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1988 in science
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<h2 id="astronomy-and-space-exploration">Astronomy and space exploration</h2> <ul><li>September 29 – <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a> resumes <a href="/facts/Space_Shuttle/7BoyetEv">Space Shuttle</a> flights, grounded after the <a href="/facts/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster/HMBh3T7Q"><i>Challenger</i> disaster</a>.</li> <li>November 15 – In the <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a>, the uncrewed <a href="/facts/Shuttle_Buran/s0nNfe61">Shuttle <i>Buran</i></a> is launched by an <a href="/facts/Energia_(rocket)/snJSoyMA">Energia</a> rocket on her maiden <a href="/facts/Orbit/nD2TPySG">orbital</a> spaceflight (this was the first and last space flight for the shuttle).</li> <li>Canadian astronomers Bruce Campbell, G. A. H. Walker and Stephenson Yang publish radial-velocity observations suggesting that an <a href="/facts/Extrasolar_planet/zjfmqfUf">extrasolar planet</a> orbits the star <a href="/facts/Gamma_Cephei/YhNPzlLy">Gamma Cephei</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> although its existence is not confirmed until 2003.</li> <li><a href="/facts/3994_Ayashi/sYFCyGVB">Asteroid 3994 Ayashi</a> is discovered by <a href="/facts/Masahiro_Koishikawa/YFBYGmzQ">Masahiro Koishikawa</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/4407_Taihaku/R8aXWvkK">4407 Taihaku</a> is discovered.</li> <li><a href="/facts/4539_Miyagino/R8aXWvkK">4539 Miyagino</a> is discovered.</li></ul> <h2 id="climatology">Climatology</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a> climate scientist <a href="/facts/James_Hansen/z0A4PnM9">James Hansen</a> uses the term <i><a href="/facts/Global_warming/rEN4BDE7">global warming</a></i> in testimony to the <a href="/facts/United_States_Congress/mJlU46K7">United States Congress</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> bringing it to public attention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change/sh76du1u">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (IPCC) is established.</li></ul> <h2 id="computer-science">Computer science</h2> <ul><li>August – <a href="/facts/Internet_Relay_Chat/oDr3VN9q">Internet Relay Chat</a>, the first <a href="/facts/Internet/Xw1rVvJU">Internet</a>-based chat protocol, is created by <a href="/facts/Jarkko_Oikarinen/PgQzxJRE">Jarkko Oikarinen</a> in Finland.</li> <li>November 2 – The <a href="/facts/Morris_worm/moqgLa5t">Morris worm</a>, the first <a href="/facts/Computer_worm/9qKR1Hx5">computer worm</a> distributed via the Internet, written by <a href="/facts/Robert_Tappan_Morris/CunYhUA3">Robert Tappan Morris</a>, is launched from <a href="/facts/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology/Xk49vNA8">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> in the U.S.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li>November 17 – The Netherlands becomes the second country to get connected to the Internet.</li> <li>c. December – The first proper and official <a href="/facts/Internet/Xw1rVvJU">Internet</a> connection to Europe is made between the <a href="/facts/National_Science_Foundation_Network/b95QF5hR">National Science Foundation Network</a> at <a href="/facts/Princeton,_New_Jersey/fceTzdde">Princeton, New Jersey</a> and Nordunet in <a href="/facts/Stockholm,_Sweden/sD74W4Pm">Stockholm, Sweden</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>The first version of the <a href="/facts/Photoshop/f6bbmNx0">Photoshop</a> <a href="/facts/Graphics_software/81h9n4M2">graphics software</a>, devised by <a href="/facts/Thomas_Knoll/Bna8V9Ey">Thomas Knoll</a>, ships with Barneyscan <a href="/facts/Image_scanner/7DEJFTwx">image scanners</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/NeXT_Computer/m2mbSN88">NeXT Computer</a> is released.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tim_Berners-Lee/JRv21mt9">Tim Berners-Lee</a> begins openly to discuss his plans for what will become the <a href="/facts/World_Wide_Web/wvnTrWFq">World Wide Web</a> at <a href="/facts/CERN/y1gwRchm">CERN</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="physiology-and-medicine">Physiology and medicine</h2> <ul><li>May 1 – The initial case definition of <a href="/facts/Chronic_fatigue_syndrome/UwTEusF5">Chronic fatigue syndrome</a> (the "<a href="/facts/Clinical_descriptions_of_chronic_fatigue_syndrome/NDtbsefl">Holmes definition</a>") is published, displacing the name <i><a href="/facts/Chronic_Epstein-Barr_virus/UwTEusF5">Chronic Epstein-Barr virus syndrome</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>August 13 – 2nd <a href="/facts/International_Studies_of_Infarct_Survival/bCEKDz6h">International Studies of Infarct Survival</a> (ISIS-2) demonstrates beneficial effects of <a href="/facts/Aspirin/opMK4qLk">aspirin</a> in treatment of <a href="/facts/Myocardial_infarction/xoGw0qcG">myocardial infarction</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Patricia_Bath/p0z1JxBb">Patricia Bath</a> <a href="/facts/Patent/LjT2bG3A">patents</a> the Laserphaco Probe, a device "for ablating and removing <a href="/facts/Cataract/RzN7k7K2">cataract</a> lenses".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="technology">Technology</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/TAT-8/lMNLDhoK">TAT-8</a>, the first <a href="/facts/Transatlantic_telephone_cable/q08TojRJ">transatlantic telephone cable</a> to use <a href="/facts/Optical_fiber/5ruuIFbj">optical fiber</a>, is completed, facilitating linking of the American and European Internet.</li></ul> <h2 id="publications">Publications</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Stephen_Hawking/b7dcce7n">Stephen Hawking</a> publishes <i><a href="/facts/A_Brief_History_of_Time/HM8UzWuP">A Brief History of Time</a></i>.</li></ul> <h2 id="awards">Awards</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize/3z1Y3oFL">Nobel Prizes</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a> – <a href="/facts/Leon_M._Lederman/3UT17nBB">Leon M. Lederman</a>, <a href="/facts/Melvin_Schwartz/UApASDpn">Melvin Schwartz</a>, <a href="/facts/Jack_Steinberger/JUd5e2pJ">Jack Steinberger</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Chemistry</a> – <a href="/facts/Johann_Deisenhofer/71xCj7I5">Johann Deisenhofer</a>, <a href="/facts/Robert_Huber/gnazDTgn">Robert Huber</a>, <a href="/facts/Hartmut_Michel/xWl2b2Ju">Hartmut Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Medicine</a> – Sir <a href="/facts/James_W._Black/W9yMh5Vp">James W. Black</a>, <a href="/facts/Gertrude_B._Elion/LCnPQTxs">Gertrude B. Elion</a>, <a href="/facts/George_H._Hitchings/PRXSdHFe">George H. Hitchings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Turing_Award/HbEEp0GF">Turing Award</a> – <a href="/facts/Ivan_Sutherland/HDVqMT9h">Ivan Sutherland</a></li></ul> <h2 id="births">Births</h2> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <ul><li>January 11 – <a href="/facts/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi/hmEXNWEJ">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a> (born 1898), Polish American <a href="/facts/Physicist/cQcgvSIm">physicist</a>, winner of <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1944 for invention of the atomic beam magnetic resonance method of measuring magnetic properties of <a href="/facts/Atom/FoQ4kGN5">atoms</a> and <a href="/facts/Molecule/N9ljSfFq">molecules</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li>January 18 – <a href="/facts/Cataldo_Agostinelli/1YXkswpV">Cataldo Agostinelli</a> (born 1894), Italian mathematician<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li>January 21 – <a href="/facts/E._B._Ford/maajeXRM">E. B. Ford</a> (born 1901), English <a href="/facts/Ecological_genetics/FxkvHMmH">ecological geneticist</a> and <a href="/facts/Lepidopterist/GxdS438U">lepidopterist</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>February 15 – <a href="/facts/Richard_Feynman/32vGFrtB">Richard Feynman</a> (born 1918), American physicist, winner of Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 for his work on <a href="/facts/Quantum_electrodynamics/zPteAr6G">quantum electrodynamics</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>March 7 – <a href="/facts/Edmund_Berkeley/xAxK7mL5">Edmund Berkeley</a>, American computer scientist (born 1909)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>March 8 – <a href="/facts/Werner_Hartmann_(physicist)/PKpkDKgL">Werner Hartmann</a>, German physicist (b. <a href="/facts/1912/6y6T0vzf">1912</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>April 27 – <a href="/facts/Valery_Legasov/5w5D5Ih5">Valery Legasov</a> (born 1936), Russian <a href="/facts/Nuclear_physicist/fzQbt1aF">nuclear physicist</a>, known for the investigation of causes of the <a href="/facts/Chernobyl/b1YukMjX">Chernobyl</a> disaster and planning the mitigation of its consequences.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li>May 8 – <a href="/facts/Robert_A._Heinlein/h0oY0898">Robert A. Heinlein</a> (born 1907), American "hard" science fiction author.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li>May 20 – <a href="/facts/Ana_Aslan/dMGsnoCd">Ana Aslan</a> (born 1897), Romanian biologist.</li> <li>May 27 – <a href="/facts/Ernst_Ruska/dKRHuyRu">Ernst Ruska</a> (born 1906), German winner of <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for work in electron optics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li>June 9 – <a href="/facts/Karl_Kraus_(physicist)/BeQ0xNxT">Karl Kraus</a>, German theoretical physicist (b. <a href="/facts/1938_in_science/tUHHnx0z">1938</a>)</li> <li>September 1 – <a href="/facts/Luis_Walter_Alvarez/YjnP5cd5">Luis Walter Alvarez</a> (born 1911), American experimental physicist, winner of Nobel Prize in Physics in 1968 for bubble chamber research into particle physics.</li> <li>August 6 – <a href="/facts/Illa_Martin/vTBk80JR">Illa Martin</a>, <a href="/facts/Dendrologist/GzSv64BQ">dendrologist</a>, botanist, conservationist and dentist (b. <a href="/facts/1900/vjRuWbwa">1900</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li>October 9 – <a href="/facts/Felix_Wankel/an2IKc2M">Felix Wankel</a> (born 1902), German mechanical engineer.</li> <li>December 4 – <a href="/facts/Osman_Achmatowicz/lUhuec45">Osman Achmatowicz</a> (born 1899), Polish chemist</li> <li>December 21 – <a href="/facts/Nikolaas_Tinbergen/aAISrhrM">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a> (born 1907), Dutch-born <a href="/facts/Ethology/dM3CpysA">ethologist</a>, <a href="/facts/Ornithologist/5reEUbx1">ornithologist</a>, winner of <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li>December 30 – <a href="/facts/Dennis_H._Klatt/V1pdpeuR">Dennis H. Klatt</a> (born 1938), American pioneer of <a href="/facts/Speech_synthesis/ceTczTv9">speech synthesis</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Campbell, B.; Walker, G. A. H.; Yang, S. (1988). "A search for substellar companions to solar-type stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 331: 902. Bibcode:1988ApJ...331..902C. doi:10.1086/166608. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F166608" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1086%2F166608</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>U.S. Senate, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, "Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change, part 2" 100th Cong., 1st sess., 23 June 1988, p. 44: "global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and the observed warming." <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Conway, Erik (January 28, 2012). "What's in a Name? Global Warming vs. Climate Change". NASA. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/climate_by_any_other_name.html" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/climate_by_any_other_name.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Hill, Richard (March 25, 2014). The New International Telecommunication Regulations and the Internet: A Commentary and Legislative History. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 8. ISBN 978-3-642-45416-5. <a href="978-3-642-45416-5" target="_blank">978-3-642-45416-5</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"nordunet_alkusivut_nettiversio.indd" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031416/http://www.nordu.net/history/TheHistoryOfNordunet_simple.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031416/http://www.nordu.net/history/TheHistoryOfNordunet_simple.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Story, Derrick (February 18, 2000). "From Darkroom to Desktop — How Photoshop Came to Light". Story Photography. Archived from the original on June 26, 2007. Retrieved August 20, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626182822/http://www.storyphoto.com/multimedia/multimedia_photoshop.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070626182822/http://www.storyphoto.com/multimedia/multimedia_photoshop.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Holmes, Gary P.; et al. (1988). "Chronic fatigue syndrome: a working case definition". Annals of Internal Medicine. 108 (3): 387–9. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-108-3-387. PMID 2829679. <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Internal_Medicine" target="_blank">/wiki/Annals_of_Internal_Medicine</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Campling, Frankie; Sharpe, Michael (2000). Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS/ME). Oxford University Press. pp. 14–15. ISBN 0-19-263049-0. Retrieved April 2, 2008. <a href="0-19-263049-0" target="_blank">0-19-263049-0</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>ISIS-2 (Second International Study of lnfarct Survival) Collaborative Group (1988). "Randomised Trial of Intravenous Streptokinase, Oral Aspirin, Both, or Neither Among 17 187 Cases of Suspected Acute Myocardial Infarction: ISIS-2". The Lancet. 332 (8607): 349–360. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(88)92833-4. PMID 2899772. S2CID 21071664.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Lancet</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Wilson, Donald; Wilson, Jane (2003). The Pride of African American History. AuthorHouse. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-4107-2873-9. <a href="978-1-4107-2873-9" target="_blank">978-1-4107-2873-9</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Henderson, Susan K. (1998). African-American Inventors III. Capstone Press. pp. 9–13. ISBN 978-1-56065-698-2. <a href="978-1-56065-698-2" target="_blank">978-1-56065-698-2</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Current Biography Yearbook. H.W. Wilson Company. 1988. p. 649. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IQhaAAAAYAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=IQhaAAAAYAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Canadian Mathematical Society (1989). Notes. Canadian Mathematical Society = Société mathématique du Canada. p. 21. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=egeGAAAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=egeGAAAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>The Annual Obituary. St. Martin's. 1988. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-55862-050-6. <a href="978-1-55862-050-6" target="_blank">978-1-55862-050-6</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Jagdish Mehra; K. A. Milton (2000). Climbing the Mountain: The Scientific Biography of Julian Schwinger. Oxford University Press. p. 611. ISBN 978-0-19-850658-4. <a href="978-0-19-850658-4" target="_blank">978-0-19-850658-4</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Society of Actuaries (1988). Transactions. Printing Department, University of Chicago. p. 1196. ISBN 978-0-938959-09-0. <a href="978-0-938959-09-0" target="_blank">978-0-938959-09-0</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Augustine, Dolores L. Red Prometheus: Engineering and Dictatorship in East Germany, 1945-1990 (MIT, 2007), pages 178-189 <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Man & Development. Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development. 1992. p. 87. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RgrsAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=RgrsAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Harold Bloom (1995). Science Fiction Writers of the Golden Age. Chelsea House. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-7910-2199-6. <a href="978-0-7910-2199-6" target="_blank">978-0-7910-2199-6</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>George Thomas Kurian (2002). The Nobel Scientists: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Prometheus Books. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-57392-927-1. <a href="978-1-57392-927-1" target="_blank">978-1-57392-927-1</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>*HW Schmitz: Dr. Illa Martin verstorben. In: Der Niederrhein. Krefeld, No. 4 1988 <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Paul Patrick Gordon Bateson (May 30, 1991). The Development and Integration of Behaviour: Essays in Honour of Robert Hinde. Cambridge University Press. p. 464. ISBN 978-0-521-40709-0. <a href="978-0-521-40709-0" target="_blank">978-0-521-40709-0</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>