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2005 in science
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<h2 id="astronomy">Astronomy</h2> <ul><li>January 5 – <a href="/facts/Eris_(dwarf_planet)/vuaR65F7">Eris</a>, the most massive known <a href="/facts/Dwarf_planet/IkQoCdwD">dwarf planet</a> in the <a href="/facts/Solar_System/QIcLSazQ">Solar System</a>, is identified by a team the Palomar Observatory in California from images taken on October 21, 2003 (discovery announced July 29, 2005).</li> <li>February 23 – Astronomers announce the discovery of a galaxy, <a href="/facts/VIRGOHI21/3veU27Qr">VIRGOHI21</a>, that consists almost entirely of <a href="/facts/Dark_matter/y5HgX55N">dark matter</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li> <li>March 23 – Two independent teams report the observation of light from <a href="/facts/Planet/rbPjE6Bx">planets</a> circling two different <a href="/facts/Star/PFbd6ICx">stars</a>, using the <a href="/facts/Spitzer_Space_Telescope/Ic1xXIYb">Spitzer</a> <a href="/facts/Infrared/44XdJNcc">infrared</a> <a href="/facts/Space_telescope/BtI46sDX">space telescope</a>. Both groups detect a during <a href="/facts/Conjunction_(astronomy)/TgujumHI">conjunction</a>, when the planet is moving behind its sun's disk (<a href="/facts/Occultation/a9Q1KTPe">occultation</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li>March 31 – Dwarf planet <a href="/facts/Makemake/661b22C4">Makemake</a> is discovered in the <a href="/facts/Kuiper_belt/IvLzYp5P">Kuiper belt</a> (discovery announced July 29).</li> <li>April 8 – <a href="/facts/Solar_eclipse_of_April_8,_2005/CeYHnPe7">Total solar eclipse</a>.</li> <li>May 18 – A second photograph by the <a href="/facts/Hubble_Space_Telescope/NQeIf0vw">Hubble Space Telescope</a> confirms the discovery of two new moons of <a href="/facts/Pluto/egq7MBeR">Pluto</a>: <a href="/facts/Nix_(moon)/Qf3qsr7m">Nix</a> and <a href="/facts/Hydra_(moon)/Al9hJ1on">Hydra</a>.</li> <li>July 20–27 – <a href="/facts/Controversy_over_the_discovery_of_Haumea/a5xpyyxx">Controversy over the discovery of Haumea</a>: Discovery of dwarf planet <a href="/facts/Haumea/C1xJDm3B">Haumea</a> is announced.</li> <li>October 3 – <a href="/facts/Solar_eclipse_of_October_3,_2005/Q4Pvy9EI">Annular solar eclipse</a>.</li> <li>October–November – Japanese <a href="/facts/Robotic_spacecraft/Frlbbkvu">robotic spacecraft</a> <i><a href="/facts/Hayabusa/kFalgese">Hayabusa</a></i> makes a rendezvous with <a href="/facts/Near-Earth_asteroid/UwnPRnSN">near-Earth asteroid</a> <a href="/facts/25143_Itokawa/V57ybCSg">25143 Itokawa</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="biology">Biology</h2> <ul><li>June 2 – Michael Kosfeld and colleagues publish their findings that <a href="/facts/Oxytocin/xz1Tj3ma">oxytocin</a> increases trust in humans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li> <li>August 31 – A first draft of the <a href="/facts/Common_chimpanzee/JXSpFsHy">chimpanzee</a> <a href="/facts/Genome/31Sm08JT">genome</a> is <a href="/facts/Chimpanzee_Genome_Project/pLJk2t3X">published</a>.</li> <li>October 5 – The <a href="/facts/Spanish_flu/dSI1TWUD">Spanish flu</a> virus is reconstructed and shown to be closely related to the <a href="/facts/Avian_influenza/IhcLBsFU">Avian influenza</a> virus.</li> <li>November 27 – French oral and maxillofacial surgeon Dr. <a href="/facts/Bernard_Devauchelle/g7EBX2E8">Bernard Devauchelle</a> and colleagues perform the world's first partial <a href="/facts/Face_transplant/hDqDV0ux">face transplant</a> on a living human, replacing <a href="/facts/Isabelle_Dinoire/HjdhQvPP">Isabelle Dinoire</a>'s face, which had been mutilated by her dog.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Stitchbird/HNgcV444">Stitchbird</a> is reintroduced to mainland New Zealand.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Pamela_C._Rasmussen/HbHu8095">Pamela C. Rasmussen</a> and John C. Anderton publish <i><a href="/facts/Birds_of_South_Asia._The_Ripley_Guide/qNRF4zhH">Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide</a></i>.</li></ul> <h2 id="climatology">Climatology</h2> <ul><li>January 27 – Scientists behind the <a href="/facts/Climateprediction.net/QN6X9RoG">climateprediction.net</a> project, a <a href="/facts/Distributed_computing/o5nyhqTF">distributed computing</a> project run from <a href="/facts/Oxford_University/ExVVQL6V">Oxford University</a>, announce that first results indicate a long term surface temperature increase due to global warming of between 2 and 11 degrees Celsius as a consequence of doubling carbon dioxide levels, with most of the simulations predicting a temperature rise of around 3.4 °C.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="computer-science">Computer science</h2> <ul><li>April 23 – The <a href="/facts/Me_at_the_zoo/s9IUd5RW">first video</a> is uploaded to the online <a href="/facts/Video_hosting_service/tNBgCRKy">video hosting service</a> <a href="/facts/YouTube/db276jst">YouTube</a> established by <a href="/facts/Jawed_Karim/q2l2cSWl">Jawed Karim</a>, <a href="/facts/Steve_Chen/lwTQm3ag">Steve Chen</a> and <a href="/facts/Chad_Hurley/E9lWK1Vw">Chad Hurley</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="paleontology">Paleontology</h2> <ul><li>January 13 – Chinese paleontologists announce the discovery of fossils of <i><a href="/facts/Repenomamus/DHjFKR1D">Repenomamus</a> robustus</i> and <i>Repenomamus giganticus</i>, mammals that lived 130 million years ago. The fossil discoveries indicate that these mammals preyed on small dinosaurs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>February 17 – Two Ethiopian fossil skulls originally found in 1967 by <a href="/facts/Richard_Leakey/oJbffdNB">Richard Leakey</a>, Omo I and Omo II, are re-dated at 195,000 years old, making them the oldest <i><a href="/facts/Homo_sapiens/rlcTENsr">Homo sapiens</a></i> remains known.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li>December 15 – European and Canadian researchers announce the dating of flint artefacts from Pakefield, Suffolk, UK to around 700,000 years ago, representing the earliest unequivocal evidence for human presence north of the Alps.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="philosophy">Philosophy</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/2005_in_philosophy/AsnBtaUK">2005 in philosophy</a></p> <h2 id="physics">Physics</h2> <ul><li>This has been named the <a href="/facts/World_Year_of_Physics_2005/bdlNrQ3R">World Year of Physics</a> in honor of the 100th anniversary of <a href="/facts/Albert_Einstein/CNTet8qu">Albert Einstein</a>'s <a href="/facts/Annus_Mirabilis_papers/8LhL5hm7"><i>Annus Mirabilis</i> papers</a> of <a href="/facts/1905_in_science/L89WrSLG">1905</a> and the resulting developments in the field of physics. Many institutions are celebrating by holding lecture series on Einstein, the history of <a href="/facts/Special_relativity/vsFFc63E">special relativity</a> and <a href="/facts/Quantum_mechanics/BRc3Mzgr">quantum mechanics</a> and other public events surrounding the <a href="/facts/History_of_physics/aXKxL48L">history of physics</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="space-exploration">Space exploration</h2> <ul><li>January 14 – The <a href="/facts/Huygens_probe/a4CxSs7N"><i>Huygens</i> probe</a> is successfully sent into the atmosphere of <a href="/facts/Titan_(moon)/lg0l9PCH">Titan</a> and returns science data to Earth via the <a href="/facts/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens/PWknrDeY"><i>Cassini</i> orbiter</a>. It survives the landing on the surface of Titan and sends pictures and other data for more than an hour afterwards.</li> <li>January 26 – <a href="/facts/ESA/L8YRNV0C">ESA</a>'s <a href="/facts/SMART-1/hdD2HYxY">SMART-1</a> begins sending back close range pictures of the lunar surface</li> <li>February 7 – <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a> announce budget plans – in the announcement, they state that a mission to service the <a href="/facts/Hubble_Space_Telescope/NQeIf0vw">Hubble Space Telescope</a> will not take place, and that a robotic mission to deorbit the telescope with a safe descent into an ocean will take place. The <a href="/facts/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter/DvgbK1KX">Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</a> (Jimo) mission is also cancelled.</li> <li>February 12 – <a href="/facts/ESA/L8YRNV0C">ESA</a> successfully launch an Ariane 5 ECA carrying three satellites. The previous attempt to launch the new design of rocket, in December 2002, failed when the rocket deviated from its course minutes into the flight.</li> <li>July 4 – The <i><a href="/facts/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)/mTRQtdQa">Deep Impact</a></i> spacecraft successfully observes the disintegration of its "impactor" section colliding with the <a href="/facts/Comet_Tempel_1/e0PnhUdh">comet Tempel 1</a>. A large number of other <a href="/facts/Telescope/BDwYahhR">telescopes</a> also provide data on this event.</li></ul> <h2 id="technology">Technology</h2> <ul><li>August 29 – <a href="/facts/2005_levee_failures_in_Greater_New_Orleans/lWyeca47">Levee failures in Greater New Orleans</a> following <a href="/facts/Hurricane_Katrina/EflS9fkS">Hurricane Katrina</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="awards">Awards</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize/3z1Y3oFL">Nobel Prize</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>: <a href="/facts/Barry_J._Marshall/HYDLEkr6">Barry J. Marshall</a> and <a href="/facts/Robin_Warren/BlrzCxvp">Robin Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>: <a href="/facts/Roy_J._Glauber/SdAAFreN">Roy J. Glauber</a>, <a href="/facts/John_L._Hall/fufDdncd">John L. Hall</a> and <a href="/facts/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch/E0L9Ymqy">Theodor W. Hänsch</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>: <a href="/facts/Yves_Chauvin/Ftgeqng5">Yves Chauvin</a>, <a href="/facts/Robert_H._Grubbs/1LlPjLpt">Robert H. Grubbs</a> and <a href="/facts/Richard_R._Schrock/ad4XdIw5">Richard R. Schrock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Abel_Prize/j5XVqwKd">Abel Prize in Mathematics</a>: <a href="/facts/Peter_Lax/sptzPICM">Peter David Lax</a></li></ul> <h2 id="appointments">Appointments</h2> <ul><li>January 26 – The <a href="/facts/NIH/G3Eytfcc">NIH</a> announce that <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_Nabel/9jYKdrmt">Elizabeth Nabel</a> will succeed Claude Lenfant as director of the US <a href="/facts/National_Heart,_Lung,_and_Blood_Institute/oMGNPS2R">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</a>.</li> <li>February 7 – The <a href="/facts/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences/M3oePVeG">National Academy of Sciences</a> elects <a href="/facts/Ralph_Cicerone/RB4nPnkm">Ralph Cicerone</a> as its next president, to begin his 6-year term on July 1. He takes over from <a href="/facts/Bruce_Alberts/DIz7enn6">Bruce Alberts</a>.</li> <li>February 25 <ul><li>– <a href="/facts/Robert_Kirby-Harris/mx5azen3">Robert Kirby-Harris</a> is appointed as Chief Executive of the UK's <a href="/facts/Institute_of_Physics/WstLymQv">Institute of Physics</a>.</li> <li>– Keith Mason is appointed as the new head of the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council in the UK.</li> <li>– Daniel Höchli is appointed director of the <a href="/facts/Swiss_National_Science_Foundation/nTjCJTQv">Swiss National Science Foundation</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>April 13 – <a href="/facts/Michael_D._Griffin/hXGBWnnc">Michael D. Griffin</a> is confirmed by the <a href="/facts/U.S._Senate/VyzXHE01">U.S. Senate</a> as the next <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a> administrator, succeeding <a href="/facts/Sean_O%27Keefe/eImVef88">Sean O'Keefe</a>.</li> <li>December 6 – <a href="/facts/Kaname_Ikeda/H82czzeq">Kaname Ikeda</a> is appointed as first Director General of the <a href="/facts/International_Thermonuclear_Experimental_Reactor/SkpWL87b">International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="other-events">Other events</h2> <ul><li>February 8 – <a href="/facts/Yale_University/KUdS6jt1">Yale University</a> wins more than $1 million in damages and attorney's fees, along with the <a href="/facts/Patent/LjT2bG3A">patent</a> rights relating to <a href="/facts/Electrospray_ionization/yNgPJBoB">electrospray ionization</a> from former professor and <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize/3z1Y3oFL">Nobel Prize</a> winner <a href="/facts/John_Bennett_Fenn/3mg8sEp9">John Fenn</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="publications">Publications</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Jorge_E._Hirsch/ry9Pp24Y">Jorge E. Hirsch</a> publishes his proposal for an <a href="/facts/H-index/K9q5E93W"><i>h</i>-index</a> to quantify a scientist's publication productivity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <ul><li>February 3 – <a href="/facts/Ernst_Mayr/GFajn2Tp">Ernst Mayr</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1904_in_science/qfWv7vt5">1904</a>), German-American <a href="/facts/Evolutionary_biologist/8tBoG55U">evolutionary biologist</a>.</li> <li>February 6 – <a href="/facts/Hubert_Curien/Y4PtDhEj">Hubert Curien</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1924_in_science/CFmNQjJJ">1924</a>), French physicist, President of <a href="/facts/CERN/y1gwRchm">CERN</a> and first chairman of <a href="/facts/ESA/L8YRNV0C">ESA</a>.</li> <li>February 10 – <a href="/facts/D._Allan_Bromley/SW6Mp1mu">D. Allan Bromley</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1926_in_science/IYIaVGQD">1926</a>), Canadian-American director of <a href="/facts/Yale/KUdS6jt1">Yale</a>'s A. W. Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory.</li> <li>March 6 – <a href="/facts/Hans_Bethe/X6bkxRRI">Hans Bethe</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1906_in_science/9aKmEL28">1906</a>), German-American Nobel laureate in Physics (1967) for his discoveries concerning the energy production mechanism in <a href="/facts/Star/PFbd6ICx">stars</a>.</li> <li>March 31 – <a href="/facts/Stanley_J._Korsmeyer/sy088xMK">Stanley J. Korsmeyer</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1950_in_science/pYrc6Dbc">1950</a>), American <a href="/facts/Cell_biologist/kdIBGHub">cell biologist</a>.</li> <li>April 11 – <a href="/facts/Maurice_Hilleman/wRLKT69w">Maurice Hilleman</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1919_in_science/1IXTj2Qm">1919</a>), American <a href="/facts/Vaccinologist/QcXzLug2">vaccinologist</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li>June 20 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Charles_David_Keeling/o2YFEXwb">Charles David Keeling</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1928_in_science/C3E10xR9">1928</a>), American climate scientist, first to make frequent measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, plotted on the <a href="/facts/Keeling_Curve/6MueKVbs">Keeling Curve</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jack_Kilby/CCgmbccG">Jack Kilby</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1923_in_science/P8DhUfan">1923</a>), American electronics engineer, Nobel laureate in Physics (2000) for his work on <a href="/facts/Integrated_circuit/fjn6vg7C">integrated circuits</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>July 16 – <a href="/facts/John_Ostrom/sQ7EUSmo">John Ostrom</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1928_in_science/C3E10xR9">1928</a>), American <a href="/facts/Paleontologist/60n5yldd">paleontologist</a>, pioneer of the "<a href="/facts/Dinosaur_renaissance/Q3LKBtSW">dinosaur renaissance</a>".</li> <li>August 21 – <a href="/facts/Robert_Moog/IcaxADgA">Robert Moog</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1934_in_science/QVectKTG">1934</a>), pioneer of <a href="/facts/Electronic_music/zfGNfUvR">electronic music</a>.</li> <li>August 31 – Sir <a href="/facts/Joseph_Rotblat/j4KwqL69">Joseph Rotblat</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1908_in_science/zY4oD4uc">1908</a>), Polish-born British <a href="/facts/Nuclear_physicist/fzQbt1aF">nuclear physicist</a>, Nobel laureate in Peace.</li> <li>October 28 – <a href="/facts/Richard_Smalley/oCG6kY72">Richard Smalley</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1943_in_science/qE5oCwsr">1943</a>), American Nobel laureate in <a href="/facts/Chemistry/SrNqkGVm">Chemistry</a> (1996) for the discovery of a new form of carbon, <a href="/facts/Buckminsterfullerene/F0VebtPK">Buckminsterfullerene</a>.</li> <li>November 16 – <a href="/facts/Henry_Taube/pweqLu4D">Henry Taube</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1915_in_science/NMYGub5y">1915</a>), Canadian-American Nobel laureate in <a href="/facts/Chemistry/SrNqkGVm">Chemistry</a> (1983) for his work in the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.isracast.com/tech_news/301205_tech_2005.htm">The year in science and technology in Israel</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060105032451/http://www.isracast.com/tech_news/301205_tech_2005.htm">Archived</a> 2006-01-05 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> – IsraCast article</li> <li><a href="https://www.newscientist.com/channel/health/dn8512">2005: The year in biology and medicine</a> – New Scientist</li> <li><a href="http://www.newscientistspace.com/article.ns?id=dn8532">2005: The year in space</a> – New Scientist</li> <li><a href="https://www.newscientist.com/channel/info-tech/dn8519">2005: The year in technology</a> – New Scientist</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Minchin, Robert; et al. (2005). "A Dark Hydrogen Cloud in the Virgo Cluster". The Astrophysical Journal. 622 (1): L21 – L24. arXiv:astro-ph/0502312. Bibcode:2005ApJ...622L..21M. doi:10.1086/429538. S2CID 15639006. <a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Cornell University (2005-03-22). "Light detected from two planets outside solar system". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 2011-12-08. Results are published in Nature and The Astrophysical Journal. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" target="_blank">/wiki/Cornell_University</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Kosfeld, Michael; et al. (2005). "Oxytocin increases trust in humans" (PDF). Nature. 435 (7042): 673–5. Bibcode:2005Natur.435..673K. doi:10.1038/nature03701. PMID 15931222. S2CID 1234727. Retrieved 2013-07-17. <a href="http://dept.wofford.edu/neuroscience/neuroseminar/pdffall2008/oxy-human.pdf" target="_blank">http://dept.wofford.edu/neuroscience/neuroseminar/pdffall2008/oxy-human.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Stainforth, D. A.; Aina, T.; Christensen, C.; Collins, M.; Faull, N.; et al. (2005). "Uncertainty in predictions of the climate response to rising levels of greenhouse gases". Nature. 433 (7024). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 403–406. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..403S. doi:10.1038/nature03301. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15674288. S2CID 2547937. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Weil, Anne (2005-01-13). "Mammalian palaeobiology: Living large in the Cretaceous". Nature. 433 (7022). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 116–117. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..116W. doi:10.1038/433116b. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15650725. S2CID 52869101. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>McDougall, Ian; Brown, Francis H.; Fleagle, John G. (2005). "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia". Nature. 433 (7027). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 733–736. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..733M. doi:10.1038/nature03258. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15716951. S2CID 1454595. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Parfitt, Simon A.; Barendregt, René W.; Breda, Marzia; Candy, Ian; Collins, Matthew J.; et al. (2005). "The earliest record of human activity in northern Europe". Nature. 438 (7070). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 1008–1012. Bibcode:2005Natur.438.1008P. doi:10.1038/nature04227. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 16355223. S2CID 4362294. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Hirsch, J. E. (2005-11-15). "An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (46): 16569–16572. arXiv:physics/0508025. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10216569H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507655102. PMC 1283832. PMID 16275915. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1283832" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1283832</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Dove, Alan (April 2005). "Maurice Hilleman". Nature Medicine. 11 (4): S2. doi:10.1038/nm1223. ISSN 1546-170X. PMID 15812484. S2CID 13028372. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm1223" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm1223</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>