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C Sharp (programming language)
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<h2 id="design-goals">Design goals</h2> <p>The Ecma standard lists these design goals for C#:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>The language is intended to be a simple, modern, general-purpose, <a href="/facts/Object-oriented_programming/TxNMEcao">object-oriented</a> programming language.</li> <li>The language, and implementations thereof, should provide support for software engineering principles such as <a href="/facts/Strong_and_weak_typing/WYexudnr">strong type</a> checking, array <a href="/facts/Bounds_checking/vnAjD4Lp">bounds checking</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a>: 58–59 detection of attempts to use <a href="/facts/Uninitialized_variable/WDFuGI3X">uninitialized variables</a>, and automatic <a href="/facts/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)/j2vlIu7g">garbage collection</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a>: 563 Software robustness, durability, and programmer productivity are important.</li> <li>The language is intended for use in developing <a href="/facts/Software_components/eW5wvSHC">software components</a> suitable for <a href="/facts/Deployment_environment/gG7DJoE6">deployment</a> in distributed environments.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Software_portability/tWKVGCBb">Portability</a> is very important for <a href="/facts/Source_code/o9J6Jv23">source code</a> and <a href="/facts/Programmer/WGTS1Jv9">programmers</a>, especially those already familiar with <a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> and <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a>.</li> <li>Support for <a href="/facts/Internationalization_and_localization/IGkl9VBM">internationalization</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a>: 314 is very important.</li> <li>C# is intended to be suitable for writing applications for both hosted and <a href="/facts/Embedded_system/a4muX1wU">embedded systems</a>, ranging from the very large that use sophisticated <a href="/facts/Operating_system/8XTuvMh2">operating systems</a>, down to the very small having dedicated functions.</li> <li>Although C# applications are intended to be economical with regard to memory and <a href="/facts/Processing_power/td1qKox4">processing power</a> requirements, the language was not intended to compete directly on performance and size with C or assembly language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>During the development of the <a href="/facts/.NET_Framework/J6QDAUhP">.NET Framework</a>, the <a href="/facts/Base_Class_Library/sbGvv2nB">class libraries</a> were originally written using a <a href="/facts/Managed_code/3jJfe94N">managed code</a> compiler system named <i>Simple Managed C</i> (SMC).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> In January 1999, <a href="/facts/Anders_Hejlsberg/E1GJCekr">Anders Hejlsberg</a> formed a team to build a new language at the time called COOL, which stood for "<a href="/facts/List_of_C-family_programming_languages/Pn4W8RB3">C-like</a> Object Oriented Language".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Microsoft had considered keeping the name "COOL(C-like Object Oriented Language)" as the final name of the language, but chose not to do so for trademark reasons. By the time the .NET project was publicly announced at the July 2000 <a href="/facts/Professional_Developers_Conference/sEG2CcoJ">Professional Developers Conference</a>, the language had been renamed C#, and the class libraries and <a href="/facts/ASP.NET/xq7KM8mN">ASP.NET</a> runtime were ported to C#. </p><p>Hejlsberg is C#'s principal designer and lead architect at Microsoft, and was previously involved with the design of <a href="/facts/Turbo_Pascal/2aWFEk9z">Turbo Pascal</a>, <a href="/facts/Embarcadero_Technologies/Cw6SpURL">Embarcadero</a> <a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/mAqCJnqm">Delphi</a> (formerly <a href="/facts/CodeGear/lS1gxsvp">CodeGear</a> Delphi, <a href="/facts/Inprise/crI5pTzW">Inprise</a> Delphi and <a href="/facts/Borland/crI5pTzW">Borland</a> Delphi), and <a href="/facts/Visual_J%252B%252B/7zblb4Pm">Visual J++</a>. In interviews and technical papers, he has stated that flaws<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> in most major programming languages (e.g. <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a>, <a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a>, <a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/mAqCJnqm">Delphi</a>, and <a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a>) drove the fundamentals of the <a href="/facts/Common_Language_Runtime/4Y0cUdkd">Common Language Runtime</a> (CLR), which, in turn, drove the design of the C# language. </p><p><a href="/facts/James_Gosling/AIKS55X9">James Gosling</a>, who created the <a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a> programming language in 1994, and <a href="/facts/Bill_Joy/3I8ehVtu">Bill Joy</a>, a co-founder of <a href="/facts/Sun_Microsystems/VJ9EzEFd">Sun Microsystems</a>, the originator of Java, called C# an "imitation" of Java; Gosling further said that "[C# is] sort of Java with reliability, productivity and security deleted."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> In July 2000, Hejlsberg said that C# is "not a Java clone" and is "much closer to C++" in its design.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>Since the release of C# 2.0 in November 2005, the C# and Java languages have evolved on increasingly divergent trajectories, becoming two quite different languages. One of the first major departures came with the addition of <a href="/facts/Generic_programming/kqtqJk7p">generics</a> to both languages, with vastly different implementations. C# uses of <a href="/facts/Reification_(computer_science)/bWHmLPs5">reification</a> to provide "first-class" generic objects that can be used like any other class, with <a href="/facts/Code_generation_(compiler)/6Ce9gjPs">code generation</a> performed at class-load time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Furthermore, C# has added several major features to accommodate functional-style programming, culminating in the <a href="/facts/Language_Integrated_Query/qz61xeUf">LINQ</a> extensions released with C# 3.0 and its supporting framework of <a href="/facts/Anonymous_function/2vdyE4zL">lambda expressions</a>, <a href="/facts/Extension_method/fkvzp3Nx">extension methods</a>, and <a href="/facts/Anonymous_type/7PQAjzmI">anonymous types</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> These features enable C# programmers to use functional programming techniques, such as <a href="/facts/Closure_(computer_science)/droP22Xn">closures</a>, when it is advantageous to their application. The LINQ extensions and the functional imports help developers reduce the amount of <a href="/facts/Boilerplate_code/xbYAfVbW">boilerplate code</a> included in common tasks such as querying a database, parsing an XML file, or searching through a data structure, shifting the emphasis onto the actual program logic to help improve readability and maintainability.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>C# used to have a <a href="/facts/Mascot/ATAbjP6C">mascot</a> called Andy (named after <a href="/facts/Anders_Hejlsberg/E1GJCekr">Anders Hejlsberg</a>). It was retired on January 29, 2004.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>C# was originally submitted to the ISO/IEC JTC 1 subcommittee <a href="/facts/ISO%2fIEC_JTC_1%2fSC_22/lJPn05nl">SC 22</a> for review,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> under ISO/IEC 23270:2003,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> was withdrawn and was then approved under ISO/IEC 23270:2006.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> The 23270:2006 is withdrawn under 23270:2018 and approved with this version.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h3>Name</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a> first used the name C# in 1988 for a variant of the C language designed for incremental compilation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> That project was not completed, and the name was later reused. </p> <p>The name "C sharp" was inspired by the musical notation whereby a <a href="/facts/Sharp_(music)/dUgIJtHX">sharp symbol</a> indicates that the written note should be made a <a href="/facts/Semitone/lVBsLYSA">semitone</a> higher in <a href="/facts/Pitch_(music)/fQAK0JsC">pitch</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> This is similar to the language name of <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a>, where "++" indicates that a variable should be incremented by 1 after being evaluated. The sharp symbol also resembles a <a href="/facts/Typographic_ligature/urMIGfmN">ligature</a> of four "+" symbols (in a two-by-two grid), further implying that the language is an increment of C++.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>Due to technical limits of display (standard fonts, browsers, etc.), and most <a href="/facts/Keyboard_layout/6aYkBXuK">keyboard layouts</a> lacking a sharp symbol (U+266F ♯ <a href="/facts/Sharp_(music)/dUgIJtHX">MUSIC SHARP SIGN</a> (♯)), the <a href="/facts/Number_sign/bHYCsWs1">number sign</a> (U+0023 # NUMBER SIGN (#)) was chosen to approximate the sharp symbol in the written name of the programming language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> This convention is reflected in the ECMA-334 C# Language Specification.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p>The "sharp" suffix has been used by a number of other Microsoft <a href="/facts/.NET/PDMQdfFu">.NET</a> compatible/compliant languages that are variants of existing languages, including <a href="/facts/J_Sharp/J8s8qupu">J#</a> (a .NET language also designed by Microsoft that is derived from <a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a> 1.1), <a href="/facts/A_Sharp_(.NET)/NUWJ3lne">A#</a> (from <a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a>), and the <a href="/facts/Functional_programming/cdxqPEIM">functional programming</a> language <a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> The original implementation of <a href="/facts/EiffelStudio/UchL9dFn">Eiffel for .NET</a> was called <a href="/facts/EiffelStudio/UchL9dFn">Eiffel#</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> a name retired since the full <a href="/facts/Eiffel_(programming_language)/gEzPjzmn">Eiffel</a> language is now supported. The suffix has also been used for <a href="/facts/Library_(computing)/xRzL3P7q">libraries</a>, such as <a href="/facts/Gtk_Sharp/oLpVm9pp">Gtk#</a> (a .NET <a href="/facts/Wrapper_pattern/jbLgy7ct">wrapper</a> for <a href="/facts/GTK/oLpVm9pp">GTK</a> and other <a href="/facts/GNOME/EFMNBmpR">GNOME</a> libraries) and <a href="/facts/Cocoa_Sharp/bmGhkCCS">Cocoa#</a> (a wrapper for <a href="/facts/Cocoa_(API)/p10p5aFI">Cocoa</a>). </p> <h3>Versions</h3> <p>Development of the text for standards (beginning with C# 6) is done on <a href="https://github.com/dotnet/csharpstandard">GitHub</a>. C# 7 was submitted to <a href="/facts/Ecma_International/HCbnIU6n">Ecma</a> and approved in December 2023. As of January 2024, the standard for C# 8 is currently under development, referencing the <a href="https://github.com/dotnet/csharplang/tree/main/proposals">approved language proposals</a>. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" rowspan="2">C#version</th><th scope="colgroup" colspan="3">Language specification</th><th scope="col" rowspan="2">Date</th><th scope="col" rowspan="2">.NET</th><th scope="col" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio/omNe6Lej">Visual Studio</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="col"><a href="/facts/Ecma_International/HCbnIU6n">Ecma</a></th><th scope="col"><a href="/facts/ISO%2fIEC/hh9xdNtz">ISO/IEC</a></th><th scope="col"><a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a></th></tr><tr><td scope="row">1.0</td><td rowspan="2">ECMA-334:2003, <a href="https://ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-334_2nd_edition_december_2002.pdf">December 2002</a></td><td rowspan="2">ISO/IEC 23270:2003, <a href="https://store.accuristech.com/ieee/standards/incits-iso-iec-23270-2003?product_id=1157805">April 2003</a></td><td><a href="http://download.microsoft.com/download/a/9/e/a9e229b9-fee5-4c3e-8476-917dee385062/CSharp%20Language%20Specification%20v1.0.doc">January 2002</a></td><td>January 2002</td><td><a href="/facts/.NET_Framework_version_history/9LBLRl6q">.NET Framework 1.0</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_.NET/omNe6Lej">Visual Studio .NET 2002</a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row">1.11.2</td><td><a href="http://download.microsoft.com/download/5/e/5/5e58be0a-b02b-41ac-a4a3-7a22286214ff/csharp%20language%20specification%20v1.2.doc">October 2003</a></td><td>April 2003</td><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/.NET_Framework_1.1/9LBLRl6q">.NET Framework 1.1</a></li></ul></td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_.NET_2003/omNe6Lej">Visual Studio .NET 2003</a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row"><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_2.0/r4bXXI6s">2.0</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td>ECMA-334:2006, <a href="https://ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-334_4th_edition_june_2006.pdf">June 2006</a></td><td>ISO/IEC 23270:2006, <a href="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c042926_ISO_IEC_23270_2006(E).zip">September 2006</a></td><td><a href="http://download.microsoft.com/download/9/8/f/98fdf0c7-2bbd-40d3-9fd1-5a4159fa8044/csharp%202.0%20specification_sept_2005.doc">September 2005</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td>November 2005</td><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/.NET_Framework_2.0/9LBLRl6q">.NET Framework 2.0</a></li><li><a href="/facts/.NET_Framework_3.0/9LBLRl6q">.NET Framework 3.0</a></li></ul></td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_2005/omNe6Lej">Visual Studio 2005</a><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_2008/omNe6Lej">Visual Studio 2008</a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row"><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_3.0/GzSX9dVf">3.0</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2">None</td><td><a href="http://download.microsoft.com/download/3/8/8/388e7205-bc10-4226-b2a8-75351c669b09/CSharp%20Language%20Specification.doc">August 2007</a></td><td>November 2007</td><td><ul><li>.NET Framework 2.0 (Except LINQ)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></li><li>.NET Framework 3.0 (Except LINQ)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li><li><a href="/facts/.NET_Framework_3.5/9LBLRl6q">.NET Framework 3.5</a></li></ul></td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_2008/omNe6Lej">Visual Studio 2008</a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row"><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_4.0/2fDDbTPg">4.0</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td>April 2010</td><td>April 2010</td><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/.NET_Framework_4.0/9LBLRl6q">.NET Framework 4</a></li></ul></td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_2010/omNe6Lej">Visual Studio 2010</a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row">5.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td>ECMA-334:2017, <a href="https://ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-334_5th_edition_december_2017.pdf">December 2017</a></td><td>ISO/IEC 23270:2018, <a href="https://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c075178_ISO_IEC_23270_2018.zip">December 2018</a></td><td><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=7029">June 2013</a></td><td>August 2012</td><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/.NET_Framework_4.5/9LBLRl6q">.NET Framework 4.5</a></li></ul></td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_2012/omNe6Lej">Visual Studio 2012</a><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_2013/omNe6Lej">Visual Studio 2013</a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row">6.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td>ECMA-334:2022, <a href="https://ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-334_6th_edition_june_2022.pdf">June 2022</a></td><td>None</td><td><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/language-specification/">Draft</a></td><td>July 2015</td><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/.NET_Framework_4.6/9LBLRl6q">.NET Framework 4.6</a></li><li>.NET Core 1.0</li><li>.NET Core 1.1</li></ul></td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_2015/omNe6Lej">Visual Studio 2015</a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row">7.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td rowspan="4">ECMA-334:2023, <a href="https://ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-334_7th_edition_december_2023.pdf">December 2023</a></td><td rowspan="4">ISO/IEC 20619:2023, <a href="https://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_IEC%2020619_2023%20ed.1%20-%20id.86347%20Publication%20PDF%20(en).zip">September 2023</a></td><td><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/proposals/csharp-7.0/">Specification proposal</a></td><td>March 2017</td><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/.NET_Framework_4.7/9LBLRl6q">.NET Framework 4.7</a></li></ul></td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_2017/omNe6Lej">Visual Studio 2017</a> version 15.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row">7.1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/proposals/csharp-7.1/">Specification proposal</a></td><td>August 2017</td><td><ul><li>.NET Core 2.0</li></ul></td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_2017/omNe6Lej">Visual Studio 2017</a> version 15.3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row">7.2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/proposals/csharp-7.2/">Specification proposal</a></td><td>November 2017</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_2017/omNe6Lej">Visual Studio 2017</a> version 15.5<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row">7.3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/proposals/csharp-7.3/">Specification proposal</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307081157/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/proposals/csharp-7.3/">Archived</a> March 7, 2021, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></td><td>May 2018</td><td><ul><li>.NET Core 2.1</li><li>.NET Core 2.2</li><li><a href="/facts/.NET_Framework_4.8/9LBLRl6q">.NET Framework 4.8</a></li></ul></td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_2017/omNe6Lej">Visual Studio 2017</a> version 15.7<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row">8.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="6">None</td><td><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/proposals/csharp-8.0/">Specification proposal</a></td><td>September 2019</td><td><ul><li>.NET Core 3.0</li><li>.NET Core 3.1</li></ul></td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_2019/omNe6Lej">Visual Studio 2019</a> version 16.3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row">9.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/proposals/csharp-9.0/">Specification proposal</a></td><td>November 2020</td><td><ul><li>.NET 5.0</li></ul></td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_2019/omNe6Lej">Visual Studio 2019</a> version 16.8<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row">10.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/proposals/csharp-10.0/">Specification proposal</a></td><td>November 2021</td><td><ul><li>.NET 6.0</li></ul></td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_2022/omNe6Lej">Visual Studio 2022</a> version 17.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row">11.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/proposals/csharp-11.0/">Specification proposal</a></td><td>November 2022</td><td><ul><li>.NET 7.0</li></ul></td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_2022/omNe6Lej">Visual Studio 2022</a> version 17.4<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row">12.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/whats-new/csharp-12/">Specification proposal</a></td><td>November 2023</td><td><ul><li>.NET 8.0</li></ul></td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_2022/omNe6Lej">Visual Studio 2022</a> version 17.8<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row">13.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></td><td><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/whats-new/csharp-13/">Specification proposal</a></td><td>November 2024</td><td><ul><li>.NET 9.0</li></ul></td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_2022/omNe6Lej">Visual Studio 2022</a> version 17.12<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="syntax">Syntax</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/C_Sharp_syntax/X5FB66y7">C# syntax</a></p> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Syntax_(programming_languages)/zM5oInza">Syntax (programming languages)</a></p> <p>The core syntax of the C# language is similar to that of other C-style languages such as C, Objective-C, C++ and Java, particularly: </p> <ul><li>Semicolons are used to denote the end of a statement.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Curly_brackets/yzGM9J8A">Curly brackets</a> are used to group statements. Statements are commonly grouped into methods (functions), methods into classes, and classes into <a href="/facts/Namespaces/9efXwMtV">namespaces</a>.</li> <li>Variables are assigned using an <a href="/facts/Equals_sign/AweYSg9h">equals sign</a>, but compared using <a href="/facts/%253D%253D/nTXrhxN2">two consecutive equals signs</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Square_brackets/yzGM9J8A">Square brackets</a> are used with <a href="/facts/Array_data_structure/BKGvF8AM">arrays</a>, both to declare them and to get a value at a given index in one of them.</li> <li>"class", "int" and "void" are used to define large-scale (usually main) program functions in scripts most of the time in C-style computer programming languages.</li></ul> <h2 id="distinguishing-features">Distinguishing features</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Comparison_of_C_Sharp_and_Java/tGh75h7J">Comparison of C# and Java</a></p> <p>Some notable features of C# that distinguish it from C, C++, and Java where noted, are: </p> <h3>Portability</h3> <p>By design, C# is the programming language that most directly reflects the underlying <a href="/facts/Common_Language_Infrastructure/mu44u01J">Common Language Infrastructure</a> (CLI).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> Most of its intrinsic types correspond to value-types implemented by the <a href="/facts/Common_Language_Infrastructure/mu44u01J">CLI (Common Language Infrastructure)</a> framework. However, the language specification does not state the code generation requirements of the compiler: that is, it does not state that a C# compiler must target a <a href="/facts/Common_Language_Runtime/4Y0cUdkd">Common Language Runtime (CLR)</a>, or generate <a href="/facts/Common_Intermediate_Language/sBIaMXyW">Common Intermediate Language (CIL)</a>, or generate any other specific format. Some C# compilers can also generate machine code like traditional compilers of Objective-C, C, C++, Assembly and <a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> </p> <h3>Typing</h3> <p>C# supports strongly, implicitly typed variable declarations with the keyword var,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a>: 470 and implicitly typed arrays with the keyword new[] followed by a collection initializer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a>: 80 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a>: 58 </p><p>Its type system is split into two families: Value types, like the built-in numeric types and user-defined structs, which are automatically handed over as copies when used as parameters, and reference types, including arrays, instances of classes, and strings, which only hand over a pointer to the respective object. Due to their special handling of the equality operator and their <a href="/facts/Immutable_object/Gsoq1bba">immutability</a>, strings will nevertheless behave as if they were values, for all practical purposes. You can even use them as <a href="/facts/Switch_statement/oQCWnGWh">case</a> labels. Where necessary, value types will be <a href="/facts/Boxing_(computer_science)/a49SD1kP">boxed</a> automatically.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> </p><p>C# supports a strict <a href="/facts/Boolean_data_type/0GWYLDoC">Boolean data type</a>, bool. Statements that take conditions, such as while and if, require an expression of a type that implements the true operator, such as the Boolean type. While C++ also has a Boolean type, it can be freely converted to and from integers, and expressions such as if (a) require only that a is convertible to bool, allowing a to be an int, or a pointer. C# disallows this "integer meaning true or false" approach, on the grounds that forcing programmers to use expressions that return exactly bool can prevent certain types of programming mistakes such as if (a = b) (use of assignment = instead of equality ==). </p><p>C# is more <a href="/facts/Type_safety/WxmEKq8R">type safe</a> than C++. The only <a href="/facts/Implicit_conversion/FuPD945T">implicit conversions</a> by default are those that are considered safe, such as widening of integers. This is enforced at compile-time, during <a href="/facts/Just-in-time_compilation/rEYDsd8l">JIT</a>, and, in some cases, at runtime. No implicit conversions occur between Booleans and integers, nor between enumeration members and integers (except for literal 0, which can be implicitly converted to any enumerated type). Any user-defined conversion must be explicitly marked as explicit or implicit, unlike C++ <a href="/facts/Copy_constructor/8JNHsH5H">copy constructors</a> and conversion operators, which are both implicit by default. </p><p>C# has explicit support for <a href="/facts/Covariance_and_contravariance_(computer_science)/NzBlXxF3">covariance and contravariance</a> in generic types,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a>: 144 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a>: 23 unlike C++ which has some degree of support for contravariance simply through the semantics of return types on virtual methods. </p><p><a href="/facts/Enumerated_type/oQITgIYb">Enumeration</a> members are placed in their own <a href="/facts/Scope_(programming)/bbj6AFMo">scope</a>. </p><p>The C# language does not allow for global variables or functions. All methods and members must be declared within classes. Static members of public classes can substitute for global variables and functions. </p><p>Local variables cannot <a href="/facts/Variable_shadowing/MkxEt5Tz">shadow</a> variables of the enclosing block, unlike C and C++, but may shadow type-level names. </p> <h3>Metaprogramming</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Metaprogramming/ujbjjJTY">Metaprogramming</a> can be achieved in several ways: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Reflective_programming/Nj8stFfp">Reflection</a> is supported through .NET APIs, which enable scenarios such as type metadata inspection and dynamic method invocation.</li> <li>Expression trees<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> represent code as an <a href="/facts/Abstract_syntax_tree/73AUK1jI">abstract syntax tree</a>, where each node is an expression that can be inspected or executed. This enables dynamic modification of executable code at runtime. Expression trees introduce some <a href="/facts/Homoiconicity/jNG51mrs">homoiconicity</a> to the language.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Attribute_(computing)/EpQSmn02">Attributes</a>, in C# parlance, are <a href="/facts/Metadata/qt35z79C">metadata</a> that can be attached to types, members, or entire <a href="/facts/Assembly_(programming)/D9rbllH5">assemblies</a>, equivalent to <a href="/facts/Java_annotation/bEff4u2b">annotations in Java</a>. Attributes are accessible both to the compiler and to code through reflection, allowing them to adjust their behaviour.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> Many of the native attributes duplicate the functionality of GCC's and VisualC++'s platform-dependent preprocessor directives.</li> <li>System.Reflection.Emit namespace,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> which contains classes that emit metadata and <a href="/facts/Common_Intermediate_Language/sBIaMXyW">CIL</a> (types, assemblies, etc.) at <a href="/facts/Runtime_system/YmCuC4xP">runtime</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Roslyn_(compiler)/y2lksQ5d">The .NET Compiler Platform (Roslyn)</a> provides API access to language compilation services, allowing for the compilation of C# code from within .NET applications. It exposes APIs for syntactic (<a href="/facts/Lexical_analysis/T1JYWpIf">lexical</a>) analysis of code, <a href="/facts/Semantic_analysis_(compilers)/uVGz8wBw">semantic analysis</a>, dynamic compilation to CIL, and code emission.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></li> <li>Source generators,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> a feature of the Roslyn C# compiler, enable compile time metaprogramming. During the compilation process, developers can inspect the code being compiled with the compiler's <a href="/facts/API/GMlN4vUr">API</a> and pass additional generated C# source code to be compiled.</li></ul> <h3>Methods and functions</h3> <p>A <i>method</i> in C# is a member of a class that can be invoked as a function (a sequence of instructions), rather than the mere value-holding capability of a <i>field</i> (i.e. <a href="/facts/Class_variable/H5b1PUyR">class</a> or <a href="/facts/Instance_variable/UQXdtMBp">instance variable</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> As in other syntactically similar languages, such as <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> and <a href="/facts/ANSI_C/rPKeEuPm">ANSI C</a>, the signature of a method is a declaration comprising in order: any optional accessibility keywords (such as private), the explicit specification of its return type (such as int, or the keyword void if no value is returned), the name of the method, and finally, a parenthesized sequence of comma-separated parameter specifications, each consisting of a parameter's type, its formal name and optionally, a default value to be used whenever none is provided. Different from most other languages, <a href="/facts/Evaluation_strategy/Pc9kLWgs">call-by-reference</a> parameters have to be marked both at the function definition and at the calling site, and you can choose between ref and out, the latter allowing handing over an uninitialized variable which will have a definite value on return.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> Additionally, you can specify a <a href="/facts/Variadic_function/XjW6Nbsw">variable-sized argument list</a> by applying the params keyword to the last parameter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> Certain specific kinds of methods, such as those that simply get or set a field's value by returning or assigning it, do not require an explicitly stated full signature, but in the general case, the definition of a class includes the full signature declaration of its methods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> </p><p>Like C++, and unlike Java, C# programmers must use the scope modifier keyword virtual to allow methods to be <a href="/facts/Method_overriding/B1AwBgUF">overridden</a> by subclasses. Unlike C++, you have to explicitly specify the keyword override when doing so.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> This is supposed to avoid confusion between overriding and newly overloading a function (i.e. hiding the former implementation). To do the latter, you have to specify the new keyword.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> You can use the keyword sealed to disallow further overrides for individual methods or whole classes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> </p><p><i>Extension methods</i> in C# allow programmers to use static methods as if they were methods from a class's method table, allowing programmers to virtually add instance methods to a class that they feel should exist on that kind of objects (and instances of the respective derived classes).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a>: 103–105 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a>: 202–203 </p><p>The type dynamic allows for run-time method binding, allowing for JavaScript-like method calls and run-time <a href="/facts/Object_composition/zWbRC9Jd">object composition</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a>: 114–118 </p><p>C# has support for strongly-typed <a href="/facts/Function_pointer/PEhvvsQB">function pointers</a> via the keyword delegate. Like the <a href="/facts/Qt_(software)/gVhwlQnJ">Qt</a> framework's <a href="/facts/Pseudo/9hpCs8bV">pseudo</a>-C++ <i>signal</i> and <i>slot</i>, C# has semantics specifically surrounding publish-subscribe style events, though C# uses delegates to do so. </p><p>C# offers Java-like synchronized method calls, via the attribute [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.Synchronized)], and has support for <a href="/facts/Mutual_exclusion/1dwvCxDW">mutually-exclusive locks</a> via the keyword lock. </p> <h3>Property</h3> <p>C# supports classes with <a href="/facts/Property_(programming)/MRIIAw5g">properties</a>. The properties can be simple accessor functions with a backing field, or implement arbitrary getter and setter functions. A property is read-only if there's no setter. Like with fields, there can be class and instance properties. The underlying methods can be virtual or <a href="/facts/Abstract_method/8kAXxVYs">abstract</a> like any other method.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> </p><p>Since C# 3.0 the <a href="/facts/Syntactic_sugar/FYkNSdTI">syntactic sugar</a> of auto-implemented properties is available,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> where the <a href="/facts/Mutator_method/sKfxYzFM">accessor (getter) and mutator (setter)</a> encapsulate operations on a single field of a class. </p> <h3>Namespace</h3> <p>A C# namespace provides the same level of code isolation as a Java package or a C++ namespace, with very similar rules and features to a package. Namespaces can be imported with the "using" syntax.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> </p> <h3>Memory access</h3> <p>In C#, memory address pointers can only be used within blocks specifically marked as <i>unsafe</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a> and programs with unsafe code need appropriate permissions to run. Most object access is done through safe object references, which always either point to a "live" object or have the well-defined <a href="/facts/Nullable_type/0jI1MoNq">null</a> value; it is impossible to obtain a reference to a "dead" object (one that has been garbage collected), or to an arbitrary block of memory. An unsafe pointer can point to an instance of an unmanaged value type that does not contain any references to objects subject to garbage collections such as class instances, arrays or strings. Code that is not marked as unsafe can still store and manipulate pointers through the System.IntPtr type, but it cannot dereference them. </p><p>Managed memory cannot be explicitly freed; instead, it is automatically garbage collected. Garbage collection addresses the problem of <a href="/facts/Memory_leak/JzufAL28">memory leaks</a> by freeing the programmer of responsibility for releasing memory that is no longer needed in most cases. Code that retains references to objects longer than is required can still experience higher memory usage than necessary, however once the final reference to an object is released the memory is available for garbage collection. </p> <h3>Exceptions</h3> <p>A range of standard exceptions are available to programmers. Methods in standard libraries regularly throw system exceptions in some circumstances and the range of exceptions thrown is normally documented. Custom exception classes can be defined for classes allowing handling to be put in place for particular circumstances as needed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> </p><p> The syntax for handling exceptions is the following:</p>try { // something } catch (Exception ex) { // if error do this } finally { // always executes, regardless of error occurrence } <p>Most of the time people call this a "try-catch" code block, because of the "try" and "catch" functions being used and accessible on all C# versions.</p>try { // something here } catch (Exception ex) { // example return 0; } finally { return 1; } <p>Depending on your plans, the "finally" part can be left out. If error handling is not required, the (Exception ex) parameter can be omitted as well. Also, there can be several "catch" parts handling different kinds of exceptions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Checked_exceptions/VrJxgb9r">Checked exceptions</a> are not present in C# (in contrast to Java). This has been a conscious decision based on the issues of scalability and version management.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a> </p> <h3>Polymorphism</h3> <p>Unlike <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a>, C# does not support <a href="/facts/Multiple_inheritance/kFvNb9rY">multiple inheritance</a>, although a class can implement any number of "<a href="/facts/Protocol_(object-oriented_programming)/jDMpXoLN">interfaces</a>" (fully abstract classes). This was a design decision by the language's lead architect to avoid complications and to simplify architectural requirements throughout <a href="/facts/Common_Language_Infrastructure/mu44u01J">CLI</a>. </p><p>When implementing multiple interfaces that contain a method with the same name and taking parameters of the same type in the same order (i.e. the same <a href="/facts/Type_signature/psEPS0UW">signature</a>), similar to <a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a>, C# allows both a single method to cover all interfaces and if necessary specific methods for each interface. </p><p>C# also offers <a href="/facts/Function_overloading/wL27p4rD">function overloading</a> (a.k.a. <a href="/facts/Ad_hoc_polymorphism/C15g3Bvz">ad-hoc-polymorphism</a>), i.e. methods with the same name, but distinguishable signatures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a> Unlike Java, C# additionally supports <a href="/facts/Operator_overloading/hRyHs4Qf">operator overloading</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a> </p><p>Since version 2.0, C# offers <a href="/facts/Parametric_polymorphism/ETb0G1zd">parametric polymorphism</a>, i.e. classes with arbitrary or constrained type parameters, e.g. List<T>, a variable-sized array which only can contain elements of type T. There are certain kinds of constraints you can specify for the type parameters: Has to be type X (<a href="/facts/Liskov_substitution_principle/r2vHVwa5">or one derived from it</a>), has to implement a certain interface, has to be a reference type, has to be a value type, has to implement a public parameterless <a href="/facts/Constructor_(object-oriented_programming)/8JNHsH5H">constructor</a>. Most of them can be combined, and you can specify any number of interfaces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a> </p> <h3>Language Integrated Query (LINQ)</h3> <p>C# has the ability to utilize <a href="/facts/Language_Integrated_Query/qz61xeUf">LINQ</a> through the .NET Framework. A developer can query a variety of data sources, provided the IEnumerable<T> interface is implemented on the object. This includes <a href="/facts/XML/clNgUfWk">XML</a> documents, an <a href="/facts/ADO.NET/j8ynkv5q">ADO.NET</a> dataset, and <a href="/facts/SQL/UjQLJcYm">SQL</a> databases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> </p><p>Using <a href="/facts/Language_Integrated_Query/qz61xeUf">LINQ</a> in C# brings advantages like <a href="/facts/IntelliSense/E25moVCY">IntelliSense</a> support, strong filtering capabilities, type safety with compile error checking ability, and consistency for querying data over a variety of sources.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a> There are several different language structures that can be utilized with C# and LINQ and they are query expressions, lambda expressions, anonymous types, implicitly typed variables, extension methods, and object initializers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a> </p><p>LINQ has two syntaxes: query syntax and method syntax. However, the compiler always converts the query syntax to method syntax at compile time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a> </p> using System.Linq; var numbers = new int[] { 5, 10, 8, 3, 6, 12 }; // Query syntax (SELECT num FROM numbers WHERE num % 2 = 0 ORDER BY num) var numQuery1 = from num in numbers where num % 2 == 0 orderby num select num; // Method syntax var numQuery2 = numbers .Where(num => num % 2 == 0) .OrderBy(n => n); <h3>Functional programming</h3> <p>Though primarily an imperative language, C# always adds functional features over time,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a> for example: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/First-class_function/dtMzp81k">Functions as first-class citizen</a> – C# 1.0 delegates<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Higher-order_function/VjnjGbpt">Higher-order functions</a> – C# 1.0 together with delegates</li> <li><a href="/facts/Anonymous_function/2vdyE4zL">Anonymous functions</a> – C# 2 anonymous delegates and C# 3 lambdas expressions<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Closure_(computer_programming)/droP22Xn">Closures</a> – C# 2 together with anonymous delegates and C# 3 together with lambdas expressions<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Type_inference/vX9K8Qhf">Type inference</a> – C# 3 with implicitly typed local variables var and C# 9 target-typed new expressions new()</li> <li><a href="/facts/List_comprehension/aYAax9k0">List comprehension</a> – C# 3 LINQ</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tuple/BI1HIxL8">Tuples</a> – <a href="/facts/.NET_Framework/J6QDAUhP">.NET Framework</a> 4.0 but it becomes popular when C# 7.0 introduced a new tuple type with language support<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nested_function/Rw2xzMLP">Nested functions</a> – C# 7.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pattern_matching/CEwptMs9">Pattern matching</a> – C# 7.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Immutable_object/Gsoq1bba">Immutability</a> – C# 7.2 readonly struct C# 9 record types<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a> and Init only setters<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Type_class/MBbIhF4n">Type classes</a> – C# 12 roles/extensions (in development<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a>)</li></ul> <h2 id="common-type-system">Common type system</h2> <p>C# has a <i>unified type system</i>. This unified type system is called <a href="/facts/Common_Type_System/CrFXeVHB">Common Type System</a> (CTS).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a>: Part 2, Chapter 4: The Type System </p><p>A unified type system implies that all types, including primitives such as integers, are subclasses of the System.Object class. For example, every type inherits a ToString() method. </p> <h3>Categories of data types</h3> <p>CTS separates data types into two categories:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a> </p> <ol><li>Reference types</li> <li>Value types</li></ol> <p>Instances of value types neither have referential identity nor referential comparison semantics. Equality and inequality comparisons for value types compare the actual data values within the instances, unless the corresponding operators are overloaded. Value types are derived from System.ValueType, always have a default value, and can always be created and copied. Some other limitations on value types are that they cannot derive from each other (but can implement interfaces) and cannot have an explicit default (parameterless) constructor because they already have an implicit one which initializes all contained data to the type-dependent default value (0, null, or alike). Examples of value types are all primitive types, such as int (a signed 32-bit integer), float (a 32-bit IEEE floating-point number), char (a 16-bit Unicode code unit), decimal (fixed-point numbers useful for handling currency amounts), and System.DateTime (identifies a specific point in time with nanosecond precision). Other examples are enum (enumerations) and struct (user defined structures). </p><p>In contrast, reference types have the notion of referential identity, meaning that each instance of a reference type is inherently distinct from every other instance, even if the data within both instances is the same. This is reflected in default equality and inequality comparisons for reference types, which test for referential rather than structural equality, unless the corresponding operators are overloaded (such as the case for System.String). Some operations are not always possible, such as creating an instance of a reference type, copying an existing instance, or performing a value comparison on two existing instances. Nevertheless, specific reference types can provide such services by exposing a public constructor or implementing a corresponding interface (such as ICloneable or IComparable). Examples of reference types are object (the ultimate base class for all other C# classes), System.String (a string of Unicode characters), and System.Array (a base class for all C# arrays). </p><p>Both type categories are extensible with user-defined types. </p> <h3>Boxing and unboxing</h3> <p><i>Boxing</i> is the operation of converting a value-type object into a value of a corresponding reference type.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a> Boxing in C# is implicit. </p><p><i>Unboxing</i> is the operation of converting a value of a reference type (previously boxed) into a value of a value type.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a> Unboxing in C# requires an explicit <a href="/facts/Type_conversion/FuPD945T">type cast</a>. A boxed object of type T can only be unboxed to a T (or a nullable T).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a> </p><p>Example: </p> int foo = 42; // Value type. object bar = foo; // foo is boxed to bar. int foo2 = (int)bar; // Unboxed back to value type. <h2 id="libraries">Libraries</h2> <p>The C# specification details a minimum set of types and class libraries that the compiler expects to have available. In practice, C# is most often used with some implementation of the <a href="/facts/Common_Language_Infrastructure/mu44u01J">Common Language Infrastructure</a> (CLI), which is standardized as ECMA-335 <i>Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)</i>. </p><p>In addition to the standard CLI specifications, there are many commercial and community class libraries that build on top of the .NET framework libraries to provide additional functionality.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a> </p><p>C# can make calls to any library included in the <a href="/facts/List_of_.NET_libraries_and_frameworks/Igdd6vw8">List of .NET libraries and frameworks</a>. </p> <h2 id="examples">Examples</h2> <h3>Hello World</h3> <p>The following is a very simple C# program, a version of the classic "<a href="/facts/%2522Hello%2c_World!%2522_program/vLn0jLlL">Hello world</a>" example using the <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/fundamentals/program-structure/top-level-statements">top-level statements</a> feature introduced in C# 9:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a> </p> System.Console.WriteLine("Hello, world!"); <p>For code written as C# 8 or lower, the entry point logic of a program must be written in a Main method inside a type: </p> using System; class Program { static void Main() { Console.WriteLine("Hello, world!"); } } <p>This code will display this text in the console window: </p> Hello, world! <p>Each line has a purpose: </p> using System; <p>The above line imports all types in the System namespace. For example, the Console class used later in the source code is defined in the System namespace, meaning it can be used without supplying the full name of the type (which includes the namespace). </p> // A version of the classic "Hello World" program <p>This line is a comment; it describes and documents the code for the programmer(s).</p>class Program <p> Above is a <a href="/facts/Class_(computer_programming)/zvzkSAtE">class</a> definition for the Program class. Everything that follows between the pair of braces describes that class.</p>{ ... } <p>The curly brackets demarcate the boundaries of a code block. In this first instance, they are marking the start and end of the Program class.</p>static void Main() <p>This declares the class member method where the program begins execution. The .NET runtime calls the Main method. Unlike in <a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a>, the Main method does not need the public keyword, which tells the compiler that the method can be called from anywhere by any class.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a> Writing static void Main(string[] args) is equivalent to writing private static void Main(string[] args). The <a href="/facts/Method_(computer_programming)/8kAXxVYs">static keyword</a> makes the method accessible without an instance of Program. Each console application's Main entry point must be declared static otherwise the program would require an instance of Program, but any instance would require a program. To avoid that irresolvable <a href="/facts/Circular_dependency/l6mh3qVC">circular dependency</a>, C# compilers processing <a href="/facts/Console_application/Gkr3u58Y">console applications</a> (like that above) report an error if there is no static Main method. The void keyword declares that Main has no <a href="/facts/Return_value/lK7c71aa">return value</a>. (Note, however, that short programs can be written using <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/fundamentals/program-structure/top-level-statements">Top Level Statements</a> introduced in C# 9, as mentioned earlier.) </p> Console.WriteLine("Hello, world!"); <p>This line writes the output. Console is a static class in the System namespace. It provides an interface to the standard <a href="/facts/Input%2foutput/WQTE8Jas">input/output</a>, and error streams for console applications. The program calls the Console method WriteLine, which displays on the console a line with the argument, the string "Hello, world!". </p> <h3>Generics</h3> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Generic_programming/kqtqJk7p">Generic programming</a></p> <p>With .NET 2.0 and C# 2.0, the community got more flexible collections than those in .NET 1.x. In the absence of generics, developers had to use collections such as ArrayList to store elements as objects of unspecified kind, which incurred performance overhead when boxing/unboxing/type-checking the contained items. </p><p>Generics introduced a massive new feature in .NET that allowed developers to create type-safe data structures. This shift is particularly important in the context of converting legacy systems, where updating to generics can significantly enhance performance and maintainability by replacing outdated data structures with more efficient, type-safe alternatives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a> </p><p>Example </p> public class DataStore<T> { private T[] items = new T[10]; private int count = 0; public void Add(T item) { items[count++] = item; } public T Get(int index) { return items[index]; } } <h2 id="standardization-and-licensing">Standardization and licensing</h2> <p>In August 2001, <a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/facts/Hewlett-Packard/abuNSYNu">Hewlett-Packard</a> and <a href="/facts/Intel/SMF0gJJX">Intel</a> co-sponsored the submission of specifications for C# as well as the <a href="/facts/Common_Language_Infrastructure/mu44u01J">Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)</a> to the standards organization <a href="/facts/Ecma_International/HCbnIU6n">Ecma International</a>. In December 2001, ECMA released ECMA-334 <i>C# Language Specification</i>. C# became an <a href="/facts/International_Organization_for_Standardization/IacYR7Yg">ISO</a>/<a href="/facts/International_Electrotechnical_Commission/hSK0kjwI">IEC</a> standard in 2003 (ISO/IEC 23270:2003 - <i>Information technology — Programming languages — C#</i>). ECMA had previously adopted equivalent specifications as the 2nd edition of C#, in December 2002. In June 2005, ECMA approved edition 3 of the C# specification, and updated ECMA-334. Additions included partial classes, anonymous methods, nullable types, and <a href="/facts/Generic_programming/kqtqJk7p">generics</a> (somewhat similar to C++ <a href="/facts/Template_(programming)/TXEqGy7R">templates</a>). In July 2005, ECMA submitted to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22, via the latter's Fast-Track process, the standards and related TRs. This process usually takes 6–9 months. </p><p>The C# language definition and the <a href="/facts/Common_Language_Infrastructure/mu44u01J">CLI</a> are standardized under <a href="/facts/International_Organization_for_Standardization/IacYR7Yg">ISO</a>/<a href="/facts/International_Electrotechnical_Commission/hSK0kjwI">IEC</a> and <a href="/facts/Ecma/HCbnIU6n">Ecma</a> standards that provide <a href="/facts/Reasonable_and_Non_Discriminatory_Licensing/qBAA4w9T">reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing</a> protection from patent claims. </p><p>Microsoft initially agreed not to sue open-source developers for violating patents in non-profit projects for the part of the framework that is covered by the <a href="/facts/Open_Specification_Promise/suyEKAKf">Open Specification Promise</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a> Microsoft has also agreed not to enforce patents relating to <a href="/facts/Novell/lABGMT7U">Novell</a> products against Novell's paying customers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a> with the exception of a list of products that do not explicitly mention C#, .NET or Novell's implementation of .NET (<a href="/facts/Mono_(software)/PlyeJxRS">The Mono Project</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a> However, Novell maintained that Mono does not infringe any Microsoft patents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a> Microsoft also made a specific agreement not to enforce patent rights related to the <a href="/facts/Moonlight_(runtime)/xYPIeT7l">Moonlight browser plugin</a>, which depends on Mono, provided it is obtained through Novell.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a> </p><p>A decade later, Microsoft began developing free, open-source, and cross-platform tooling for C#, namely <a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_Code/YsBDgKlK">Visual Studio Code</a>, <a href="/facts/.NET_Core/NhHe0l06">.NET Core</a>, and <a href="/facts/Roslyn_(compiler)/y2lksQ5d">Roslyn</a>. Mono joined Microsoft as a project of <a href="/facts/Xamarin/JEbH9UEP">Xamarin</a>, a Microsoft subsidiary. </p> <h2 id="implementations">Implementations</h2> <p>Microsoft has developed <a href="/facts/Open-source_software/HzTaB8E9">open-source</a> reference C# compilers and tools. The first compiler, <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Roslyn/y2lksQ5d">Roslyn</a>, compiles into intermediate language (IL), and the second one, RyuJIT,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a> is a JIT (just-in-time) compiler, which is dynamic and does on-the-fly optimization and compiles the IL into native code for the front-end of the CPU.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a> RyuJIT is open source and written in C++.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a> Roslyn is entirely written in <a href="/facts/Managed_code/3jJfe94N">managed code</a> (C#), has been opened up and functionality surfaced as APIs. It is thus enabling developers to create refactoring and diagnostics tools.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a> Two branches of official implementation are .NET Framework (closed-source, Windows-only) and .NET Core (open-source, cross-platform); they eventually converged into one open-source implementation: .NET 5.0.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a> At .NET Framework 4.6, a new JIT compiler replaced the former.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a> </p><p>Other C# compilers (some of which include an implementation of the <a href="/facts/Common_Language_Infrastructure/mu44u01J">Common Language Infrastructure</a> and .NET class libraries): </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Mono_(software)/PlyeJxRS">Mono</a>, a Microsoft-sponsored project provides an open-source C# compiler, a complete open-source implementation of the CLI (including the required framework libraries as they appear in the ECMA specification,) and a nearly complete implementation of the NET class libraries up to .NET Framework 3.5.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/RemObjects_Elements/eybTCcGn">Elements</a> tool chain from <a href="/facts/RemObjects/eybTCcGn">RemObjects</a> includes RemObjects C#, which compiles C# code to .NET's <a href="/facts/Common_Intermediate_Language/sBIaMXyW">Common Intermediate Language</a>, <a href="/facts/Java_bytecode/Nh1qKH4y">Java bytecode</a>, <a href="/facts/Cocoa_(API)/p10p5aFI">Cocoa</a>, <a href="/facts/Dalvik_(software)/n7tnxaPt">Android bytecode</a>, <a href="/facts/WebAssembly/7ukwnxY9">WebAssembly</a>, and native machine code for Windows, macOS, and Linux.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/DotGNU/7plzyRWG">DotGNU</a> project (now discontinued) also provided an open-source C# compiler, a nearly complete implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure including the required framework libraries as they appear in the ECMA specification, and subset of some of the remaining Microsoft proprietary .NET class libraries up to .NET 2.0 (those not documented or included in the ECMA specification, but included in Microsoft's standard .NET Framework distribution).</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/facts/Unity_(game_engine)/GsM1fEUG">Unity game engine</a> uses C# as its primary scripting language. The <a href="/facts/Godot_(game_engine)/Xj6W5X44">Godot game engine</a> has implemented an optional C# module due to a donation of $24,000 from Microsoft.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Computer programming portal</li></ul> C# topics <ul><li><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_syntax/X5FB66y7">C# syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_C_Sharp_and_Java/tGh75h7J">Comparison of C# and Java</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_C_Sharp_and_Visual_Basic_.NET/Pj4nG8k9">Comparison of C# and Visual Basic .NET</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Standard_Libraries_(CLI)/sbGvv2nB">.NET standard libraries</a></li></ul> IDEs <ul><li><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio/omNe6Lej">Visual Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_Code/YsBDgKlK">Visual Studio Code</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/JetBrains/1YcNFxgv">Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LINQPad/Ep7x1m8A">LINQPad</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/MonoDevelop/HN4e0nVj">MonoDevelop</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Morfik/RYPjvVBk">Morfik</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/SharpDevelop/gegb2mUz">SharpDevelop</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Turbo_C_Sharp/PEWekdjV">Turbo C#</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express/PPcsYlwS">Microsoft Visual Studio Express</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Xamarin_Studio/JEbH9UEP">Xamarin Studio</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h3>Citations</h3> <h3>Sources</h3> <ul><li>Albahari, Joseph (2022). <i>C# 10 in a Nutshell</i> (First ed.). O'Reilly. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-098-12195-2.</li> <li>Archer, Tom (2001). "Part 2, Chapter 4: The Type System". <i>Inside C#</i>. Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7356-1288-9.</li> <li>Novák, István; Velvart, Andras; Granicz, Adam; Balássy, György; Hajdrik, Attila; Sellers, Mitchel; Hillar, Gastón C.; Molnár, Ágnes; Kanjilal, Joydip (2010). <i>Visual Studio 2010 and .NET 4 Six-in-One</i>. Wrox Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0470499481.</li> <li>Skeet, Jon (2019). <i>C# in Depth</i> (Fourth ed.). Manning. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1617294532.</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Drayton, Peter; Albahari, Ben; Neward, Ted (2002). <a href="https://archive.org/details/clanguagepocketr00pete"><i>C# Language Pocket Reference</i></a>. O'Reilly. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-596-00429-X.</li> <li>Petzold, Charles (2002). <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780735613706"><i>Programming Microsoft Windows with C#</i></a>. Microsoft Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7356-1370-2.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/language-specification/introduction">C# Language Specification</a></li> <li><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/">C# Programming Guide</a></li> <li><a href="https://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c075178_ISO_IEC_23270_2018.zip">ISO C# Language Specification</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn">C# Compiler Platform ("Roslyn") source code</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>By convention, a number sign is used for the second character in normal text; in artistic representations, sometimes a true sharp sign is used: C♯. However the ECMA 334 standard states: "The name C# is written as the LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C (U+0043) followed by the NUMBER SIGN # (U+0023)." <a href="/wiki/Number_sign" target="_blank">/wiki/Number_sign</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Skeet 2019. - Skeet, Jon (2019). C# in Depth (Fourth ed.). Manning. ISBN 978-1617294532. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Skeet 2019. - Skeet, Jon (2019). C# in Depth (Fourth ed.). Manning. ISBN 978-1617294532. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>C# Language Specification (PDF) (4th ed.). Ecma International. June 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2012. <a href="https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-334_4th_edition_june_2006.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-334_4th_edition_june_2006.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>C# Language Specification (PDF) (4th ed.). Ecma International. June 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2012. <a href="https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-334_4th_edition_june_2006.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-334_4th_edition_june_2006.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>C# Language Specification (PDF) (4th ed.). Ecma International. June 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2012. <a href="https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-334_4th_edition_june_2006.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-334_4th_edition_june_2006.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Language versions 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 are available as ISO/IEC 23270. Beginning with version 7.0, the specification is available as ISO/IEC 20619 <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Dollard, Kathleen (November 14, 2023). "Announcing C# 12". .NET Blog. Archived from the original on November 18, 2023. Retrieved November 18, 2023. <a href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/dotnet/announcing-csharp-12/" target="_blank">https://devblogs.microsoft.com/dotnet/announcing-csharp-12/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Seth, Gaurav (November 14, 2023). "Announcing .NET 8". .NET Blog. 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