovery Channel's Wings Over The Red Star series claims that the Chinese intercepted several Soviet MiG-21s en route to North Vietnam (during the <a href="/facts/Vietnam_War/W0gfbGTE">Vietnam War</a>), but these aircraft did not perform in a manner consistent with their original specifications, suggesting that the Chinese actually intercepted down-rated aircraft that were intended for export, rather than fully capable production aircraft. For this reason, the Chinese had to re-engineer the intercepted MiG-21 airframes in order to achieve their original capabilities. China later developed the <a href="/facts/Shenyang_J-8/aYc1f7Au">Shenyang J-8</a> based both on the expertise gained by the program, and by utilizing the incomplete technical information acquired from the Soviet <a href="/facts/Ye-152/XqfldsT1">Ye-152</a> developmental jet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>
During May 2013, production of the J-7 was permanently terminated, bringing to a close a period of manufacturing stretching almost 50 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>
At the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition in 2018, a display showing the J-7 as an unmanned platform was shown.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>

<h2 id="operational-history">Operational history</h2>

<h3>Africa</h3>
Namibia
During August 2005, Namibia ordered 12 F-7NMs for its air force; Chinese sources reported the delivery in November 2006. The model procured is believed to be a variation of the F-7PG acquired by Pakistan with Grifo MG radar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>

Nigeria
In early 2008, Nigeria procured 12 F-7NI fighters and three FT-7NI trainers to replace its existing inventory of MiG-21 fighters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> On September 20, 2018, two Nigerian F-7Ni aircraft crashed into Katamkpehir, Abuja, killing one pilot after a mid-air collision during a rehearsal of an aerial display for the 58th anniversary of Nigeria's independence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>

Sudan
During the lengthy <a href="/facts/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War/Re986juN">Second Sudanese Civil War</a>, Sudan procured a number of F-7s. In November 1993, it was reported that Iran had allegedly financed Sudan's purchase of around 20 Chinese ground-attack aircraft, having pledged $17 million in financial aid to the Sudanese government and arranged for $300 million in Chinese arms to be delivered to the Sudanese Army.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>

Tanzania
The <a href="/facts/Tanzanian_Air_Force/QQIa5vwj">Tanzanian Air Force</a> deployed its F-7As during the <a href="/facts/Uganda%25E2%2580%2593Tanzania_War/15lpCU5n">Uganda–Tanzania War</a> against <a href="/facts/Uganda/PabdegRm">Uganda</a> and <a href="/facts/Libya/HMPH8PWR">Libya</a>, fought between 1978 and 1979. Forming a major component of Tanzania's combat aircraft, the type facilitated the defeat of the nominally stronger <a href="/facts/Ugandan_Air_Force/69krG58w">Uganda Army Air Force</a> during the air campaign.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>

Zimbabwe
Due to their very limited operational capabilities in the absence of ground support from radars, Zimbabwean F-7s were never used in combat operations during the <a href="/facts/Second_Congo_War/sf5qnF8a">Second Congo War</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> Their only deployment in the DR Congo took place in January 2001, when four aircraft were to participate in the burial ceremony for the assassinated president, <a href="/facts/Laurent-D%25C3%25A9sir%25C3%25A9_Kabila/yjJhcMLT">Laurent-Désiré Kabila</a>. During the journey from Zimbabwe to <a href="/facts/Kinshasa/REHVNkdc">Kinshasa</a>, one of them crashed, with its pilot ejecting safely. Moreover, on the return trip, two aircraft were damaged on landing, although both were repaired and returned to service.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>

<h3>Europe</h3>
Albania
The deployment of F-7As near the country's northern border successfully checked <a href="/facts/Yugoslavia/rK14hYmb">Yugoslav</a> incursions into <a href="/facts/Albania/8GP40BUD">Albanian</a> airspace.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>

<h3>East and Southeast Asia</h3>
China
Throughout the mid-1990s, the PLAAF began to replace its J-7B inventory with the substantially redesigned and improved J-7E variant. The wings of the J-7E have a new "double delta" design offering improved aerodynamics and increased fuel capacity, and the J-7E also features a more powerful engine and improved avionics. The newest version of the J-7, the J-7G, entered service with the PLAAF in 2003.
The principal role of the J-7 in Chinese service is to provide local air defense and tactical air superiority. Large numbers are to be employed to deter enemy air operations.
In June 2021, four J-7s participated in a combat drill conducted near Taiwan's air defense identification zone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>
The decommissioning of the J-7 began in 2018, with the whole fleet set to retire in 2023. According to the <a href="/facts/US_Air_Force/7MxWBYlc">US Air Force</a> <a href="/facts/China_Aerospace_Studies_Institute/Ipxlpy9L">China Aerospace Studies Institute</a>, the retirement of J-7 marked the PLAAF's transition to a fleet composed of only fourth-generation and fifth-generation aircraft. According to the Chinese media, PLAAF also considered turning J-7 into drones for training tools and aerial decoys.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>

Myanmar
During the 1990s, <a href="/facts/Myanmar/zcqQH2oE">Myanmar</a> reportedly established four squadrons of F-7s, which have been primarily used for air defense duties. Technical difficulties have reportedly plagued the fleet early on, and their ground-attack performance was not deemed sufficient.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> Since then, Myanmar has improved the F-7 fleet's capabilities via a modernisation programme. A series of upgrades were allegedly performed by a combination of Chinese and <a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israeli</a> enterprises; although confirmed details on the arrangements have remained sparse, changes reportedly include the adoption of various Israeli-built missiles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>

<h3>Middle East</h3>
Iran
During the 1980s, Iran procured a number of F-7s, despite Chinese officials issuing denials of directly supplying military equipment to the country at that time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> Despite its use as a frontline fighter, the type has not been involved in any known combat actions. By the 21st century, it was largely relegated to use as a trainer aircraft.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> The F-7 has also been used as a flying test bed for various indigenous technologies. In the recent years, maintaining the fleet's operational status has reportedly become difficult. This is caused by the limited availability of spare parts, despite efforts by domestic industries to fill in, but also by the age of the airframes, which have accumulated excessive numbers of flight hours.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>
Iranian F-7s have featured in several movies, often portraying Iraqi MiG-21s during the <a href="/facts/Iran%25E2%2580%2593Iraq_War/DqD7W8vd">Iran–Iraq War</a>. One tells the story of an <a href="/facts/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force/up92PhTe">Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force</a> strike on the Iraqi nuclear reactor at <a href="/facts/Operation_Scorch_Sword/Jwpv1D9g">Osirak</a> on 30 September 1980. Another one, "Attack on H3", tells the story of the 810 km-deep raid against Iraqi Air Force airfields on 4 April 1981, and other movies depicting the air combat in 1981 that resulted in the downing of around 70 Iraqi aircraft.

Iraq
Iraqi F-7Bs were never used in combat, but only as advanced trainers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>

<h3>South Asia</h3>
 
Bangladesh
The <a href="/facts/Bangladeshi_Air_Force/U2mzcqHz">Bangladeshi Air Force</a> currently operates FT-7MB Airguards, and F-7BG and F-7BGI interceptors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> The 16 F-7BGIs of the <a href="/facts/Bangladesh_Air_Force/U2mzcqHz">Bangladesh Air Force</a> entered service in 2013. The F-7BGI is one of the most advanced variants, and the last production model of the F-7/J-7 family.

 
Pakistan
During the 1980s, Pakistan launched <a href="/facts/Project_Sabre_II/db2ujtrL">Project Sabre II</a> in an effort to increase the effectiveness of its F-7 fleet by redesigning and upgrading the airframe. The program produced to a design study which was drawn up by engineers from Northrop Grumman, China and Pakistan, but by 1989, the project was abandoned largely as a consequence of economic <a href="/facts/Economic_sanctions/fKzSIKvR">sanctions</a> that the U.S. imposed on Pakistan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> That same year, Grumman and China initiated a new design study in another attempt to redesign the F-7<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> but that effort was also abandoned when the U.S. placed sanctions on China in response to the 1989 <a href="/facts/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989/WzL9ceHB">Tiananmen Square protests</a>. In 1991, a third initiative involving the F-7 was launched; originally known as the Fighter China project, it led to the creation of the <a href="/facts/JF-17_Thunder/BjlfQen6">JF-17 Thunder</a> multirole fighter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> The aircraft satisfied a requirement issued by the Pakistani Air Force for an affordable and modern combat aircraft, and the country is in the process of replacing its entire F-7 fleet with JF-17s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>

Sri Lanka
In 1991, the <a href="/facts/Sri_Lanka_Air_Force/bwBqAWpB">Sri Lanka Air Force</a> (SLAF) was looking for a jet <a href="/facts/Attack_aircraft/Rkc7Ft5I">attack aircraft</a> to provide fast close air support to its army. With western countries refusing to sell attack aircraft, the Government of Sri Lanka approached China for the purchase of several <a href="/facts/Nanchang_Q-5/1FLpj8kI">Nanchang Q-5s</a>, which had the range and payload capacity needed by the SLAF, and was already used by Pakistan and Bangladesh. Due to pressure from the west, China agreed to sell a small number of F-7BS fighters which allowed the SLAF to restore its capabilities that were lost a decade back.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> Due to the type's comparative lack of endurance and payload, the SLAF has periodically used its F-7s for pilot training purposes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> Early in 2008, the air force received six more advanced F-7Gs, to use primarily as interceptors. All of the F-7Gs, F-7BS' and FT-7s are flown by the <a href="/facts/No._5_Squadron_SLAF/5lVNuNyK">No 5 Jet Squadron</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a>
The SLAF has repeatedly deployed its F-7BS to conduct ground-attack missions against the <a href="/facts/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam/rWpNHtoI">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a> (LTTE). Sri Lankan officials reported that on 9 September 2008, three F-7s were scrambled after two rebel-flown <a href="/facts/Zl%25C3%25ADn_Z_43/duEhdff7">Zlín-143s</a> were detected by a ground radar. Two F-7s were sent to bomb two rebel airstrips in the <a href="/facts/Mullaitivu/7kEHSe9T">Mullaitivu</a> and <a href="/facts/Kilinochchi/h6en83ta">Kilinochchi</a> areas, while the third reportedly intercepted one Zlín-143. According to the Sri Lankan government, the rebel-flown aircraft was shot down by the chasing F-7G using an air-to-air missile, as it was returning to Mullaitivu after a bombing run against <a href="/facts/Vavuniya_Airport/ozlKI5fd">Vavuniya Airport</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a>

<h2 id="variants">Variants</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/List_of_Chengdu_J-7_variants/xWIvLMsm">List of Chengdu J-7 variants</a>
<h2 id="operators">Operators</h2>

<h3>Current</h3>
 <a href="/facts/Bangladesh/NXk4f78Y">Bangladesh</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Bangladesh_Air_Force/U2mzcqHz">Bangladesh Air Force</a>: 20 aircraft delivered between 1989 and 1990, with an additional 20 aircraft delivered between 1999 and 2006. 16 F-7BGI delivered between 2012 and 2013.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> 36 F-7 fighters and 11 FT-7 trainers listed as active in 2023<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force/up92PhTe">Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force</a>: 17 F-7s and 1 FT-7 in service as of 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Myanmar/zcqQH2oE">Myanmar</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Myanmar_Air_Force/VDb7As4X">Myanmar Air Force</a>: 64 aircraft were received between 1990 and 1999. 36 × F-7M and F-7IIK and 6 × FT-7 trainers remained in service (As of February 2012).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Namibia/ahXuaypy">Namibia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Namibian_Air_Force/6DN4PMTd">Namibian Air Force</a>: 6 × F-7NM and 2 × FT-7NM in active service. A total of 12 F/FT-7NM aircraft were delivered between 2006 and 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Nigeria/gbW17BX8">Nigeria</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Nigerian_Air_Force/h0BjwNXe">Nigerian Air Force</a>: 12 × F-7 and 2 × FT-7.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/North_Korea/Q41laakP">North Korea</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/North_Korean_Air_Force/FDD1SHuE">North Korean Air Force</a>: As of February 2012, 180 × F-7 remained in service. However, reports of dire levels of serviceability suggest an airworthiness rate of less than 50%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Pakistan_Air_Force/Tnbsp4p7">Pakistan Air Force</a>: As of January 2022, 48 × F7-PG (out of the original 60) plus 6 × FT-7 remained in service. Last few F7P retired from CCS Dashings squadron in 2021. 53 F-7PG still in service. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a>
<ul><li>No. 19 Squadron Sherdils – Operated F-7P/FT-7P from 1990<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> until April 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> Replaced by <a href="/facts/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon_variants/pWNn0f7Y">F-16A/B Block 15 ADF</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a></li></ul></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Sri_Lanka/VtTBmysE">Sri Lanka</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Sri_Lankan_Air_Force/bwBqAWpB">Sri Lankan Air Force</a>: As of January 2022, 5 × F-7GS/BS and 1 × FT-7 trainer remained in service.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Sudan/yGeaNdvS">Sudan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Sudanese_Air_Force/1vYm9vdD">Sudanese Air Force</a>: 20 F-7 fighters in service as of October 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Tanzania/MJueJ7E4">Tanzania</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Tanzanian_Air_Force/QQIa5vwj">Tanzanian Air Force</a>: Originally having had 11 × F-7 in service,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> Tanzania replaced them with 12 new J-7's (single-seat) under the designation J-7G and 2 dual-seat aircraft designated F-7TN in 2011. Originally ordered in 2009, the deliveries were completed and the aircraft are now fully operational at the air bases in Dar es Salaam and Mwanza. The new aircraft are equipped with a KLJ-6E Falcon radar, thought to be developed from the Selex Galileo Grifo 7 radar. The J-7G's primary weapon is the Chinese PL-7A short-range infrared air-to-air missile.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Zimbabwe/8Yqt8490">Zimbabwe</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Air_Force_of_Zimbabwe/P9btkmdP">Air Force of Zimbabwe</a>: 12 x F-7II/IIN and 2 x FT-7BZ delivered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> As of January 2022, 7 × F-7 remained in service.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a></li></ul>
<h3>Former</h3>
 <a href="/facts/Albania/8GP40BUD">Albania</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Albanian_Air_Force/lReRwu0o">Albanian Air Force</a>: Total 12 F-7A in service from 1969 through 2004, now retired.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/People%2527s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force/QW1epsTb">People's Liberation Army Air Force</a>: Significant sum in service from 1966 through 2023, now retired.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a>[better source needed]</li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Egyptian_Air_Force/gANcUjqd">Egyptian Air Force</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Iraq/pqYSFJw8">Iraq</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Iraqi_Air_Force/cQSPmgV1">Iraqi Air Force</a>: 100 × F-7B,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> retired after the <a href="/facts/2003_invasion_of_Iraq/V9zysaV1">2003 invasion of Iraq</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States of America</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/United_States_Air_Force/7MxWBYlc">United States Air Force</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a> (Foreign Technology Evaluation: MiG-21F-13)</li></ul>
<h2 id="specifications-j-7mg">Specifications (J-7MG)</h2>

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a>General characteristics
<ul><li>Crew: 1</li>
<li>Length: 14.884 m (48 ft 10 in) (Overall)</li>
<li>Wingspan: 8.32 m (27 ft 4 in)</li>
<li>Height: 4.11 m (13 ft 6 in)</li>
<li>Wing area: 24.88 m2 (267.8 sq ft)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)/9dFXqYAV">Aspect ratio</a>: 2.8</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Airfoil/2d3l6hKd">Airfoil</a>: root: TsAGI S-12 (4.2%); tip: TsAGI S-12 (5%)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a></li>
<li>Empty weight: 5,292 kg (11,667 lb)</li>
<li>Gross weight: 7,540 kg (16,623 lb) with 2x <a href="/facts/PL-2/vb81hMmX">PL-2</a> or <a href="/facts/PL-7/Gjaksfdo">PL-7</a> air-to-air missiles</li>
<li>Max takeoff weight: 9,100 kg (20,062 lb)</li>
<li>Powerplant: 1 × <a href="/facts/Liyang_Wopen-13F/5xu5pS60">Liyang Wopen-13F</a> afterburning <a href="/facts/Turbojet/8FMD6dNg">turbojet</a>, 44.1 kN (9,900 lbf) thrust dry, 64.7 kN (14,500 lbf) with afterburner</li></ul>
Performance

<ul><li>Maximum speed: 2,200 km/h (1,400 mph, 1,200 kn) IAS</li>
<li>Maximum speed: Mach 2</li>
<li>Stall speed: 210 km/h (130 mph, 110 kn) IAS</li>
<li>Combat range: 850 km (530 mi, 460 nmi)</li>
<li>Ferry range: 2,200 km (1,400 mi, 1,200 nmi)</li>
<li>Service ceiling: 17,500 m (57,400 ft)</li>
<li>Rate of climb: 195 m/s (38,400 ft/min)</li></ul>
Armament

<ul><li>Guns: 2× 30 mm Type 30-1 cannon, 60 rounds per gun</li>
<li>Hardpoints: 5 total. 4 × under-wing (up to 500 kg (1,100 lb) each), 1 × centerline under-fuselage 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) maximum.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a></li>
<li>Rockets: 55 mm rocket pod (12 rounds), 90 mm rocket pod (7 rounds)</li>
<li>Missiles: Air-to-air missiles: <a href="/facts/PL-2/vb81hMmX">PL-2</a>, <a href="/facts/PL-5/e2LjmDIV">PL-5</a>, <a href="/facts/PL-7/Gjaksfdo">PL-7</a>, <a href="/facts/PL-8_missile/nztzXoaE">PL-8</a>, <a href="/facts/PL-9/kfHdKJLc">PL-9</a>, <a href="/facts/Vympel_K-13/mrUxSgGH">K-13</a>, <a href="/facts/Magic_R.550/vLdrTkw1">Magic R.550</a>, <a href="/facts/AIM-9/LPm7nQTT">AIM-9</a></li>
<li>Bombs: 50 kg to 500 kg unguided bombs</li></ul>
Avionics

<ul><li>FIAR Grifo-7 mk.II radar</li></ul>

<h2 id="accidents-and-incidents">Accidents and incidents</h2>
<ul><li>On April 8, 2008, Squadron Leader Morshed Hasan died when his F-7 of the <a href="/facts/Bangladesh_Air_Force/U2mzcqHz">Bangladesh Air Force</a> (BAF) crashed in <a href="/facts/Ghatail_Upazila/1tED2b3V">Ghatail Upazila</a> of <a href="/facts/Tangail_District/xSKefTpR">Tangail District</a>. The pilot ejected from the aircraft but was critically injured when its parachute malfunctioned. He died at <a href="/facts/Combined_Military_Hospital_(Dhaka)/LhjdufIo">Combined Military Hospital</a> in <a href="/facts/Dhaka/8IYAkBh9">Dhaka</a> after he had been rescued from the scene.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a></li>
<li>On May 6, 2010, a Chinese PLAAF J-7 crashed due to engine failure near <a href="/facts/Jinan%2c_China/MWXCPRjU">Jinan, China</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a></li>
<li>On April 13, 2011, a Chinese PLAAF J-7 crashed near <a href="/facts/Liujiang_County/XxIDm3QQ">Liujiang County</a> and <a href="/facts/Xincheng_County/B94R1eM8">Xincheng County</a>, <a href="/facts/Liuzhou/5u3kKgvr">Liuzhou</a> during a training flight.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a></li>
<li>On January 25, 2012, a Pakistani Air Force (PAF) FT-7P crashed near <a href="/facts/Mianwali/ExqFBIWa">Mianwali</a> (<a href="/facts/Punjab%2c_Pakistan/ppTkKUTS">Punjab, Pakistan</a>) due to engine flameout following a bird hit. Flying Officer Fatima Tariq (now Flight Lt. F. Ali Naqvi) and instructor Wing Commander Waqar Ahmed both sustained minor injuries during ejection and/or landing.</li>
<li>On December 4, 2012, a Chinese PLAAF J-7 crashed into a residential building in <a href="/facts/Shantou/nUgHcRbD">Shantou</a>, <a href="/facts/Guangdong_Province/wvjsjdb1">Guangdong Province</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a> 4 civilians were injured as a result of the crash.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a></li>
<li>On June 29, 2015, Flight Lieutenant Tahmid (BAF) went missing when his F-7MB crashed into the <a href="/facts/Bay_of_Bengal/xqKAj4bJ">Bay of Bengal</a>. The aircraft took off around 10:27am from the Johurul Haque air base, lost contact with the control room around 11:10am, and crashed in the Bay of Bengal in <a href="/facts/Patenga/PKTjqvr3">Patenga</a> around 11:30am.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a></li>
<li>On 24 November 2015, flying officer <a href="/facts/Marium_Mukhtiar/1QN0yI70">Marium Mukhtiar</a>—the first female fighter pilot in the PAF—died when a twin-seat FT-7PG crashed at <a href="/facts/PAF_Base_M.M._Alam/PlURd61W">PAF Base M.M. Alam</a> near <a href="/facts/Kundian/x799JPBR">Kundian</a> in Punjab Province on a training mission. Both pilots ejected, but she succumbed to injuries received on landing. She was occupying the rear seat for <a href="/facts/Instrument_Flight_Rules/RPfLUgbe">Instrument Flight Rules</a> training.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a></li>
<li>On November 23, 2018, Wing Commander Arif Ahmed Dipu (BAF) died when his F-7BG crashed in Tangail's <a href="/facts/Madhupur_Upazila/Ly2XfMsw">Madhupur Upazila</a> on a training mission. The fuel tank reportedly caught fire once the aircraft used weaponry in the sky, leading the pilot to eject in low altitude.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a></li>
<li>On 7 January 2020, Pakistan Air Force (PAF) FT-7 crashed while on a routine operational training mission near Mianwali. Both pilots lost their lives in the crash.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a></li>
<li>On 15 October 2021 a <a href="/facts/Namibian_Air_Force/6DN4PMTd">Namibian Air Force</a> F-7 crashed into the security fence at <a href="/facts/Ondangwa_Airport/s8V8JYLV">Ondangwa Airport</a> after landing due to the failure of deploying a drag chute.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a></li>
<li>On 24 May 2022, two Iranian pilots were killed when their FT-7 crashed near <a href="/facts/Anarak/vXJExxWp">Anarak</a>, 200 km (124 miles) east of the city of <a href="/facts/Isfahan/BLw4k2fm">Isfahan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a></li>
<li>On 9 June 2022, a PLAAF J-7 crashed in a residential area in <a href="/facts/Hubei/7JDg0AYg">Hubei</a>, <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>, destroying several houses and killing at least one person on the ground. The pilot ejected with minor injuries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a></li>
<li>On February 6, 2025, Air Lieutenant Nesbert Tambudza of the Air Force of Zimbabwe died when the J-7 jet trainer he was piloting crashed during a solo training flight near Guinea Fowl, approximately 5 kilometers east of <a href="/facts/Gweru/qUre4lvs">Gweru</a>.</li>
<li>On June 10, 2025, an F-7M fighter jet of the <a href="/facts/Myanmar_Air_Force/VDb7As4X">Myanmar Air Force</a> crashed into a house in Sabarsae village in Pearl township during an air operation to assist defending of battle against Myanmar pro-Democracy Alliance Forces. It was reportedly shot down and the pilot died, as did six villagers.</li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>Aviation portal</li></ul>

Related development

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21/AJT2EjY5">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Guizhou_JL-9/yp1epYYG">Guizhou JL-9</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Shenyang_J-8/aYc1f7Au">Shenyang J-8</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Project_Sabre_II/db2ujtrL">Project Sabre II</a></li></ul>

<h3>Citations</h3>

<h3>Bibliography</h3>
<ul><li>Cooper, Tom; Fontanellaz, Adrien (2015). Wars and Insurgencies of Uganda 1971–1994. <a href="/facts/Solihull/1WJdASwd">Solihull</a>: Helion & Company Limited. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-910294-55-0.</li>
<li>Cooper, Tom; Weinert, Peter; Hinz, Fabian; Lepko, Mark (2011). African MiGs, Volume 2: Madagascar to Zimbabwe. Houston: Harpia Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-9825539-8-5.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Yefim_Gordon/FaxosPpM">Gordon, Yefim</a>; Komissarov, Dmitry (2008). Chinese Aircraft: China's Aviation Industry since 1951. Manchester, UK: Hikoki Publications. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-902109-04-6..</li>
<li>Hacket, James, ed. (2010), <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012153727/http://www.iiss.org/publications/military-balance/the-military-balance-2010/">The Military Balance 2010</a>, <a href="/facts/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies/tAeBSPd9">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a>, archived from <a href="http://www.iiss.org/publications/military-balance/the-military-balance-2010/">the original</a> on 2012-10-12, retrieved 2011-06-27</li>
<li>Hoyle, Craig (2022). <a href="https://www.flightglobal.com/reports/2023-world-air-forces-directory/151088.article">"World Air Forces 2023"</a>. <a href="/facts/Flight_International/puw0u5sf">Flight International</a>. Retrieved 29 July 2023.</li>
<li>Hoyle, Craig (2023). <a href="https://www.flightglobal.com/reports/2024-world-air-forces-directory/156008.article">"World Air Forces 2024"</a>. <a href="/facts/Flight_International/puw0u5sf">Flight International</a>. Retrieved 2 December 2023.</li>
<li>Jackson, Paul (2003). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7106-2537-5..</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Evan_S._Medeiros/4uv2fCdh">Medeiros, Evan S.</a>; Cliff, Roger; Crane, Keith; Mulvenon, James C. (2005). A New Direction for China's Defense Industry. Rand Corporation. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-83304-079-0.</li>
<li>Brzoska, Michael; Pearson, Frederic S. (1994). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=to7hS3Wlro4C">Arms and Warfare: Escalation, De-escalation, and Negotiation</a>. Columbia, South Carolina: <a href="/facts/University_of_South_Carolina_Press/8xfl24Yw">University of South Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780872499829.</li>
<li>"World Air Forces". <a href="/facts/Flight_International/puw0u5sf">Flight International</a>, 14–20 December 2010. pp. 26–53.</li>
<li>Olimat, Muhamad S. (27 October 2014). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b10dDQAAQBAJ">China and the Middle East Since World War II: A Bilateral Approach</a>. Lexington Books. pp. 79–80. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4985-0271-9.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chengdu J-7.

<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110421075004/http://airforceworld.com/pla/english/j-7-fighter-china-mig-21.html">F-7 Fighter Family</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320084811/http://airforceworld.com/pla/english/jj7-FT7-trainer-mig-21-china.html">FT-7/JJ-7 Trainer</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.mig-21.de/english/technicaldataversions.htm">Technical Data from MiG-21.de</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060510164108/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/j7e.asp">Sino Defense Today</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"CHINA EQUIPMENT" (PDF). Office of Naval Intelligence. United States Office of Naval Intelligence. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018. <a href="https://www.oni.navy.mil/Portals/12/Intel%20agencies/China_Media/China_Equipment.pdf?ver=2015-12-10-103822-400" target="_blank">https://www.oni.navy.mil/Portals/12/Intel%20agencies/China_Media/China_Equipment.pdf?ver=2015-12-10-103822-400</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">J7, Sino Defence, archived from the original on 16 July 2006. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060716074318/http://sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/j7.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060716074318/http://sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/j7.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Medeiros, Cliff, Crane and Mulvenon 2005, p. 162. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Beckhusen, Robert. "China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes". International Relations and Security Network. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015 – via Offiziere.ch. <a href="http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616" target="_blank">http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Liu, Xuanzun (30 January 2023). "China to retire the J-7 fighter this year". Global Times – via Alert 5. <a href="https://alert5.com/2023/01/30/china-to-retire-the-j-7-fighter-this-year/" target="_blank">https://alert5.com/2023/01/30/china-to-retire-the-j-7-fighter-this-year/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Medeiros, Cliff, Crane and Mulvenon 2005, p. 160. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"The Pioneers of New China's Aviation Science and Technology Industry - A Deep Memory of Comrade Ye Zhengda, Former Deputy Director of Shenyang Institute of Aviation Industry - Jet Mill, Air Classifier - China Shenyang Aircraft Research Institute Powder Company". www.saripowder.com. Retrieved 2021-02-05. <a href="http://www.saripowder.com/html/en/article_read_197.html" target="_blank">http://www.saripowder.com/html/en/article_read_197.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"J-7 / F-7 Fighter Aircraft, China". www.airforce-technology.com. Retrieved 2021-02-05. <a href="https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/" target="_blank">https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Medeiros, Cliff, Crane and Mulvenon 2005, p. 160. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Civil Airworthiness Certification: Former Military High-Performance Aircraft. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Medeiros, Cliff, Crane and Mulvenon 2005, p. 170. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Medeiros, Cliff, Crane and Mulvenon 2005, pp. 160-161. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Civil Airworthiness Certification: Former Military High-Performance Aircraft. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Civil Airworthiness Certification: Former Military High-Performance Aircraft P.2-59 to 2–62. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Global Aircraft -- J-7 Fishbed". Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016. <a href="https://www.globalaircraft.org/planes/j-7_fishbed.pl" target="_blank">https://www.globalaircraft.org/planes/j-7_fishbed.pl</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Vasconcelos, Miguel (19 September 2013). Civil Airworthiness Certification: Former Military High-Performance Aircraft (Report). United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. p. 2-51. <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Civil_Airworthiness_Certification/LyBQBwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=RA1-SA2-PA51&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">https://www.google.com/books/edition/Civil_Airworthiness_Certification/LyBQBwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=RA1-SA2-PA51&printsec=frontcover</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Larson, Caleb (1 April 2020). "Iran's F-7 Fighter Is A Copy of a J-7 Fighter from China (That Copies a MiG-21)". The National Interest. <a href="https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/irans-f-7-fighter-copy-j-7-fighter-china-copies-mig-21-139667" target="_blank">https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/irans-f-7-fighter-copy-j-7-fighter-china-copies-mig-21-139667</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Lu, Li-Shih (26 June 2021). "Decoding China's Recent Combat Drills in the First Island Chain". The Diplomat. ISSN 1446-697X. Retrieved 25 December 2022. <a href="https://thediplomat.com/2021/06/decoding-chinas-recent-combat-drills-in-the-first-island-chain/" target="_blank">https://thediplomat.com/2021/06/decoding-chinas-recent-combat-drills-in-the-first-island-chain/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Transfers of major conventional weapons. 1950 to 2011. Archived 16 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine Stockholm International Peace Research Institute <a href="http://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers" target="_blank">http://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"title not provided". Jane's Defence Weekly. Vol. 46, no. 3. 21 January 2009. p. 16. ISSN 0265-3818. OCLC 613908494. <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Defence_Weekly" target="_blank">/wiki/Jane%27s_Defence_Weekly</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Brown, Daniel (29 September 2018). "1 pilot killed after 2 Nigerian F-7Ni fighter jets reportedly collide in midair". Business Insider. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/r-nigerian-military-planes-in-accident-during-air-display-rehearsal-2018-9" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/r-nigerian-military-planes-in-accident-during-air-display-rehearsal-2018-9</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Schanzer, Jonathan. "A Deadly Love Triangle: Why Iran and Hamas adore Darfur's genocidal dictator". The Weekly Standard. Washington, D.C. ISSN 1083-3013. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2015. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Schanzer" target="_blank">/wiki/Jonathan_Schanzer</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015, pp. 30, 42. - Cooper, Tom; Fontanellaz, Adrien (2015). Wars and Insurgencies of Uganda 1971–1994. Solihull: Helion & Company Limited. ISBN 978-1-910294-55-0. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Brzoska & Pearson 1994, p. 207. - Brzoska, Michael; Pearson, Frederic S. (1994). Arms and Warfare: Escalation, De-escalation, and Negotiation. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9780872499829. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=to7hS3Wlro4C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=to7hS3Wlro4C</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Cooper et al. 2011, p. 212 - Cooper, Tom; Weinert, Peter; Hinz, Fabian; Lepko, Mark (2011). African MiGs, Volume 2: Madagascar to Zimbabwe. Houston: Harpia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9825539-8-5. <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

Chengdu J-7 open-in-new

Chengdu J-7