Franz Kafka

<h2 id="life">Life</h2>
<h3>Early life</h3>

Kafka was born near the <a href="/facts/Old_Town_Square/Dk1pdHlX">Old Town Square</a> in Prague, then part of the <a href="/facts/Austro-Hungarian_Empire/9WPUPj0W">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>. His family were German-speaking middle-class <a href="/facts/Ashkenazi_Jews/B9PIYy71">Ashkenazi Jews</a>. His father, Hermann Kafka (1854–1931), was the fourth child of Jakob Kafka,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> a shochet or <a href="/facts/Shechita/H3SsB50I">ritual slaughterer</a> in <a href="/facts/Osek_(Strakonice_District)/Cxey2juX">Osek</a>, a Czech village with a large Jewish population located near <a href="/facts/Strakonice/JkLzzp7I">Strakonice</a> in southern Bohemia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> Hermann brought the Kafka family to Prague. After working as a travelling sales representative, he eventually became a fashion retailer who employed up to 15 people and used the image of a <a href="/facts/Western_jackdaw/pETyelcH">jackdaw</a> (kavka in Czech, pronounced and colloquially written as kafka) as his business logo.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> Kafka's mother, Julie (1856–1934), was the daughter of Jakob Löwy, a prosperous retail merchant in <a href="/facts/Pod%25C4%259Bbrady/Sdxuvf4o">Poděbrady</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> and was better educated than her husband.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>
Kafka's parents, from traditional Jewish society, spoke German replete with influences from their native <a href="/facts/Yiddish/VfmsR6pW">Yiddish</a>; their children, raised in an acculturated environment, spoke <a href="/facts/Standard_German/9qsa3C2S">Standard German</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> The cleanliness and "almost platonic purity"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> of Kafka's German may be derived from the fact that he grew up speaking the language in a country whose native speech was not German.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> His prose is not hindered by slang or warped by fads of contemporary usage that mark the style of his generational peers from the heart of the empire in <a href="/facts/Vienna/NSpIURsA">Vienna</a> or, for that matter, at the center of the <a href="/facts/Second_Reich/lwQutJyN">Second Reich</a> in <a href="/facts/Berlin/pMTIRNXK">Berlin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>
Hermann and Julie had six children, of whom Franz was the eldest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> Franz's two brothers, Georg and Heinrich, died in infancy before Franz was seven; his three sisters were Gabriele ("Elli") (1889–1942), <a href="/facts/Valli_Kafka/0QHFLb6x">Valerie</a> ("Valli") (1890–1942) and <a href="/facts/Ottla_Kafka/AAndclqv">Ottilie</a> ("Ottla") (1892–1943). All three were murdered in <a href="/facts/The_Holocaust/vGQsAb2y">the Holocaust</a> of <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a>. Valli was deported to the <a href="/facts/%25C5%2581%25C3%25B3d%25C5%25BA_Ghetto/yhj6eVt2">Łódź Ghetto</a> in <a href="/facts/Occupied_Poland/qIIryAJw">occupied Poland</a> in 1942, but that is the last documentation of her; it is assumed she did not survive the war. Ottilie was Kafka's favourite sister.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>
Hermann is described by Kafka scholar and translator <a href="/facts/Stanley_Corngold/3mTfFgU7">Stanley Corngold</a> as a "huge, selfish, overbearing businessman"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> and by Franz Kafka as "a true Kafka in strength, health, appetite, loudness of voice, eloquence, self-satisfaction, worldly dominance, endurance, presence of mind, knowledge of human nature, a certain way of doing things on a grand scale, of course also with all the defects and weaknesses that go with these advantages and into which your temperament and sometimes your hot temper drive you".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> On business days, both parents were absent from the home, with Julie Kafka working as many as 12 hours each day helping to manage the family business. Consequently, Kafka's childhood was somewhat lonely,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> and the children were reared largely by a series of governesses and servants. Kafka's troubled relationship with his father is evident in his <a href="/facts/Brief_an_den_Vater/84rDaoLP">Brief an den Vater</a> (Letter to His Father) of more than 100 pages, in which he complains of being profoundly affected by his father's authoritarian and demanding character;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> his mother, in contrast, was quiet and shy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> The dominating figure of Kafka's father had a significant influence on Kafka's writing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>
The Kafka family had a servant girl living with them in a cramped apartment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> Franz's room was often cold. In November 1913, the family moved into a bigger apartment, although Ellie and Valli had married and moved out of the first apartment. In early August 1914, just after World War I began, the sisters did not know where their husbands were in the military and moved back in with the family in this larger apartment. Both Ellie and Valli also had children. Franz at age 31 moved into Valli's former apartment, quiet by contrast, and lived by himself for the first time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a>

<h3>Education</h3>

From 1889 to 1893, Kafka attended the German boys' elementary school at the Masný trh/Fleischmarkt (meat market), now known as Masná Street. His Jewish education ended with his <a href="/facts/Bar_mitzvah/yIqrEE83">bar mitzvah</a> celebration at the age of 13. Kafka never enjoyed attending the synagogue and went with his father only on four high holidays each year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a>
After leaving elementary school in 1893, Kafka was admitted to the rigorous classics-oriented state <a href="/facts/Gymnasium_(Germany)/lAQ0x0tR">gymnasium</a>, Altstädter Deutsches Gymnasium, an academic secondary school at Old Town Square, located within <a href="/facts/Kinsk%25C3%25BD_Palace_(Prague)/gyLTQGjQ">Kinský Palace</a>. German was the language of instruction, but Kafka also spoke and wrote in Czech.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> He studied the latter at the gymnasium for eight years, achieving good grades.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> Kafka received compliments for his Czech, but never considered himself fluent in the language. He spoke German with a Czech accent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> He completed his <a href="/facts/Matura/Iv2V66KG">Matura</a> exams in 1901.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a>
Kafka was admitted to the <a href="/facts/German_Charles-Ferdinand_University/auLIgrty">Deutsche Karl-Ferdinands-Universität</a> of Prague in 1901. He was originally admitted for philosophy, and he had additionally signed up for chemistry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> Kafka began studying chemistry but switched to law after two weeks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> Although this field did not excite him, it offered a range of career possibilities, which pleased his father. In addition, law required a longer course of study, giving Kafka time to take classes in German studies and art history.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> He also joined a student club, Lese- und Redehalle der Deutschen Studenten (Reading and Lecture Hall of the German students), which organised literary events, readings and other activities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> Among Kafka's friends were the journalist <a href="/facts/Felix_Weltsch/slEnkICc">Felix Weltsch</a>, who studied philosophy, the actor <a href="/facts/Yitzchak_Lowy/SYqPjCz3">Yitzchak Lowy</a> who came from an orthodox <a href="/facts/Hasidic/BP765ncB">Hasidic</a> Warsaw family, and the writers <a href="/facts/Ludwig_Winder/3EPCtAQy">Ludwig Winder</a>, <a href="/facts/Oskar_Baum/4FvRVp5b">Oskar Baum</a> and <a href="/facts/Franz_Werfel/j6F69jJ2">Franz Werfel</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a>
At the end of his first year of studies, Kafka met <a href="/facts/Max_Brod/BDLqsBAL">Max Brod</a>, a fellow law student who became a close friend for life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> Years later, Brod coined the term Der enge Prager Kreis ("The Close Prague Circle") to describe the group of writers, which included Kafka, Felix Weltsch and Brod himself.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> Brod soon noticed that, although Kafka was shy and seldom spoke, what he said was usually profound.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> Kafka was an avid reader throughout his life;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> together he and Brod read <a href="/facts/Plato/sPedMo74">Plato</a>'s <a href="/facts/Protagoras_(dialogue)/3NvIcxQ0">Protagoras</a> in the original <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek/LIK7NlUh">Greek</a>, on Brod's initiative, and <a href="/facts/Gustave_Flaubert/K2pKeafh">Gustave Flaubert</a>'s <a href="/facts/Sentimental_Education/IoqC091z">L'éducation sentimentale</a> and <a href="/facts/The_Temptation_of_Saint_Anthony_(novel)/pg8J55kB">La Tentation de St. Antoine</a> (The Temptation of Saint Anthony) in French, at his own suggestion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> Kafka considered <a href="/facts/Fyodor_Dostoevsky/cbQ5REbv">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a>, Flaubert, <a href="/facts/Nikolai_Gogol/MVPcQ3W7">Nikolai Gogol</a>, <a href="/facts/Franz_Grillparzer/woMkbgHq">Franz Grillparzer</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> and <a href="/facts/Heinrich_von_Kleist/kk3wfano">Heinrich von Kleist</a> to be his "true <a href="/facts/Blood_brother/EcwvUVbQ">blood brothers</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> Besides these, he took an interest in <a href="/facts/Czech_literature/rrwQ8b6P">Czech literature</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> and was also very fond of the works of <a href="/facts/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe/k5hW4Tw5">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> Kafka was awarded the degree of Doctor of Law on 18 June 1906<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> and performed an obligatory year of unpaid service as a law clerk for the civil and criminal courts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a>

<h3>Employment</h3>

On 1 November 1907, Kafka was employed at the <a href="/facts/Assicurazioni_Generali/FCtgajqK">Assicurazioni Generali</a>, an insurance company, where he worked for nearly a year. His correspondence during that period indicates that he was unhappy with a work schedule—from 08:00 until 18:00<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a>—that made it extremely difficult to concentrate on writing, which was assuming increasing importance to him. On 15 July 1908, he resigned. Two weeks later, he found employment more amenable to writing when he joined the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute for the Kingdom of Bohemia (Úrazová pojišťovna dělnická pro Čechy v Praze). The job involved investigating and assessing compensation for <a href="/facts/Personal_injury/WMqqVVwE">personal injury</a> to industrial workers; accidents such as lost fingers or limbs were commonplace, owing to poor <a href="/facts/Work_safety/ko1IeS92">work safety</a> policies at the time. It was especially true of factories fitted with machine <a href="/facts/Lathe/FjF9FYLR">lathes</a>, <a href="/facts/Drill/qTvmmAlo">drills</a>, <a href="/facts/Planing_machine/TEk9cuGJ">planing machines</a> and <a href="/facts/Rotary_saw/4wnDQHQw">rotary saws</a>, which were rarely fitted with safety guards.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a>
His father often referred to his son's job as an insurance officer as a Brotberuf, literally "bread job", a job done only to pay the bills; Kafka often claimed to despise it. Kafka was rapidly promoted and his duties included processing and investigating compensation claims, writing reports, and handling appeals from businessmen who thought their firms had been placed in too high a risk category, which cost them more in insurance premiums.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> He would compile and compose the <a href="/facts/Annual_report/fWBH6PKN">annual report</a> on the insurance institute for the several years he worked there. The reports were well received by his superiors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> Kafka usually got off work at 2 p.m., so that he had time to spend on his literary work, to which he was committed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> Kafka's father also expected him to help out at and take over the family <a href="/facts/Fancy_goods/vVSocyKU">fancy goods</a> store.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> In his later years, Kafka's illness often prevented him from working at the insurance bureau and at his writing.
In late 1911, Elli's husband Karl Hermann and Kafka became partners in the first <a href="/facts/Asbestos/dEnjQyee">asbestos</a> factory in Prague, known as Prager Asbestwerke Hermann & Co., having used <a href="/facts/Dowry/YGfNV0Xy">dowry</a> money from Hermann Kafka. Kafka showed a positive attitude at first, dedicating much of his free time to the business, but he later resented the encroachment of this work on his writing time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> During that period, he also found interest and entertainment in the performances of <a href="/facts/Yiddish_theatre/s0PCDX2s">Yiddish theatre</a>. After seeing a Yiddish theatre troupe perform in October 1911, for the next six months Kafka "immersed himself in Yiddish language and in Yiddish literature".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> This interest also served as a starting point for his growing exploration of Judaism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a> It was at about this time that Kafka became a vegetarian.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> Around 1915, Kafka received his draft notice for military service in World War I, but his employers at the insurance institute arranged for a deferment because his work was considered essential government service. He later attempted to join the military but was prevented from doing so by medical problems associated with <a href="/facts/Tuberculosis/ggPyovAl">tuberculosis</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> with which he was diagnosed in 1917.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a> In 1918, the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute put Kafka on a pension due to his illness, for which there was no cure at the time, and he spent most of the rest of his life in <a href="/facts/Sanatorium/ISurvlms">sanatoriums</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a>

<h3>Personal life</h3>

Kafka never married. According to Brod, Kafka was "tortured" by sexual desire,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a> and filled with a fear of "sexual failure".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a> Kafka visited brothels for most of his adult life,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> and his collection of erotica and pornographic photographs demonstrates a connoisseur's range of interest in the genre.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a> In addition, he had close relationships with several women during his lifetime. On 13 August 1912, Kafka met <a href="/facts/Felice_Bauer/96BN27J1">Felice Bauer</a>, a relative of Brod's, who worked in Berlin as a representative of a <a href="/facts/Dictaphone/PesEDWet">dictaphone</a> company. A week after the meeting at Brod's home, Kafka wrote in his diary:

<blockquote>Miss FB. When I arrived at Brod's on 13 August, she was sitting at the table. I was not at all curious about who she was, but rather took her for granted at once. Bony, empty face that wore its emptiness openly. Bare throat. A blouse thrown on. Looked very domestic in her dress although, as it turned out, she by no means was. (I alienate myself from her a little by inspecting her so closely ...) Almost broken nose. Blonde, somewhat straight, unattractive hair, strong chin. As I was taking my seat I looked at her closely for the first time, by the time I was seated I already had an unshakeable opinion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a></blockquote>
Shortly after this meeting, Kafka wrote the story "<a href="/facts/Das_Urteil/SV1G7Urx">Das Urteil</a>" ("The Judgment") in only one night and in a productive period worked on <a href="/facts/Der_Verschollene/wClRLF2S">Der Verschollene</a> (The Man Who Disappeared) and <a href="/facts/Die_Verwandlung/guhBTz23">Die Verwandlung</a> (The Metamorphosis). Kafka and Felice Bauer communicated mostly through letters over the next five years, met occasionally, and were engaged twice.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a> Kafka's extant letters to Bauer were published as <a href="/facts/Letters_to_Felice/5fm16poN">Briefe an Felice</a> (Letters to Felice); her letters did not survive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a> After he had written to Bauer's father asking to marry her, Kafka wrote in his diary:

<blockquote>My job is unbearable to me because it conflicts with my only desire and my only calling, which is literature.... I am nothing but literature and can and want to be nothing else ... Nervous states of the worst sort control me without pause ... A marriage could not change me, just as my job cannot change me.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a></blockquote>
According to the biographers Stach and <a href="/facts/James_Hawes_(author)/PdflA3LK">James Hawes</a>, Kafka became engaged a third time around 1920, to Julie Wohryzek, a poor and uneducated hotel chambermaid.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a> Kafka's father objected to Julie because of her <a href="/facts/Zionist/kL92sl76">Zionist</a> beliefs. Although Kafka and Julie rented a flat and set a wedding date, the marriage never took place. During this time, Kafka began a draft of <a href="/facts/Letter_to_His_Father/84rDaoLP">Letter to His Father</a>. Before the date of the intended marriage, he took up with yet another woman.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a> 
Stach and Brod state that during the time that Kafka knew Felice Bauer, he had an affair with a friend of hers, Margarethe "Grete" Bloch,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a> a Jewish woman from Berlin. Brod says that Bloch gave birth to Kafka's son, although Kafka never knew about the child. The boy, whose name is not known, was born in 1914 or 1915 and died in Munich in 1921.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> However, Kafka's biographer <a href="/facts/Peter-Andr%25C3%25A9_Alt/dQjKNAKy">Peter-André Alt</a> says that, while Bloch had a son, Kafka was not the father, as the pair were never intimate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a> Stach notes contradictory evidence as to whether Kafka was the father.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a>
Kafka was diagnosed with tuberculosis in August 1917 and moved for a few months to the <a href="/facts/Bohemia/Wbr8gt6l">Bohemian</a> village of Zürau (Siřem in Czech), where his sister Ottla worked on the farm of her brother-in-law Karl Hermann. He felt comfortable there and later described this time as perhaps the best period of his life, probably because he had no responsibilities. He kept diaries and made notes in exercise books (Oktavhefte). From those notes, Kafka extracted 109 numbered pieces of text on single pieces of paper (Zettel); these were later published as <a href="/facts/Die_Z%25C3%25BCrauer_Aphorismen/fT5zXm74">Die Zürauer Aphorismen</a> oder Betrachtungen über Sünde, Hoffnung, Leid und den wahren Weg (The Zürau Aphorisms or Reflections on Sin, Hope, Suffering, and the True Way).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a>
In 1920, Kafka began an intense relationship with <a href="/facts/Milena_Jesensk%25C3%25A1/gUaNYmx7">Milena Jesenská</a>, a Czech journalist and writer who was non-Jewish and who was married, but when she met Kafka, her marriage was a "sham".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a> His letters to her were later published as <a href="/facts/Letters_to_Milena/oqPISa7c">Briefe an Milena</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> During a vacation in July 1923 to <a href="/facts/Graal-M%25C3%25BCritz/3a7pMBAG">Graal-Müritz</a> on the <a href="/facts/Baltic_Sea/jbQJGLQX">Baltic Sea</a>, Kafka met <a href="/facts/Dora_Diamant/CA3uGRt7">Dora Diamant</a>, a 25-year-old kindergarten teacher from an orthodox Jewish family. Kafka, hoping to escape the influence of his family to concentrate on his writing, moved briefly to Berlin (September 1923-March 1924) and lived with Diamant. She became his lover and reignited his interest in the <a href="/facts/Talmud/8416nnBV">Talmud</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a> He worked on four stories, including <a href="/facts/A_Hunger_Artist_(collection)/9we5956k">Ein Hungerkünstler</a> (A Hunger Artist),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a> which were published shortly after his death.

<h3>Siblings</h3>

Kafka's parents had six children; Franz was the eldest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a> His two brothers, Georg and Heinrich, died in infancy; his three sisters, Gabriele ("Elli") (22 September 1889 – fall of 1942), <a href="/facts/Valli_Kafka/0QHFLb6x">Valerie</a> ("Valli") (1890–1942) and <a href="/facts/Ottla_Kafka/AAndclqv">Ottilie</a> ("Ottla") (1892–1943), are believed to have been murdered in <a href="/facts/The_Holocaust/vGQsAb2y">the Holocaust</a> of the <a href="/facts/Second_World_War/2efV5L1U">Second World War</a>. Ottilie was Kafka's favourite sister.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a>
Gabriele was Kafka's eldest sister. She was known as Elli or Ellie; her married name is variously rendered as Hermann or Hermannová. She attended a German girls' school in Prague's Řeznická Street and later a private girls' secondary school.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a> She married Karl Hermann (1883–1939), a salesman, in 1910. The couple had a son, Felix (1911–1940), and two daughters, Gertrude (Gerti) Kaufmann (1912–1972), and Hanna Seidner (1920–1941).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a> After her marriage to Hermann, she became closer to her brother, whose letters showed an active interest in the upbringing and education of her children. He accompanied her on a 1915 trip to Hungary to visit Hermann, who was stationed there, and spent a summer with her and her children in <a href="/facts/Graal-M%25C3%25BCritz/3a7pMBAG">Müritz</a> the year before he died.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a>
With the outbreak of the <a href="/facts/Great_Depression/5K13wcg0">Great Depression</a> in 1929, the Hermann family business experienced financial difficulties and eventually went bankrupt.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a> Karl Hermann died 27 February 1939, and Elli was supported financially by her sisters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a> On 21 October 1941, she was deported together with her daughter Hanna to the <a href="/facts/%25C5%2581%25C3%25B3d%25C5%25BA_Ghetto/yhj6eVt2">Łódź Ghetto</a>, where she lived temporarily with her sister Valli and Valli's husband in the spring of 1942. She was probably killed in the <a href="/facts/Kulmhof_extermination_camp/uGFqTJcf">Kulmhof extermination camp</a> in the fall of 1942.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a> Of Elli's three children, only her daughter Gerti survived the Second World War. A memorial plaque commemorates the three sisters at the family grave in the <a href="/facts/New_Jewish_Cemetery%2c_Prague/RwsuChch">New Jewish Cemetery</a> in Prague.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a>

<h3>Personality</h3>

Kafka had a lifelong suspicion that people found him mentally and physically repulsive. However, those who met him found him to possess a quiet and cool demeanor, obvious intelligence and a dry sense of humour; they also found him boyishly handsome, although of austere appearance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a> Kafka was thought to be "very self-analytic".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a> Brod compared Kafka to <a href="/facts/Heinrich_von_Kleist/kk3wfano">Heinrich von Kleist</a>, noting that both writers had the ability to describe a situation realistically with precise details.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a> Brod thought Kafka was one of the most entertaining people he had met; Kafka enjoyed sharing his humour with his friends but also helped them in difficult situations with good advice.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a> According to Brod, he was a passionate reciter, able to phrase his speech as though it were music.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a> Brod felt that two of Kafka's most distinguishing traits were "absolute truthfulness" (absolute Wahrhaftigkeit) and "precise conscientiousness" (präzise Gewissenhaftigkeit).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a> He explored inconspicuous details in depth and with such precision and love that unforeseen things surfaced that seemed strange but absolutely true (nichts als wahr).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a>
Kafka's letters and unexpurgated diaries reveal repressed homoerotic desires, including an infatuation with novelist <a href="/facts/Franz_Werfel/j6F69jJ2">Franz Werfel</a> and fascination with the work of <a href="/facts/Hans_Bl%25C3%25BCher/xjlqn14B">Hans Blüher</a> on male bonding. <a href="/facts/Saul_Friedl%25C3%25A4nder/NtaLM0fd">Saul Friedländer</a> argues that this mental struggle may have informed the themes of alienation and psychological brutality in his writing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a>
Although Kafka showed little interest in exercise as a child, he later developed a passion for games and physical activity<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a> and was an accomplished rider, swimmer, and rower.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a> On weekends, he and his friends embarked on long hikes, often planned by Kafka himself.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a> His other interests included <a href="/facts/Naturopathy/sks1TkxS">alternative medicine</a>, modern education systems such as <a href="/facts/Montessori/UPloRhh2">Montessori</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a> and technological novelties such as airplanes and film.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a> Writing was vitally important to Kafka; he considered it a "form of prayer".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a> He was <a href="/facts/Highly_sensitive_person/v8s0o4ru">highly sensitive</a> to noise and preferred absolute quiet when writing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a> Kafka was also a <a href="/facts/Vegetarian/ryP05yWa">vegetarian</a> and did not drink alcohol.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a>
Pérez-Álvarez has claimed that Kafka had symptomatology consistent with <a href="/facts/Schizoid_personality_disorder/A9QXVE1s">schizoid personality disorder</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a> His style, it is claimed, not only in Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis) but in other writings, appears to show low- to medium-level schizoid traits, which Pérez-Álvarez claims to have influenced much of his work.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a> His anguish can be seen in this diary entry from 21 June 1913:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a>

Die ungeheure Welt, die ich im Kopfe habe. Aber wie mich befreien und sie befreien, ohne zu zerreißen. Und tausendmal lieber zerreißen, als in mir sie zurückhalten oder begraben. Dazu bin ich ja hier, das ist mir ganz klar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a>
The tremendous world I have inside my head, but how to free myself and free it without being torn to pieces. And a thousand times rather be torn to pieces than retain it in me or bury it. That, indeed, is why I am here, that is quite clear to me.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a>
and in Zürau Aphorism number 50:

Der Mensch kann nicht leben ohne ein dauerndes Vertrauen zu etwas Unzerstörbarem in sich, wobei sowohl das Unzerstörbare als auch das Vertrauen ihm dauernd verborgen bleiben können.
Man cannot live without a permanent trust in something indestructible within himself, though both that indestructible something and his own trust in it may remain permanently concealed from him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a>
The Italian medical researchers Alessia Coralli and Antonio Perciaccante have posited in a 2016 article that Kafka may have had <a href="/facts/Borderline_personality_disorder/VFaa63gE">borderline personality disorder</a> with co-occurring psychophysiological <a href="/facts/Insomnia/C1TnQTb2">insomnia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a> Joan Lachkar interpreted Die Verwandlung as "a vivid depiction of the borderline personality" and described the story as "model for Kafka's own abandonment fears, anxiety, depression, and parasitic dependency needs. Kafka illuminated the borderline's general confusion of normal and healthy desires, wishes, and needs with something ugly and disdainful".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a>
Though Kafka never married, he held marriage and children in high esteem. He had several girlfriends and lovers during his life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a> He may have suffered from an eating disorder. Doctor Manfred M. Fichter of the Psychiatric Clinic, <a href="/facts/University_of_Munich/eJtBcjAE">University of Munich</a>, presented "evidence for the hypothesis that the writer Franz Kafka had suffered from an atypical <a href="/facts/Anorexia_nervosa/00KSqEn7">anorexia nervosa</a>",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a> and that Kafka was not just lonely and depressed but also "occasionally suicidal".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a> In his 1995 book Franz Kafka, the Jewish Patient, <a href="/facts/Sander_Gilman/8CoYAQXE">Sander Gilman</a> investigated "why a Jew might have been considered '<a href="/facts/Hypochondriacal/5Pv5Jb1y">hypochondriacal</a>' or 'homosexual' and how Kafka incorporates aspects of these ways of understanding the Jewish male into his own self-image and writing".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a> Kafka considered suicide at least once, in late 1912.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a>

<h3>Political views</h3>
Before World War I,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a> Kafka attended several meetings of the Klub mladých, a Czech anarchist, <a href="/facts/Anti-militarist/bCtCo53Q">anti-militarist</a>, and <a href="/facts/Anti-clerical/b8Vf1NB0">anti-clerical</a> organization.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a> <a href="/facts/Hugo_Bergmann/cJXzYlEx">Hugo Bergmann</a>, who attended the same elementary and high schools as Kafka, fell out with Kafka during their last academic year (1900–1901) because "[Kafka's] socialism and my <a href="/facts/Zionism/kL92sl76">Zionism</a> were much too strident".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a> Bergmann said: "Franz became a socialist, I became a Zionist in 1898. The synthesis of Zionism and socialism did not yet exist."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a> Bergmann claims that Kafka wore a <a href="/facts/Red_carnation/1s1FomjG">red carnation</a> to school to show his support for <a href="/facts/Socialism/U2kVoPaA">socialism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a> In one diary entry, Kafka made reference to the influential anarchist philosopher <a href="/facts/Peter_Kropotkin/JBVeQUrG">Peter Kropotkin</a>: "Don't forget Kropotkin!"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a>
During the communist era, the legacy of Kafka's work for <a href="/facts/Eastern_Bloc/12f32hA7">Eastern Bloc</a> socialism was hotly debated. Opinions ranged from the notion that he satirised the bureaucratic bungling of a crumbling <a href="/facts/Austro-Hungarian_Empire/9WPUPj0W">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>, to the belief that he embodied the rise of socialism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a> A further key point was <a href="/facts/Marx%2527s_theory_of_alienation/mWDQsIbN">Marx's theory of alienation</a>. While the orthodox position was that Kafka's depictions of alienation were no longer relevant for a society that had supposedly eliminated alienation, a 1963 conference held in <a href="/facts/Liblice/5XWrD6cH">Liblice</a>, Czechoslovakia, on the eightieth anniversary of his birth, reassessed the importance of Kafka's portrayal of bureaucracy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a> Whether Kafka was a political writer is still an issue of debate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a>

<h3>Judaism and Zionism</h3>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Franz_Kafka_and_Judaism/PDoakz2j">Franz Kafka and Judaism</a>

Kafka grew up in Prague as a German-speaking Jew.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a> He was deeply fascinated by the <a href="/facts/Eastern_European_Jewry/lLqBk1vx">Jews of Eastern Europe</a>, who he thought possessed an intensity of spiritual life that was absent from Jews in the West. His diary contains many references to <a href="/facts/Yiddish_literature/WSuxEMf7">Yiddish writers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a> Yet he was at times alienated from Judaism and Jewish life. On 8 January 1914, he wrote in his diary:

Was habe ich mit Juden gemeinsam? Ich habe kaum etwas mit mir gemeinsam und sollte mich ganz still, zufrieden damit daß ich atmen kann, in einen Winkel stellen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a>
What have I in common with Jews? I have hardly anything in common with myself and should stand very quietly in a corner, content that I can breathe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a>
In his adolescent years, Kafka declared himself an <a href="/facts/Atheist/patUWN1f">atheist</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a> Issues such as Judaism, the <a href="/facts/Talmud/8416nnBV">Talmud</a>, the <a href="/facts/Zohar/MnuYmUSU">Zohar</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Kabbalah/sqfKq2wu">Kabbalah</a> remain a theme in his diaries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a> He notes in his diary, shortly before embarking on his composition of <a href="/facts/The_Castle_(novel)/WzRyUNpk">The Castle</a>, that in the demonic onslaught of visions assaulting him he perceives "the intimations of a secret doctrine, a new Kabbalah" whose development has been barred by <a href="/facts/Zionism/kL92sl76">Zionism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a> 
In the final issue of <a href="/facts/Die_Sammlung/m02hnez5">Die Sammlung</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a> a journal for exiles from the <a href="/facts/Third_Reich/8kRbqRpo">Third Reich</a> in Western Europe, <a href="/facts/Klaus_Mann/lQXk3G3Q">Klaus Mann</a> writes, "[T]he collected works of Kafka, offered by the <a href="/facts/Schocken_Verlag/vmWcjY39">Schocken Verlag</a> in Berlin, are the noblest and most significant publications that have come out of Germany. [Kafka contributes] the epoch's purest and most singular works of literature. . . . [T]his spiritual event has occurred within a splendid isolation, in a ghetto far from the German cultural ministry". 
In 1935, as the <a href="/facts/Nuremberg_Laws/qhRVUSPd">Nazi Race Laws</a> were being promulgated and prepared for their introduction at that year's <a href="/facts/Nuremberg_Rally/oRFCeont">Nuremberg Rally</a>, the word ghetto bore the same connotation it carried since the early 17th century: 'a part of the city where Jews were compelled to live'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a> Mann's mention of the ghetto here is an allusion to Kafka's status as a Jewish writer, and a swipe at Hitler's antisemitic policies. Very likely as a result of this message, the German cultural ministry sent a cease-and-desist letter to Schocken, reminding the publisher that Kafka's name had been placed on the Third Reich's <a href="/facts/Index_librorum_prohibitorum/DEcvFQpm">index librorum prohibitorum</a> several weeks earlier.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a> 
That same year, a Rabbi of the Bar Kochba Youth Movement in Prague, <a href="/facts/Martin_Buber/CcSrYoa9">Martin Buber</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a> wrote to <a href="/facts/Max_Brod/BDLqsBAL">the editor of Kafka's Werke</a> that these stories were "a great possession . . . that could show how one can live marginally with complete integrity and without loss of background".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a> First published in Buber's Der Jude in 1917, Kafka's story "<a href="/facts/Jackals_and_Arabs/9AJ43azV">Jackals and Arabs</a>" is an illustration of the tendency that Buber describes in this letter: Arabs are called Arabs, elsewhere Chinese may be directly referred to as people from China<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a>, but in this case references to Jews are <a href="/facts/Zoomorphic/ygKILC2G">zoomorphic</a>, as elsewhere,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a> and in other places Jewish characters are simply not named as such.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a>
<a href="/facts/Walter_Benjamin/8gBrnapA">Benjamin</a> remarks that Kafka's world is <a href="/facts/Animism/jsPnJBuD">pre-animistic</a> (as opposed to the <a href="/facts/Dualism_in_cosmology/J26Lz2G1">dualism</a> of later religions)—implying a universal and primordial ur-<a href="/facts/Phenomenology_of_religion/3Uo7ynsy">phenomenology</a> (prior to the distinction of the spiritual and the substantial in human perception) that emerges as a hallmark of Kafka's style.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a> But in the same essay, Benjamin includes a parable of an obviously Chasidic character to describe Kafka's work, and in his correspondence attached to this essay he refers to Kafka's stories as a <a href="/facts/Haggadic/gDftB8Hz">haggadic</a> (referring to stories in the <a href="/facts/Talmud/8416nnBV">Talmud</a>) uprising against <a href="/facts/Halakha/RLYnjLBJ">halakha</a> (referring to legal doctrine).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a> <a href="/facts/Arendt/ssB5GXJc">Arendt</a> echoes and expands on Benjamin's larger sentiment (which at that time was still a novelty in Kafka criticism), repeating the injunction that it is a mistake to refer to Kafka as a particularly Jewish or religious figure. Arendt's article, which appeared in the <a href="/facts/Partisan_Review/gYAU21R8">Partisan Review</a> in 1944, was a sequel to Benjamin's earlier piece in many respects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a> Arendt was a close confidant of Benjamin's and worked as an editor-at-large in Paris for <a href="/facts/Schocken_Books/vmWcjY39">Schocken Books</a> in the late 1930s, when it published the final volumes of Kafka's works.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a> Arendt was also employed by various Zionist associations devoted to facilitating the emigration of Jewish children to Palestine so that they could escape the Third Reich.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a> Arendt and Benjamin both emphasized that Kafka belongs to the whole world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a> 
Hawes suggests that, though Kafka was conscious of his own <a href="/facts/Jewish_peoplehood/kYtJ7vzT">Jewishness</a>, in his fiction he concealed that of his Jewish characters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a> In the opinion of literary critic <a href="/facts/Harold_Bloom/qgS4fgQR">Harold Bloom</a>, although Kafka was uneasy with his Jewish heritage, he was the quintessential Jewish writer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a> Lothar Kahn is likewise unequivocal: "The presence of Jewishness in Kafka's oeuvre is no longer subject to doubt".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a> <a href="/facts/Pavel_Eisner/QBsxLIA6">Pavel Eisner</a>, one of Kafka's first translators, interprets Der Prozess (The Trial) as the embodiment of the "triple dimension of Jewish existence in Prague ... his protagonist Josef K. is (symbolically) arrested by a German (Rabensteiner), a Czech (Kullich), and a Jew (Kaminer). He stands for the 'guiltless guilt' that imbues the Jew in the modern world, although there is no evidence that he himself is a Jew".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a>
In his essay Sadness in Palestine?!, <a href="/facts/Dan_Miron/7mCWFepb">Dan Miron</a> explores Kafka's connection to Zionism: "It seems that those who claim that there was such a connection and that Zionism played a central role in his life and literary work, and those who deny the connection altogether or dismiss its importance, are both wrong. The truth lies in some very elusive place between these two simplistic poles."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a> Kafka considered moving to <a href="/facts/Mandatory_Palestine/mv0NGUBy">Palestine</a> with Felice Bauer, and later with Dora Diamant. He studied <a href="/facts/Hebrew/hqKCSy9d">Hebrew</a> while living in Berlin, hiring a friend of Brod's from Palestine, Pua Bat-Tovim, to tutor him<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203">203</a> and attending Rabbi Julius Grünthal<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204">204</a> and Rabbi <a href="/facts/Julius_Guttmann/lCJpFu6J">Julius Guttmann</a>'s classes in the Berlin <a href="/facts/Hochschule_f%25C3%25BCr_die_Wissenschaft_des_Judentums/qgY1Fep9">Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums</a> (College for the Study of Judaism),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205">205</a> where he also studied the <a href="/facts/Talmud/8416nnBV">Talmud</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206">206</a>
<a href="/facts/Livia_Rothkirchen/7YDUGTYq">Livia Rothkirchen</a> calls Kafka the "symbolic figure of his era".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207">207</a> His contemporaries included numerous Jewish, Czech, and German writers who were sensitive to Jewish, Czech, and German culture. According to Rothkirchen, "This situation lent their writings a broad cosmopolitan outlook and a quality of exaltation bordering on transcendental metaphysical contemplation. An illustrious example is Franz Kafka".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208">208</a>
Towards the end of his life Kafka sent a postcard to his friend Hugo Bergmann in Tel Aviv, announcing his intention to emigrate to Palestine. Bergmann refused to host Kafka because he had young children and was afraid that Kafka would infect them with tuberculosis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209">209</a>

<h2 id="death">Death</h2>

Kafka's <a href="/facts/Larynx/0bhtXI3Q">laryngeal</a> <a href="/facts/Tuberculosis/ggPyovAl">tuberculosis</a> worsened and in March 1924 he returned from Berlin to Prague,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210">210</a> where members of his family, principally his sister Ottla, as well as Dora Diamant, took care of him. He went to Hugo Hoffmann's sanatorium in <a href="/facts/Kierling/LSdXIggl">Kierling</a> just outside Vienna for treatment on 10 April,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211">211</a> and died there on 3 June 1924. The cause of death seemed to be starvation: the condition of Kafka's throat made eating too painful for him, and since <a href="/facts/Parenteral_nutrition/a27wA3AH">parenteral nutrition</a> had not yet been developed, there was no way to feed him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212">212</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213">213</a> Kafka was editing "<a href="/facts/A_Hunger_Artist/JNAyxrWn">A Hunger Artist</a>" on his deathbed, a story whose composition he had begun before his throat closed to the point that he could not take any nourishment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214">214</a> His body was brought back to Prague where he was buried on 11 June 1924, in the <a href="/facts/New_Jewish_Cemetery%2c_Prague/RwsuChch">New Jewish Cemetery</a> in <a href="/facts/%25C5%25BDi%25C5%25BEkov/6KRWych0">Prague-Žižkov</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215">215</a> His obituary appeared in the <a href="/facts/Prager_Presse/pknUllUT">Prager Presse</a> and the <a href="/facts/Berliner_Tageblatt/JnoUyyLN">Berliner Tageblatt</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216">216</a> Kafka was virtually unknown during his own lifetime, but he did not consider fame important. He rose to fame rapidly after his death,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217">217</a> particularly after World War II. The Kafka tombstone was designed by architect <a href="/facts/Leopold_Ehrmann/Mjes6be4">Leopold Ehrmann</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218">218</a>

<h2 id="works">Works</h2>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Franz_Kafka_bibliography/C2X37MQW">Franz Kafka bibliography</a>

All of Kafka's published works were written in German. What little was published during his lifetime attracted scant public attention.
Kafka finished none of his full-length novels and burned around 90 percent of his work,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219">219</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220">220</a> much of it during the period he lived in Berlin with Diamant, who helped him burn the drafts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221">221</a> In his early years as a writer he was influenced by von Kleist, whose work he described in a letter to Bauer as frightening and whom he considered closer than his own family.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222">222</a>
The first mention of Kafka's work was in an article by Max Brod on 9 February 1907 in the Berlin weekly Die Gegenwart, two years prior to his first publication. Brod would write about his friend again in 1921 in an essay entitled "Der Dichter Frank Kafka".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223">223</a>

<h3>Stories</h3>
Kafka's earliest published works were eight stories that appeared in 1908 in the first issue of the literary journal <a href="/facts/Hyperion_(journal)/DgD4snj3">Hyperion</a> under the title <a href="/facts/Betrachtung/N44YK1pk">Betrachtung</a> (Contemplation). He wrote the story "<a href="/facts/Beschreibung_eines_Kampfes/YM0J6Y3M">Beschreibung eines Kampfes</a>" ("Description of a Struggle")<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224">224</a> in 1904; in 1905 he showed it to Brod, who advised him to continue writing and convinced him to submit it to Hyperion. Kafka published a fragment in 1908<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225">225</a> and two sections in the spring of 1909, all in Munich.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226">226</a>
In a creative outburst on the night of 22 September 1912, Kafka wrote the story "Das Urteil" ("The Judgment", literally: "The Verdict") and dedicated it to Felice Bauer. Brod noted the similarity in names of the main character and his fictional fiancée, Georg Bendemann and Frieda Brandenfeld, to Franz Kafka and Felice Bauer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227">227</a> The story is often considered Kafka's breakthrough work. It deals with the troubled relationship of a son and his dominant father, facing a new situation after the son's engagement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228">228</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229">229</a> Kafka later described writing it as "a complete opening of body and soul",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230">230</a> a story that "evolved as a true birth, covered with filth and slime".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231">231</a> The story was first published in Leipzig in 1912 and dedicated "to Miss Felice Bauer", and in subsequent editions "for F."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232">232</a>
In 1912, Kafka wrote Die Verwandlung (<a href="/facts/The_Metamorphosis/guhBTz23">The Metamorphosis</a>, or The Transformation),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233">233</a> published in 1915 in Leipzig. The story begins with a travelling salesman waking to find himself transformed into an ungeheures Ungeziefer, a monstrous <a href="/facts/Vermin/S9G9NPdy">vermin</a>, Ungeziefer being a general term for unwanted and unclean pests, especially insects. Critics regard the work as one of the seminal works of fiction of the 20th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234">234</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235">235</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236">236</a> The story "<a href="/facts/In_der_Strafkolonie/EPKDWLXN">In der Strafkolonie</a>" ("In the Penal Colony"), dealing with an elaborate <a href="/facts/Torture/oTCUxY3x">torture</a> and execution device, was written in October 1914,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237">237</a> revised in 1918, and published in Leipzig during October 1919. The story "<a href="/facts/Ein_Hungerk%25C3%25BCnstler/JNAyxrWn">Ein Hungerkünstler</a>" ("A Hunger Artist"), published in the periodical <a href="/facts/Die_neue_Rundschau/1MKDM5Ua">Die neue Rundschau</a> in 1924, describes a victimized protagonist who experiences a decline in the appreciation of his strange craft of <a href="/facts/Hunger_artist/Y0jyuH8v">starving himself for extended periods</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238">238</a> His last story, "<a href="/facts/Josefine%2c_die_S%25C3%25A4ngerin_oder_Das_Volk_der_M%25C3%25A4use/VHwPbLeN">Josefine, die Sängerin oder Das Volk der Mäuse</a>" ("Josephine the Singer, or the Mouse Folk"), also deals with the relationship between an artist and his audience.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239">239</a>

<h3>Novels</h3>
Kafka began his first novel in 1912;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240">240</a> its first chapter is the story "<a href="/facts/Der_Heizer/INXFl8c2">Der Heizer</a>" ("The Stoker"). He called the work, which remained unfinished, Der Verschollene (The Man Who Disappeared or The Missing Person), but when Brod published it after Kafka's death he named it <a href="/facts/Amerika_(novel)/wClRLF2S">Amerika</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241">241</a> The inspiration for the novel was the time Kafka spent in the audience of Yiddish theatre the previous year, bringing him to a new awareness of his heritage, which led to the thought that an innate appreciation for one's heritage lives deep within each person.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242">242</a> More explicitly humorous and slightly more realistic than most of Kafka's works, the novel shares the <a href="/facts/Motif_(narrative)/R9fMpKdC">motif</a> of an oppressive and intangible system putting the protagonist repeatedly in bizarre situations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243">243</a> It uses many details of experiences from his relatives who had emigrated to America<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244">244</a> and is the only work for which Kafka considered an optimistic ending.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245">245</a>
In 1914 Kafka began the novel <a href="/facts/Der_Process/YNbQjvNP">Der Process</a> (The Trial),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246">246</a> the story of a man arrested and prosecuted by a remote, inaccessible authority, with the nature of his crime revealed neither to him nor to the reader. He did not complete the novel, although he finished the final chapter. According to <a href="/facts/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature/9VESCDQk">Nobel Prize-winning</a> author <a href="/facts/Elias_Canetti/7Jy7t8cb">Elias Canetti</a>, Felice is central to the plot of Der Process and Kafka said it was "her story".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247">247</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248">248</a> Canetti titled his book on Kafka's letters to Felice Kafka's Other Trial, in recognition of the relationship between the letters and the novel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249">249</a> <a href="/facts/Michiko_Kakutani/vwnj1ybP">Michiko Kakutani</a> notes in a review for <a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times</a> that Kafka's letters have the "earmarks of his fiction: the same nervous attention to minute particulars; the same paranoid awareness of shifting balances of power; the same atmosphere of emotional suffocation—combined, surprisingly enough, with moments of boyish ardour and delight."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250">250</a>
According to his diary, Kafka was already planning his novel <a href="/facts/Das_Schloss/WzRyUNpk">Das Schloss</a> (The Castle), by 11 June 1914; however, he did not begin writing it until 27 January 1922.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251">251</a> The protagonist is the Landvermesser (land surveyor) named K., who struggles for unknown reasons to gain access to the mysterious authorities of a castle who govern the village. Kafka's intent was that the castle's authorities notify K. on his deathbed that his "legal claim to live in the village was not valid, yet, taking certain auxiliary circumstances into account, he was to be permitted to live and work there".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252">252</a> Dark and at times surreal, the novel is focused on <a href="/facts/Social_alienation/IfTTKJBJ">alienation</a>, <a href="/facts/Bureaucracy/V9oFPCuG">bureaucracy</a>, the seemingly endless frustrations of man's attempts to stand against the system, and the futile and hopeless pursuit of an unattainable goal. Hartmut M. Rastalsky noted in his thesis: "Like dreams, his texts combine precise 'realistic' detail with absurdity, careful observation and reasoning on the part of the protagonists with inexplicable obliviousness and carelessness."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253">253</a>

<h3>Drawings</h3>

Kafka drew and sketched extensively. His interest in art grew from 1901 to 1906. He "practiced drawing, took drawing classes, attended art history lectures, and sought to establish a connection to Prague's artistic circles".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254">254</a> According to Max Brod, Kafka "was even more indifferent, or perhaps better, more hostile to his drawings than he was to his literary production".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255">255</a> As he did with his writings, Kafka asked in his testament for his drawings to be destroyed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256">256</a> Brod preserved all of Kafka's drawings that Kafka gave him or that he could rescue from the wastebasket or otherwise, but "[a]nything that I didn't rescue was destroyed".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257">257</a> Until May 2021, only about 40 of his drawings were known.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258">258</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259">259</a> In 2022, <a href="/facts/Yale_University_Press/oavMPaT7">Yale University Press</a> published Franz Kafka: The Drawings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260">260</a> The book brought to light about 150 sketches by Kafka.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261">261</a>

<h3>Publishing history</h3>

Kafka's stories were initially published in literary periodicals. His first eight were printed in 1908 in the first issue of the bi-monthly Hyperion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262">262</a> <a href="/facts/Franz_Blei/Pjs0uQra">Franz Blei</a> published two dialogues in 1909 which became part of "Beschreibung eines Kampfes" ("Description of a Struggle").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263">263</a> A fragment of the story "<a href="/facts/Die_Aeroplane_in_Brescia/RwU9qcFB">Die Aeroplane in Brescia</a>" ("The Aeroplanes at Brescia"), written on a trip to Italy with Brod, appeared in the daily <a href="/facts/Bohemia_(newspaper)/ND1p8Gxd">Bohemia</a> on 28 September 1909.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264">264</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265">265</a> On 27 March 1910, several stories that later became part of the book <a href="/facts/Betrachtung/N44YK1pk">Betrachtung</a> were published in the Easter edition of Bohemia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266">266</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267">267</a> In Leipzig during 1913, Brod and publisher <a href="/facts/Kurt_Wolff_(publisher)/qRpjGSH1">Kurt Wolff</a> included "Das Urteil. Eine Geschichte von Franz Kafka." ("The Judgment. A Story by Franz Kafka.") in their literary yearbook for the art poetry Arkadia. In the same year, Wolff published "<a href="/facts/Der_Heizer/INXFl8c2">Der Heizer</a>" ("The Stoker") in the Jüngste Tag series, where it enjoyed three printings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268">268</a> The story "<a href="/facts/Vor_dem_Gesetz/BGwkzese">Vor dem Gesetz</a>" ("Before the Law") was published in the 1915 New Year's edition of the independent Jewish weekly Selbstwehr; it was reprinted in 1919 as part of the story collection <a href="/facts/A_Country_Doctor_(collection)/sFbUv7jd">Ein Landarzt</a> (A Country Doctor) and became part of the novel Der Process. Other stories were published in various publications, including <a href="/facts/Martin_Buber/CcSrYoa9">Martin Buber</a>'s <a href="/facts/Der_Jude/NyhpCjvy">Der Jude</a>, the paper <a href="/facts/Prager_Tagblatt/tu2avHtW">Prager Tagblatt</a>, and the periodicals <a href="/facts/Die_neue_Rundschau/1MKDM5Ua">Die neue Rundschau</a>, Genius, and <a href="/facts/Prager_Presse/pknUllUT">Prager Presse</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269">269</a>
Kafka's first published book, Betrachtung (Contemplation, or Meditation), was a collection of 18 stories written between 1904 and 1912. On a summer trip to <a href="/facts/Weimar/b18pDg1Q">Weimar</a>, Brod initiated a meeting between Kafka and Kurt Wolff;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270">270</a> Wolff published Betrachtung in the <a href="/facts/Rowohlt_Verlag/IqcK9zPG">Rowohlt Verlag</a> at the end of 1912 (with the year given as 1913).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271">271</a> Kafka dedicated it to Brod, "Für M.B.", and added in the personal copy given to his friend "So wie es hier schon gedruckt ist, für meinen liebsten Max‍—‌Franz K." ("As it is already printed here, for my dearest Max").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272">272</a>
Kafka's novella Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis) was first printed in the October 1915 issue of <a href="/facts/Die_Wei%25C3%259Fen_Bl%25C3%25A4tter/AmJ30wcD">Die Weißen Blätter</a>, a monthly edition of <a href="/facts/Expressionist/3u9NA7mv">expressionist</a> literature, edited by <a href="/facts/Ren%25C3%25A9_Schickele/oJzjId9z">René Schickele</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273">273</a> Another story collection, Ein Landarzt (A Country Doctor), was published by Kurt Wolff in 1919,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274">274</a> dedicated to Kafka's father.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275">275</a> Kafka prepared a final collection of four stories for print, Ein Hungerkünstler (A Hunger Artist), which appeared in 1924 after his death, in <a href="/facts/Verlag_Die_Schmiede/6c8fMAJj">Verlag Die Schmiede</a>. On 20 April 1924, the <a href="/facts/Berliner_B%25C3%25B6rsen-Courier/medcqw3v">Berliner Börsen-Courier</a> published Kafka's essay on <a href="/facts/Adalbert_Stifter/47J30oc8">Adalbert Stifter</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276">276</a>

<h4>Max Brod</h4>

At the time of his death, Kafka's works were probably known only to a small circle of Czech and German writers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277">277</a> Kafka left his work, both published and unpublished, to his friend and <a href="/facts/Literary_executor/Y2SgIgnP">literary executor</a> <a href="/facts/Max_Brod/BDLqsBAL">Max Brod</a> with explicit instructions that it should be destroyed on Kafka's death; Kafka wrote: "Dearest Max, my last request: Everything I leave behind me ... in the way of diaries, manuscripts, letters (my own and others'), sketches, and so on, [is] to be burned unread."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278">278</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279">279</a> Brod ignored this request and published the novels and collected works between 1925 and 1935. Brod defended his action by claiming that he had told Kafka, "I shall not carry out your wishes", and that "Franz should have appointed another executor if he had been absolutely determined that his instructions should stand".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280">280</a>
Brod took many of Kafka's papers, which remain unpublished, with him in suitcases to Palestine when he fled there in 1939.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281">281</a> Kafka's last lover, <a href="/facts/Dora_Diamant/CA3uGRt7">Dora Diamant</a> (later, Dymant-Lask), also ignored his wishes, secretly keeping 20 notebooks and 35 letters. These were confiscated by the <a href="/facts/Gestapo/X0bHmeX1">Gestapo</a> in 1933, but scholars continue to search for them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282">282</a>
As Brod published the bulk of the writings in his possession,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283">283</a> Kafka's work began to attract wider attention and critical acclaim. Brod found it difficult to arrange Kafka's notebooks in chronological order. One problem was that Kafka often began writing in different parts of the book; sometimes in the middle, sometimes working backwards from the end.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284">284</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285">285</a> Brod finished many of Kafka's incomplete works for publication. For example, Kafka left Der Process with unnumbered and incomplete chapters and Das Schloss with incomplete sentences and ambiguous content;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286">286</a> Brod rearranged chapters, copy-edited the text, and changed the punctuation. Der Process appeared in 1925 in Verlag Die Schmiede. Kurt Wolff published two other novels, Das Schloss in 1926 and Amerika in 1927. In 1931, Brod edited a collection of prose and unpublished stories as <a href="/facts/The_Great_Wall_of_China_(collection)/NCFjN9nI">The Great Wall of China</a>, including the titular short story <a href="/facts/The_Great_Wall_of_China_(short_story)/hlYvnUbu">"The Great Wall of China"</a>. The book appeared in the <a href="/facts/Gustav_Kiepenheuer_Verlag/ke3tJlIL">Gustav Kiepenheuer Verlag</a>. Brod's sets are usually called the "Definitive Editions".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287">287</a>

<h4>Modern editions</h4>
In 1961 <a href="/facts/Malcolm_Pasley/AUxu8MLp">Malcolm Pasley</a> acquired for the <a href="/facts/University_of_Oxford/ExVVQL6V">Oxford</a> <a href="/facts/Bodleian_Library/wxknaMJk">Bodleian Library</a> most of Kafka's original handwritten works.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288">288</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289">289</a> The text for Der Process was later purchased through auction and is stored at the German Literary Archives in <a href="/facts/Marbach_am_Neckar/BruKly1H">Marbach am Neckar</a>, Germany.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290">290</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291">291</a> Subsequently, Pasley headed a team (including Gerhard Neumann, Jost Schillemeit and Jürgen Born) which reconstructed the German novels; <a href="/facts/S._Fischer_Verlag/1UYLMV2c">S. Fischer Verlag</a> republished them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292">292</a> Pasley was the editor for Das Schloss, published in 1982, and Der Process (The Trial), published in 1990. Jost Schillemeit was the editor of Der Verschollene (Amerika) published in 1983. These are called the "Critical Editions" or the "Fischer Editions".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293">293</a>
In 2023, the first unexpurgated edition of <a href="/facts/Franz_Kafka%2527s_Diaries/lowT08P0">Kafka's diaries</a> was published in English,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294">294</a> "more than three decades after this complete text appeared in German. The sole previous English edition, with Brod's edits, was issued in the late 1940s".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295">295</a> The new edition revealed that Brod had expunged homoerotic references, and negative comments about Eastern European Jews.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296">296</a>

<h4>Unpublished papers</h4>
When Brod died in 1968, he left Kafka's unpublished papers, which are believed to number in the thousands, to his secretary <a href="/facts/Esther_Hoffe/2PmspeHm">Esther Hoffe</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297">297</a> She released or sold some, but left most to her daughters, Eva and Ruth, who also refused to release the papers. A court battle began in 2008 between the sisters and the <a href="/facts/National_Library_of_Israel/ECCssbmQ">National Library of Israel</a>, which claimed these works became the property of the nation of Israel when Brod emigrated to <a href="/facts/British_Palestine/mv0NGUBy">British Palestine</a> in 1939. Esther Hoffe sold the original manuscript of Der Process for US$2 million in 1988 to the German Literary Archive <a href="/facts/Museum_of_Modern_Literature/euSrBMeN">Museum of Modern Literature</a> in Marbach am Neckar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298">298</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299">299</a> A ruling by a Tel Aviv family court in 2010 held that the papers must be released and a few were, including a previously unknown story, but the legal battle continued.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:300" href="#fn:300">300</a> The Hoffes claim the papers are their personal property, while the National Library of Israel argues they are "cultural assets belonging to the Jewish people".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:301" href="#fn:301">301</a> The National Library also suggests that Brod bequeathed the papers to them in his will.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:302" href="#fn:302">302</a> The Tel Aviv Family Court ruled in October 2012, six months after Ruth's death, that the papers were the property of the National Library. The Israeli Supreme Court upheld the decision in December 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:303" href="#fn:303">303</a>

<h2 id="critical-response">Critical response</h2>
<h3>After-death biographies and critiques</h3>
After his death, <a href="/facts/Rudolf_Kayser/Fygqej05">Rudolf Kayser</a> wrote an article titled "Anmerkungen zu Franz Kafka" for the <a href="/facts/Neue_Rundschau/1MKDM5Ua">Neue Rundschau</a>, and Manfred Sturmann wrote a biographical essay titled "Erinnerungen an Kafka" for the <a href="/facts/Allgemeine_Zeitung/SR0R4VKH">Allgemeine Zeitung</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:304" href="#fn:304">304</a> In 1935, Brod wrote a biography. "Since this work was written in German, however, it was not available to the majority of English critics".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:305" href="#fn:305">305</a>
From 1924 to 1927, Brod arranged for the publication of Kafka's three unfinished novels and otherwise promoted Kafka's works. During this period, many analytical essays were written about his work. In the late 1920s, 55 articles were written about Kafka's work, most of them reviews and references. Examples include Heinrich Jacob's "Kafka oder die Wahrhaftigkeit" for Der Feuerreiter in 1924 and Brod's "Infantilismus Kleist und Kafka" in 1927.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:306" href="#fn:306">306</a>
Kafka's work was translated to English in the 1930s, and American journals and magazines such as <a href="/facts/The_New_Yorker/2RfeBrsR">The New Yorker</a>, <a href="/facts/The_Nation_and_Athenaeum/rQKaaL9T">The Nation and Athenaeum</a>, <a href="/facts/The_Nation/ed3XkH6y">The Nation</a>, <a href="/facts/Scribner%2527s_Monthly/VxGopoPs">Scribners</a>, <a href="/facts/New_York_Tribune/L6yLTS9z">New York Tribune</a>, and <a href="/facts/The_Bookman_(New_York_City)/vtH0KQ1Y">The Bookman</a>, wrote reviews about his books. The Castle was specially very well reviewed. But afterwards, until 1937, only three articles were written.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:307" href="#fn:307">307</a>
At the same time, in Germany, in 1930 only four articles were written, and the following year saw eight articles. But in 1932, only one article was published, possibly because of the rise of the <a href="/facts/National_Socialist/JjsMI4lE">National Socialist</a> party, as there was a strong antisemitic bias at a time. In <a href="/facts/Nazi_Germany/8kRbqRpo">Nazi Germany</a>, between 1933 and 1937, only 11 articles about Kafka were published, mostly by Jews in periodical such as <a href="/facts/Der_Morgen/HJy0SmqQ">Der Morgen</a>, <a href="/facts/Frankfurter_Zeitung/tyUjY3pp">Frankfurter Zeitung</a>, <a href="/facts/J%25C3%25BCdische_Rundschau/UNEc2Fkd">Jüdische Rundschau</a>, and <a href="/facts/Hochland_(magazine)/APKewVfz">Hochland</a>. From 1937 to 1939, no articles were written.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:308" href="#fn:308">308</a>
In 1937, The Trial was translated to English. There were 12 reviews in the United States, but the book was reviewed 20 times in other languages, including in France and Brazil. The reviews were mixed, with <a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times</a> reviewer stating that "it is beyond me" and other reviewers stating that Kafka was "one of the most extraordinary writers of our time".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:309" href="#fn:309">309</a>
In the following year, Amerika was translated to English and generally well received by four English and two American reviewers. In the same year, Das Schloss was translated into French and received five reviews.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:310" href="#fn:310">310</a>
In 1939, Kafka's work was reviewed in many countries, including in the periodicals <a href="/facts/The_Southern_Review/YKd4dEHA">The Southern Review</a>, <a href="/facts/The_Kenyon_Review/mxM2INoM">The Kenyon Review</a> and Expressionism in German Life. In 1940, The Southern Review published a religious interpretation of The Trial. In 1941, eleven reviews and articles were published, including "a doctor's dissertation at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Z%25C3%25BCrich/BXmxTYKh">University of Zürich</a>" by Herbert Tauber, entitled "Franz Kafka, eine Deutung seiner Werke". Other countries whose writers showed interest in Kafka's work were Peru, Cuba, and Brazil.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:311" href="#fn:311">311</a>
In the first years of <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a>, interest in Kafka's work diminished in the United States, with only two articles published. In 1943, four articles were published, with one that "criticized Kafka as a symbol of the social decadence which was responsible for the failure of the <a href="/facts/Weimar_Republic/LYYS66ad">Weimar Republic</a>". But in the following year, interest in his work increased again, with six articles published. As World War II drew to a close, interest in Kafka grew once again, with 16 articles appearing in various countries' periodicals, including Focus One, <a href="/facts/Quarterly_Review_of_Literature/LQ2nladL">Quarterly Review of Literature</a>, and <a href="/facts/Les_Cahiers_du_Sud/NxgTRP4R">Les Cahiers du Sud</a>, as well as in the book Freudism and the Literary Mind. Many intellectuals grew interested on Kafka's work, with articles by <a href="/facts/Parker_Tyler/DGaFKoUh">Parker Tyler</a> in Accent, <a href="/facts/Albert_Camus/BKVazSsM">Albert Camus</a> in Hope and Absurdity, and <a href="/facts/Jean_Wahl/KaQWUEgm">Jean Wahl</a> in Kierkegaard and Kafka tying his work to <a href="/facts/Existentialism/ylQ1HF6b">existentialism</a>. In 1946, Kafka's work was popular, with 21 articles on it written that year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:312" href="#fn:312">312</a>

<h3>Critical interpretations</h3>
The British-American poet <a href="/facts/W._H._Auden/4AwR9p7y">W. H. Auden</a> called Kafka "the <a href="/facts/Dante/rXX7fIg0">Dante</a> of the twentieth century";<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:313" href="#fn:313">313</a> the novelist <a href="/facts/Vladimir_Nabokov/6vhLN8Wl">Vladimir Nabokov</a> placed him among the greatest writers of the 20th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:314" href="#fn:314">314</a> <a href="/facts/Gabriel_Garc%25C3%25ADa_M%25C3%25A1rquez/FpyFsILa">Gabriel García Márquez</a> noted the reading of Kafka's The Metamorphosis showed him "that it was possible to write in a different way".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:315" href="#fn:315">315</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:316" href="#fn:316">316</a> A prominent theme of Kafka's work, first established in the short story "The Judgment",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:317" href="#fn:317">317</a> is father–son conflict: the guilt induced in the son is resolved through suffering and atonement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:318" href="#fn:318">318</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:319" href="#fn:319">319</a> Other prominent themes and archetypes include alienation, physical and psychological brutality, characters on a terrifying quest, and mystical transformation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:320" href="#fn:320">320</a>
Kafka's style has been compared to that of Kleist as early as 1916, in a review of "Die Verwandlung" and "Der Heizer" by Oscar Walzel in Berliner Beiträge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:321" href="#fn:321">321</a> The nature of Kafka's prose allows for varied interpretations and critics have placed his writing into a variety of literary schools.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:322" href="#fn:322">322</a> <a href="/facts/Marxists/sgnnLfax">Marxists</a>, for example, have sharply disagreed over how to interpret Kafka's works.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:323" href="#fn:323">323</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:324" href="#fn:324">324</a> Some accused him of distorting reality whereas others claimed he was critiquing capitalism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:325" href="#fn:325">325</a> The hopelessness and absurdity common to his works are seen as emblematic of <a href="/facts/Existentialism/ylQ1HF6b">existentialism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:326" href="#fn:326">326</a> Some of Kafka's books are influenced by the <a href="/facts/Expressionist/3u9NA7mv">expressionist</a> movement, though the majority of his literary output was associated with the experimental <a href="/facts/Literary_modernism/LjKIS6jH">modernist</a> genre. Kafka also touches on the theme of human conflict with bureaucracy. William Burrows claims that such work is centred on the concepts of struggle, pain, solitude, and the need for relationships.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:327" href="#fn:327">327</a> Others, such as <a href="/facts/Thomas_Mann/ICPMI3vw">Thomas Mann</a>, see Kafka's work as allegorical: a quest, metaphysical in nature, for God.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:328" href="#fn:328">328</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:329" href="#fn:329">329</a>
According to <a href="/facts/Gilles_Deleuze/cnkduWTX">Gilles Deleuze</a> and <a href="/facts/F%25C3%25A9lix_Guattari/Nz2kTD70">Félix Guattari</a>, the themes of alienation and persecution, although present in Kafka's work, have been overemphasised by critics. They argue that Kafka's work is more deliberate and subversive—and more joyful—than it may first appear. They point out that focusing on the futility of Kafka's characters' struggles reveals Kafka's humour; he is not necessarily commenting on his own problems but rather is pointing out how people tend to invent problems. In his work, Kafka often creates malevolent, absurd worlds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:330" href="#fn:330">330</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:331" href="#fn:331">331</a> Kafka read drafts of his works to his friends, typically concentrating on his humorous prose. The writer <a href="/facts/Milan_Kundera/o1RRoBHY">Milan Kundera</a> suggests that Kafka's <a href="/facts/Surreal_humour/zaXzBGfA">surreal humour</a> may have been an inversion of Dostoevsky's presentation of characters who are punished for a crime. In Kafka's The Trial, a character is punished even though he has committed no crime. Kundera believes that Kafka's inspirations for his characteristic situations came both from growing up in a patriarchal family and from living in a totalitarian state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:332" href="#fn:332">332</a>
Attempts have been made to identify the influence of Kafka's legal background and the role of law in his fiction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:333" href="#fn:333">333</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:334" href="#fn:334">334</a> Many interpretations identify the importance of the law in his work,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:335" href="#fn:335">335</a> in which the legal system is often oppressive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:336" href="#fn:336">336</a> The law in Kafka's works, rather than representing any particular legal or political entity, is usually interpreted to represent a collection of anonymous, incomprehensible forces. These are hidden from the individual but control the lives of the people, who are innocent victims of systems beyond their control.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:337" href="#fn:337">337</a> Critics who support this <a href="/facts/Absurdism/leul3GDB">absurdist</a> interpretation cite instances where Kafka describes himself in conflict with an absurd universe, such as the following entry from his diary:

<blockquote>Enclosed in my own four walls, I found myself as an immigrant imprisoned in a foreign country;... I saw my family as strange aliens whose foreign customs, rites, and very language defied comprehension;... though I did not want it, they forced me to participate in their bizarre rituals;... I could not resist.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:338" href="#fn:338">338</a></blockquote>
However, James Hawes argues many of Kafka's descriptions of the legal proceedings in The Trial—metaphysical, absurd, bewildering and nightmarish as they might appear—are based on accurate and informed descriptions of German and Austrian criminal proceedings of the time, which were <a href="/facts/Inquisitorial/3LeyjxrG">inquisitorial</a> rather than <a href="/facts/Adversarial_system/PeouW3tl">adversarial</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:339" href="#fn:339">339</a> Although he worked in insurance, as a trained lawyer Kafka was "keenly aware of the legal debates of his day".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:340" href="#fn:340">340</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:341" href="#fn:341">341</a> In a 2009 publication that uses Kafka's office writings as its point of departure,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:342" href="#fn:342">342</a> Pothik Ghosh states that with Kafka, law "has no meaning outside its fact of being a pure force of domination and determination".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:343" href="#fn:343">343</a>

<h3>Translations</h3>
The first instance of Kafka being translated into English was in 1925, when William A. Drake published "A Report for an Academy" in the <a href="/facts/New_York_Herald_Tribune/p3DRaNaM">New York Herald Tribune</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:344" href="#fn:344">344</a> Eugene Jolas translated Kafka's "The Judgment" for the modernist journal <a href="/facts/Transition_(literary_journal)_(1927-1938)/Yzwxxh4U">transition</a> in 1928.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:345" href="#fn:345">345</a> In 1930, <a href="/facts/Edwin_Muir/saccflpo">Edwin</a> and <a href="/facts/Willa_Muir/2dIYItnE">Willa Muir</a> translated the first German edition of Das Schloss. This was published as The Castle by <a href="/facts/Secker_%2526_Warburg/3PhAB3Cp">Secker & Warburg</a> in England and <a href="/facts/Alfred_A._Knopf/thjQX89q">Alfred A. Knopf</a> in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:346" href="#fn:346">346</a> In the 1930s, <a href="/facts/Alberto_Spaini/37nsIJaR">Alberto Spaini</a> translated The Process to Italian and Alexandre Vialatte translated it to French.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:347" href="#fn:347">347</a> A 1941 edition, including a homage by Thomas Mann, spurred a surge in Kafka's popularity in the United States during the late 1940s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:348" href="#fn:348">348</a> The Muirs translated all shorter works that Kafka had seen fit to print; they were published by <a href="/facts/Schocken_Books/vmWcjY39">Schocken Books</a> in 1948 as <a href="/facts/The_Penal_Colony%3a_Stories_and_Short_Pieces/y3btoGKT">The Penal Colony: Stories and Short Pieces</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:349" href="#fn:349">349</a> including additionally The First Long Train Journey, written by Kafka and Brod, Kafka's "A Novel about Youth", a review of Felix Sternheim's Die Geschichte des jungen Oswald, his essay on Kleist's "Anecdotes", his review of the literary magazine <a href="/facts/Hyperion_(magazine)/DgD4snj3">Hyperion</a>, and an epilogue by Brod.
Later editions, notably those of 1954 (<a href="/facts/Dearest_Father%3a_Stories_and_Other_Writings/klWtpdtr">Dearest Father: Stories and Other Writings</a>), included text, translated by <a href="/facts/Eithne_Wilkins/H0Xspm25">Eithne Wilkins</a> and <a href="/facts/Ernst_Kaiser/IRxjlUss">Ernst Kaiser</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:350" href="#fn:350">350</a> that had been deleted by earlier publishers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:351" href="#fn:351">351</a> Known as "Definitive Editions", they include translations of The Trial, Definitive, <a href="/facts/The_Castle%2c_Definitive_Edition%2c_Muir_Translation/WzRyUNpk">The Castle, Definitive</a>, and other writings. These translations are generally accepted to have a number of biases and are considered to be dated in interpretation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:352" href="#fn:352">352</a> Published in 1961 by Schocken Books, <a href="/facts/Parables_and_Paradoxes/3cex9r9g">Parables and Paradoxes</a> presented in a bilingual edition by <a href="/facts/Nahum_N._Glatzer/hHrrf5KR">Nahum N. Glatzer</a> selected writings,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:353" href="#fn:353">353</a> drawn from notebooks, diaries, letters, short fictional works and the novel Der Process.
New translations were completed and published based on the recompiled German text of Pasley and Schillemeit‍—‌<a href="/facts/The_Castle%2c_Critical_Edition%2c_Harman_Translation/WzRyUNpk">The Castle, Critical</a> by <a href="/facts/Mark_Harman_(translator)/4IXUgpFh">Mark Harman</a> (<a href="/facts/Schocken_Books/vmWcjY39">Schocken Books</a>, 1998),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:354" href="#fn:354">354</a> The Trial, Critical by <a href="/facts/Breon_Mitchell/JAS1oDRz">Breon Mitchell</a> (Schocken Books, 1998),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:355" href="#fn:355">355</a> and The Man Who Disappeared (Amerika) by <a href="/facts/Michael_Hofmann/gPEd8W0h">Michael Hofmann</a> (<a href="/facts/Penguin_Books/Q2ETlwbp">Penguin Books</a>, 1996)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:356" href="#fn:356">356</a> and Amerika: The Missing Person by Mark Harman (Schocken Books, 2008).

<h4>Translation problems to English</h4>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Franz_Kafka_bibliography/C2X37MQW">Franz Kafka bibliography § English translations</a> Further information: <a href="/facts/The_Metamorphosis/guhBTz23">The Metamorphosis § Translations of the opening sentence</a>
Kafka often made extensive use of a characteristic particular to German, which permits long sentences that sometimes can span an entire page. Kafka's sentences sometimes deliver an unexpected impact just before the full stop, finalizing the meaning and focus of the sentence. This is due to the construction of <a href="/facts/Subordinate_clauses_in_German/p7z1PSqp">subordinate clauses in German</a>, which require that the verb be at the end of the sentence. Such constructions are difficult to duplicate in English, so it is up to the translator to provide the reader with the same (or an at least equivalent) effect as the original text.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:357" href="#fn:357">357</a> German's more flexible word order and <a href="/facts/Syntactic_ambiguity/xPxLnwxt">syntactical</a> differences provide for multiple ways in which the same German writing can be translated into English.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:358" href="#fn:358">358</a> An example is the first sentence of Kafka's <a href="/facts/The_Metamorphosis/guhBTz23">The Metamorphosis</a>, which is crucial to the setting and understanding of the entire story:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:359" href="#fn:359">359</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Als Gregor Samsa eines Morgens aus unruhigen Träumen erwachte, fand er sich in seinem Bett zu einem ungeheuren Ungeziefer verwandelt.</td><td>As Gregor Samsa one morning from restless dreams awoke, found he himself in his bed into a monstrous vermin transformed.</td></tr><tr><td>—original</td><td>—literal word-for-word translation<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:360" href="#fn:360">360</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
The sentence above also exemplifies an instance of another difficult problem facing translators: dealing with the author's intentional use of ambiguous <a href="/facts/Idiom/JaAk3qnW">idioms</a> and words that have several meanings, which results in phrasing that is difficult to translate precisely.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:361" href="#fn:361">361</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:362" href="#fn:362">362</a> English translators often render the word Ungeziefer as 'insect'; in Middle German, however, Ungeziefer literally means 'an animal unclean for sacrifice';<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:363" href="#fn:363">363</a> in today's German, it means 'vermin'. It is sometimes used colloquially to mean 'bug'—a very general term, unlike the scientific 'insect'. Kafka had no intention of labeling Gregor, the protagonist of the story, as any specific thing but instead wanted to convey Gregor's disgust at his transformation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:364" href="#fn:364">364</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:365" href="#fn:365">365</a> Another example of this can be found in the final sentence of "<a href="/facts/Das_Urteil/SV1G7Urx">Das Urteil</a>" ("The Judgement"), with Kafka's use of the German noun Verkehr. Literally, Verkehr means 'intercourse' and, as in English, can have either a sexual or a non-sexual meaning. The word is additionally used to mean 'transport' or 'traffic'; therefore the sentence can also be translated as: "At that moment an unending stream of traffic crossed over the bridge."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:366" href="#fn:366">366</a> The double meaning of Verkehr is given added weight by Kafka's confession to Brod that when he wrote that final line he was thinking of "a violent ejaculation".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:367" href="#fn:367">367</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:368" href="#fn:368">368</a>

<h2 id="legacy">Legacy</h2>
<h3>Literary and cultural influence</h3>

Unlike many famous writers, Kafka is rarely quoted by others. Instead, he is noted more for his visions and perspective.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:369" href="#fn:369">369</a> Kafka had a strong influence on <a href="/facts/Gabriel_Garc%25C3%25ADa_M%25C3%25A1rquez/FpyFsILa">Gabriel García Márquez</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:370" href="#fn:370">370</a> <a href="/facts/Milan_Kundera/o1RRoBHY">Milan Kundera</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:371" href="#fn:371">371</a> and the novel <a href="/facts/The_Palace_of_Dreams/rVCygySy">The Palace of Dreams</a> by <a href="/facts/Ismail_Kadare/Xa91mxAz">Ismail Kadare</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:372" href="#fn:372">372</a> Shimon Sandbank, a professor, literary critic, and writer, also identifies Kafka as having influenced <a href="/facts/Jorge_Luis_Borges/UgfVLqdk">Jorge Luis Borges</a>, <a href="/facts/Albert_Camus/BKVazSsM">Albert Camus</a>, <a href="/facts/Eug%25C3%25A8ne_Ionesco/Jn2lKb0z">Eugène Ionesco</a>, <a href="/facts/J._M._Coetzee/4AKLg8rs">J. M. Coetzee</a> and <a href="/facts/Jean-Paul_Sartre/aRWvzA8U">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:373" href="#fn:373">373</a> A <a href="/facts/Financial_Times/0ndae2YU">Financial Times</a> literary critic credits Kafka with influencing <a href="/facts/Jos%25C3%25A9_Saramago/8bhtPlnA">José Saramago</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:374" href="#fn:374">374</a> and Al Silverman, a writer and editor, states that <a href="/facts/J._D._Salinger/uetQdLPh">J. D. Salinger</a> loved to read Kafka's works.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:375" href="#fn:375">375</a> The Romanian writer <a href="/facts/Mircea_C%25C4%2583rt%25C4%2583rescu/v1oFMexD">Mircea Cărtărescu</a> said "Kafka is the author I love the most and who means, for me, the gate to literature"; he also described Kafka as "the saint of literature".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:376" href="#fn:376">376</a>
Kafka has been cited as an influence on the Swedish writer <a href="/facts/Stig_Dagerman/28KdeEQq">Stig Dagerman</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:377" href="#fn:377">377</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:378" href="#fn:378">378</a> and the Japanese writer <a href="/facts/Haruki_Murakami/aLu38tut">Haruki Murakami</a>, who paid homage to Kafka in his novel <a href="/facts/Kafka_on_the_Shore/6BJW4Pyj">Kafka on the Shore</a> with the namesake protagonist.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:379" href="#fn:379">379</a>

In 1999 a committee of 99 authors, scholars, and literary critics ranked Der Process and Das Schloss the second and ninth <a href="/facts/Best_German_Novels_of_the_Twentieth_Century/p05QuCLk">most significant German-language novels of the 20th century</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:380" href="#fn:380">380</a> <a href="/facts/Harold_Bloom/qgS4fgQR">Harold Bloom</a> said "when he is most himself, Kafka gives us a continuous inventiveness and originality that rivals <a href="/facts/Dante/rXX7fIg0">Dante</a> and truly challenges <a href="/facts/Proust/qlaFVd9D">Proust</a> and <a href="/facts/James_Joyce/Ty6qh67s">Joyce</a> as that of the dominant Western author of our century".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:381" href="#fn:381">381</a> Sandbank argues that despite Kafka's pervasiveness, his enigmatic style has yet to be emulated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:382" href="#fn:382">382</a> Neil Christian Pages, a professor of German Studies and Comparative Literature at <a href="/facts/Binghamton_University/zqumysQb">Binghamton University</a> who specialises in Kafka's works, says Kafka's influence transcends literature and literary scholarship; it impacts visual arts, music, and popular culture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:383" href="#fn:383">383</a> Harry Steinhauer, a professor of German and Jewish literature, says that Kafka "has made a more powerful impact on literate society than any other writer of the twentieth century".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:384" href="#fn:384">384</a> Brod said that the 20th century will one day be known as the "century of Kafka".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:385" href="#fn:385">385</a>
Michel-André Bossy writes that Kafka created a rigidly inflexible and sterile bureaucratic universe. Kafka wrote in an aloof manner full of legal and scientific terms. Yet his serious universe also had insightful humour, all highlighting the "irrationality at the roots of a supposedly rational world".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:386" href="#fn:386">386</a> His characters are trapped, confused, full of guilt, frustrated, and lacking understanding of their surreal world. Much post-Kafka fiction, especially science fiction, follows the themes and precepts of Kafka's universe. This can be seen in the works of authors such as <a href="/facts/George_Orwell/aIQhGvNh">George Orwell</a> and <a href="/facts/Ray_Bradbury/zN4vIQnN">Ray Bradbury</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:387" href="#fn:387">387</a>
The following are examples of works across a range of dramatic, literary, and musical genres that demonstrate the extent of Kafka's cultural influence (see also <a href="/facts/The_Metamorphosis_in_popular_culture/uWxr9D5C">The Metamorphosis in popular culture</a>):

<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Title</th><th scope="col">Year</th><th scope="col">Medium</th><th scope="col">Remarks</th><th scope="col">Ref</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ein_Landarzt_(opera)/pjDwh0Mu">Ein Landarzt</a></td><td>1951</td><td>opera</td><td>by <a href="/facts/Hans_Werner_Henze/5MtukewS">Hans Werner Henze</a>, based on Kafka's story</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:388" href="#fn:388">388</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1968/11/23/a-friend-of-kafka">"A Friend of Kafka"</a></td><td>1962</td><td>short story</td><td>by Nobel Prize winner <a href="/facts/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer/JrykcN0k">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a>, about a Yiddish actor called Jacques Kohn who said he knew Franz Kafka; in this story, according to Jacques Kohn, Kafka believed in the <a href="/facts/Golem/qz13hQDM">Golem</a>, a legendary creature from <a href="/facts/Jewish_folklore/Su62v61L">Jewish folklore</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:389" href="#fn:389">389</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/The_Trial_(1962_film)/hrYad4a7">The Trial</a></td><td>1962</td><td>film</td><td>the film's director, <a href="/facts/Orson_Welles/dyKjSdRJ">Orson Welles</a>, said, "Say what you like, but The Trial is my greatest work, even greater than <a href="/facts/Citizen_Kane/zU5QCdMV">Citizen Kane</a>"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:390" href="#fn:390">390</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:391" href="#fn:391">391</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Watermelon_Man_(film)/p6G6QXwP">Watermelon Man</a></td><td>1970</td><td>film</td><td>partly inspired by <a href="/facts/The_Metamorphosis/guhBTz23">The Metamorphosis</a>, where a white bigot wakes up as a black man</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:392" href="#fn:392">392</a></td></tr><tr><td>Colony</td><td>1980</td><td>music</td><td>by English rock band <a href="/facts/Joy_Division/qkISeV1m">Joy Division</a>, inspired by the Kafka story <a href="/facts/In_the_Penal_Colony/EPKDWLXN">In the Penal Colony</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:393" href="#fn:393">393</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:394" href="#fn:394">394</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://finboroughtheatre.co.uk/production/kafka/">Kafka</a></td><td>1983</td><td>play</td><td>by <a href="/facts/Jack_Klaff/xJHkVaMA">Jack Klaff</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://www.laphil.com/musicdb/pieces/2133/kafka-fragments">Kafka-Fragmente, Op. 24</a></td><td>1985</td><td>music</td><td>by Hungarian composer <a href="/facts/Gy%25C3%25B6rgy_Kurt%25C3%25A1g/goHpbcsh">György Kurtág</a> for soprano and violin, using fragments of Kafka's diary and letters</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:395" href="#fn:395">395</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kafka%2527s_Dick/qeIqyGTU">Kafka's Dick</a></td><td>1986</td><td>play</td><td>by <a href="/facts/Alan_Bennett/eAJ83UuR">Alan Bennett</a>, in which the ghosts of Kafka, his father Hermann and Brod arrive at the home of an English insurance clerk (and Kafka aficionado) and his wife</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:396" href="#fn:396">396</a></td></tr><tr><td>Better Morphosis</td><td>1991</td><td>short story</td><td>parodic short story by <a href="/facts/Brian_W._Aldiss/x3Sd4nmL">Brian W. Aldiss</a>, where a cockroach wakes up one morning to find out that it has turned into Franz Kafka</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:397" href="#fn:397">397</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kafka_(film)/5V9baH8Y">Kafka</a></td><td>1991</td><td>film</td><td>stars <a href="/facts/Jeremy_Irons/mDWms09t">Jeremy Irons</a> as the eponymous author; written by <a href="/facts/Lem_Dobbs/JkcL2fvR">Lem Dobbs</a> and directed by <a href="/facts/Steven_Soderbergh/WII1y1Mq">Steven Soderbergh</a>, the movie mixes his life and fiction providing a semi-biographical presentation of Kafka's life and works; Kafka investigates the disappearance of one of his colleagues, taking Kafka through many of the writer's own works, most notably <a href="/facts/The_Castle_(novel)/WzRyUNpk">The Castle</a> and <a href="/facts/The_Trial/YNbQjvNP">The Trial</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:398" href="#fn:398">398</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/A_Letter_to_Elise/b3BaTlq9">A Letter to Elise</a></td><td>1992</td><td>music</td><td>by English rock band <a href="/facts/The_Cure/tcAR3Ss3">The Cure</a>, was heavily influenced by <a href="/facts/Letters_to_Felice/5fm16poN">Letters to Felice</a> by Kafka</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:399" href="#fn:399">399</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Das_Schlo%25C3%259F_(opera)/sRgED3KR">Das Schloß</a></td><td>1992</td><td>opera</td><td>German-language opera by <a href="/facts/Aribert_Reimann/NaTqGBEb">Aribert Reimann</a> who wrote his own <a href="/facts/Libretto/Nt8PWhWk">libretto</a> based on <a href="/facts/The_Castle_(novel)/WzRyUNpk">Kafka's novel</a> and its dramatization by Max Brod, premiered on 2 September 1992 at the <a href="/facts/Deutsche_Oper_Berlin/XAdhynUd">Deutsche Oper Berlin</a>, staged by <a href="/facts/Willy_Decker/gDF87KjS">Willy Decker</a> and conducted by <a href="/facts/Michael_Boder/CUun43WQ">Michael Boder</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:400" href="#fn:400">400</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Young_Indiana_Jones/7bfVwMDP">Young Indiana Jones</a></td><td>1993</td><td>television</td><td>by <a href="/facts/George_Lucas/1bLspXbj">George Lucas</a> in which a fictional Kafka appears in the episode Espionage Escapades as a friend of Indiana Jones.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Franz_Kafka%2527s_It%2527s_a_Wonderful_Life/RtEzlQPT">Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life</a></td><td>1993</td><td>film</td><td>short comedy film made for <a href="/facts/BBC_Scotland/jm3CbUX0">BBC Scotland</a>, won an <a href="/facts/Academy_Awards/CwTxYuNQ">Oscar</a>, was written and directed by <a href="/facts/Peter_Capaldi/c1zKrlju">Peter Capaldi</a>, and starred <a href="/facts/Richard_E._Grant/vbmxJjV3">Richard E. Grant</a> as Kafka</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:401" href="#fn:401">401</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bad_Mojo/bsgr8wzz">Bad Mojo</a></td><td>1996</td><td>computer game</td><td>loosely based on The Metamorphosis, with characters named Franz and Roger Samms, alluding to <a href="/facts/Gregor_Samsa/guhBTz23">Gregor Samsa</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:402" href="#fn:402">402</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/In_the_Penal_Colony_(opera)/apwEyN6q">In the Penal Colony</a></td><td>2000</td><td>opera</td><td>by <a href="/facts/Philip_Glass/uqwMI2Ty">Philip Glass</a>, to a libretto by <a href="/facts/Rudy_Wurlitzer/dnLF5y4p">Rudy Wurlitzer</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:403" href="#fn:403">403</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kafka_on_the_Shore/6BJW4Pyj">Kafka on the Shore</a></td><td>2002</td><td>novel</td><td>by Japanese writer <a href="/facts/Haruki_Murakami/aLu38tut">Haruki Murakami</a>, on <a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times</a> 10 Best Books of 2005 list, <a href="/facts/World_Fantasy_Award/06HjomVy">World Fantasy Award</a> recipient</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:404" href="#fn:404">404</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Statue_of_Franz_Kafka/AFAEEsFq">Statue of Franz Kafka</a></td><td>2003</td><td>sculpture</td><td>an outdoor sculpture on Vězeňská street in the Jewish Quarter of Prague, by artist <a href="/facts/Jaroslav_R%25C3%25B3na/gByY3apn">Jaroslav Róna</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:405" href="#fn:405">405</a></td></tr><tr><td>Kafka's Trial</td><td>2005</td><td>opera</td><td>by Danish composer <a href="/facts/Poul_Ruders/EnSPN7dw">Poul Ruders</a>, based on the novel and parts of Kafka's life; first performed in 2005, released on CD</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:406" href="#fn:406">406</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kafka%2527s_Soup/lCnw0Gaa">Kafka's Soup</a></td><td>2005</td><td>book</td><td>by <a href="/facts/Mark_Crick/9rfBzrgW">Mark Crick</a>, is a literary <a href="/facts/Genre_parodies/b6cPAvwp">pastiche</a> in the form of a <a href="/facts/Cookbook/NICgxDqr">cookbook</a>, with recipes written in the style of a famous author</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:407" href="#fn:407">407</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Varieties_of_Disturbance/JcMy9N1k">Kafka Cooks Dinner</a></td><td>2007</td><td>story</td><td>by <a href="/facts/Lydia_Davis/1WygKbfh">Lydia Davis</a>, is a <a href="/facts/Genre_parodies/b6cPAvwp">comic send up</a> of Kafka neurotically ruminating over what he should make <a href="/facts/Milena_Jesenska/gUaNYmx7">Milena</a> for dinner when she comes to visit.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:408" href="#fn:408">408</a></td></tr><tr><td>Kafka the Musical</td><td>2011</td><td>radio play</td><td>by <a href="/facts/BBC_Radio_3/A39D28sj">BBC Radio 3</a> produced as part of their Play of the Week programme. Franz Kafka was played by <a href="/facts/David_Tennant/2GPo4TW9">David Tennant</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:409" href="#fn:409">409</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://will-self.com/2012/05/30/kafkas-wound/">Kafka's Wound</a></td><td>2012</td><td>digital multimedia project</td><td>by <a href="/facts/Will_Self/vABjEmyq">Will Self</a> and others was an experimental attempt to see if the special mystique of textual fiction could be expanded by the extra functional potentials of text online (such as nonlinear hyperlinking structures, multimedia elements beyond text etc., and the added interactive dimension offered online which gave the project a formally <a href="/facts/Talmud/8416nnBV">Talmudic</a> quality.) The original project is no longer extant and only a description of this effort remains.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:410" href="#fn:410">410</a></td></tr><tr><td>Sound Interpretations – Dedication To Franz Kafka</td><td>2012</td><td>music</td><td>HAZE Netlabel released musical compilation Sound Interpretations – Dedication To Franz Kafka. In this release musicians rethink the literary heritage of Kafka</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:411" href="#fn:411">411</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Google_Doodle/3wysmHgU">Google Doodle</a></td><td>2013</td><td>internet culture</td><td>Google had a sepia-toned doodle of a roach in a hat opening a door, honoring Kafka's 130th birthday</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:412" href="#fn:412">412</a></td></tr><tr><td>The Metamorphosis</td><td>2013</td><td>dance</td><td>Royal Ballet production of The Metamorphosis with <a href="/facts/Edward_Watson_(dancer)/ona6SUVk">Edward Watson</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:413" href="#fn:413">413</a></td></tr><tr><td>Café Kafka</td><td>2014</td><td>opera</td><td>by Spanish composer Francisco Coll on a text by Meredith Oakes, built from texts and fragments by Franz Kafka; Commissioned by <a href="/facts/Aldeburgh_Music/Dkj0H3Qn">Aldeburgh Music</a>, <a href="/facts/Opera_North/rw8hWqux">Opera North</a> and <a href="/facts/Royal_Opera_House/ttMKVPso">Royal Opera Covent Garden</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:414" href="#fn:414">414</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Head_of_Franz_Kafka/7JAYzcos">Head of Franz Kafka</a></td><td>2014</td><td>sculpture</td><td>an outdoor sculpture in <a href="/facts/Prague/txpRNTUE">Prague</a> by <a href="/facts/David_%25C4%258Cern%25C3%25BD/YFgFwHdK">David Černý</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:415" href="#fn:415">415</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Forest_Dark/20UyElV6">Forest Dark</a></td><td>2017</td><td>novel</td><td>by <a href="/facts/Nicole_Krauss/f8no6YqK">Nicole Krauss</a>; partly based on the conceit that Kafka staged his death and funeral in Austria; he moved to Palestine (later Israel), where he lived out his life under an assumed name, working as a gardener, dying in 1958</td></tr><tr><td>VRwandlung</td><td>2018</td><td>virtual reality</td><td>a virtual reality experience of the first part of <a href="/facts/The_Metamorphosis/guhBTz23">The Metamorphosis</a>, directed by <a href="/facts/Mika_Johnson/yhhbrQNA">Mika Johnson</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:416" href="#fn:416">416</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/The_Glory_of_Life_(2024_film)/Jd2Wq3XD">Die Herrlichkeit des Lebens (The Glory of Life)</a></td><td>2024</td><td>film</td><td>biographical film directed by <a href="/facts/Judith_Kaufmann/RhgskSYW">Judith Kaufmann</a> and Georg Maas</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Franz_(2025_film)/SRpGjpWs">Franz</a></td><td>TBA</td><td>film</td><td>Upcoming biographical film directed by <a href="/facts/Agnieszka_Holland/aw2cPClc">Agnieszka Holland</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:417" href="#fn:417">417</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>"Kafkaesque"</h3>
"Kafkaesque" redirects here. For the Breaking Bad episode, see <a href="/facts/Kafkaesque_(Breaking_Bad)/UD0AtYkD">Kafkaesque (Breaking Bad)</a>.
The term "Kafkaesque" is used to describe concepts and situations reminiscent of Kafka's work, particularly Der Prozess (<a href="/facts/The_Trial/YNbQjvNP">The Trial</a>) and Die Verwandlung (<a href="/facts/The_Metamorphosis/guhBTz23">The Metamorphosis</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:418" href="#fn:418">418</a> Examples include instances in which bureaucracies overpower people, often in a surreal, nightmarish milieu that evokes feelings of senselessness, disorientation, and helplessness. Characters in a Kafkaesque setting often lack a clear course of action to escape a <a href="/facts/Labyrinthine/mRXBS2t1">labyrinthine</a> situation. Kafkaesque elements often appear in <a href="/facts/Existentialism/ylQ1HF6b">existential works</a>, but the term has transcended the literary realm to apply to real-life occurrences and situations that are incomprehensibly complex, bizarre, or illogical.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:419" href="#fn:419">419</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:420" href="#fn:420">420</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:421" href="#fn:421">421</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:422" href="#fn:422">422</a>
Numerous films and television works have been described as Kafkaesque, and the style is particularly prominent in dystopian science fiction. Works in this genre that have been thus described include <a href="/facts/Patrick_Bokanowski/jRahWaLM">Patrick Bokanowski</a>'s film <a href="/facts/The_Angel_(1982_film)/NA5gmyoP">The Angel</a> (1982), <a href="/facts/Terry_Gilliam/oHY9a7FS">Terry Gilliam</a>'s film <a href="/facts/Brazil_(1985_film)/eQAckSHx">Brazil</a> (1985), and <a href="/facts/Alex_Proyas/asVKCzf3">Alex Proyas</a>' science fiction <a href="/facts/Film_noir/McNXkKVr">film noir</a>, <a href="/facts/Dark_City_(1998_film)/zlNw6Rps">Dark City</a> (1998). Films from other genres which have been similarly described include <a href="/facts/Roman_Polanski/SBmvpwQK">Roman Polanski</a>'s <a href="/facts/The_Tenant/PeKtQQXL">The Tenant</a> (1976), <a href="/facts/Joseph_Losey/Me1BYXlf">Joseph Losey</a>'s <a href="/facts/Monsieur_Klein/DFrl6HIg">Monsieur Klein</a> (1976)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:423" href="#fn:423">423</a> and the <a href="/facts/Coen_brothers/s8MnBqDF">Coen brothers</a>' <a href="/facts/Barton_Fink/CTmJW4b2">Barton Fink</a> (1991).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:424" href="#fn:424">424</a> The television series <a href="/facts/The_Prisoner/74StIHXr">The Prisoner</a> and <a href="/facts/The_Twilight_Zone/gRTyElKu">The Twilight Zone</a> are also frequently described as Kafkaesque.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:425" href="#fn:425">425</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:426" href="#fn:426">426</a>
However, with common usage, the term has become so ubiquitous that Kafka scholars note it is often misused.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:427" href="#fn:427">427</a> More accurately then, according to author <a href="/facts/Ben_Marcus/GSQhqt3b">Ben Marcus</a>, paraphrased in "What it Means to be Kafkaesque" by Joe Fassler in <a href="/facts/The_Atlantic/zVtl4Lcr">The Atlantic</a>, "Kafka's quintessential qualities are affecting use of language, a setting that straddles fantasy and reality, and a sense of striving even in the face of bleakness—hopelessly and full of hope."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:428" href="#fn:428">428</a>

<h3>Commemorations</h3>

<a href="/facts/3412_Kafka/sf8YFl1W">3412 Kafka</a> is an <a href="/facts/Asteroid/g7Ulr1VB">asteroid</a> from the inner regions of the <a href="/facts/Asteroid_belt/YHAq2Eh3">asteroid belt</a>, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 January 1983 by American astronomers <a href="/facts/Randolph_Kirk/R4tIAzYJ">Randolph Kirk</a> and <a href="/facts/Donald_James_Rudy/R4tIAzYJ">Donald Rudy</a> at <a href="/facts/Palomar_Observatory/vRLjmDfr">Palomar Observatory</a> in California, United States,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:429" href="#fn:429">429</a> and named after Kafka by them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:430" href="#fn:430">430</a>
The <a href="/facts/Franz_Kafka_Museum/5lFn0UG2">Franz Kafka Museum</a> in Prague is dedicated to Kafka and his work. A major component of the museum is an exhibit, The City of K. Franz Kafka and Prague, which was first shown in Barcelona in 1999, moved to the <a href="/facts/Jewish_Museum_(Manhattan)/EUodA6CI">Jewish Museum</a> in New York City, and finally established in Prague in <a href="/facts/Mal%25C3%25A1_Strana/XhEVC9gw">Malá Strana</a> (Lesser Town), along the <a href="/facts/Vltava/4Rc64K5G">Moldau</a>, in 2005. The museum aims with this exhibit to immerse the visitor into the world in which Kafka lived and about which he wrote.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:431" href="#fn:431">431</a>
The <a href="/facts/Franz_Kafka_Prize/nfUGMRSa">Franz Kafka Prize</a>, established in 2001, is an annual literary award of the <a href="/facts/Franz_Kafka_Society/AIhwr7Wb">Franz Kafka Society</a> and the City of Prague. It recognizes the merits of literature as "humanistic character and contribution to cultural, national, language and religious tolerance, its existential, timeless character, its generally human validity, and its ability to hand over a testimony about our times".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:432" href="#fn:432">432</a> The selection committee and recipients come from all over the world, but are limited to living authors who have had at least one work published in Czech.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:433" href="#fn:433">433</a> The recipient receives $10,000, a diploma, and a bronze statuette at a presentation in <a href="/facts/Old_Town_(Prague)/eT86Scbv">Prague's Old Town Hall</a>, on the Czech State Holiday in late October.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:434" href="#fn:434">434</a>
<a href="/facts/San_Diego_State_University/FrFPBPAY">San Diego State University</a> operates the <a href="/facts/Kafka_Project/fS5zJ6x6">Kafka Project</a>, which began in 1998 as the official international search for Kafka's last writings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:435" href="#fn:435">435</a>

<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h3>Citations</h3>

<h3>Sources</h3>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Peter-Andr%25C3%25A9_Alt/dQjKNAKy">Alt, Peter-André</a> (2005). Franz Kafka: Der ewige Sohn. Eine Biographie (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-406-53441-6.</li>
<li>Bathrick, David (1995). <a href="https://archive.org/details/powersofspeechpo0000bath">The Powers of Speech: The Politics of Culture in the GDR</a>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780803212589.</li>
<li>Bergman, Hugo (1969). <a href="http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/michael-lowy-franz-kafka-and-libertarian-socialism.a4.pdf">Memories of Franz Kafka in Franz Kafka Exhibition (Catalogue)</a> (PDF). The <a href="/facts/Jewish_National_and_University_Library/ECCssbmQ">Jewish National and University Library</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190316150401/https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/michael-lowy-franz-kafka-and-libertarian-socialism.a4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 March 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2012 – via The Anarchist Library.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Harold_Bloom/qgS4fgQR">Bloom, Harold</a> (1994). <a href="https://archive.org/details/westerncanonbook00bloo">The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages</a>. New York: Riverhead Books, Penguin Group. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-57322-514-4.</li>
<li>Bloom, Harold (2002). <a href="https://archive.org/details/geniusmosaicof1000bloo_0">Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds</a>. New York: Warner Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-446-52717-0.</li>
<li>Bloom, Harold (2003). Franz Kafka. Bloom's Major Short Story Writers. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7910-6822-9.</li>
<li>Bloom, Harold (2010). Harold Bloom (ed.). Franz Kafka. Bloom's Modern Critical Views. Infobase Publishing. p. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sc-uMRsLwR0C&pg=PA8">8</a>.</li>
<li>Bloom, Harold (Spring 2011). "Franz Kafka's Zionism". <a href="/facts/Midstream_(magazine)/0WxvXbB7">Midstream</a>. 57 (2).-left</li>
<li>Bossy, Michel-André-left (2001). <a href="https://archive.org/details/artistswritersmu0000unse">Artists, Writers, and Musicians: An Encyclopedia of People Who Changed the World</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Oryx Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-57356-154-9.</li>
<li>Boyd, Ian R. (2004). Dogmatics Among the Ruins: German Expressionism and the Enlightenment. Bern: Peter Lang AG. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-03910-147-4.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Max_Brod/BDLqsBAL">Brod, Max</a> (1960). <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod">Franz Kafka: A Biography</a>. New York: Schocken Books.</li>
<li>Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag.</li>
<li>Bruce, Iris (2007). Kafka and Cultural Zionism – Dates in Palestine. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-299-22190-4.</li>
<li>Classe, Olive (2000). Encyclopedia of Literary Translation into English, Vol. 1. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-884964-36-7.</li>
<li>Contijoch, Francesc Miralles (2000). <a href="https://archive.org/details/ellectordefranzk0000mira">Franz Kafka</a> (in Spanish). Barcelona: Oceano Grupo Editorial, S.A. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-84-494-1811-2.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Stanley_Corngold/3mTfFgU7">Corngold, Stanley</a> (1972). <a href="https://archive.org/details/metamorphosis00kafk_0">Introduction to The Metamorphosis</a>. New York: Bantam Classics. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-553-21369-0.</li>
<li>Corngold, Stanley (1973). <a href="https://archive.org/details/commentatorsdesp0000corn">The Commentator's Despair</a>. Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8046-9017-1.</li>
<li>Corngold, Stanley (2004). <a href="https://archive.org/details/lambenttracesfra00stan">Lambent Traces: Franz Kafka</a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-691-11816-1.</li>
<li>Corngold, Stanley (2009). <a href="/facts/Franz_Kafka%3a_The_Office_Writings/RoMIWLzy">Franz Kafka: The Office Writings</a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-691-12680-7. <a href="https://www.fedbar.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/bookreviewsoct09-pdf-1.pdf">Review</a></li>
<li>Diamant, Kathi (2003). Kafka's Last Love: The Mystery of Dora Diamant. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-465-01551-1.</li>
<li>Elsaesser, Thomas (2004). The Last Great American Picture Show. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-90-5356-493-6.</li>
<li>Furst, Lillian R. (1992). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0HmgYaAEHHYC&pg=PA83">Through the Lens of the Reader: Explorations of European Narrative</a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7914-0808-7. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204150730/https://books.google.com/books?id=0HmgYaAEHHYC&pg=PA83">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2015.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Gale_(publisher)/kKSW05y4">Gale Research</a> (1979). <a href="https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury02rile">Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism: Excerpts from Criticism of the Works of Novelists, Poets, Playwrights, Short Story Writers, & Other Creative Writers Who Died Between 1900 & 1999</a>. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale Cengage Learning. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8103-0176-4.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Sander_Gilman/8CoYAQXE">Gilman, Sander</a> (1995). <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkajewish00sand">Franz Kafka: The Jewish Patient</a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-415-91391-1.</li>
<li>Gilman, Sander (2005). Franz Kafka. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-881872-64-1.</li>
<li>Gray, Richard T. (2005). A Franz Kafka Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-313-30375-3.</li>
<li>Gray, Ronald (1973). <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafka00gray">Franz Kafka</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-20007-3.</li>
<li>Hamalian, Leo (1974). <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkacollec00hama">Franz Kafka: A Collection of Criticism</a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-07-025702-3.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/James_Hawes_(author)/PdflA3LK">Hawes, James</a> (2008). <a href="https://archive.org/details/whyyoushouldread0000hawe">Why You Should Read Kafka Before You Waste Your Life</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-312-37651-2.</li>
<li>Janouch, Gustav (1971). <a href="https://archive.org/details/conversationswit0000jano">Conversations with Kafka</a> (2 ed.). New York: New Directions Books. p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/conversationswit0000jano/page/17">17</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8112-0071-4. Retrieved 16 November 2015.</li>
<li>Kafka, Franz (1948). The Penal Colony: Stories and Short Pieces. New York: Schocken Books.</li>
<li>Kafka, Franz (1954). <a href="https://archive.org/details/dearestfathersto00kafk">Dearest Father: Stories and Other Writings</a>. New York: Schocken Books.</li>
<li>Kafka, Franz (1988). <a href="https://archive.org/details/castle00kafk_2">The Castle</a>. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8052-0872-6.</li>
<li>Kafka, Franz (1996). <a href="https://archive.org/details/metamorphosisoth0000kafk">The Metamorphosis and Other Stories</a>. New York: Barnes & Noble. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-56619-969-8.</li>
<li>Kafka, Franz (1998). <a href="https://archive.org/details/trial00kafk_1">The Trial</a>. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8052-0999-0.</li>
<li>Kafka, Franz (2009). The Trial. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-923829-3.</li>
<li>Kafka, Franz (1988). <a href="/facts/Max_Brod/BDLqsBAL">Brod, Max</a> (ed.). The Diaries: 1910–1923. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8052-0906-8.</li>
<li>Kahn, Lothar; Hook, Donald D. (1993). <a href="https://archive.org/details/betweentwoworlds00kahn">Between Two Worlds: A Cultural History of German-Jewish Writers</a>. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8138-1233-5.</li>
<li>Karl, Frederick R. (1991). <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkarepres00karl">Franz Kafka: Representative Man</a>. Boston: Ticknor & Fields. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-395-56143-0.</li>
<li>Koelb, Clayton (2010). Kafka: A Guide for the Perplexed. Chippenham, Wiltshire: Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8264-9579-2.</li>
<li>Krolop, Kurt (1994). Kafka und Prag (in German). Prague: Goethe-Institut. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-11-014062-0.</li>
<li>Lachkar, Joan (1992). The Narcissistic/Borderline Couple. Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-87630-634-5.</li>
<li>Miller, Alice (1984). <a href="https://archive.org/details/thoushaltnotbeaw00millrich">Thou Shalt Not Be Aware: Society's Betrayal of the Child</a>. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-9567982-1-3.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Nicholas_Murray_(biographer)/Vlk20fKw">Murray, Nicholas</a> (2004). <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafka00murr">Kafka</a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-300-10631-2.</li>
<li>Newmark, Peter (1991). About Translation. Wiltshire, England: Cromwell Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-85359-117-4.</li>
<li>Northey, Anthony (1997). Mišpoche Franze Kafky (in Czech). Prague: Nakladatelství Primus. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-80-85625-45-5.</li>
<li>O'Neill, Patrick M. (2004). Great World Writers: Twentieth Century. Tarrytown, New York: Marshal Cavendish. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7614-7477-7.</li>
<li>Palmer, R. Barton (2004). Joel and Ethan Coen. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-252-07185-0.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ernst_Pawel/CN7XPjyW">Pawel, Ernst</a> (1985). <a href="https://archive.org/details/nightmareofreaso00pawe">The Nightmare of Reason: A Life of Franz Kafka</a>. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-374-52335-0.</li>
<li>Preece, Julian (2001). <a href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_p1o5">The Cambridge Companion to Kafka</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-66391-5.</li>
<li>Rothkirchen, Livia (2005). The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia: Facing the Holocaust. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8032-3952-4.</li>
<li>Silverman, Al, ed. (1986). <a href="https://archive.org/details/bookofmonths00silv">The Book of the Month: Sixty Years of Books in American Life</a>. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-316-10119-6.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer/JrykcN0k">Singer, Isaac Bashevis</a> (1970). <a href="https://archive.org/details/friendofkafkaoth00sing">A Friend of Kafka, and Other Stories</a>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-374-15880-4.</li>
<li>Sokel, Walter H. (2001). The Myth of Power and the Self: Essays on Franz Kafka. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8143-2608-4.</li>
<li>Spector, Scott (2000). Prague Territories: National Conflict and Cultural Innovation in Franz Kafka's Fin de Siècle. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-520-23692-9.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Reiner_Stach/gznI7xJH">Stach, Reiner</a> (2005). <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac">Kafka: The Decisive Years</a>. Translated by <a href="/facts/Shelley_Frisch/xz2tog42">Shelley Frisch</a>. New York: Harcourt. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-15-100752-3 – via <a href="/facts/Internet_Archive/PHStU8Lo">Internet Archive</a>.</li>
<li>Sussman, Henry (1979). <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkageomet0000suss">Franz Kafka: Geometrician of Metaphor</a>. Madison, Wisconsin: Coda Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-930956-02-8.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Klaus_Wagenbach/gng5ueMt">Wagenbach, Klaus</a> (2019) [2003]. Kafka's Prague (paperback). Armchair Traveller. Translated by <a href="/facts/Ewald_Osers/t053pExm">Ewald Osers</a> with Peter Lewis. London: <a href="/facts/Haus_Publishing/G7BQLnHH">Haus Publishing</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781909961654. <a href="https://www.hauspublishing.com/product/kafkas-prague/">Publisher's product page</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Theodore_Ziolkowski/a1FFLB7a">Ziolkowski, Theodore</a> (2003). The Mirror of Justice: Literary Reflections of Legal Crisis. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-691-11470-5.</li></ul>
Journals
<ul><li>Ackermann, Paul Kurt (March 1950). <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/401846">"A history of critical writing on Franz Kafka"</a>. <a href="/facts/The_German_Quarterly/8H9YlY2N">The German Quarterly</a>. 23 (2): 105–113. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F401846">10.2307/401846</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/401846">401846</a>. Retrieved 21 February 2025.</li>
<li>Adams, Jeffrey (Summer 2002). <a href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Orson+Welles's+'The+Trial'%3a+Film+Noir+and+the+Kafkaesque.-a092049123">"Orson Welles's The Trial: Film Noir and the Kafkaesque"</a>. College Literature, Literature and the Visual Arts. 29 (3). West Chester, Pennsylvania: 140–157. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25112662">25112662</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806200802/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Orson+Welles%27s+%27The+Trial%27%3a+Film+Noir+and+the+Kafkaesque.-a092049123">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2021. <a href="https://sporastudios.org/mark/courses/articles/adams_the_trial.pdf">PDF Version</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209174449/https://sporastudios.org/mark/courses/articles/adams_the_trial.pdf">Archived</a> 9 February 2020 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li>Aizenberg, Edna (July–December 1986). "Kafkaesque Strategy and Anti-Peronist Ideology Martinez Estrada's Stories as Socially Symbolic Acts". <a href="/facts/Latin_American_Literary_Review/gKIf9tD7">Latin American Literary Review</a>. 14 (28). Chicago: 11–19. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20119426">20119426</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Reza_Banakar/B7NnQX7V">Banakar, Reza</a> (Fall 2010). "In Search of Heimat: A Note on Franz Kafka's Concept of Law". <a href="/facts/Law_and_Literature_(journal)/ytERU3Eh">Law and Literature</a>. 22 (2). Berkeley, California. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1574870">10.2139/ssrn.1574870</a>. <a href="/facts/SSRN_(identifier)/njd3WRzR">SSRN</a> <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1574870">1574870</a>.</li>
<li>Butler, Judith (3 March 2011). <a href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v33/n05/judith-butler/who-owns-kafka">"Who Owns Kafka"</a>. <a href="/facts/London_Review_of_Books/fxaXVJzS">London Review of Books</a>. 33 (5). London. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203080442/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n05/judith-butler/who-owns-kafka">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2012.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Stanley_Corngold/3mTfFgU7">Corngold, Stanley</a> (Fall 2011). "Kafkas Spätstil/Kafka's Late Style: Introduction". Monatshefte. 103 (3). Madison, Wisconsin: 339–343. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmon.2011.0069">10.1353/mon.2011.0069</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219195741">219195741</a>.</li>
<li>Dembo, Arinn (June 1996). <a href="http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/issues/cgw_143.pdf#page=110">"Twilight of the Cockroach: Bad Mojo Evokes Kafka So Well It'll Turn Your Stomach"</a> (PDF). Computer Gaming World. No. 143. New York. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141002223215/http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/issues/cgw_143.pdf#page=110">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2020.</li>
<li>Dodd, W. J. (1994). "Kafka and Dostoyevsky: The Shaping of Influence". <a href="/facts/Comparative_Literature_Studies/E7MkC0yc">Comparative Literature Studies</a>. 31 (2). State College, Pennsylvania: 165–168. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40246931">40246931</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Leland_de_la_Durantaye/pN7Qb33o">Durantaye, Leland de la</a> (2007). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525025619/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~deladur/kafka.pdf">"Kafka's Reality and Nabokov's Fantasy: On Dwarves, Saints, Beetles, Symbolism and Genius"</a> (PDF). Comparative Literature. 59 (4): 315. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F-59-4-315">10.1215/-59-4-315</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7056408">7056408</a>. Archived from <a href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3374612/deladurantaye_kafka.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 May 2010.</li>
<li>Fichter, Manfred M. (May 1987). "The Anorexia Nervosa of Franz Kafka". <a href="/facts/International_Journal_of_Eating_Disorders/k1MyrefF">International Journal of Eating Disorders</a>. 6 (3). Washington, D.C.: 367. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1098-108X%28198705%296%3A3%3C367%3A%3AAID-EAT2260060306%3E3.0.CO%3B2-W">10.1002/1098-108X(198705)6:3<367::AID-EAT2260060306>3.0.CO;2-W</a>.</li>
<li>Fichter, Manfred M. (July 1988). "Franz Kafka's anorexia nervosa". Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie (in German). 56 (7). Munich: 231–238. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2007-1001787">10.1055/s-2007-1001787</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3061914">3061914</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144116337">144116337</a>.</li>
<li>Fort, Jeff (March 2006). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407115000/https://believermag.com/the-man-who-could-not-disappear/">"The Man Who Could Not Disappear"</a>. <a href="/facts/The_Believer_(magazine)/QyuSlRA6">The Believer</a>. Archived from <a href="https://believermag.com/the-man-who-could-not-disappear/">the original</a> on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2012.</li>
<li>Glen, Patrick J. (2007). <a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120916114919/http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~idjlaw/PDF/17-1/17-1%20Glen.pdf">"The Deconstruction and Reification of Law in Franz Kafka's Before the Law and The Trial"</a> (PDF). Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal. 17 (23). Los Angeles. Archived from <a href="http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~idjlaw/PDF/17-1/17-1%20Glen.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012.</li>
<li>Glen, Patrick J. (2011). <a href="http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/967/">"Franz Kafka, Lawrence Joseph, and the Possibilities of Jurisprudential Literature"</a> (PDF). Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal. 21 (47). Los Angeles. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191112201538/https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/967/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2012.</li>
<li>Horton, Scott (19 August 2008). <a href="http://harpers.org/archive/2008/08/hbc-90003426">"In Pursuit of Kafka's Porn Cache: Six Questions for James Hawes"</a>. Harper's Magazine. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019170227/http://harpers.org/archive/2008/08/hbc-90003426">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012.</li>
<li>Hughes, Kenneth (Summer 1986). "Franz Kafka: An Anthology of Marxist Criticism". Monatshefte. 78 (2). Madison, Wisconsin: 247–250. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30159253">30159253</a>.</li>
<li>Kavanagh, Thomas M. (Spring 1972). "Kafka's The Trial: The Semiotics of the Absurd". <a href="/facts/Novel%3a_A_Forum_on_Fiction/1AMBj2Ms">Novel: A Forum on Fiction</a>. 5 (3). Durham, North Carolina: 242–253. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1345282">10.2307/1345282</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1345282">1345282</a>.</li>
<li>Kempf, Franz R. (Summer 2005). "Franz Kafkas Sprachen: '... in einem Stockwerk des innern babylonischen Turmes. ..'". <a href="/facts/Shofar%3a_An_Interdisciplinary_Journal_of_Jewish_Studies/wjS9qfoI">Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies</a>. 23 (4). West Lafayette, Indiana: 159. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsho.2005.0155">10.1353/sho.2005.0155</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170581064">170581064</a>.</li>
<li>Keren, Michael (1993). "The 'Prague Circle' and the Challenge of Nationalism". <a href="/facts/History_of_European_Ideas/RYENkvUv">History of European Ideas</a>. 16 (1–3). Oxford: 3. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0191-6599%2805%2980096-8">10.1016/S0191-6599(05)80096-8</a>.</li>
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<li>Horstkotte, Silke (2009). <a href="http://dokumente-online.com/kunst-und-kuenstlerverstaendnis-in-kafkas.html">"Kunst und Künstlerverständnis in Kafkas 'Josefine, die Sängering oder Das Volk der Mäuse'"</a> (in German). University of Leipzig. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171122105538/https://dokumente-online.com/kunst-und-kuenstlerverstaendnis-in-kafkas.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2012.</li>
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<li>Keynes, Laura (August 2005). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219091140/http://www.onlinereviewlondon.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=215%3Akafkas-dick&catid=161%3Akafkas-dick&Itemid=243">"Kafka's Dick"</a>. Times Literary Supplement. Archived from <a href="http://www.onlinereviewlondon.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=215:kafkas-dick&catid=161:kafkas-dick&Itemid=243">the original</a> on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.</li>
<li>Köhler, Manfred (2012). <a href="http://www.protemion.de/zettel/kafkafelice.htm">"Franz Kafka und Felice Bauer"</a> (in German). Protemion. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213956/http://www.protemion.de/zettel/kafkafelice.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2012.</li>
<li>Kreis, Steven (28 February 2006). <a href="http://www.historyguide.org/europe/kafka.html">"Franz Kafka, 1883–1924"</a>. History Guide. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925115802/http://www.historyguide.org/europe/kafka.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2012.</li>
<li>Milner, Catherine (27 August 2005). <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/3321254/If-Kafka-made-the-dinner....html">"If Kafka Made the Dinner..."</a> The Telegraph. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141105221124/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/3321254/If-Kafka-made-the-dinner....html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2012.</li>
<li>Miron, Dan (24 November 2008). <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1040561.html">"Sadness in Palestine"</a>. <a href="/facts/Haaretz/HUMlSB2k">Haaretz</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220232543/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1040561.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2012.</li>
<li>Ozorio, Anne (18 November 2010). <a href="http://www.operatoday.com/content/2010/11/gyorgy_kurtag_-.php">"György Kurtág – Kafka Fragments, London"</a>. Opera Today. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170624132822/http://www.operatoday.com/content/2010/11/gyorgy_kurtag_-.php">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2012.</li>
<li>Prinsky, Norman (2002). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011030606/http://www.aug.edu/~nprinsky/Humn2002/KafkaMetamorphNQ.htm">"Humn. 2002: World Humanities II. Notes and Questions on Franz Kafka's "The Metamorphosis" / "The Transformation""</a>. Augusta State University. Archived from <a href="http://www.aug.edu/~nprinsky/Humn2002/KafkaMetamorphNQ.htm">the original</a> on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.</li>
<li>Rahn, Josh (2011). <a href="http://www.online-literature.com/periods/existentialism.php">"Existentialism"</a>. Online Literature. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170929022351/http://www.online-literature.com/periods/existentialism.php">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2012.</li>
<li>Rastalsky, Hartmut M. (1997). <a href="http://www.lsa.umich.edu/german/hmr/dissertation/10kafka.doc">"The Referential Kafka"</a>. University of Michigan. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120622022057/http://www.lsa.umich.edu/german/hmr/dissertation/10kafka.doc">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.</li>
<li>Samuelson, Arthur. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505021933/http://jhom.com/bookshelf/kafka/intro.html">"A Kafka for the 21st Century"</a>. Jewish Heritage. Archived from <a href="http://www.jhom.com/bookshelf/kafka/intro.html">the original</a> on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.</li>
<li>Seubert, Harald. <a href="http://kulturportal-west-ost.eu/biographies/bauer-felice-2/">"Bauer, Felice"</a> (in German). Kulturportal-west-ost.eu. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715070817/http://kulturportal-west-ost.eu/biographies/bauer-felice-2">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2012. Knochiges leeres Gesicht, das seine Leere offen trug. Freier Hals. Überworfene Bluse ... Fast zerbrochene Nase. Blondes, etwas steifes, reizloses Haar, starkes Kinn.</li>
<li>Stone, Peter H. (1981). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140510185120/http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/3196/the-art-of-fiction-no-69-gabriel-garcia-marquez">"Gabriel Garcia Marquez, The Art of Fiction No. 69"</a>. <a href="/facts/The_Paris_Review/b5tfeFFF">The Paris Review</a>. Vol. Winter 1981, no. 82. Archived from <a href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/3196/the-art-of-fiction-no-69-gabriel-garcia-marquez">the original</a> on 10 May 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2012.</li>
<li>B.S. (4 April 1930). <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/1930/apr/04/classics.culture">"Allegory"</a>. <a href="/facts/The_Guardian/H84wwJYM">The Guardian</a> (review of The Castle translated Willa and Edwin Muir). London. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704184424/https://www.theguardian.com/books/1930/apr/04/classics.culture">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2012.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501080645/http://www.amrep.org/articles/3_3c/disappearing.html">"Disappearing Act"</a>. American Repertory Theatre. 2005. Archived from <a href="http://www.amrep.org/articles/3_3c/disappearing.html">the original</a> on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2012.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b010glpd">"Drama on BBC Radio 3, Kafka the Musical"</a>. BBC. 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414062511/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b010glpd">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2012.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.kohoutikriz.org/priloha/kafka.php">"Franz Kafka"</a> (in Czech). The Research Library of South Bohemia in České Budějovice. 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170919195519/http://www.kohoutikriz.org/priloha/kafka.php">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2012.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027210534/http://www.egs.edu/library/franz-kafka/articles/">"Franz Kafka – Articles"</a>. European Graduate School. 2012. Archived from <a href="http://www.egs.edu/library/franz-kafka/articles/">the original</a> on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915131636/http://www.egs.edu/library/franz-kafka/biography/">"Franz Kafka – Biography"</a>. European Graduate School. 2012. Archived from <a href="http://www.egs.edu/library/franz-kafka/biography/">the original</a> on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.hans-werner-henze-stiftung.de/hans-werner-henze/werkverzeichnis/detail/news/detail/News/ein-landarzt/">"Ein Landarzt Rundfunkoper auf die Erzählung von Franz Kafka"</a> (in German). Hans Werner Henze Stiftung. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207014849/http://www.hans-werner-henze-stiftung.de/hans-werner-henze/werkverzeichnis/detail/news/detail/News/ein-landarzt/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.</li>
<li><a href="http://libcom.org/library/franz-kafka-libertarian-socialism">"Franz Kafka and Libertarian Socialism"</a>. Libertarian-Socialism. 14 December 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012090102/http://libcom.org/library/franz-kafka-libertarian-socialism">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2012.</li>
<li><a href="https://kafkamuseum.cz/en/">"Franz Kafka Museum"</a>. Franz Kafka Museum. 2005. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119133014/https://kafkamuseum.cz/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2012.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.franzkafka-soc.cz/cena-franze-kafky/">"The Franz Kafka Prize"</a>. Franz Kafka Society. 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113073540/http://www.franzkafka-soc.cz/cena-franze-kafky">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2012.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220032453/http://kafka-franz.com/franz-kafka-writing.htm">"Franz Kafka Writing"</a>. Kafka-Franz. 2011. Archived from <a href="http://www.kafka-franz.com/franz-kafka-writing.htm">the original</a> on 20 December 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2012.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=10923">"Franz Kafka: Writing of the System's Despair and Alienation"</a>. Socialist Worker (Britain). Socialist Worker Online. 17 March 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003174917/http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=10923">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2012.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.textkritik.de/kafkazs/kafkadrucke.htm">"Faksimiles der Kafka-Drucke zu Lebzeiten (Zeitschriften und Zeitungen)"</a> (in German). ITK Institut für Textkritik. 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924060014/http://www.textkritik.de/kafkazs/kafkadrucke.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2012.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.franzkafka.de/leben/frauen/grete-bloch">"Grete Bloch"</a> (in German). S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920234134/https://www.franzkafka.de/leben/frauen/grete-bloch">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2012.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.albany.edu/writers-inst/webpages4/filmnotes/fnf01n6.html">"Kafka"</a>. New York State Writer's Institute. State University of New York. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200123063220/https://www.albany.edu/writers-inst/webpages4/filmnotes/fnf01n6.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2012.</li>
<li><a href="https://granta.com/kafkas-drawings/">"Kafka's Drawings"</a>. <a href="/facts/Granta/dNVNgKre">Granta</a>. 16 May 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250208050249/https://granta.com/kafkas-drawings/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2025. Retrieved 8 February 2025.</li>
<li>Kafka, Franz (1921). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250208052154/https://www.franzkafka.de/fundstuecke/kafkas-testamente">"Kafkas Testamente"</a> (in German). Franz Kafka. Archived from <a href="https://www.franzkafka.de/fundstuecke/kafkas-testamente">the original</a> on 8 February 2025. Retrieved 8 February 2025.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050924095502/http://www.atlegerhardsen.com/pages/lothar_hempel/presse_eng_0802.htm">"Lothar Hempel"</a>. Atlegerhardsen. 2002. Archived from <a href="http://www.atlegerhardsen.com/pages/lothar_hempel/presse_eng_0802.htm">the original</a> on 24 September 2005. Retrieved 2 August 2012.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010607003313/http://www.literaturhaus.at/headlines/1999/01/142/">"Musils 'Mann ohne Eigenschaften' ist 'wichtigster Roman des Jahrhunderts'"</a> (in German). LiteraturHaus. 1999. Archived from <a href="http://www.literaturhaus.at/headlines/1999/01/142/">the original</a> on 7 June 2001. Retrieved 22 August 2012.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.wellesnet.com/trial%20bbc%20interview.htm">"Orson Welles on The Trial (BBC interview)"</a>. Welles Net. 1962. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117061211/http://www.wellesnet.com/trial%20bbc%20interview.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2012.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.kafka-research.ox.ac.uk/">"Oxford Kafka Research Centre"</a>. University of Oxford. 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018182027/http://www.kafka-research.ox.ac.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2012.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204163258/http://www.poulruders.net/biography.htm">"Poul Ruders Biography – 06/2005"</a>. Poul Ruders. June 2005. Archived from <a href="http://www.poulruders.net/biography.htm">the original</a> on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.kafkaproject.com/">"Solving a Literary Mystery"</a>. Kafka Project, San Diego State University. 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180319021509/http://kafkaproject.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2012.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121009233821/http://h-a-z-e.org/archives/1059">"Sound Interpretations – Dedication To Franz Kafka"</a>. HAZE Netlabel. 2012. Archived from <a href="http://h-a-z-e.org/archives/1059">the original</a> on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.mzv.cz/telaviv/en/visa_and_consular_services/citizenship/who_is_citizen_guide_to_czech.html">"Who Is Citizen? Guide to Czech Citizenship in 1918–1949"</a>. Embassy of the Czech Republic in Tel Aviv. 25 October 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825105125/http://www.mzv.cz/telaviv/en/visa_and_consular_services/citizenship/who_is_citizen_guide_to_czech.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2013.</li>
<li><a href="https://is.cuni.cz/webapps/archiv/public/book/bo/1971898055542710/46/?lang=en">"Doctor of Law 18 June 1906 – Registry books of the German University in Prague, inventory No. 3, Registry book of doctors of the German Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague/German University in Prague (1904–1924), page 42"</a>. Charles University Prague. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</li>
<li><a href="https://is.cuni.cz/webapps/archiv/public/book/bo/1363411740766242/274/?lang=en">"Exam 22 March 1906 – Faculty of Law of the German University in Prague, Books of examination protocols of State Examination Commissions, inventory No. 75, State Scientific State Examination Commission at the German Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague (1905-1906), page 8595"</a>. Charles University Prague. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</li>
<li><a href="https://is.cuni.cz/webapps/archiv/public/book/bo/1979029190676775/158/?lang=en">"Exam 23 (Nov?) 1905 – Faculty of Law of the German University in Prague, Books of examination protocols of State Examination Commissions, inventory No. 44, Judicial State Examination Commission at the German Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague (1905-1907), page 10639"</a>. Charles University Prague. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</li>
<li><a href="https://is.cuni.cz/webapps/archiv/public/book/bo/1299922811952459/657/?lang=en">"Exam 18 July 1903 – Faculty of Law of the German University in Prague, Books of examination protocols of State Examination Commissions, inventory No. 10, Juridical Historical State Examination Commission at the German Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague (1902-1903), page 12789"</a>. Charles University Prague. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>

<ul><li>Anderson, Mark, ed. (1989). Reading Kafka: Prague, Politics, and the Fin de Siècle. New York: <a href="/facts/Schocken_Books/vmWcjY39">Schocken Books</a>.</li>
<li>Baruffi, Alessandro (2016). The Tales of Franz Kafka: English Translation with Original Text in German. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: LiteraryJoint Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-329-82109-5.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Louis_Begley/SoxbXUnY">Begley, Louis</a> (2008). <a href="https://archive.org/details/tremendousworldi0000begl">The Tremendous World I Have Inside My Head, Franz Kafka: A Biographical Essay</a>. New York: Atlas & Co. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-934633-06-9.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Roberto_Calasso/xwTuQX2c">Calasso, Roberto</a> (2005). <a href="https://archive.org/details/k00cala">K</a>. Translated by Geoffrey Brock. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4000-4189-3.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Pietro_Citati/cHUmg58P">Citati, Pietro</a> (1987). <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafka00cita">Kafka</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-394-56840-9.</li>
<li>Coots, Steve (2002). Franz Kafka (Beginner's Guide). London: Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-340-84648-3.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Stanley_Corngold/3mTfFgU7">Corngold, Stanley</a>; Wagner, Benno (2011). Franz Kafka: The Ghosts in the Machine. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8101-2769-2.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Stanley_Corngold/3mTfFgU7">Corngold, Stanley</a>; Gross, Ruth V. (2011). Kafka for the Twenty-First Century. New York: Camden House. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-57113-482-0.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Danuta_Czech/KWKCwkj6">Czech, Danuta</a> (1992). Kalendarz wydarzeń w KL Auschwitz (in Polish). Oświęcim: Wydawn.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Gilles_Deleuze/cnkduWTX">Deleuze, Gilles</a>; <a href="/facts/F%25C3%25A9lix_Guattari/Nz2kTD70">Guattari, Félix</a> (1986). <a href="/facts/Kafka%3a_Toward_a_Minor_Literature/7RIqUjKF">Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature</a>. Theory and History of Literature. Vol. 30. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8166-1515-5.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Carolin_Duttlinger/s8GNLBuC">Duttlinger, Carolin</a> (2007). Kafka and Photography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-921945-2.</li>
<li>Duttlinger, Carolin (2013). The Cambridge Introduction to Franz Kafka. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-75771-3.</li>
<li>Frenkel, Sheera (30 May 2012). <a href="https://www.npr.org/2012/05/30/153985994/kafkas-final-absurdist-tale-plays-out-in-tel-aviv">"Kafka's Final Absurdist Tale Plays Out in Tel Aviv"</a>. <a href="/facts/NPR/BohIW9Xg">NPR</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031700/https://www.npr.org/2012/05/30/153985994/kafkas-final-absurdist-tale-plays-out-in-tel-aviv">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2012.</li>
<li>Gray, Ronald (1962). <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkacollectiono00gray">Kafka: A Collection of Critical Essays</a>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Sander_Gilman/8CoYAQXE">Gilman, Sander L.</a> (1995). Franz Kafka: The Jewish Patient. New York: Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 041591177X.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Sander_Gilman/8CoYAQXE">Gilman, Sander L.</a> (2005). Franz Kafka. London: Reaktion Books Ltd. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1 86189 254 3.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Martin_Greenberg_(poet)/8rBdFBgW">Greenberg, Martin</a> (1968). The Terror of Art: Kafka and Modern Literature. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-465-08415-9.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Nahum_Norbert_Glatzer/hHrrf5KR">Glatzer, Nahum Norbert</a> (1986). <a href="https://archive.org/details/lovesoffranzkafk00glat">The Loves of Franz Kafka</a>. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8052-4001-6.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Willi_Glasauer/3K9zXnqE">Glasauer, Willi</a> (1986). Exposición Kafka & CIA.: Hitos y Mitos de la Cultura Dibujos (in Spanish). Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Willi_Glasauer/3K9zXnqE">Glasauer, Willi</a> (1986). Kafka Gesamtwerk. Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Manuel_V%25C3%25A1zquez_Montalb%25C3%25A1n/Q47Q7eXk">Montalbán, Manuel Vázquez</a>; <a href="/facts/Willi_Glasauer/3K9zXnqE">Glasauer, Willi</a> (1988). Escenas de la Literatura Universal y Retratos de Grandes Autores (in Spanish). Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ronald_Hayman/6JpjvgX9">Hayman, Ronald</a> (1981). K: A Biography of Kafka. London: Phoenix Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84212-415-4.</li>
<li>Heller, Paul (1989). Franz Kafka: Wissenschaft und Wissenschaftskritik (in German). Tübingen: Stauffenburg. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-923721-40-5.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Mario_Kopi%25C4%2587/K9TtlEoU">Kopić, Mario</a> (1995). "Franz Kafka and Nationalism". Erewhon: An International Quarterly. 2 (2). Amsterdam.</li>
<li>Lundberg, Phillip (2011). Essential Kafka: Rendezvous with Otherness. Authorhouse. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4389-9021-7.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/David_Zane_Mairowitz/Jaon2l9Y">Mairowitz, David Zane</a>, and <a href="/facts/Crumb%2c_Robert/8Rzud1N2">Crumb, Robert</a> (1993). Kafka for Beginners. Cheltenham, England: Icon Publishing Ltd; also published as <a href="/facts/Introducing_Kafka/EGThcvDH">Introducing Kafka</a> (1994). Northampton, Massachusetts: Kitchen Sink Press.</li>
<li>Major, Michael (2011). Kafka  — For Our Time: Journeys of Discovery. San Diego, California: Harcourt Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-9567982-1-3.</li>
<li>Suchoff, David (2012). Kafka's Jewish Languages: The Hidden Openness of Tradition. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8122-4371-0.</li>
<li>Thiher, Allen (1990). Franz Kafka: A Study of the Short Fiction. Twayne's Studies in Short Fiction. Vol. 12. Boston: Twayne Publishers. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0805783237.</li>
<li>Thiher, Allen (2018). Understanding Franz Kafka. Columbia, South Carolins: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781611178289.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ritchie_Robertson/xUgyW8QR">Robertson, Ritchie</a> (2004). Kafka: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press; illustrated edition titled Kafka: A Brief Insight (New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., 2010).</li>
<li>Robertson, Ritchie, ed. (2024). Kafka: Making of an Icon. Oxford, UK: Bodleian Library Publishing.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Klaus_Wagenbach/gng5ueMt">Wagenbach, Klaus</a> (1984). Franz Kafka: Pictures of a Life. New York: Pantheon Books.</li></ul>
Books on Kafka and Prague

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Pavel_Eisner/QBsxLIA6">Eisner, Pavel</a> (1950). Franz Kafka and Prague. New York: Golden Griffin Books.</li>
<li>Frynta, Emanuel (1960). Kafka and Prague. London: Batchworth Press Limited.</li>
<li>Hatefutsoth, Beth (1980). Kafka–Prague. Tel Aviv: <a href="/facts/Anu_%25E2%2580%2593_Museum_of_the_Jewish_People/oxxBAwhr">The Nahum Goldman Museum of the Jewish Diaspora</a>.</li>
<li>Kállay, Karol (2005). Franz Kafka and Prague. Bratislava: Slovart Publishing Ltd. (Chicago, Illinois: Independent Publishers Group).</li>
<li>Salfellner, Harald (1998). Franz Kafka and Prague: Third greatly revised and enlarged edition. Prague: Vitalis.</li>
<li>Salfellner, Harald (2011). Franz Kafka and Prague: A Literary Guide. Prague: Vitalis.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Klaus_Wagenbach/gng5ueMt">Wagenbach, Klaus</a> (1996). <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkaspraguetrav00wage/mode/2up">Kafka's Prague: A Travel Reader</a>. Translated by <a href="/facts/Shaun_Whiteside/uq6fxWxe">Shaun Whiteside</a>. Woodstock, New York: <a href="/facts/The_Overlook_Press/50lfAmxF">The Overlook Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780879516444 – via <a href="/facts/Internet_Archive/PHStU8Lo">Internet Archive</a>. See also Wagenbach (2019), listed in "Sources".</li>
<li>Železná, Marta, ed. (1998). Kafka and Prague. Third revised edition. Prague: Franz Kafka Publishers.</li></ul>
Journals

<ul><li>Danta, Chris (April 2008). "Sarah's Laughter: Kafka's Abraham". <a href="/facts/Modernism%2fmodernity/VE8lUY9L">Modernism/modernity</a>. 15 (2). Baltimore, Maryland: 343–359. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmod.2008.0048">10.1353/mod.2008.0048</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170492502">170492502</a>.</li>
<li>Jirsa, Tomáš (2015). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209184455/https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/44708599/Reading_Kafka_Visually_Gothic_Ornament_and_the_Motion_of_Writing_in_Kafka_s_Der_Process.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DReading_Kafka_Visually_Gothic_Ornament_a.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200209%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200209T184401Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=e4f053675f5c0365d9dd6f88807e51fd367f0c9578690b45886e993215525654">"Reading Kafka Visually: Gothic Ornament and the Motion of Writing in Kafka's Der Process"</a> (PDF). Central Europe. 13 (1–2). London: 36–50. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14790963.2015.1107322">10.1080/14790963.2015.1107322</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159892429">159892429</a>. Archived from <a href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/44708599/Reading_Kafka_Visually_Gothic_Ornament_and_the_Motion_of_Writing_in_Kafka_s_Der_Process.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DReading_Kafka_Visually_Gothic_Ornament_a.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200209%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200209T184401Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=e4f053675f5c0365d9dd6f88807e51fd367f0c9578690b45886e993215525654">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 February 2020.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Mario_Kopi%25C4%2587/K9TtlEoU">Kopić, Mario</a> (2004). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012015421/http://www.odjek.ba/eng/index.php?broj=02&id=06">"Kafka and Nationalism"</a>. Odjek. Archived from <a href="http://www.odjek.ba/eng/index.php?broj=02&id=06">the original</a> on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013.</li>
<li>Margolius, Ivan (January 2025). <a href="https://www.theautomobile.co.uk/back-issues/">"Kafka's Motorcycle"</a>. The Automobile. 42 (11). Petworth, West Sussex: 28–30.</li>
<li>McGee, Kyle. <a href="http://www.kafka.org/index.php?id=185,290,0,0,1,0">"Fear and Trembling in the Penal Colony"</a>. Kafka Project. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100628232215/http://www.kafka.org/index.php?id=185,290,0,0,1,0">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</li>
<li>Ryan, Michael P. (1999). "Samsa and Samsara: Suffering, Death and Rebirth in 'The Metamorphosis'". <a href="/facts/The_German_Quarterly/8H9YlY2N">The German Quarterly</a>. 72 (2). Durham, North Carolina: 133–152. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F408369">10.2307/408369</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/408369">408369</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59481029">59481029</a>.</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Look up Kafkaesque in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

German <a href="/facts/Wikisource/TrMdylNf">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:
Franz Kafka

<ul><li><a href="https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D118559230">Literature by and about Franz Kafka</a> in the <a href="/facts/German_National_Library/bj4WE8MM">German National Library</a> catalogue</li>
<li><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1735">Works by Franz Kafka</a> at <a href="/facts/Project_Gutenberg/2l0R6GgQ">Project Gutenberg</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?15578">Franz Kafka</a> at the <a href="/facts/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database/3pvkKL6m">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li>
<li><a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Kafka%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kafka%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Kafka%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Kafka%22%29%20OR%20%28%221883-1924%22%20AND%20Kafka%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Franz Kafka</a> at the <a href="/facts/Internet_Archive/PHStU8Lo">Internet Archive</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0434525/">Franz Kafka</a> at <a href="/facts/IMDb_(identifier)/uWrqVYVy">IMDb</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://librivox.org/author/100">Works by Franz Kafka</a> at <a href="/facts/LibriVox/FF71kJKC">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) </li>
<li><a href="http://www.kafka-research.ox.ac.uk/">Oxford Kafka Research Centre</a> – information on ongoing international Kafka research</li>
<li><a href="https://wordandsilence.com/2016/09/26/kafkas-diaries/">Translated excerpts from Kafka's Diaries 1910–1923</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.gerard-bertrand.net/albumprem.htm">The Album of Franz Kafka</a>, Franz Kafka receives a tribute in this album of "recomposed photographs".</li>
<li><a href="http://www.franzkafka.info/">Journeys of Franz Kafka</a> Photographs of places where Kafka lived and worked</li>
<li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-57267874">Franz Kafka: Manuscripts, drawings and personal letters</a> <a href="/facts/BBC/qFateIz8">BBC</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.franzkafka-soc.cz/index.php?action=view&page=cnakladatelstvi">Společnost Franze Kafky a nakladatelství Franze Kafky</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630120310/http://www.franzkafka-soc.cz/index.php?action=view&page=cnakladatelstvi">Archived</a> 30 June 2017 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> Franz Kafka Society and Publishing House in Prague</li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wkPR4Rcf4ww">What makes something "Kafkaesque"?</a> A Ted talk on Kafka, his works and his legacy, by Noah Tavlin</li>
<li><a href="https://visit.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/franz-kafka-and-the-bodleian-libraries">Franz Kafka's papers and the Bodleian Libraries</a></li>
<li><a href="https://visit.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/kafka">Kafka: Making of an Icon, Exhibition at the Bodleian Libraries, Oxford from 30 May - 27 October 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.finebooksmagazine.com/fine-books-news/new-centenary-exhibition-explores-kafkas-life-work-and-influence">"New Centenary Exhibition Explores Kafka's Life, Work and Influence"</a>, 1 April 2024, finebooksmagazine.com. "Kafka: Making of an Icon ... After the exhibition's run at the Weston Library, Bodleian Libraries, Oxford, from May 30 until October 27, [2024,] it will move to the Morgan Library in New York running November 22 through April 13, 2025". Review: Hutchinson, Ben, <a href="https://www.the-tls.co.uk/arts/visual-arts/kafka-weston-library-arts-review-ben-hutchinson/">"The author as adjective"</a>, <a href="/facts/The_Times_Literary_Supplement/qFUqnAlD">The Times Literary Supplement</a>, 13 June 2024. Review: Williams, James, <a href="https://www.apollo-magazine.com/franz-kafka-bodleian-library-oxford">"The endless mystique of Franz Kafka", Apollo, July/August 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.themorgan.org/exhibitions/franz-kafka">"Franz Kafka"</a>, exhibit at the <a href="/facts/Morgan_Library_%2526_Museum/MMFxozHb">Morgan Library & Museum</a> in Manhattan from 22 November 2024 through 13 April 2025</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">UK: /ˈkæfkə/, US: /ˈkɑːf-/;[3] German: [ˈfʁant͡s ˈkafka] ⓘ; Czech: [ˈkafka]; in Czech, he was sometimes called František Kafka. <a href="/wiki/British_English" target="_blank">/wiki/British_English</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Herz, Julius M. (1978). "Franz Kafka and Austria: National Background and Ethnic Identity". Modern Austrian Literature. 11 (3/4): 301–318. JSTOR 24645937. Retrieved 22 January 2025. Kafka, after all, was not just a Prague Jew living in Bohemia. He was also, for more than thirty-five years, an Austrian citizen caught in the middle of many cross-currents.... We might wonder whether or to what extent he considered himself an Austrian, for this question must have occurred to him more than once. For the Jews living in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy life was seriously affected by the highly heterogeneous population. Quotation on p. 301. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24645937" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/24645937</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Spindler, William (1993). "Magical Realism: A Typology". Forum for Modern Language Studies. XXIX (1): 90–93. doi:10.1093/fmls/XXIX.1.75. ISSN 0015-8518. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Steinhauer 1983, pp. 390–408. - Steinhauer, Harry (Autumn 1983). "Franz Kafka: A World Built on a Lie". The Antioch Review. 41 (4). Yellow Springs, Ohio: 390–408. doi:10.2307/4611280. JSTOR 4611280. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4611280" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4611280</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Benjamin, Walter (1938). "Some Remarks on Kafka". Illuminations. New York: Schocken (published 1968). pp. 141–145. Kafka's work is an ellipse with foci that are far apart and are determined, on the one hand, by mystical experience (in particular, the experience of tradition) and, on the other, by the experience of the modern big-city dweller. In speaking of the experience of the big-city dweller, I have a variety of things in mind. On the one hand, I think of the modern citizen who knows that he is at the mercy of a vast machinery of officialdom whose functioning is directed by authorities that remain nebulous to the executive organs, let alone to the people they deal with. <a href="http://archive.org/details/IlluminationsEssaysAndReflections" target="_blank">http://archive.org/details/IlluminationsEssaysAndReflections</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Foster-Wallace, David (1998). "Laughing with Kafka" (PDF). Harper's Magazine. 297 (1778): 23–27. <a href="https://harpers.org/wp-content/uploads/HarpersMagazine-1998-07-0059612.pdf" target="_blank">https://harpers.org/wp-content/uploads/HarpersMagazine-1998-07-0059612.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Foster-Wallace, David (1998). "Laughing with Kafka" (PDF). Harper's Magazine. 297 (1778): 23–27. <a href="https://harpers.org/wp-content/uploads/HarpersMagazine-1998-07-0059612.pdf" target="_blank">https://harpers.org/wp-content/uploads/HarpersMagazine-1998-07-0059612.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Parvulescu, Anca (2015). "Kafka's Laughter: On Joy and the Kafkaesque". PMLA. 130 (5): 1420–1432. ISSN 0030-8129. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44017159" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/44017159</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Scholem, Gershom (1934). Correspondence of Gershom Scholem and Walter Benjamin. Schocken. pp. 126–127. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Kamenetz, Rodger (2010). Burnt Books: Rabbi Nachman of Bratslav and Franz Kafka. Jewish Encounters Ser. Westminster: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-37933-7. <a href="978-0-307-37933-7" target="_blank">978-0-307-37933-7</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Biale, David (1985). "RE: 'Satz 10' in Gershom Scholem's Ten Unhistorical Aphorisms on Kabbalah: Text and Commentary". Modern Judaism. 5 (1): 67–93. ISSN 0276-1114. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396364" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396364</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Benjamin, Walter (1938). "Some Remarks on Kafka". Illuminations. New York: Schocken (published 1968). pp. 141-144 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">"Franz Kafka: A Revaluation". Hannah Arendt. Retrieved 20 June 2025. <a href="https://contemporarythinkers.org/hannah-arendt/essay/franz-kafka-revaluation-partisan-review-11-4-1944/" target="_blank">https://contemporarythinkers.org/hannah-arendt/essay/franz-kafka-revaluation-partisan-review-11-4-1944/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Steiner, George (1970). "The Hollow Miracle". Language and silence; essays on language, literature, and the inhuman. Internet Archive. New York, Atheneum. p. 8. <a href="http://archive.org/details/languagesilenceg0000unse" target="_blank">http://archive.org/details/languagesilenceg0000unse</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Steiner, George (1970). "Silence and the Poet". Language and silence; essays on language, literature, and the inhuman. Internet Archive. New York, Atheneum. p. 50. <a href="http://archive.org/details/languagesilenceg0000unse" target="_blank">http://archive.org/details/languagesilenceg0000unse</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Benjamin, Walter (1938). "Some Remarks on Kafka". Illuminations. New York: Schocken (published 1968). pp. 141–145. Kafka's work is an ellipse with foci that are far apart and are determined, on the one hand, by mystical experience (in particular, the experience of tradition) and, on the other, by the experience of the modern big-city dweller. In speaking of the experience of the big-city dweller, I have a variety of things in mind. On the one hand, I think of the modern citizen who knows that he is at the mercy of a vast machinery of officialdom whose functioning is directed by authorities that remain nebulous to the executive organs, let alone to the people they deal with. <a href="http://archive.org/details/IlluminationsEssaysAndReflections" target="_blank">http://archive.org/details/IlluminationsEssaysAndReflections</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Adorno, Theodor W. (1983). "Notes on Kafka". Prisms. Internet Archive. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-51025-7. <a href="978-0-262-51025-7" target="_blank">978-0-262-51025-7</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Rosenbaum, Ron (2004). "No. 17-George Steiner: Singling out the Jewish 'Invention of Conscience'". Explaining Hitler: the search for the origens of his evil (1st HarperPerennial ed., [Nachdr.] ed.). New York: HarperPerennial. ISBN 978-0-06-095339-3. <a href="978-0-06-095339-3" target="_blank">978-0-06-095339-3</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Kafka, Franz (1992). "Introduction by George Steiner". The Trial. New York, NY: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-40994-6. <a href="978-0-679-40994-6" target="_blank">978-0-679-40994-6</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"Heroes – Trailblazers of the Jewish People". Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2019. <a href="https://dbs.bh.org.il/luminary/kafka-franz" target="_blank">https://dbs.bh.org.il/luminary/kafka-franz</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"A new translation of Franz Kafka's diaries restores much of his Jewish musings". www.jta.org. 12 January 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2024. <a href="https://www.jta.org/2023/01/12/culture/a-new-translation-of-franz-kafkas-diaries-restores-much-of-his-jewish-musings" target="_blank">https://www.jta.org/2023/01/12/culture/a-new-translation-of-franz-kafkas-diaries-restores-much-of-his-jewish-musings</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Gray, Jefferson M., review in The Federal Lawyer, October 2009, of Franz Kafka: The Office Writings. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2009. <a href="https://www.fedbar.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/bookreviewsoct09-pdf-1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.fedbar.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/bookreviewsoct09-pdf-1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Kafka, Franz (2012). "Translator's Introduction by Breon Mitchell". The Trial: A New Translation Based on the Restored Text. The Schocken Kafka Library. Breon Mitchell. Westminster: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8052-0999-0. <a href="978-0-8052-0999-0" target="_blank">978-0-8052-0999-0</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Kafka, Franz (2012). "Translator's Introduction by Breon Mitchell". The Trial: A New Translation Based on the Restored Text. The Schocken Kafka Library. Breon Mitchell. Westminster: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8052-0999-0. <a href="978-0-8052-0999-0" target="_blank">978-0-8052-0999-0</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Gilman 2005, pp. 20–21. - Gilman, Sander (2005). Franz Kafka. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-881872-64-1. <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Northey 1997, pp. 8–10. - Northey, Anthony (1997). Mišpoche Franze Kafky (in Czech). Prague: Nakladatelství Primus. ISBN 978-80-85625-45-5. <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Kohoutikriz 2011. - "Franz Kafka" (in Czech). The Research Library of South Bohemia in České Budějovice. 2011. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2012. <a href="http://www.kohoutikriz.org/priloha/kafka.php" target="_blank">http://www.kohoutikriz.org/priloha/kafka.php</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Brod 1960, pp. 3–5. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Northey 1997, p. 92. - Northey, Anthony (1997). Mišpoche Franze Kafky (in Czech). Prague: Nakladatelství Primus. ISBN 978-80-85625-45-5. <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Gilman 2005, pp. 20–21. - Gilman, Sander (2005). Franz Kafka. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-881872-64-1. <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Gray 2005, pp. 147–148. - Gray, Richard T. (2005). A Franz Kafka Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-30375-3. <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Ozick, Cynthia (3 January 1999). "The Impossibility of Translating Kafka". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 20 June 2025. <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1999/01/11/the-impossibility-of-being-kafka" target="_blank">https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1999/01/11/the-impossibility-of-being-kafka</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Ozick, Cynthia (3 January 1999). "The Impossibility of Translating Kafka". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 20 June 2025. <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1999/01/11/the-impossibility-of-being-kafka" target="_blank">https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1999/01/11/the-impossibility-of-being-kafka</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Ozick, Cynthia (3 January 1999). "The Impossibility of Translating Kafka". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 20 June 2025. <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1999/01/11/the-impossibility-of-being-kafka" target="_blank">https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1999/01/11/the-impossibility-of-being-kafka</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Hamalian 1974, p. 3. - Hamalian, Leo (1974). Franz Kafka: A Collection of Criticism. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-025702-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkacollec00hama" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkacollec00hama</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Kafka, Franz (2009). The Metamorphosis. New York: Simon and Schuster Paperbacks. p. ix. ISBN 978-1-4165-9968-5. <a href="978-1-4165-9968-5" target="_blank">978-1-4165-9968-5</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Corngold 1972, pp. xii, 11. - Corngold, Stanley (1972). Introduction to The Metamorphosis. New York: Bantam Classics. ISBN 978-0-553-21369-0. <a href="https://archive.org/details/metamorphosis00kafk_0" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/metamorphosis00kafk_0</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Kafka-Franz, Father 2012. - Kafka, Franz (2012). "Franz Kafka Letter to his Father". Kafka-Franz. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713133359/http://www.kafka-franz.com/KAFKA-letter.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110713133359/http://www.kafka-franz.com/KAFKA-letter.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Brod 1960, p. 9. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Brod 1960, pp. 15–16. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Brod 1960, pp. 19–20. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Brod 1960, pp. 15, 17, 22–23. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Stach 2005, p. 22. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Stach 2005, pp. 390–391, 462–463. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Kafka-Franz, Father 2012. - Kafka, Franz (2012). "Franz Kafka Letter to his Father". Kafka-Franz. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713133359/http://www.kafka-franz.com/KAFKA-letter.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110713133359/http://www.kafka-franz.com/KAFKA-letter.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Stach 2005, p. 13. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Brod 1960, pp. 26–27. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Hawes 2008, p. 29. - Hawes, James (2008). Why You Should Read Kafka Before You Waste Your Life. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-37651-2. <a href="https://archive.org/details/whyyoushouldread0000hawe" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/whyyoushouldread0000hawe</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Sayer 1996, pp. 164–210. - Sayer, Derek (1996). "The Language of Nationality and the Nationality of Language: Prague 1780–1920". Past & Present (153). Oxford: 164. doi:10.1093/past/153.1.164. OCLC 394557. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020. <a href="https://wslide.com/the-language-of-nationality-and-the-nationality-of-language-prague-1780-1920" target="_blank">https://wslide.com/the-language-of-nationality-and-the-nationality-of-language-prague-1780-1920</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Kempf 2005, pp. 159–160. - Kempf, Franz R. (Summer 2005). "Franz Kafkas Sprachen: '... in einem Stockwerk des innern babylonischen Turmes. ..'". Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies. 23 (4). West Lafayette, Indiana: 159. doi:10.1353/sho.2005.0155. S2CID 170581064. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsho.2005.0155" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsho.2005.0155</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Koelb 2010, p. 12. - Koelb, Clayton (2010). Kafka: A Guide for the Perplexed. Chippenham, Wiltshire: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-9579-2. <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Sayer 1996, pp. 164–210. - Sayer, Derek (1996). "The Language of Nationality and the Nationality of Language: Prague 1780–1920". Past & Present (153). Oxford: 164. doi:10.1093/past/153.1.164. OCLC 394557. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020. <a href="https://wslide.com/the-language-of-nationality-and-the-nationality-of-language-prague-1780-1920" target="_blank">https://wslide.com/the-language-of-nationality-and-the-nationality-of-language-prague-1780-1920</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Corngold 2004, p. xii. - Corngold, Stanley (2004). Lambent Traces: Franz Kafka. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11816-1. <a href="https://archive.org/details/lambenttracesfra00stan" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/lambenttracesfra00stan</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Karl 1991, p. 148. - Karl, Frederick R. (1991). Franz Kafka: Representative Man. Boston: Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 978-0-395-56143-0. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkarepres00karl" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkarepres00karl</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Diamant 2003, pp. 36–38. - Diamant, Kathi (2003). Kafka's Last Love: The Mystery of Dora Diamant. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01551-1. <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Brod 1960, pp. 40–41. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Gray 2005, p. 179. - Gray, Richard T. (2005). A Franz Kafka Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-30375-3. <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Stach 2005, pp. 43–70. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Gray 2005, p. 179. - Gray, Richard T. (2005). A Franz Kafka Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-30375-3. <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Spector 2000, p. 17. - Spector, Scott (2000). Prague Territories: National Conflict and Cultural Innovation in Franz Kafka's Fin de Siècle. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23692-9. <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Keren 1993, p. 3. - Keren, Michael (1993). "The 'Prague Circle' and the Challenge of Nationalism". History of European Ideas. 16 (1–3). Oxford: 3. doi:10.1016/S0191-6599(05)80096-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0191-6599%2805%2980096-8" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0191-6599%2805%2980096-8</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Brod 1960, p. 40. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Brod 1960, p. 14. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Brod 1966, pp. 53–54. - Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Stach 2005, p. 362. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Gray 2005, pp. 74, 273. - Gray, Richard T. (2005). A Franz Kafka Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-30375-3. <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Hawes 2008, p. 29. - Hawes, James (2008). Why You Should Read Kafka Before You Waste Your Life. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-37651-2. <a href="https://archive.org/details/whyyoushouldread0000hawe" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/whyyoushouldread0000hawe</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Sayer 1996, pp. 164–210. - Sayer, Derek (1996). "The Language of Nationality and the Nationality of Language: Prague 1780–1920". Past & Present (153). Oxford: 164. doi:10.1093/past/153.1.164. OCLC 394557. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020. <a href="https://wslide.com/the-language-of-nationality-and-the-nationality-of-language-prague-1780-1920" target="_blank">https://wslide.com/the-language-of-nationality-and-the-nationality-of-language-prague-1780-1920</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Brod 1960, pp. 51, 122–124. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Stach 2005, pp. 80–83. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">Records of the university list June as Kafka's graduation month, as do some secondary sources (Murray), while Brod lists July, possibly confusing the date with that of an exam three years earlier, on 18 July 1903.[61][62][63][64][65][66] <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Steinhauer 1983, pp. 390–408. - Steinhauer, Harry (Autumn 1983). "Franz Kafka: A World Built on a Lie". The Antioch Review. 41 (4). Yellow Springs, Ohio: 390–408. doi:10.2307/4611280. JSTOR 4611280. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4611280" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4611280</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Karl 1991, p. 210. - Karl, Frederick R. (1991). Franz Kafka: Representative Man. Boston: Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 978-0-395-56143-0. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkarepres00karl" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkarepres00karl</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">Glen 2007, pp. 23–66. - Glen, Patrick J. (2007). "The Deconstruction and Reification of Law in Franz Kafka's Before the Law and The Trial" (PDF). Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal. 17 (23). Los Angeles. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012. <a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120916114919/http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~idjlaw/PDF/17-1/17-1%20Glen.pdf" target="_blank">https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120916114919/http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~idjlaw/PDF/17-1/17-1%20Glen.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">Corngold et al. 2009, p. 28. - Corngold, Stanley (2009). Franz Kafka: The Office Writings. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12680-7. <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">Stach 2005, pp. 26–30. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Brod 1960, pp. 81–84. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">Stach 2005, pp. 23–25. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Stach 2005, pp. 25–27. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Stach 2005, pp. 34–39. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">Koelb 2010, p. 32. - Koelb, Clayton (2010). Kafka: A Guide for the Perplexed. Chippenham, Wiltshire: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-9579-2. <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">Stach 2005, pp. 56–58. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Brod 1960, pp. 29, 73–75, 109–110, 206. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">Brod 1960, p. 154. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">Corngold 2011, pp. 339–343. - Corngold, Stanley (Fall 2011). "Kafkas Spätstil/Kafka's Late Style: Introduction". Monatshefte. 103 (3). Madison, Wisconsin: 339–343. doi:10.1353/mon.2011.0069. S2CID 219195741. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmon.2011.0069" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmon.2011.0069</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">Steinhauer 1983, pp. 390–408. - Steinhauer, Harry (Autumn 1983). "Franz Kafka: A World Built on a Lie". The Antioch Review. 41 (4). Yellow Springs, Ohio: 390–408. doi:10.2307/4611280. JSTOR 4611280. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4611280" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4611280</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">Hawes 2008, p. 186. - Hawes, James (2008). Why You Should Read Kafka Before You Waste Your Life. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-37651-2. <a href="https://archive.org/details/whyyoushouldread0000hawe" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/whyyoushouldread0000hawe</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">Stach 2005, pp. 44, 207. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">Hawes 2008, pp. 186, 191. - Hawes, James (2008). Why You Should Read Kafka Before You Waste Your Life. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-37651-2. <a href="https://archive.org/details/whyyoushouldread0000hawe" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/whyyoushouldread0000hawe</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">European Graduate School 2012. - "Franz Kafka – Biography". European Graduate School. 2012. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915131636/http://www.egs.edu/library/franz-kafka/biography/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120915131636/http://www.egs.edu/library/franz-kafka/biography/</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Stach 2005, p. 43. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">Hawes 2008, pp. 57–70. - Hawes, James (2008). Why You Should Read Kafka Before You Waste Your Life. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-37651-2. <a href="https://archive.org/details/whyyoushouldread0000hawe" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/whyyoushouldread0000hawe</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Banville 2011. - Banville, John (14 January 2011). "Franz Kafka's Other Trial / An Allegory of the Fallen Man's Predicament, or an Expression of Guilt at a Tormented Love Affair?". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2012. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jan/15/john-banville-kafka-trial-rereading" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jan/15/john-banville-kafka-trial-rereading</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Köhler 2012. - Köhler, Manfred (2012). "Franz Kafka und Felice Bauer" (in German). Protemion. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2012. <a href="http://www.protemion.de/zettel/kafkafelice.htm" target="_blank">http://www.protemion.de/zettel/kafkafelice.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">Stach 2005, p. 1. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">Banville 2011. - Banville, John (14 January 2011). "Franz Kafka's Other Trial / An Allegory of the Fallen Man's Predicament, or an Expression of Guilt at a Tormented Love Affair?". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2012. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jan/15/john-banville-kafka-trial-rereading" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jan/15/john-banville-kafka-trial-rereading</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Seubert 2012. - Seubert, Harald. "Bauer, Felice" (in German). Kulturportal-west-ost.eu. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2012. Knochiges leeres Gesicht, das seine Leere offen trug. Freier Hals. Überworfene Bluse ... Fast zerbrochene Nase. Blondes, etwas steifes, reizloses Haar, starkes Kinn. <a href="http://kulturportal-west-ost.eu/biographies/bauer-felice-2/" target="_blank">http://kulturportal-west-ost.eu/biographies/bauer-felice-2/</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">Brod 1960, pp. 196–197. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">Wagenbach 2019, pp. 119–120. - Wagenbach, Klaus (2019) [2003]. Kafka's Prague (paperback). Armchair Traveller. Translated by Ewald Osers with Peter Lewis. London: Haus Publishing. ISBN 9781909961654. <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">Stach 2005, p. 1. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">Hawes 2008, pp. 129, 198–199. - Hawes, James (2008). Why You Should Read Kafka Before You Waste Your Life. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-37651-2. <a href="https://archive.org/details/whyyoushouldread0000hawe" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/whyyoushouldread0000hawe</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">Murray 2004, pp. 276–279. - Murray, Nicholas (2004). Kafka. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10631-2. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafka00murr" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafka00murr</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">Stach 2005, pp. 379–389. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:104">Brod 1960, pp. 240–242. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">S. Fischer 2012. - "Grete Bloch" (in German). S. Fischer Verlag. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2012. <a href="https://www.franzkafka.de/leben/frauen/grete-bloch" target="_blank">https://www.franzkafka.de/leben/frauen/grete-bloch</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:106">Alt 2005, p. 303. - Alt, Peter-André (2005). Franz Kafka: Der ewige Sohn. Eine Biographie (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-53441-6. <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:107">Hawes 2008, pp. 180–181. - Hawes, James (2008). Why You Should Read Kafka Before You Waste Your Life. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-37651-2. <a href="https://archive.org/details/whyyoushouldread0000hawe" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/whyyoushouldread0000hawe</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:108">Stach 2005, pp. 1, 379–389, 434–436. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:109">Apel 2012, p. 28. - Apel, Friedman (28 August 2012). "Der Weg in die Ewigkeit führt abwärts / Roland Reuß kramt in Kafkas Zürauer Zetteln". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:110">Wagenbach 2019, pp. 154, 159. - Wagenbach, Klaus (2019) [2003]. Kafka's Prague (paperback). Armchair Traveller. Translated by Ewald Osers with Peter Lewis. London: Haus Publishing. ISBN 9781909961654. <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:111">Brod 1966, p. 389. - Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:112">Hempel 2002. - "Lothar Hempel". Atlegerhardsen. 2002. Archived from the original on 24 September 2005. Retrieved 2 August 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050924095502/http://www.atlegerhardsen.com/pages/lothar_hempel/presse_eng_0802.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20050924095502/http://www.atlegerhardsen.com/pages/lothar_hempel/presse_eng_0802.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:113">Brod 1966, p. 389. - Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:114">Hamalian 1974, p. 3. - Hamalian, Leo (1974). Franz Kafka: A Collection of Criticism. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-025702-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkacollec00hama" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkacollec00hama</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:115">Kafka, Franz (2009). The Metamorphosis. New York: Simon and Schuster Paperbacks. p. ix. ISBN 978-1-4165-9968-5. <a href="978-1-4165-9968-5" target="_blank">978-1-4165-9968-5</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:116">"Elli Kafka". Franz Kafka. Retrieved 4 April 2024. <a href="https://www.franzkafka.de/leben/familie/gabrielekafka" target="_blank">https://www.franzkafka.de/leben/familie/gabrielekafka</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:117">"Elli Kafka". Franz Kafka. Retrieved 4 April 2024. <a href="https://www.franzkafka.de/leben/familie/gabrielekafka" target="_blank">https://www.franzkafka.de/leben/familie/gabrielekafka</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:118">"Sisters – Franz Kafka". kafkamuseum.cz. Retrieved 4 April 2024. <a href="https://kafkamuseum.cz/en/franz-kafka/family/sisters/" target="_blank">https://kafkamuseum.cz/en/franz-kafka/family/sisters/</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:119">"Elli Kafka". Franz Kafka. Retrieved 4 April 2024. <a href="https://www.franzkafka.de/leben/familie/gabrielekafka" target="_blank">https://www.franzkafka.de/leben/familie/gabrielekafka</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:120">"Zur Erinnerung an Gabriele Kafka". gabriele-kafka.zurerinnerung.at (in German). Retrieved 5 April 2024. <a href="https://gabriele-kafka.zurerinnerung.at/" target="_blank">https://gabriele-kafka.zurerinnerung.at/</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:121">"Elli Kafka". Franz Kafka. Retrieved 4 April 2024. <a href="https://www.franzkafka.de/leben/familie/gabrielekafka" target="_blank">https://www.franzkafka.de/leben/familie/gabrielekafka</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:122">"Elli Kafka". Franz Kafka. Retrieved 4 April 2024. <a href="https://www.franzkafka.de/leben/familie/gabrielekafka" target="_blank">https://www.franzkafka.de/leben/familie/gabrielekafka</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:123">"Zur Erinnerung an Gabriele Kafka". gabriele-kafka.zurerinnerung.at (in German). Retrieved 5 April 2024. <a href="https://gabriele-kafka.zurerinnerung.at/" target="_blank">https://gabriele-kafka.zurerinnerung.at/</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:124">"Elli Kafka". Franz Kafka. Retrieved 4 April 2024. <a href="https://www.franzkafka.de/leben/familie/gabrielekafka" target="_blank">https://www.franzkafka.de/leben/familie/gabrielekafka</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:125">"Valli Kafka". Franz Kafka (in German). Retrieved 5 April 2024. <a href="https://www.franzkafka.de/leben/familie/valeriekafka" target="_blank">https://www.franzkafka.de/leben/familie/valeriekafka</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:126">"Ottla Kafka". Franz Kafka (in German). Retrieved 5 April 2024. <a href="https://www.franzkafka.de/leben/familie/ottiliekafka" target="_blank">https://www.franzkafka.de/leben/familie/ottiliekafka</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:127">"Zur Erinnerung an Gabriele Kafka". gabriele-kafka.zurerinnerung.at (in German). Retrieved 5 April 2024. <a href="https://gabriele-kafka.zurerinnerung.at/" target="_blank">https://gabriele-kafka.zurerinnerung.at/</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:128">"Kafkas Schwestern" (in German). Jewish Museum Munich. Retrieved 5 April 2024. <a href="https://www.juedisches-museum-muenchen.de/ausstellungen/kafkas-schwestern" target="_blank">https://www.juedisches-museum-muenchen.de/ausstellungen/kafkas-schwestern</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:129">"Zur Erinnerung an Gabriele Kafka". gabriele-kafka.zurerinnerung.at (in German). Retrieved 5 April 2024. <a href="https://gabriele-kafka.zurerinnerung.at/" target="_blank">https://gabriele-kafka.zurerinnerung.at/</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:130">Janouch 1971, pp. 14, 17. - Janouch, Gustav (1971). Conversations with Kafka (2 ed.). New York: New Directions Books. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8112-0071-4. Retrieved 16 November 2015. <a href="https://archive.org/details/conversationswit0000jano" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/conversationswit0000jano</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:131">Fichter 1987, pp. 367–377. - Fichter, Manfred M. (May 1987). "The Anorexia Nervosa of Franz Kafka". International Journal of Eating Disorders. 6 (3). Washington, D.C.: 367. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(198705)6:3<367::AID-EAT2260060306>3.0.CO;2-W. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1098-108X%28198705%296%3A3%3C367%3A%3AAID-EAT2260060306%3E3.0.CO%3B2-W" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1098-108X%28198705%296%3A3%3C367%3A%3AAID-EAT2260060306%3E3.0.CO%3B2-W</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:133">Robertson, Ritchie (2005). Kafka: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 4. <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:134">Brod 1966, p. 41. - Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:135">Brod 1966, p. 42. - Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:136">Brod 1966, p. 97. - Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:137">Brod 1966, p. 49. - Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:138">Brod 1960, p. 47. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:139">Brod 1966, p. 52. - Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:141">Brod 1960, p. 14. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:142">Brod 1966, p. 49. - Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:143">Brod 1966, p. 90. - Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:147">Brod 1960, p. 156. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:154">Gray 1973, p. 196. - Gray, Ronald (1973). Franz Kafka. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20007-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafka00gray" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafka00gray</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:155">Coralli, Alessia; Perciaccante, Antonio (12 April 2016). "Franz Kafka: An emblematic case of the co-occurrence of sleep and psychiatric disorders". Sleep Science. 9 (1). Sleep Sci: 5–6. doi:10.1016/j.slsci.2016.02.177. PMC 4866976. PMID 27217905. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4866976" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4866976</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:156">Lachkar 1992, p. 30. - Lachkar, Joan (1992). The Narcissistic/Borderline Couple. Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel. ISBN 978-0-87630-634-5. <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:157">Brod 1960, pp. 139–140. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:158">Fichter 1988, pp. 231–238. - Fichter, Manfred M. (July 1988). "Franz Kafka's anorexia nervosa". Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie (in German). 56 (7). Munich: 231–238. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1001787. PMID 3061914. S2CID 144116337. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2007-1001787" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2007-1001787</a> <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:159">Fichter 1987, pp. 367–377. - Fichter, Manfred M. (May 1987). "The Anorexia Nervosa of Franz Kafka". International Journal of Eating Disorders. 6 (3). Washington, D.C.: 367. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(198705)6:3<367::AID-EAT2260060306>3.0.CO;2-W. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1098-108X%28198705%296%3A3%3C367%3A%3AAID-EAT2260060306%3E3.0.CO%3B2-W" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1098-108X%28198705%296%3A3%3C367%3A%3AAID-EAT2260060306%3E3.0.CO%3B2-W</a> <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:160">Gilman 1995, pp. 63ff, 160–163. - Gilman, Sander (1995). Franz Kafka: The Jewish Patient. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-91391-1. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkajewish00sand" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkajewish00sand</a> <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:161">Brod 1960, p. 128. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:162">Brod 1960, p. 86. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:163">Lib.com 2008. - "Franz Kafka and Libertarian Socialism". Libertarian-Socialism. 14 December 2008. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2012. <a href="http://libcom.org/library/franz-kafka-libertarian-socialism" target="_blank">http://libcom.org/library/franz-kafka-libertarian-socialism</a> <a href="#fnref:163" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:164">Bergman 1969, p. 8. - Bergman, Hugo (1969). Memories of Franz Kafka in Franz Kafka Exhibition (Catalogue) (PDF). The Jewish National and University Library. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 March 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2012 – via The Anarchist Library. <a href="http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/michael-lowy-franz-kafka-and-libertarian-socialism.a4.pdf" target="_blank">http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/michael-lowy-franz-kafka-and-libertarian-socialism.a4.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:164" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:165">Bruce 2007, p. 17. - Bruce, Iris (2007). Kafka and Cultural Zionism – Dates in Palestine. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-22190-4. <a href="#fnref:165" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:166">Bruce 2007, p. 17. - Bruce, Iris (2007). Kafka and Cultural Zionism – Dates in Palestine. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-22190-4. <a href="#fnref:166" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:167">Bruce 2007, p. 17. - Bruce, Iris (2007). Kafka and Cultural Zionism – Dates in Palestine. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-22190-4. <a href="#fnref:167" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:168">Preece 2001, p. 131. - Preece, Julian (2001). The Cambridge Companion to Kafka. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66391-5. <a href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_p1o5" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_p1o5</a> <a href="#fnref:168" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:169">Hughes 1986, pp. 248–249. - Hughes, Kenneth (Summer 1986). "Franz Kafka: An Anthology of Marxist Criticism". Monatshefte. 78 (2). Madison, Wisconsin: 247–250. JSTOR 30159253. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30159253" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/30159253</a> <a href="#fnref:169" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:170">Bathrick 1995, pp. 67–70. - Bathrick, David (1995). The Powers of Speech: The Politics of Culture in the GDR. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803212589. <a href="https://archive.org/details/powersofspeechpo0000bath" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/powersofspeechpo0000bath</a> <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:171">Socialist Worker 2007. - "Franz Kafka: Writing of the System's Despair and Alienation". Socialist Worker (Britain). Socialist Worker Online. 17 March 2007. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2012. <a href="http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=10923" target="_blank">http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=10923</a> <a href="#fnref:171" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:172">History Guide 2006. - Kreis, Steven (28 February 2006). "Franz Kafka, 1883–1924". History Guide. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2012. <a href="http://www.historyguide.org/europe/kafka.html" target="_blank">http://www.historyguide.org/europe/kafka.html</a> <a href="#fnref:172" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:173">Haaretz 2008. - Miron, Dan (24 November 2008). "Sadness in Palestine". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2012. <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1040561.html" target="_blank">http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1040561.html</a> <a href="#fnref:173" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:174">Alt 2005, p. 430. - Alt, Peter-André (2005). Franz Kafka: Der ewige Sohn. Eine Biographie (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-53441-6. <a href="#fnref:174" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:175">Kafka & Brod 1988, p. 252. - Kafka, Franz (1988). Brod, Max (ed.). The Diaries: 1910–1923. New York: Schocken Books. ISBN 978-0-8052-0906-8. <a href="#fnref:175" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:176">Kafka-Franz 2012. - "Franz Kafka Writing". Kafka-Franz. 2011. Archived from the original on 20 December 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220032453/http://kafka-franz.com/franz-kafka-writing.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101220032453/http://kafka-franz.com/franz-kafka-writing.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:176" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:177">Gilman 2005, p. 31. - Gilman, Sander (2005). Franz Kafka. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-881872-64-1. <a href="#fnref:177" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:178">Franz Kafka. Diaries. Schocken, 2022. eg. Re: 1. Judaism 24, 99, 109, 181, 184, 324, 383, 383, 405, 583n243, 587n332. 2. Talmud 106-7, 134, 136, 142, 164, 172, 183, 189, 397, 592n441, 3. Kabballah 142, 163, 190, 587n333, 621n945, 622n956. <a href="#fnref:178" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:179">Diaries, p. 467. <a href="#fnref:179" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:180">Die Sammlung. Querido, Amsterdam, 1983 [reprint]. ISBN 90-214-7495-6 Re: 22 July 1935 issue.
 <a href="/wiki/ISBN" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN</a> <a href="#fnref:180" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:181">"Ghetto - Etymology, Origin & Meaning". etymonline. Retrieved 21 June 2025. <a href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/ghetto" target="_blank">https://www.etymonline.com/word/ghetto</a> <a href="#fnref:181" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:182">Breon Mitchell. "Foreword." Franz Kafka. The Trial. Schocken, 1998. p. x, xi, xii <a href="#fnref:182" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:183">Buber was a publisher, impresario and promoter of Kafka, Brod, Walter Benjamin and Gershom Scholem early in their careers. <a href="#fnref:183" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:184">Martin Buber. The Letters of Martin Buber New York: Schocken Books, 1991, p. 431. <a href="#fnref:184" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:185">RE: Building the Great Wall of China etc. <a href="#fnref:185" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:186">E.g. Josephine the Mouse-Singer et al., <a href="#fnref:186" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:187">e.g. "A Country Doctor", partly inspired by Kafka's uncle/sometimes-roommate—an assimilated Jew and country doctor. <a href="#fnref:187" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:188">Walter Benjamin. "Franz Kafka: On the Tenth Anniversary of his Death". First published 1934 in the Judischer Rundschau. <a href="#fnref:188" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:189">Walter Benjamin. "Some Remarks on Kafka". <a href="#fnref:189" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:190">Breon Mitchell. "Foreword." Franz Kafka. The Trial. Schocken, 1998. p. x, xi, xii <a href="#fnref:190" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:191">Benjamin wrote the tenth anniversary text, Arendt the twentieth. Arendt is responding to and updating many of the issues raised by Benjamin without attribution (Benjamin's article had been deformed by abbreviation in the Judischer Rundschau and Benjamin himself was a complete obscurity at the time with many of his important writings unpublished and unknown to readers of the Partisan Review. Over the following 25 years, Arendt, Gershom Scholem, and Theodor W. Adorno would take steps that in the 1960s brought Benjamin acknowledgement as an important thinker by writers such as Susan Sontag, John Berger, and Marshall McLuhan. He became recognized as an authority on Kafka after the English-language publication of his Illuminations in 1968, with its essays on Kafka: "On the Tenth Anniversary of His Death" and "Some Reflections on Kafka". <a href="/wiki/Partisan_Review" target="_blank">/wiki/Partisan_Review</a> <a href="#fnref:191" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:192">Arendt, Hannah (1944). Essays in Understanding, 1930-1954. Internet Archive. New York and London: Harcourt, Brace & Co. (published 1994). pp. 61–80. ISBN 978-0-15-172817-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) <a href="978-0-15-172817-6" target="_blank">978-0-15-172817-6</a> <a href="#fnref:192" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:193">Breon Mitchell. "Foreword." Franz Kafka. The Trial. Schocken, 1998. p. x, xi, xii <a href="#fnref:193" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:194">Elisabeth Young-Bruehl. Hannah Arendt: For Love of the World. <a href="//archive.org/details/hannaharendtforl00elis/mode/1up" target="_blank">//archive.org/details/hannaharendtforl00elis/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:194" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:195">Arendt, Hannah (1944). Essays in Understanding, 1930-1954. Internet Archive. New York and London: Harcourt, Brace & Co. (published 1994). pp. 61–80. ISBN 978-0-15-172817-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) <a href="978-0-15-172817-6" target="_blank">978-0-15-172817-6</a> <a href="#fnref:195" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:196">Connolly 2008. - Connolly, Kate (14 August 2008). "Porn Claims Outrage German Kafka Scholars". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2012. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/15/franzkafka.germany" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/15/franzkafka.germany</a> <a href="#fnref:196" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:197">Harper's 2008. - Horton, Scott (19 August 2008). "In Pursuit of Kafka's Porn Cache: Six Questions for James Hawes". Harper's Magazine. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012. <a href="http://harpers.org/archive/2008/08/hbc-90003426" target="_blank">http://harpers.org/archive/2008/08/hbc-90003426</a> <a href="#fnref:197" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:198">Hawes 2008, pp. 119–126. - Hawes, James (2008). Why You Should Read Kafka Before You Waste Your Life. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-37651-2. <a href="https://archive.org/details/whyyoushouldread0000hawe" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/whyyoushouldread0000hawe</a> <a href="#fnref:198" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:199">Bloom 1994, p. 428. - Bloom, Harold (1994). The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages. New York: Riverhead Books, Penguin Group. ISBN 978-1-57322-514-4. <a href="https://archive.org/details/westerncanonbook00bloo" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/westerncanonbook00bloo</a> <a href="#fnref:199" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:200">Kahn & Hook 1993, p. 191. - Kahn, Lothar; Hook, Donald D. (1993). Between Two Worlds: A Cultural History of German-Jewish Writers. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8138-1233-5. <a href="https://archive.org/details/betweentwoworlds00kahn" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/betweentwoworlds00kahn</a> <a href="#fnref:200" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:201">Rothkirchen 2005, p. 23. - Rothkirchen, Livia (2005). The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia: Facing the Holocaust. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-3952-4. <a href="#fnref:201" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:202">Haaretz 2008. - Miron, Dan (24 November 2008). "Sadness in Palestine". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2012. <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1040561.html" target="_blank">http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1040561.html</a> <a href="#fnref:202" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:203">Haaretz 2008. - Miron, Dan (24 November 2008). "Sadness in Palestine". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2012. <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1040561.html" target="_blank">http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1040561.html</a> <a href="#fnref:203" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:204">Tal, Josef. Tonspur – Auf Der Suche Nach Dem Klang Des Lebens. Berlin: Henschel, 2005. pp. 43–44 <a href="#fnref:204" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:205">Brod 1960, p. 196. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:205" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:206">"The Hunters of Lost Books: New Project Finds and Digitizes Books Looted in WWII". Haaretz. Retrieved 8 February 2024. <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2024-01-11/ty-article-magazine/.premium/the-hunters-of-lost-books-new-project-finds-and-digitizes-books-looted-in-wwii/0000018c-f81b-d432-a7ae-fffbb9fd0000" target="_blank">https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2024-01-11/ty-article-magazine/.premium/the-hunters-of-lost-books-new-project-finds-and-digitizes-books-looted-in-wwii/0000018c-f81b-d432-a7ae-fffbb9fd0000</a> <a href="#fnref:206" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:207">Rothkirchen 2005, p. 23. - Rothkirchen, Livia (2005). The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia: Facing the Holocaust. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-3952-4. <a href="#fnref:207" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:208">Rothkirchen 2005, p. 23. - Rothkirchen, Livia (2005). The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia: Facing the Holocaust. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-3952-4. <a href="#fnref:208" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:209">Bloom 2011. - Bloom, Harold (Spring 2011). "Franz Kafka's Zionism". Midstream. 57 (2). <a href="#fnref:209" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:210">Stach 2005, p. 1. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:210" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:211">Brod 1966, p. 389. - Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="#fnref:211" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:212">Believer 2006. - Fort, Jeff (March 2006). "The Man Who Could Not Disappear". The Believer. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407115000/https://believermag.com/the-man-who-could-not-disappear/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200407115000/https://believermag.com/the-man-who-could-not-disappear/</a> <a href="#fnref:212" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:213">Brod 1960, pp. 209–211. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:213" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:214">Brod 1960, p. 211. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:214" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:215">European Graduate School 2012. - "Franz Kafka – Biography". European Graduate School. 2012. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915131636/http://www.egs.edu/library/franz-kafka/biography/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120915131636/http://www.egs.edu/library/franz-kafka/biography/</a> <a href="#fnref:215" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:216">Ackermann 1950, p. 106. - Ackermann, Paul Kurt (March 1950). "A history of critical writing on Franz Kafka". The German Quarterly. 23 (2): 105–113. doi:10.2307/401846. JSTOR 401846. Retrieved 21 February 2025. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/401846" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/401846</a> <a href="#fnref:216" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:217">Brod 1960, p. 214. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:217" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:218">F. Kafka, New Jewish Cemetery, Prague: Marsyas 1991, p. 56 <a href="#fnref:218" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:219">Batuman, Elif (22 September 2010). "Kafka's Last Trial". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2012. <a href="/wiki/Elif_Batuman" target="_blank">/wiki/Elif_Batuman</a> <a href="#fnref:219" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:220">Stach 2005, p. 2. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:220" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:221">Murray 2004, pp. 367. - Murray, Nicholas (2004). Kafka. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10631-2. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafka00murr" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafka00murr</a> <a href="#fnref:221" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:222">Furst 1992, p. 84. - Furst, Lillian R. (1992). Through the Lens of the Reader: Explorations of European Narrative. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0808-7. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2015. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0HmgYaAEHHYC&pg=PA83" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0HmgYaAEHHYC&pg=PA83</a> <a href="#fnref:222" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:223">Ackermann 1950, p. 106. - Ackermann, Paul Kurt (March 1950). "A history of critical writing on Franz Kafka". The German Quarterly. 23 (2): 105–113. doi:10.2307/401846. JSTOR 401846. Retrieved 21 February 2025. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/401846" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/401846</a> <a href="#fnref:223" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:224">"Kampf" also translates to "fight". <a href="#fnref:224" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:225">Pawel 1985, pp. 160–163. - Pawel, Ernst (1985). The Nightmare of Reason: A Life of Franz Kafka. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-374-52335-0. <a href="https://archive.org/details/nightmareofreaso00pawe" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/nightmareofreaso00pawe</a> <a href="#fnref:225" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:226">Brod 1966, p. 388. - Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="#fnref:226" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:227">Brod 1966114f - Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="#fnref:227" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:228">Ernst 2010. - Ernst, Nathan (2010). "The Judgement". The Modernism Lab. Yale University. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521162011/http://modernism.research.yale.edu/wiki/index.php/The_Judgment" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130521162011/http://modernism.research.yale.edu/wiki/index.php/The_Judgment</a> <a href="#fnref:228" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:229">Hawes 2008, pp. 159, 192. - Hawes, James (2008). Why You Should Read Kafka Before You Waste Your Life. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-37651-2. <a href="https://archive.org/details/whyyoushouldread0000hawe" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/whyyoushouldread0000hawe</a> <a href="#fnref:229" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:230">Stach 2005, p. 113. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:230" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:231">Brod 1960, p. 129. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:231" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:232">Brod 1966, p. 389. - Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="#fnref:232" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:233">Brod 1966, p. 113. - Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="#fnref:233" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:234">Sokel 1956, pp. 203–214. - Sokel, Walter H. (April–May 1956). "Kafka's 'Metamorphosis': Rebellion and Punishment" (PDF). Monatshefte. 48 (4). Madison, Wisconsin: 203–214. JSTOR 30166165. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209183704/http://msmitchellsaplit12.weebly.com/uploads/4/6/7/4/4674576/12_kafkas_metamorphosis_-_rebellion_and_punishment.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200209183704/http://msmitchellsaplit12.weebly.com/uploads/4/6/7/4/4674576/12_kafkas_metamorphosis_-_rebellion_and_punishment.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:234" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:235">Luke 1951, pp. 232–245. - Luke, F. D. (April 1951). "Kafka's 'Die Verwandlung'". Modern Language Review. 46 (2). Cambridge: 232–245. doi:10.2307/3718565. JSTOR 3718565. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3718565" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3718565</a> <a href="#fnref:235" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:236">Dodd 1994, pp. 165–168. - Dodd, W. J. (1994). "Kafka and Dostoyevsky: The Shaping of Influence". Comparative Literature Studies. 31 (2). State College, Pennsylvania: 165–168. JSTOR 40246931. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40246931" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/40246931</a> <a href="#fnref:236" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:237">Brod 1966, p. 389. - Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="#fnref:237" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:238">Gray 2005, p. 131. - Gray, Richard T. (2005). A Franz Kafka Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-30375-3. <a href="#fnref:238" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:239">Horstkotte 2009. - Horstkotte, Silke (2009). "Kunst und Künstlerverständnis in Kafkas 'Josefine, die Sängering oder Das Volk der Mäuse'" (in German). University of Leipzig. Archived from the original on 22 November 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2012. <a href="http://dokumente-online.com/kunst-und-kuenstlerverstaendnis-in-kafkas.html" target="_blank">http://dokumente-online.com/kunst-und-kuenstlerverstaendnis-in-kafkas.html</a> <a href="#fnref:239" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:240">Brod 1960, p. 113. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:240" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:241">Brod 1960, pp. 128, 135, 218. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:241" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:242">Koelb 2010, p. 34. - Koelb, Clayton (2010). Kafka: A Guide for the Perplexed. Chippenham, Wiltshire: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-9579-2. <a href="#fnref:242" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:243">Sussman 1979, pp. 72–94. - Sussman, Henry (1979). Franz Kafka: Geometrician of Metaphor. Madison, Wisconsin: Coda Press. ISBN 978-0-930956-02-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkageomet0000suss" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkageomet0000suss</a> <a href="#fnref:243" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:244">Stach 2005, p. 79. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:244" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:245">Brod 1960, p. 137. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:245" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:246">Brod 1966, p. 388. - Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="#fnref:246" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:247">Stach 2005, pp. 108–115, 147, 139, 232. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:247" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:248">Kakutani 1988. - Kakutani, Michiko (2 April 1988). "Books of the Times; Kafka's Kafkaesque Love Letters". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2012. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/02/books/books-of-the-times-kafka-s-kafkaesque-love-letters.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/02/books/books-of-the-times-kafka-s-kafkaesque-love-letters.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm</a> <a href="#fnref:248" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:249">Kakutani 1988. - Kakutani, Michiko (2 April 1988). "Books of the Times; Kafka's Kafkaesque Love Letters". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2012. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/02/books/books-of-the-times-kafka-s-kafkaesque-love-letters.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/02/books/books-of-the-times-kafka-s-kafkaesque-love-letters.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm</a> <a href="#fnref:249" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:250">Kakutani 1988. - Kakutani, Michiko (2 April 1988). "Books of the Times; Kafka's Kafkaesque Love Letters". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2012. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/02/books/books-of-the-times-kafka-s-kafkaesque-love-letters.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/02/books/books-of-the-times-kafka-s-kafkaesque-love-letters.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm</a> <a href="#fnref:250" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:251">Brod 1966, p. 388. - Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="#fnref:251" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:252">Boyd 2004, p. 139. - Boyd, Ian R. (2004). Dogmatics Among the Ruins: German Expressionism and the Enlightenment. Bern: Peter Lang AG. ISBN 978-3-03910-147-4. <a href="#fnref:252" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:253">Rastalsky 1997, p. 1. - Rastalsky, Hartmut M. (1997). "The Referential Kafka". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012. <a href="http://www.lsa.umich.edu/german/hmr/dissertation/10kafka.doc" target="_blank">http://www.lsa.umich.edu/german/hmr/dissertation/10kafka.doc</a> <a href="#fnref:253" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:254">Granta 1992. - "Kafka's Drawings". Granta. 16 May 2022. Archived from the original on 8 February 2025. Retrieved 8 February 2025. <a href="https://granta.com/kafkas-drawings/" target="_blank">https://granta.com/kafkas-drawings/</a> <a href="#fnref:254" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:255">Granta 1992. - "Kafka's Drawings". Granta. 16 May 2022. Archived from the original on 8 February 2025. Retrieved 8 February 2025. <a href="https://granta.com/kafkas-drawings/" target="_blank">https://granta.com/kafkas-drawings/</a> <a href="#fnref:255" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:256">Testament 1999. - Kafka, Franz (1921). "Kafkas Testamente" (in German). Franz Kafka. Archived from the original on 8 February 2025. Retrieved 8 February 2025. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250208052154/https://www.franzkafka.de/fundstuecke/kafkas-testamente" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20250208052154/https://www.franzkafka.de/fundstuecke/kafkas-testamente</a> <a href="#fnref:256" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:257">Granta 1992. - "Kafka's Drawings". Granta. 16 May 2022. Archived from the original on 8 February 2025. Retrieved 8 February 2025. <a href="https://granta.com/kafkas-drawings/" target="_blank">https://granta.com/kafkas-drawings/</a> <a href="#fnref:257" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:258">Sawicki, Nicholas (29 September 2021). "Kafka, the Artist". Los Angeles Review of Books. <a href="https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/kafka-the-artist/" target="_blank">https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/kafka-the-artist/</a> <a href="#fnref:258" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:259">Schmid, Franziska (16 December 2021). "Trove of Kafka's drawings reveals his 'cheerful side'". Futurity. <a href="https://www.futurity.org/franz-kafka-drawings-2671862-2/" target="_blank">https://www.futurity.org/franz-kafka-drawings-2671862-2/</a> <a href="#fnref:259" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:260">Franz Kafka: The Drawings, edited by Andreas Kilcher, in collaboration with Pavel Schmidt ; with essays by Judith Butler and Andreas Kilcher; translations from the German by Kurt Beals. Review <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/online/2022/07/19/kafkas-inkblots/" target="_blank">https://www.nybooks.com/online/2022/07/19/kafkas-inkblots/</a> <a href="#fnref:260" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:261">Wolfe 2022. - Wolfe, Shira (2022). "The Other Franz Kafka — The Visionary Writer's Drawings That Were Meant To Be Destroyed". Artland Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 February 2025. Retrieved 23 February 2025. <a href="https://magazine.artland.com/franz-kafka-drawings/" target="_blank">https://magazine.artland.com/franz-kafka-drawings/</a> <a href="#fnref:261" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:262">Itk 2008. - "Faksimiles der Kafka-Drucke zu Lebzeiten (Zeitschriften und Zeitungen)" (in German). ITK Institut für Textkritik. 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2012. <a href="http://www.textkritik.de/kafkazs/kafkadrucke.htm" target="_blank">http://www.textkritik.de/kafkazs/kafkadrucke.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:262" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:263">Itk 2008. - "Faksimiles der Kafka-Drucke zu Lebzeiten (Zeitschriften und Zeitungen)" (in German). ITK Institut für Textkritik. 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2012. <a href="http://www.textkritik.de/kafkazs/kafkadrucke.htm" target="_blank">http://www.textkritik.de/kafkazs/kafkadrucke.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:263" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:264">Itk 2008. - "Faksimiles der Kafka-Drucke zu Lebzeiten (Zeitschriften und Zeitungen)" (in German). ITK Institut für Textkritik. 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2012. <a href="http://www.textkritik.de/kafkazs/kafkadrucke.htm" target="_blank">http://www.textkritik.de/kafkazs/kafkadrucke.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:264" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:265">Brod 1966, p. 94. - Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="#fnref:265" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:266">Itk 2008. - "Faksimiles der Kafka-Drucke zu Lebzeiten (Zeitschriften und Zeitungen)" (in German). ITK Institut für Textkritik. 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2012. <a href="http://www.textkritik.de/kafkazs/kafkadrucke.htm" target="_blank">http://www.textkritik.de/kafkazs/kafkadrucke.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:266" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:267">Brod 1966, p. 61. - Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="#fnref:267" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:268">Stach 2005, p. 343. - Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100752-3 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac</a> <a href="#fnref:268" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:269">Itk 2008. - "Faksimiles der Kafka-Drucke zu Lebzeiten (Zeitschriften und Zeitungen)" (in German). ITK Institut für Textkritik. 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2012. <a href="http://www.textkritik.de/kafkazs/kafkadrucke.htm" target="_blank">http://www.textkritik.de/kafkazs/kafkadrucke.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:269" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:270">Brod 1966, p. 110. - Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="#fnref:270" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:271">European Graduate School, Articles 2012. - "Franz Kafka – Articles". European Graduate School. 2012. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027210534/http://www.egs.edu/library/franz-kafka/articles/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121027210534/http://www.egs.edu/library/franz-kafka/articles/</a> <a href="#fnref:271" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:272">Brod 1966, p. 115. - Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag. <a href="#fnref:272" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:273">European Graduate School, Articles 2012. - "Franz Kafka – Articles". European Graduate School. 2012. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027210534/http://www.egs.edu/library/franz-kafka/articles/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121027210534/http://www.egs.edu/library/franz-kafka/articles/</a> <a href="#fnref:273" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:274">European Graduate School, Articles 2012. - "Franz Kafka – Articles". European Graduate School. 2012. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027210534/http://www.egs.edu/library/franz-kafka/articles/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121027210534/http://www.egs.edu/library/franz-kafka/articles/</a> <a href="#fnref:274" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:275">Leiter 1958, pp. 337–347. - Leiter, Louis H. (1958). "A Problem in Analysis: Franz Kafka's 'A Country Doctor'". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 16 (3). Philadelphia: 337–347. doi:10.2307/427381. JSTOR 427381. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F427381" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2F427381</a> <a href="#fnref:275" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:276">Krolop 1994, p. 103. - Krolop, Kurt (1994). Kafka und Prag (in German). Prague: Goethe-Institut. ISBN 978-3-11-014062-0. <a href="#fnref:276" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:277">Ackermann 1950, p. 105. - Ackermann, Paul Kurt (March 1950). "A history of critical writing on Franz Kafka". The German Quarterly. 23 (2): 105–113. doi:10.2307/401846. JSTOR 401846. Retrieved 21 February 2025. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/401846" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/401846</a> <a href="#fnref:277" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:278">Kafka 1988, publisher's notes. - Kafka, Franz (1988). The Castle. New York: Schocken Books. ISBN 978-0-8052-0872-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/castle00kafk_2" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/castle00kafk_2</a> <a href="#fnref:278" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:279">McCarthy 2009. - McCarthy, Rory (24 October 2009). "Israel's National Library Adds a Final Twist to Franz Kafka's Trial". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2012. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/oct/25/israel-library-franz-kafka-trial" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/oct/25/israel-library-franz-kafka-trial</a> <a href="#fnref:279" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:280">Diamant, Kathi, Kafka's Last Love: The Mystery of Dora Diamant, p. 132. <a href="#fnref:280" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:281">Butler 2011, pp. 3–8. - Butler, Judith (3 March 2011). "Who Owns Kafka". London Review of Books. 33 (5). London. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2012. <a href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v33/n05/judith-butler/who-owns-kafka" target="_blank">https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v33/n05/judith-butler/who-owns-kafka</a> <a href="#fnref:281" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:282">Kafka Project SDSU 2012. - "Solving a Literary Mystery". Kafka Project, San Diego State University. 2012. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2012. <a href="http://www.kafkaproject.com/" target="_blank">http://www.kafkaproject.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:282" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:357">Kafka 1996, p. xi. - Kafka, Franz (1996). The Metamorphosis and Other Stories. New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 978-1-56619-969-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/metamorphosisoth0000kafk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/metamorphosisoth0000kafk</a> <a href="#fnref:357" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:359">Bloom 2003, pp. 23–26. - Bloom, Harold (2003). Franz Kafka. Bloom's Major Short Story Writers. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7910-6822-9. <a href="#fnref:359" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:361">Lawson 1960, pp. 216–219. - Lawson, Richard H. (May 1960). "Ungeheueres Ungeziefer in Kafka's "Die Verwandlung"". The German Quarterly. 33 (3). Cherry Hill, New Jersey: 216–219. doi:10.2307/402242. JSTOR 402242. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F402242" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2F402242</a> <a href="#fnref:361" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:362">Rhine 1989, pp. 447–458. - Rhine, Marjorie E. (Winter 1989). "Untangling Kafka's Knotty Texts: The Translator's Prerogative?". Monatshefte. 81 (4). Madison, Wisconsin: 447–458. JSTOR 30166262. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30166262" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/30166262</a> <a href="#fnref:362" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:367">Brod 1960, p. 129. - Brod, Max (1960). Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod</a> <a href="#fnref:367" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

Franz Kafka open-in-new

Franz Kafka