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1970 in science
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<h2 id="astronomy-and-space-exploration">Astronomy and space exploration</h2> <ul><li>February 11 – The <a href="/facts/Ohsumi_(satellite)/9Iu5NJ8K">Ohsumi</a> satellite is launched, making <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a> the <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_artificial_satellites_and_space_probes/9YfLLXqS">fourth country to launch a satellite into orbit</a>.</li> <li>March 31 – The <a href="/facts/Explorer_1/m4jWb1A0">Explorer 1</a> satellite reenters the <a href="/facts/Earth%27s_atmosphere/FV97Am25">Earth's atmosphere</a> after 12 years in <a href="/facts/Orbit/nD2TPySG">orbit</a>.</li> <li>April 11 – The <a href="/facts/Apollo_13/YfSNWC07">Apollo 13</a> space mission is launched, but has to be aborted on April 13.</li> <li>April 17 – Apollo 13 returns safely to <a href="/facts/Earth/HLLmDfj0">Earth</a>.</li> <li>June 1 – <a href="/facts/Soyuz_9/jh7c7wP4">Soyuz 9</a>, a two-man spacecraft, is launched from the <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> for an orbital flight of nearly 18 days, an endurance record at this time.</li> <li>August 31 – <a href="/facts/Solar_eclipse_of_August_31,_1970/Kh4Mhte2">Solar eclipse of August 31, 1970</a>: An annular solar eclipse is visible in Oceania, and is the 14th solar eclipse of <a href="/facts/Solar_Saros_144/WmcUdt7p">Solar Saros 144</a>.</li> <li>September 20 – <a href="/facts/Luna_16/NcArIc3t">Luna 16</a> lands on the Moon and lifts off the next day with samples, landing back on Earth September 24.</li> <li>October 20 – The <a href="/facts/Zond_8/s0Ypkzoo">Zond 8</a> lunar orbiter is launched by the Soviet Union.</li> <li>November 17 – <a href="/facts/Lunokhod_1/Iqv4v3SA">Lunokhod 1</a>, the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another world, lands on <a href="/facts/Mare_Imbrium/b4CQgRHt">Mare Imbrium</a> on <a href="/facts/Moon/zKHqEMPb">the Moon</a> after being released by the orbiting <a href="/facts/Luna_17/bpzTfgWR">Luna 17</a> spacecraft.</li> <li>December 15 – <a href="/facts/Venera_7/3ryeSMHF">Venera 7</a> lands on <a href="/facts/Venus/pADnueP6">Venus</a> and becomes the first <a href="/facts/Spacecraft/YQqQaUw0">spacecraft</a> to transmit data from another planet successfully (launched August 17).</li></ul> <h2 id="biology">Biology</h2> <ul><li>August – <i><a href="/facts/Songs_of_the_Humpback_Whale_(album)/oeou2gSG">Songs of the Humpback Whale</a></i>, produced by <a href="/facts/Roger_Payne/mQK1SS0K">Roger Payne</a>, is released, publicly demonstrating <a href="/facts/Whale_vocalization/H5HaPmgj">whale vocalization</a> for the first time and becoming influential in public support for <a href="/facts/Whale_conservation/PH350LYY">whale conservation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Parc_naturel_r%C3%A9gional_de_Camargue/9czX23ql">Parc naturel régional de Camargue</a> is established in the south of <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="chemistry">Chemistry</h2> <ul><li>August – <a href="/facts/Ulrich_K._Laemmli/wCLp9jsx">Ulrich K. Laemmli</a>'s refinement of the <a href="/facts/SDS-PAGE/4QMXcY2o">SDS-PAGE</a> method is published.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="computer-science">Computer science</h2> <ul><li>January 1 – <a href="/facts/Unix_time/d8Et1sa2">Unix time</a> begins at 00:00:00 <a href="/facts/UTC/2EnjfSyu">UTC</a>.</li> <li>June – The <a href="/facts/Datapoint_2200/laFBj52J">Datapoint 2200</a> is announced by the <a href="/facts/Computer_Terminal_Corporation/NE8fwaY3">Computer Terminal Corporation</a> (CTC).</li> <li>June–August – The programming language <a href="/facts/FLOW_(programming_language)/MpD5hD8T">FLOW</a> is devised by <a href="/facts/Jef_Raskin/lKRYbYhv">Jef Raskin</a>.</li> <li>November 17 – The first <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a> <a href="/facts/Patent/LjT2bG3A">patent</a> for the <a href="/facts/Computer_mouse/fJpa1tUE">computer mouse</a> is issued to <a href="/facts/Douglas_Engelbart/gHT4dFLS">Douglas Engelbart</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bomber_(novel)/EpKbfEBM"><i>Bomber</i></a> by <a href="/facts/Len_Deighton/HGlhaIS8">Len Deighton</a>, the first novel written on a <a href="/facts/Word_processor/qAR7lagF">word processor</a> (the <a href="/facts/IBM_MT/ST/CnSSqhHg">IBM MT/ST</a>), is published in <a href="/facts/England/U9mE5bGL">England</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>The first <a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a> <a href="/facts/Compiler/WNfCDFJe">compiler</a> is released by <a href="/facts/Niklaus_Wirth/krsLUB11">Niklaus Wirth</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Xerox_PARC/fh2Su0k9">Xerox PARC</a> computer laboratory is opened in <a href="/facts/Palo_Alto,_California/KJpC7kd8">Palo Alto</a>, <a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="earth-sciences">Earth sciences</h2> <ul><li>January 4 – The <a href="/facts/1970_Tonghai_earthquake/AfLmKgoe">Tonghai earthquake</a> (7.1 Mw ) occurs in <a href="/facts/Tonghai_County/yT3lEyCp">Tonghai County</a>, <a href="/facts/Yunnan/Q924cyfE">Yunnan</a> province, <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>, killing an estimated 14,621 and injuring 26,783.</li> <li>May 24 – Drilling on the <a href="/facts/Kola_Superdeep_Borehole/vl1xGHXF">Kola Superdeep Borehole</a> begins on the <a href="/facts/Kola_Peninsula/uTtzIYES">Kola Peninsula</a> of <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="mathematics">Mathematics</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Conway%27s_Game_of_Life/ofHgJmmb">Conway's Game of Life</a> is devised by <a href="/facts/John_Horton_Conway/g3PA1zoK">John Horton Conway</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kurt_G%C3%B6del/P14DqKqK">Kurt Gödel</a>'s <a href="/facts/G%C3%B6del%27s_ontological_proof/45zLVGuJ">ontological proof</a> of the existence of God is circulated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="medicine">Medicine</h2> <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Dubowitz_Score/FFlxPxCV">Dubowitz Score</a> for estimating the <a href="/facts/Gestational_age/lAjCIy9K">gestational age</a> of babies is published by <a href="/facts/Lilly_Dubowitz/trURjNdM">Lilly</a> and <a href="/facts/Victor_Dubowitz/88bmCUqV">Victor Dubowitz</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Exeter_hip/YcdY8GGC">Exeter hip replacement</a> stem is first implanted at the <a href="/facts/Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom/yIxMDkz4">Princess Elizabeth</a> Orthopaedic Hospital in <a href="/facts/Exeter/yTQmILuj">Exeter</a>, England.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li>The first case of <a href="/facts/Monkeypox/v5VCl0ep">monkeypox</a> in humans is identified in the <a href="/facts/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo/E2KmHDdv">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="physics">Physics</h2> <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/GIM_mechanism/3kC7Lh6V">GIM mechanism</a> is predicted by <a href="/facts/Sheldon_Glashow/KNS7qjog">Sheldon Glashow</a>, <a href="/facts/John_Iliopoulos/FKNhoVPN">John Iliopoulos</a> and <a href="/facts/Luciano_Maiani/3hgcWyvK">Luciano Maiani</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="psychology">Psychology</h2> <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Minimal_group_paradigm/dMbNX43I">minimal group paradigm</a> is developed by <a href="/facts/Henri_Tajfel/TMX5cfx0">Henri Tajfel</a>.</li> <li><i>Studies in Animal and Human Behavior, Volume I</i> is published by <a href="/facts/Konrad_Lorenz/gS57IPhS">Konrad Lorenz</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="technology">Technology</h2> <ul><li>June 2 – The <a href="/facts/Cleddau_Bridge/JhvzQU7N">Cleddau Bridge</a> collapses during construction in <a href="/facts/Wales/xa3W6PHH">Wales</a>, killing four and leading to the introduction of new standards for <a href="/facts/Box_girder_bridge/eVKVDmdJ">box girder bridges</a> in the United Kingdom.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="events">Events</h2> <ul><li>June 19 – The <a href="/facts/Patent_Cooperation_Treaty/1lfL8Hfw">Patent Cooperation Treaty</a> (PCT) is signed into <a href="/facts/International_law/WJEPeq44">international law</a>, providing a unified procedure for filing <a href="/facts/Patent_application/ACHxPn3A">patent applications</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="awards">Awards</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Fields_Medal/khFmkEnm">Fields Prize in Mathematics</a> – <a href="/facts/Alan_Baker_(mathematician)/1BAzUSML">Alan Baker</a>, <a href="/facts/Heisuke_Hironaka/lPl1CFbx">Heisuke Hironaka</a>, <a href="/facts/Sergei_Novikov_(mathematician)/hqMGDRul">Sergei Novikov</a> and <a href="/facts/John_Griggs_Thompson/M6tF5WNE">John Griggs Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize/3z1Y3oFL">Nobel Prizes</a>: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a> – <a href="/facts/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n/Nh7SvJNG">Hannes Alfvén</a>, <a href="/facts/Louis_N%C3%A9el/urLYTCav">Louis Néel</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Chemistry</a> – <a href="/facts/Luis_F._Leloir/QTdUUhmv">Luis F. Leloir</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Medicine</a> – <a href="/facts/Bernard_Katz/3FMvw2bM">Bernard Katz</a>, <a href="/facts/Ulf_von_Euler/qrbW0DXC">Ulf von Euler</a>, <a href="/facts/Julius_Axelrod/RfxCLUgC">Julius Axelrod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Turing_Award/HbEEp0GF">Turing Award</a> – <a href="/facts/James_H._Wilkinson/4aKUNcrg">James H. Wilkinson</a></li></ul> <h2 id="births">Births</h2> <ul><li>March 27 – <a href="/facts/Eleanor_Maguire/LCrWKYVm">Eleanor Maguire</a>, <a href="/facts/Ireland/35vYxXdP">Irish</a>-born <a href="/facts/Neuropsychology/eWY83ago">neuropsychologist</a>.</li> <li>August 1 – <a href="/facts/Elon_Lindenstrauss/tfbEWArU">Elon Lindenstrauss</a>, <a href="/facts/Israelis/Xx9g0vP1">Israeli</a> <a href="/facts/Mathematician/eaFSR8Fx">mathematician</a>.</li> <li>September 3 – <a href="/facts/Stanislav_Smirnov/28mATLgM">Stanislav Smirnov</a>, Russian-born mathematician.</li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <ul><li>January 5 – <a href="/facts/Max_Born/6VnUDWhA">Max Born</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1882_in_science/33pFPWcL">1882</a>), <a href="/facts/Germans/F7mBCrJ4">German</a> <a href="/facts/Physicist/cQcgvSIm">physicist</a> and recipient of the <a href="/facts/1954/qggMYsgW">1954 Nobel Prize</a> in physics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>January 27 – <a href="/facts/Marietta_Blau/JNRgaHSd">Marietta Blau</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1894_in_science/butQ5Utu">1894</a>), <a href="/facts/Austria/4qWIMIyc">Austrian</a> physicist.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li>April 27 – <a href="/facts/Orii_Hy%C5%8Djir%C5%8D/4hBcTNbG">Orii Hyōjirō</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1883_in_science/kccv3awX">1883</a>), Japanese animal specimen collector.</li> <li>May 1 – <a href="/facts/Ralph_Hartley/oVKw8QUK">Ralph Hartley</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1888_in_science/fyVznYuU">1888</a>), American <a href="/facts/Electrical_engineer/YYXW1KLW">electrical engineer</a>.</li> <li>July 20 – <a href="/facts/Margaret_Reed_Lewis/9qemQ9HW">Margaret Reed Lewis</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1881_in_science/ga23uFLG">1881</a>), American <a href="/facts/Cell_biologist/kdIBGHub">cell biologist</a>.</li> <li>July 29 – <a href="/facts/Emanuel_Miller/eGtntD5m">Emanuel Miller</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1892_in_science/tfqwTHgh">1892</a>), <a href="/facts/England/U9mE5bGL">English</a> <a href="/facts/Child_psychiatrist/5xxLGlvx">child psychiatrist</a>.</li> <li>August 1 – <a href="/facts/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg/SRofKKjG">Otto Heinrich Warburg</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1883_in_science/kccv3awX">1883</a>), German <a href="/facts/Physiologist/fh25y2pQ">physiologist</a> and winner of the <a href="/facts/1931/JK9FEYxa">1931 Nobel Prize</a> in physiology or medicine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li>September 22 – <a href="/facts/Vojt%C4%9Bch_Jarn%C3%ADk/6SXVWszA">Vojtěch Jarník</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1897_in_science/1IcNGmU5">1897</a>), <a href="/facts/Czech_Republic/vJYLD66Q">Czech</a> <a href="/facts/Mathematician/eaFSR8Fx">mathematician</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>McLellan, Joseph (1977-12-26). "It's a Whale of a Song". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2022-11-28. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1978/12/26/its-a-whale-of-a-song/f3abd074-8281-488b-a11a-3f7bea81080b/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1978/12/26/its-a-whale-of-a-song/f3abd074-8281-488b-a11a-3f7bea81080b/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Andersen, Kurt. "How Pop Music Helped Save the Whales". Studio 360. Archived from the original on 2015-01-10. Retrieved 2022-08-03. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150110135754/http://www.studio360.org/story/how-pop-music-helped-save-the-whales/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150110135754/http://www.studio360.org/story/how-pop-music-helped-save-the-whales/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Rothenberg, David. "Nature's greatest hit: The old and new songs of the humpback whale". The Wire. <a href="https://www.thewire.co.uk/in-writing/essays/nature_s-greatest-hit_the-old-and-new-songs-of-the-humpback-whale" target="_blank">https://www.thewire.co.uk/in-writing/essays/nature_s-greatest-hit_the-old-and-new-songs-of-the-humpback-whale</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Lewis, Tim (2020-12-06). "'It always hits me hard': how a haunting album helped save the whales". The Observer. London – via www.theguardian.com. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/dec/06/the-songs-that-saved-the-whales" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/dec/06/the-songs-that-saved-the-whales</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Laemmli, U. K. (1970). "Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4". Nature. 227 (5259): 680–685. Bibcode:1970Natur.227..680L. doi:10.1038/227680a0. PMID 5432063. S2CID 3105149. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" target="_blank">/wiki/Nature_(journal)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>U.S. patent 3,541,541. <a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3541541" target="_blank">https://patents.google.com/patent/US3541541</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Kirschenbaum, Matthew (2013-03-01). "The Book-Writing Machine: What was the first novel ever written on a word processor?". Slate. Retrieved 2016-02-21. <a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/books/2013/03/len_deighton_s_bomber_the_first_book_ever_written_on_a_word_processor.single.html" target="_blank">http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/books/2013/03/len_deighton_s_bomber_the_first_book_ever_written_on_a_word_processor.single.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Wirth, Niklaus (2000). "The Development of Procedural Programming Languages Personal Contributions and Perspectives". Modular Programming Languages. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 1897. pp. 1–10. doi:10.1007/10722581_1. ISBN 978-3-540-67958-5. <a href="978-3-540-67958-5" target="_blank">978-3-540-67958-5</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Gardner, Martin (October 1970). Mathematical Games – The fantastic combinations of John Conway's new solitaire game "life". Vol. 223. pp. 120–123. ISBN 0-89454-001-7. Retrieved 2011-06-26. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="0-89454-001-7" target="_blank">0-89454-001-7</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Dawson, John W. Jr. (1997). Logical Dilemmas: The Life and Work of Kurt Godel. Wellesley, Mass.: A. K. Peters Ltd. ISBN 1-56881-025-3. <a href="1-56881-025-3" target="_blank">1-56881-025-3</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Mercuri, Eugenio (2016-05-08). "Lilly Dubowitz obituary". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2020-06-24. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/may/08/lilly-dubowitz-obituary" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/may/08/lilly-dubowitz-obituary</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Timperley, A. John (2017-10-20). "Robin Ling obituary". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2018-01-07. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/oct/20/robin-ling-obituary" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/oct/20/robin-ling-obituary</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Monkeypox". CDC. 2015-05-11. Archived from the original on 2017-10-15. Retrieved 2017-10-15. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Glashow, S. L.; Iliopoulos, J.; Maiani, L. (1970). "Weak Interactions with Lepton–Hadron Symmetry". Physical Review D. 2 (7): 1285–1292. Bibcode:1970PhRvD...2.1285G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.2.1285. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2011-11-11. <a href="https://archive.today/20120712140640/http://prd.aps.org/pdf/PRD/v2/i7/p1285_1" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20120712140640/http://prd.aps.org/pdf/PRD/v2/i7/p1285_1</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Department of the Environment (Merrison Committee of Inquiry) (1973). Inquiry into the Basis of Design and Method of Erection of Steel Box Girder Bridges. London: HMSO. <a href="/wiki/HMSO" target="_blank">/wiki/HMSO</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"How safe are our bridges?". BBC News Online. BBC. 2007-08-03. Retrieved 2008-01-30. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6929777.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6929777.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Nobel prize winner dies". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. (Pennsylvania, U.S.). Associated Press. 6 January 1970. p. 26. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iZtRAAAAIBAJ&pg=5297%2C1066126" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iZtRAAAAIBAJ&pg=5297%2C1066126</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Halpen, Leopold E. (1997). "Marietta Blau". In Rayner-Canham, Marelene F.; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (eds.). A Devotion to Their Science: Pioneer Women of Radioactivity. Montréal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-77351-642-7. <a href="978-0-77351-642-7" target="_blank">978-0-77351-642-7</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Roswitha Schmid; Hans Adolf Krebs (1981). Otto Warburg: Cell Physiologist, Biochemist, and Eccentric. Clarendon Press. p. v. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>