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Hydrogen sensor
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<h2 id="key-issues">Key issues</h2> <p>There are five key issues with hydrogen detectors:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Reliability_engineering/cd6AS5w3">Reliability</a>: Functionality should be easily verifiable.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Performance_(disambiguation)/hWoUssGg">Performance</a>: Detection 0.5% hydrogen in air or better</li> <li><a href="/facts/Response_time_(technology)/3kQrmztQ">Response time</a> < 1 second.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Service_life/Ish2UYA2">Lifetime</a>: At least the time between scheduled maintenance.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cost/V1GX4vhw">Cost</a>: Goal is $5 per sensor and $30 per controller.</li></ul> <h3>Additional requirements</h3> <ul><li>Measurement range coverage of 0.1–10.0% concentration<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li> <li>Operation in temperatures of −30 °C to 80 °C</li> <li>Accuracy within 5% of full scale</li> <li>Function in an ambient air gas environment within a 10–98% relative humidity range</li> <li>Resistance to hydrocarbon and other interference.</li> <li>Lifetime greater than 10 years</li></ul> <h2 id="types-of-microsensors">Types of microsensors</h2> <p>There are various types of hydrogen microsensors, which use different mechanisms to detect the gas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Palladium/AXMwDFxs">Palladium</a> is used in many of these, because it selectively absorbs hydrogen gas and forms the compound <a href="/facts/Palladium_hydride/fwNB8KI7">palladium hydride</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Palladium-based sensors have a strong temperature dependence which makes their response time too large at very low temperatures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Palladium sensors have to be protected against <a href="/facts/Carbon_monoxide/CKuLtEMJ">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="/facts/Sulfur_dioxide/jDK1fIDs">sulfur dioxide</a> and <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_sulfide/UbCqjMMk">hydrogen sulfide</a>. </p> <h3>Optical fibre hydrogen sensors</h3> <p>Several types of <a href="/facts/Optical_fibre/5ruuIFbj">optical fibre</a> <a href="/facts/Surface_plasmon_resonance/8JKldMUT">surface plasmon resonance</a> (SPR) sensor are used for the point-contact detection of hydrogen: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Fiber_Bragg_grating/q34oNRmJ">Fiber Bragg grating</a> coated with a palladium layer – Detects the hydrogen by metal hindrance.</li> <li>Micromirror – With a palladium thin layer at the cleaved end, detecting changes in the backreflected light.</li> <li>Tapered fibre coated with palladium – Hydrogen changes the <a href="/facts/Refractive_index/yjkzvgeE">refractive index</a> of the <a href="/facts/Palladium/AXMwDFxs">palladium</a>, and consequently the amount of losses in the <a href="/facts/Evanescent_wave/svCyRKr7">evanescent wave</a>.</li></ul> <h3>Other types</h3> <ul><li>Electrochemical hydrogen sensor – low (ppm) levels of hydrogen gas can be sensed using electrochemical sensors which comprise an array of electrodes packaged so as to be surrounded by a conductive electrolyte and gas ingress controlled with a diffusion limited capillary.</li> <li>MEMS hydrogen sensor – The combination of <a href="/facts/Nanotechnology/Co4FFNfY">nanotechnology</a> and <a href="/facts/Microelectromechanical_systems/TkhEzDpm">microelectromechanical systems</a> (MEMS) technology allows the production of a hydrogen microsensor that functions properly at room temperature. One type of MEMS-based hydrogen sensor is coated with a film consisting of nanostructured <a href="/facts/Indium(III)_oxide/S5wHB48A">indium oxide</a> (In2O3) and <a href="/facts/Tin_oxide/mSgEwsFv">tin oxide</a> (SnO2).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> A typical configuration for mechanical Pd-based hydrogen sensors is the usage of a free-standing cantilever that is coated with Pd.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> In the presence of H2, the Pd layer expands and thereby induces a stress that causes the cantilever to bend. Pd-coated <a href="/facts/Nanomechanical_resonator/3wa5b1sJ">nanomechanical resonators</a> have also been reported in literature, relying on the stress-induced mechanical resonance frequency shift caused by the presence of H2 gas. In this case, the response speed was enhanced through the use of a very thin layer of Pd (20 nm). Moderate heating was presented as a solution to the response impairment observed in humid conditions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>Thin film sensor – A palladium <a href="/facts/Thin_film/nSeoUT4Q">thin film</a> sensor is based on an opposing property that depends on the nanoscale structures within the thin film. In the thin film, nanosized palladium particles swell when the hydride is formed, and in the process of expanding, some of them form new electrical connections with their neighbors. The resistance decreases because of the increased number of conducting pathways.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li>Thick film sensors – devices usually having two principal components:1) a thick (hundreds of microns) layer of some <a href="/facts/Semiconductor/zFf3mGTE">semiconductor</a> material (SnO2, In2O3), called "matrix" and an upper layer of catalytically active additives like noble metals (Pd,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Pt<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a>) and metal oxides (CoxOy<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a>) accelerating the hydrogen oxidation reaction on the surface, which makes the sensor response much faster. The role of "matrix" is to transduce the signal to the measurement system. Thick film sensors are more stable than thin film sensors in terms of signal drifting, but generally exhibit slower sensor response due to diffusion constraints into a thick layer. Thick film sensor technology is getting substituted by thin film approaches due to the increasing need for sensor integration into modern electronic systems. Thick film sensors require increased temperatures for their operation and therefore appear to be poorly compatible with digital electronics systems.</li> <li>Chemochromic hydrogen sensors – Reversible and irreversible chemochromic hydrogen sensors include a smart pigment paint that visually identifies hydrogen leaks by a change in color. The sensor is also available as tape.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Other methods have been developed to assay biological <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_production/wVo66xRK">hydrogen production</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>Diode based Schottky sensor – A <a href="/facts/Schottky_diode/jIYnrpYW">Schottky diode</a>-based hydrogen gas sensor employs a palladium-alloy <a href="/facts/Field_effect_transistor/TerYC6Nz">gate</a>. Hydrogen can be selectively absorbed in the gate, lowering the <a href="/facts/Schottky_energy_barrier/1a0QpU5x">Schottky energy barrier</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> A Pd/<a href="/facts/Indium_gallium_phosphide/b2CSPAgP">InGaP</a> metal-semiconductor (MS) Schottky diode can detect a concentration of 15 <a href="/facts/Parts_per_million/PozRuoLM">parts per million</a> (ppm) H2 in air.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Silicon_carbide/kQLVAYbr">Silicon carbide</a> semiconductor or <a href="/facts/Silicon/cgWx0hdr">silicon</a> substrates are used.</li> <li>Metallic <a href="/facts/Lanthanum/Uhmmy1sB">La</a>-<a href="/facts/Magnesium/XyIhd2FG">Mg2</a>-<a href="/facts/Nickel/KwMCHYRP">Ni</a> which is <a href="/facts/Electrical_conductor/BSuyupLP">electrical conductive</a>, absorbs hydrogen near ambient conditions, forming the nonmetallic hydride LaMg2NiH7 an <a href="/facts/Insulator_(electrical)/SfSXkrh5">insulator</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li></ul> <p>Sensors are typically <a href="/facts/Calibration/xkqmdeVl">calibrated</a> at the manufacturing factory and are valid for the <a href="/facts/Service_life/Ish2UYA2">service life</a> of the unit. </p> <h3>Enhancement</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Siloxane/6fbEIal7">Siloxane</a> enhances the sensitivity and reaction time of hydrogen sensors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Detection of hydrogen levels as low as 25 ppm can be achieved; far below hydrogen's <a href="/facts/Lower_explosive_limit/KkImQKor">lower explosive limit</a> of around 40,000 ppm. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Hydrogen_analyzer/WDFKBsqv">Hydrogen analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hydrogen_leak_testing/FzasrpdV">Hydrogen leak testing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hydrogen_safety/4nzzGdPD">Hydrogen safety</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Katharometer/J6NPTvp3">Katharometer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_sensors/sA5xYuLg">List of sensors</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Optical_fiber/5ruuIFbj">Optical fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_oxide_nanorod_sensor/S2EeJQyz">Zinc oxide nanorod sensor</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Soundarrajan, Prabhu; Schweighardt, Frank (2009). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151103131411/http://photonics.inescporto.pt/links/fct2013/metap28.pdf">"15. Hydrogen sensing and detection"</a> (PDF). In Gupta, R.B. (ed.). <i>Hydrogen fuel: production, transport, and storage</i>. CRC Press. pp. 495–534. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9781420045772">10.1201/9781420045772</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4200-4577-2. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246585264">246585264</a>. Archived from the original on 2015-11-03. Retrieved 2018-09-17.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)</li> <li><a href="https://www.iso.org/standard/52319.html">"ISO 26142:2010 Hydrogen detection apparatus: Stationary applications"</a>. International Organization for Standardization.</li> <li>Trouillet, A.; Marin, E.; Veillas, C. (2006). <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/52659001.pdf">"Fibre gratings for hydrogen sensing"</a> (PDF). <i>Measurement Science and Technology</i>. 17 (5): 1124. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MeScT..17.1124T">2006MeScT..17.1124T</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0957-0233%2F17%2F5%2FS31">10.1088/0957-0233/17/5/S31</a>.</li> <li>Zhang, P.; Deshpande, S.; Seal, S.; Cho, H.J.; Medelius, P.J. (2006). "Fast detection of hydrogen at room temperature using a nanoparticle-integrated microsensor". <i>SENSORS, 2006</i>. IEEE. pp. 712–5. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICSENS.2007.355560">10.1109/ICSENS.2007.355560</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-4244-0375-8.</li> <li>Brett, L. (October 2003). <a href="http://www.jrc.cec.eu.int/more_information/download/hydrogen%20safety%20sensors%20and%20their%20applications%20.pdf">"Hydrogen safety sensors and their applications in hydrogen storage, distribution and use"</a> (PDF). Joint Research Centre, European Commission.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060926184752/http://www.sandia.gov/mstc/technologies/microsensors/hydrogensensor.html">Wide-Range Hydrogen Sensor </a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117052326/http://bit.or.at/irca/bbsshow8.php?ref1=OO%2FINTA%2F36&vQuelle=&bcc=">Bragg type optic fibre sensor</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.eere.energy.gov/industry/sensors_automation/pdfs/h2_monitoring.pdf">EERE success story H2scan</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cna.com.tw/postwrite/cvpread.aspx?ID=57560">2010-NCKU-Semiconductor transistor-type hydrogen sensor</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.anl.gov/techtransfer/pdf/HydrogenSensorr&d100.pdf">Argonne National Laboratory (Thin Film)</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.ika.rwth-aachen.de/r2h/index.php/Hydrogen_Sensor#_ref-0">Roads2HyCom</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Qu, Xi Dong (2005). 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