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GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>Origins and foundation, Uzbek membership (1997–2005)</h3> <p>Cooperation between Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, and Moldova started with the "GUAM consultative forum", established on 10 October 1997, in <a href="/facts/Strasbourg/MTdQtoPy">Strasbourg</a> and named after the initial letters of each of those countries. In 1999, the organisation adopted the name GUUAM due to the membership of <a href="/facts/Uzbekistan/o8wfw2xR">Uzbekistan</a>. A summit in <a href="/facts/Yalta/67Sq7sp6">Yalta</a> on 6 and 7 June 2001 was accompanied by the signing of GUUAM's charter, which formalized the organization. According to the former Ukrainian President <a href="/facts/Viktor_Yushchenko/BwdrJhb4">Viktor Yushchenko</a>, the charter set objectives for cooperation, such as promoting democratic values, ensuring stable development, enhancing international and regional security, and stepping up <a href="/facts/European_integration/nrHkmsE1">European integration</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>In 2002, Uzbekistan announced that it planned to withdraw from the organization and following this announcement started to ignore GUUAM summits and meetings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> In May 2005, shortly after the <a href="/facts/Andijan_massacre/zszhMcnu">Andijan massacre</a>, Uzbekistan finally gave official notice of withdrawal from the organization to the Moldovan presidency, thus changing the group's name back to GUAM. </p><p>A summit of GUUAM took place in <a href="/facts/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u/WGPnczhw">Chișinău</a>, Moldova, on 22 April 2005. The <a href="/facts/US_Department_of_State/WsB5FMBT">US Department of State</a> special representative for <a href="/facts/Eurasia/KlLI9GDM">Eurasian</a> conflicts, Steven Mann, and the <a href="/facts/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe/Lo5lUrA6">OSCE</a> Secretary General, <a href="/facts/J%C3%A1n_Kubi%C5%A1/C9KyAvRq">Ján Kubiš</a>, participated in the summit. The Russian ambassador in Chișinău criticized the fact that Russia was not invited to attend.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Ilham_Aliyev/q08Vpuf1">Ilham Aliyev</a>, the president of Azerbaijan, said after the summit: "Our organization is emerging as a powerful force, participating in resolving problems in the <a href="/facts/Caspian_Sea/Ymc08gkR">Caspian</a>—<a href="/facts/Black_Sea/M0rLKvge">Black Sea</a> region" while the president of Ukraine, <a href="/facts/Viktor_Yushchenko/BwdrJhb4">Viktor Yushchenko</a>, said that a new page had been written in the history of the organization.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h3>Deepening of relations and integration (2006–2013)</h3> <p>Given the growth of its influence in the region, and the existence of the Russian—led <a href="/facts/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States/DqccXsyS">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS), GUAM was seen in Russia as a way of countering the Russian influence in the area and as part of a strategy backed by the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> However, GUAM leaders repeatedly and officially dismiss such claims and declare their strong willingness to develop close friendly relations with Russia. Moreover, Azerbaijan, the group's main energy power, has managed to avoid any conflicts with Russia in recent years. </p><p>In April 2006, three GUAM nations supported Ukraine's proposal to condemn the <a href="/facts/Holodomor/2X2zls3r">Holodomor</a>, the 1930s famine in Ukraine which killed millions of people, as a <a href="/facts/Genocide/IjkNvg7y">genocide</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>In May 2006, Ukraine and Azerbaijan announced plans to further increase the GUAM member relations by renaming the organization <i>GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development</i> and establishing its headquarters in the Ukrainian capital.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The other members said this was a remarkable step and development. The summit participants were also expected to adopt GUAM by—laws, a declaration and a communique. Also in May 2006 the Ukrainian Defense Ministry announced plans to establish GUAM <a href="/facts/Peacekeeping/bFrKlQY2">peacekeeping</a> forces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> The following year, GUAM nations agreed to form a 500-personnel joint peacekeeping force to battle <a href="/facts/Separatism/KubEMvMr">separatism</a>. </p><p>In June 2007, presidents of Lithuania, Poland and Romania joined the leaders of GUAM member states at the GUAM summit in <a href="/facts/Baku/oUVVcRN1">Baku</a>, Azerbaijan. Also participating at the summit were the Vice-President of <a href="/facts/Bulgaria/Er5pY3YS">Bulgaria</a>, the Vice-Speaker of the Estonian parliament, the Minister of Economy of Latvia, and the high—level representatives of the United States, Japan, the <a href="/facts/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe/Lo5lUrA6">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE), the <a href="/facts/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation/TVojhSHp">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a> (BSEC), <a href="/facts/UNESCO/QSbkRv3o">UNESCO</a>, and heads of diplomatic missions accredited in Azerbaijan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h3>After Russian invasion and annexation of Crimea (2014–present)</h3> <p>In December 2014, then-Ukrainian Foreign Minister <a href="/facts/Pavlo_Klimkin/Q6Db09IQ">Pavlo Klimkin</a> proposed that GUAM should use English during meetings, instead of Russian, which was also the main language used in official gatherings in the <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a>. GUAM representatives agreed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>In March 2017, GUAM officially established agreements on a <a href="/facts/Free-trade_area/drQ3kco6">free-trade area</a> and harmonization of customs procedures among its member states.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a>[<i>needs update</i>] </p><p>In May 2021, three of the four members, Ukraine, Moldova, and Georgia, joined the <a href="/facts/Association_Trio/eK1lzWXV">Association Trio</a> in order to jointly facilitate further European integration. </p> <h2 id="free-trade-area-negotiations">Free trade area negotiations</h2> <p>An Agreement on Establishment of Free Trade Area between the GUUAM Participating States was signed on 20 July 2002. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>In 2017 Ukraine announced agreements on a <a href="/facts/Free-trade_area/drQ3kco6">free-trade area</a> and harmonization of customs procedures among its member states.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>At the 77th Session of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly held in New York on 20 September 2022, the Foreign Ministers of the Organization for Democracy and Economic Development (GUAM) members came together on the sidelines and held the 39th Cabinet meeting of GUAM. After the meeting, the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova signed a protocol on the determination of the country of origin of the goods. In addition, it was announced by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine that a free trade zone was established between the GUAM countries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>The Free Trade Area has not been ratified and has not entered into force. It is too soon to be sure whether GUAM member states will ratify the free trade area soon, or if the project will be placed on hiatus. There is also the question about to what extent an FTA could help financially GUAM countries compared to other projects, such as European Union membership or the Middle Corridor. GUAM is a regional bloc that has not demonstrated its usefulness to its member states compared to other organizations or projects that GUAM member states are part of.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="members">Members</h2> Current <ul><li> <a href="/facts/Georgia_(country)/ccBF8bBE">Georgia</a> (1997)</li> <li> <a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a> (1997)</li> <li> <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan/Ho5joRTJ">Azerbaijan</a> (1997)</li> <li> <a href="/facts/Moldova/qGBNGewt">Moldova</a> (1997)</li></ul> Former <ul><li> <a href="/facts/Uzbekistan/o8wfw2xR">Uzbekistan</a> (1999–2002)</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Association_Trio/eK1lzWXV">Association Trio</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Black_Sea_Forum/FN184A1Q">Black Sea Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States/DqccXsyS">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Community_of_Democratic_Choice/qjIx7KHC">Community of Democratic Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations/Doqpoqzd">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly/1mIEotkR">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Military_of_Azerbaijan/DVR3woPX">Military of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Military_of_Georgia/o82b65Je">Military of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Military_of_Moldova/D894kq56">Military of Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Military_of_Ukraine/APFAIPAc">Military of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Politics_of_Europe/PI6LmQ8J">Politics of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Post-Soviet_states/usrFwWTU">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation/8ovtWDzP">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/TRACECA/cWyewY8C">TRACECA</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Roman_Empire/l4E1aUuV">Roman Empire</a></li></ul> <h2 id="sources">Sources</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://today.az/news/politics/26721.html">"Ukraine suggests setting up GUAM peacekeeping unit"</a>. <i>Today.az</i>. 31 May 2006. Retrieved 18 April 2007.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070416093857/http://www.mfa.gov.az/eng/international/organizations/guam.shtml">"Azerbaijan-GUAM"</a>. <i>Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan</i>. Archived from <a href="http://www.mfa.gov.az/eng/international/organizations/guam.shtml">the original</a> on 16 April 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090907040823/http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=10062">GUAM News</a> (subscribers only)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615100824/http://www.bakutoday.net/view.php?d=21284">Baku Today</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070728125213/http://www.guuam.org/general/history.html">"The GUUAM Group: History and Principles"</a>. <i>guuam.org</i>. Archived from <a href="http://www.guuam.org/general/history.html">the original</a> on 28 July 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2007.</li> <li><a href="http://www.traceca-org.org/">"Welcome to TRACECA"</a>. <i>TRACECA (Transport Corridor Europe Caucasus Asia) IGC</i>. Retrieved 12 June 2007.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070901033227/http://www.eurasianhome.org/xml/t/databases.xml?lang=en&nic=databases&intorg=1&pid=26">"GUAM Group"</a>. <i>Eurasian Home</i>. Archived from <a href="http://www.eurasianhome.org/xml/t/databases.xml?lang=en&nic=databases&intorg=1&pid=26">the original</a> on 1 September 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2007.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development. <ul><li><a href="https://guam-organization.org/en/">Official website</a> </li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"GUAM 2.0: Can Free Trade Revive the Forgotten Regional Bloc?". 3 October 2022. <a href="https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/guam-2-0-can-free-trade-revive-the-forgotten-regional-bloc/" target="_blank">https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/guam-2-0-can-free-trade-revive-the-forgotten-regional-bloc/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"WTO | Regional trade agreements". <a href="https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=620" target="_blank">https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=620</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Market Access Map". <a href="https://www.macmap.org/en/resources/cis" target="_blank">https://www.macmap.org/en/resources/cis</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Market Access Map". <a href="https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=268&relation=I&partner=all" target="_blank">https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=268&relation=I&partner=all</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Market Access Map". <a href="https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=804&relation=I&partner=all" target="_blank">https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=804&relation=I&partner=all</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Market Access Map". <a href="https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=031&relation=I&partner=all" target="_blank">https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=031&relation=I&partner=all</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Market Access Map". <a href="https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=498&relation=I&partner=all" target="_blank">https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=498&relation=I&partner=all</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN AZERBAIJAN, ARMENIA, BELARUS, GEORGIA, MOLDOVA, KAZAKHSTAN, THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, UKRAINE, UZBEKISTAN, TAJIKISTAN AND THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC" (PDF). findrulesoforigin.org. Retrieved 1 April 2024. <a href="https://findrulesoforigin.org/documents/pdf/itc00659_full.pdf" target="_blank">https://findrulesoforigin.org/documents/pdf/itc00659_full.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Bush, Sarah Sunn; Cottiero, Christina; Prather, Lauren (2024). "Zombies ahead: Explaining the rise of low-quality election monitoring". The Review of International Organizations. doi:10.1007/s11558-024-09554-3. ISSN 1559-744X. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11558-024-09554-3" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11558-024-09554-3</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Russian Deputy FM: "GUAM not anti-Russian group"". Today.az. 23 May 2006. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007. <a href="http://today.az/news/politics/26446.html" target="_blank">http://today.az/news/politics/26446.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Uzbekistan: Tashkent Withdraws From GUUAM, Remaining Members Forge Ahead". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 18 June 2002. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020. <a href="https://www.rferl.org/a/1100023.html" target="_blank">https://www.rferl.org/a/1100023.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Itar-Tass article". Itar-Tass. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. 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Retrieved 18 April 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140520122050/http://www.kommersant.com/page.asp?id=-5141" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140520122050/http://www.kommersant.com/page.asp?id=-5141</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"CIS Split at Ministerial Conference". Eurasia Daily Monitor. 25 April 2006. Archived from the original on 17 April 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070417002350/http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2371016" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070417002350/http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2371016</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Foreign Ministers of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova Discussed the Upcoming Guam Summit". InfoMarket. Moldova Azi. 19 May 2006. Archived from the original on 3 February 2008. Retrieved 18 April 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080203110821/http://www.azi.md/news?ID=39318" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080203110821/http://www.azi.md/news?ID=39318</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Ukraine suggests setting up GUAM peacekeeping unit". Today.az. 31 May 2006. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007. <a href="http://today.az/news/politics/26721.html" target="_blank">http://today.az/news/politics/26721.html</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Embassy of Azerbaijan in the U.S.: Baku hosts GUAM Second Summit". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927192815/http://www.azembassy.com/new/news.php?id=445" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070927192815/http://www.azembassy.com/new/news.php?id=445</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Ex-Soviet GUAM Switches To English". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 5 December 2014. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2018. <a href="https://www.rferl.org/a/26727422.html" target="_blank">https://www.rferl.org/a/26727422.html</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Ex-Soviet GUAM Group Drops Russian, Switches To English". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 5 December 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2015. <a href="http://www.rferl.org/content/article/26727422.html" target="_blank">http://www.rferl.org/content/article/26727422.html</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"In the framework of the GUAM summit governments of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova signed protocols on the establishment of the FTA and mutual recognition of results of customs control procedures". Government of Ukraine. 27 March 2017. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020. <a href="https://www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/249849049" target="_blank">https://www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/249849049</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Protocol on rules for determining the country of origin of goods to the Agreement on Establishment of Free Trade Area between the GUUAM Participating States". 20 September 2022. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023. <a href="https://guam-organization.org/en/protocol-on-rules-for-determining-the-country-of-origin-of-goods-to-the-agreement-on-establishment-of-free-trade-area-between-the-guuam-participating-states/" target="_blank">https://guam-organization.org/en/protocol-on-rules-for-determining-the-country-of-origin-of-goods-to-the-agreement-on-establishment-of-free-trade-area-between-the-guuam-participating-states/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"In the framework of the GUAM summit governments of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova signed protocols on the establishment of the FTA and mutual recognition of results of customs control procedures". Government of Ukraine. 27 March 2017. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020. <a href="https://www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/249849049" target="_blank">https://www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/249849049</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"Free Zone Developed in the Shadow of the Russia-Ukraine War: Economies of GUAM". October 2022. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023. <a href="https://www.ankasam.org/free-zone-developed-in-the-shadow-of-the-russia-ukraine-war-economies-of-guam/?lang=en" target="_blank">https://www.ankasam.org/free-zone-developed-in-the-shadow-of-the-russia-ukraine-war-economies-of-guam/?lang=en</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"Protocol on rules for determining the country of origin of goods to the Agreement on Establishment of Free Trade Area between the GUUAM Participating States". 20 September 2022. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023. <a href="https://guam-organization.org/en/protocol-on-rules-for-determining-the-country-of-origin-of-goods-to-the-agreement-on-establishment-of-free-trade-area-between-the-guuam-participating-states/" target="_blank">https://guam-organization.org/en/protocol-on-rules-for-determining-the-country-of-origin-of-goods-to-the-agreement-on-establishment-of-free-trade-area-between-the-guuam-participating-states/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"GUAM 2.0: Can Free Trade Revive the Forgotten Regional Bloc?". 3 October 2022. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023. <a href="https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/guam-2-0-can-free-trade-revive-the-forgotten-regional-bloc/" target="_blank">https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/guam-2-0-can-free-trade-revive-the-forgotten-regional-bloc/</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>