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Indo-Aryan peoples
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>Proto-Indo-Iranians</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Indo-Iranians/gf5hW6No">Indo-Iranians</a>, <a href="/facts/Proto-Indo-Europeans/HDhs6TuR">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a>, <a href="/facts/Aryan/9qU7xRQ2">Aryan</a>, <a href="/facts/Indo-European_migrations/4UGlmamT">Indo-European migrations</a>, and <a href="/facts/Indo-Aryan_migrations/B1X5mCbl">Indo-Aryan migrations</a></p> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Genetics_and_archaeogenetics_of_South_Asia/s9KKm4Vh">Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia</a> and <a href="/facts/Peopling_of_India/Xp4ymfnQ">Peopling of India</a></p> <p>The introduction of the <a href="/facts/Indo-Aryan_languages/hm2N7fYp">Indo-Aryan languages</a> in the Indian subcontinent was the outcome of a <a href="/facts/Indo-Aryan_migrations/B1X5mCbl">migration of Indo-Aryan people</a> from Central Asia into the northern <a href="/facts/Indian_subcontinent/0XUWGXpx">Indian subcontinent</a> (modern-day <a href="/facts/Bangladesh/NXk4f78Y">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/facts/Bhutan/fSRsLss9">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/facts/India/QW4TV4sy">India</a>, <a href="/facts/Nepal/yWCzTBR2">Nepal</a>, <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/facts/Sri_Lanka/VtTBmysE">Sri Lanka</a>). These migrations started approximately 1,800 BCE, after the invention of the war chariot, and also brought Indo-Aryan languages into the <a href="/facts/Levant/uuJLt3Af">Levant</a> and possibly <a href="/facts/Inner_Asia/vHVKvWry">Inner Asia</a>. Another group of Indo-Aryans migrated further westward and founded the <a href="/facts/Mitanni/0RJetPUC">Mitanni</a> kingdom in northern Syria<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> (c. 1500–1300 BC); the other group was the Vedic people.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Christopher_I._Beckwith/EtTzlFXW">Christopher I. Beckwith</a> suggests that the <a href="/facts/Wusun/9GQslQa8">Wusun</a>, an <a href="/facts/Proto-Indo-Europeans/HDhs6TuR">Indo-European</a> <a href="/facts/Caucasian_race/DJLNvdkB">Caucasoid</a> people of <a href="/facts/Inner_Asia/vHVKvWry">Inner Asia</a> in <a href="/facts/Ancient_history/P0fFQ8z5">antiquity</a>, were also of Indo-Aryan origin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Indo-Iranians/gf5hW6No">Proto-Indo-Iranians</a>, from which the Indo-Aryans developed, are identified with the <a href="/facts/Sintashta_culture/1TpXnseY">Sintashta culture</a> (2100–1800 BCE),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/Andronovo_culture/QYdNkUGc">Andronovo culture</a>, which flourished ca. 1800–1400 BCE in the steppes around the <a href="/facts/Aral_Sea/jHfMFX0v">Aral Sea</a>, present-day Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The Proto-Indo-Aryan split off around 1800–1600 BCE from the Iranians,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> moved south through the <a href="/facts/Bactria%25E2%2580%2593Margiana_Archaeological_Complex/BltGCqup">Bactria-Margiana Culture</a>, south of the Andronovo culture, borrowing some of their distinctive religious beliefs and practices from the BMAC, and then migrated further south into the <a href="/facts/Levant/uuJLt3Af">Levant</a> and north-western India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> The migration of the Indo-Aryans was part of the larger diffusion of <a href="/facts/Indo-European_languages/L34TfgSr">Indo-European languages</a> from the <a href="/facts/Proto-Indo-European_homeland/r05Un7V0">Proto-Indo-European homeland</a> at the <a href="/facts/Pontic%25E2%2580%2593Caspian_steppe/KzRVR1WW">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> which started in the 4th millennium BCE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Gandhara_grave_culture/bNcotwXg">GGC</a>, <a href="/facts/Cemetery_H/xI1LLDp2">Cemetery H</a>, <a href="/facts/Copper_Hoard_culture/XnuwhflW">Copper Hoard</a>, <a href="/facts/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture/9wmUEG1R">OCP</a>, and <a href="/facts/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture/4k42GBRs">PGW</a> cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryans. </p><p>The Indo-Aryans were united by shared cultural norms and language, referred to as <i>aryā</i> 'noble'. Over the last four millennia, the Indo-Aryan culture has evolved particularly inside India itself, but its origins are in the conflation of values and heritage of the Indo-Aryan and indigenous people groups of India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Diffusion of this culture and language took place by patron-client systems, which allowed for the absorption and acculturation of other groups into this culture, and explains the strong influence on other cultures with which it interacted. </p><p>Genetically, most Indo-Aryan-speaking populations are descendants of a mix of Central Asian steppe pastoralists, Iranian hunter-gatherers, and, to a lesser extent, South Asian hunter-gatherers—commonly known as Ancient Ancestral South Indians (AASI). Dravidians are descendants of a mix of South Asian hunter-gatherers and Iranian hunter-gatherers, and to a lesser extent, Central Asian steppe pastoralists. South Indian Tribal Dravidians descend majorly from South Asian hunter-gatherers, and to a lesser extent Iranian hunter-gatherers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Additionally, Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burmese speaking people contributed to the genetic make-up of South Asia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Indigenous_Aryanism/RaIexbIF">Indigenous Aryanism</a> propagates the idea that the Indo-Aryans were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, and that the Indo-European languages spread from there to central Asia and Europe. Contemporary support for this idea is ideologically driven, and has no basis in objective data and mainstream scholarship.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="list-of-historical-indo-aryan-peoples">List of historical Indo-Aryan peoples</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_ancient_Indo-Aryan_peoples_and_tribes/btUSVtYx">List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes</a></p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Anga/FYdwyRl3">Anga</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bahlikas/68ogpsXG">Bahlikas</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bharatas_(tribe)/MFsPWC46">Bharatas</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ced%25C4%25AB_(tribe)/WrF4Nqtl">Caidyas</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dewa_(people)/Qzgg3n5q">Dewa</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gandh%25C4%2581ra_(kingdom)/2fTp2qcu">Gāndhārīs</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gangaridai/uG3myYTg">Gangaridai</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gupta_Empire/KbMVInGv">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty/kvzdpsk8">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kambojas/QEYLgRIQ">Kambojas</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)/J8BP6hbl">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kasmira_kingdom/N02rDk20">Kasmira</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kekaya/HaM8fF5U">Kekaya</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Khasas/CrFIrsNm">Khasas</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kikata_kingdom/8rPrbqAR">Kikata</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Koliya/o24B3GDF">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kosala/JtMvQjGb">Kosala</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kuru_kingdom/8Uqlu8TH">Kurus</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Licchavi_(tribe)/CzylSreM">Licchavis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Madra_kingdom/3u4AmnRo">Madra</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)/e2vLVE9U">Magadhis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Malavas/4aUfMWHJ">Malavas</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Malla_(tribe)/4RFF7a9R">Mallakas</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Matsya_(tribe)/Jd3WT4lX">Mātsyeyas</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitanni/qVJQ9WaG">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Moriya_(tribe)/nl07ucvE">Moriya</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nishadha_kingdom/NSvxJrCM">Nishadhas</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Odra_kingdom/lQhujyXv">Odra</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pakthas/A1ToDmn0">Pakthas</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pala_Empire/Ao08ABYb">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Panchala/yapWy8SW">Panchala</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pundra_kingdom/VP8xeXnN">Paundra</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Puru_(Vedic_tribe)/pvbxuPHg">Puru</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Salva_(India)/Y6E4H2hl">Salva</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Salwa_kingdom/xE9Mv1Pe">Salwa</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Saraswata_kingdom/q7j4EPem">Saraswata</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sindhu-Sauv%25C4%25ABra/Af7bFE07">Sauvira</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Shakya/L02FXLlH">Shakya</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Shunga_Empire/KDBMJsp5">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sindhu-Sauv%25C4%25ABra/Af7bFE07">Sindhu</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sudra_kingdom/JSNDIvof">Sudra</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Surasena/jxdfV5Ed">Surasena</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Trigarta_kingdom/9JrcaAVk">Trigarta</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Utkala_kingdom/gJwxyyIc">Utkala</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vanga_kingdom/cdG2RDeU">Vanga</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vatsa/1jYUT3tG">Vatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vidarbha_kingdom/ICCoDsdh">Vidarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Videha/wY5PT9GF">Videha</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vrishni/pHJXM6bl">Vrishni</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Yadava/RCNUcF8G">Yadava</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Yadu/q5dLVy32">Yadu</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Yaudheya/Fday5Ys2">Yaudheya</a></li></ul> <h2 id="contemporary-indo-aryan-people">Contemporary Indo-Aryan people</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Assamese_people/FRgIwRk7">Assamese people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Awadhi_people/ygYEwI4v">Awadhi people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Banjara/9bxTSY1M">Banjara people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bengali_people/zUbaEVXE">Bengali people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bhil_people/sjpT5N11">Bhil people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bhojpuri_people/S0WRadQk">Bhojpuri people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bihari_people/yLGR5lDI">Bihari people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_people/wTxHWgK9">Bishnupriya Manipuri people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Brokpa/JRUaCqFB">Brokpa people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chittagonian_people/sRgSHwPL">Chittagonian people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Deccanis/CGWufebz">Deccani people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Deshi_people/saQLLyCh">Deshi people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dhakaiyas/9HWh0vAD">Dhakaiya people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dhivehi_people/A1hGBGKE">Dhivehi people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dogra_people/gBMnpyMC">Dogra people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Garhwali_people/HtNX6NEm">Garhwali people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ghoti_people/Foa6Hng4">Ghoti people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Goria_People/7926Kh6Q">Goria People</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gujarati_people/aVog1m3A">Gujarati people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Halba_(tribe)/xqSWHK2T">Halba people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Haryanvi_people/uvXaHI2H">Haryanvi people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hindkowans/oYFV6V8C">Hindki people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jaunsari_people/7T5vm5rD">Jaunsari people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kalash_people/GCfeQQ6U">Kalash people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kashmiri_people/fkGPdjdW">Kashmiri people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Khas_people/aLN29IEB">Khas people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kho_people/e51lSEBP">Kho people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kohistani_people/jjPXt2hp">Kohistani people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Konkani_people/YWnSCubP">Konkani people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kumauni_people/U1HKygyN">Kumauni people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kutchi_people/peGhNqM2">Kutchi people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Magahi_people/2ufX0Kc6">Magahi people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Maithils/Pw453yW0">Maithil people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Marathi_people/6NNqkj3G">Marathi people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Marwari_people/mYnRVInh">Marwari people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Memon_people/5bf2MQXy">Memon people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Miya_people/jPkSuvjR">Miya people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Muhajir_(Pakistan)/hTIq9uBR">Muhajir people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nagpuria_people/ovxAy1s1">Nagpuria people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Odia_people/npvswbPS">Odia people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Palula_people/TfXqHtBy">Palula people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pashayi_people/5fsyV2Iz">Pashayi people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pahari_people_(Kashmir)/PxG8VRtF">Pahari people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Punjabi_people/FRTTknvF">Punjabi people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rajasthani_people/5sI8b0Ql">Rajasthani people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Romani_people/HAj6w0kU">Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rohingya_people/GaGBFoWA">Rohingya people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sadan_people/4j5jkRtr">Sadan people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Saraiki_people/NK01mtsH">Saraiki people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Saurashtra_people/KwuCsdx6">Saurashtra people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Shina_people/Skkhyfu7">Shina people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sindhi_people/JftrQNkl">Sindhi people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sinhalese_people/bhCygCMS">Sinhalese people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sylhetis/m2AlKVyI">Sylheti people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thari_people/NStv6clg">Thari people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tharu_people/2jr5uahV">Tharu people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tirahi/VI4DXcFY">Tirahi people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Torwali_people/gCT8yGFx">Torwali people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Urdu-speaking_people/QgVb2Gqc">Urdu-speaking people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Warli/azvpXfVR">Warli people</a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Proto-Indo-Europeans/HDhs6TuR">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Indo-Iranians/gf5hW6No">Indo-Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dardic_peoples/1xXe6br0">Dardic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Aryan/9qU7xRQ2">Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Indo-Aryan_languages/hm2N7fYp">Indo-Aryan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Indo-Aryan_migrations/B1X5mCbl">Indo-Aryan migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Indigenous_Aryanism/RaIexbIF">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Aryan_race/yaS6DAHo">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Aryavarta/T2ovd5SP">Aryavarta</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dasa/2J0sW6Nu">Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dravidian_peoples/jbMyQt9g">Dravidian peoples</a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Early_Indians/tW7s7unl">Early Indians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/South_Asian_diaspora/q7AffPT1">South Asian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Northern_South_Asia/hxbIltyx">Northern South Asia</a></li></ul> <h2 id="sources">Sources</h2> <ul><li>Anthony, David W. (2007). <i>The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World</i>. Princeton University Press.</li> <li>Basu A, Sarkar-Roy N, Majumder PP (February 2016). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4760789">"Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 113 (6): 1594–9. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PNAS..113.1594B">2016PNAS..113.1594B</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1513197113">10.1073/pnas.1513197113</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4760789">4760789</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26811443">26811443</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Christopher_I._Beckwith/EtTzlFXW">Beckwith, Christopher I.</a> (16 March 2009). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ue8BxLEMt4C"><i>Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present</i></a>. <a href="/facts/Princeton_University_Press/kwvFlKEj">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1400829941. 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The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts"</a> (PDF), <i>Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies</i>, 7 (3): 1–115</li> <li>Witzel, Michael (2005), "Indocentrism", in Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie L. (eds.), <a href="https://archive.org/details/EdwinBryantLauriePattonIndoAryanControversyEvidenceAndInferenceInIndianHistoryRoutledge2005"><i>The Indo-Aryan Controversy. Evidence and inference in Indian history</i></a>, Routledge</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/RAJARAM/Har1.pdf">Horseplay at Harappa – People Fas Harvard – Harvard University</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a href="http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1723/17231220.htm">A tale of two horses</a> – <i><a href="/facts/Frontline_(magazine)/RVeaaJPQ">Frontline</a></i></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Anthony 2007. - Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse The Wheel And Language. 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Princeton University Press. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>George Erdosy (1995). "The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity", p. 279 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Anthony 2007. - Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World. Princeton University Press. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Anthony 2007. - Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World. Princeton University Press. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Johannes Krause mit Thomas Trappe: Die Reise unserer Gene. Eine Geschichte über uns und unsere Vorfahren. 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The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts" (PDF), Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, 7 (3): 1–115 <a href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Jamison 2006. - Jamison, Stephanie W. (2006). "The Indo-Aryan controversy: Evidence and inference in Indian history (Book review)" (PDF). Journal of Indo-European Studies. 34: 255–261. <a href="http://www.safarmer.com/Indo-Eurasian/Bryant_Patton.review.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.safarmer.com/Indo-Eurasian/Bryant_Patton.review.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Guha 2007, p. 341. - Guha, Sudeshna (2007), "Review. Reviewed Work: The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History by Edwin F. 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