Sarnath

<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2>
The name Sarnath derives from the <a href="/facts/Sanskrit/ychfjhlx">Sanskrit</a> word Sāranganātha (or Sārangnāth in the <a href="/facts/Pali/HLQW2fvS">Pali language</a>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> which translates to "Lord of the Deer" in the English language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> The name refers to an <a href="/facts/Buddhist_mythology/8rCWUTf6">ancient Buddhist legend</a>, in which the <a href="/facts/Bodhisattva/dCMtuevK">Bodhisattva</a> was a deer and offered his life to a king instead of the doe the king was planning to kill. 
The king was so moved that he created the park as a deer sanctuary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> The term for "deer park" is Mriga-dāva in Sanskrit, or Miga-dāya in the Pali language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
Isipatana is another name used to refer to Sarnath in Pali, the language of the <a href="/facts/Pali_Canon/UWeKv5NE">Pali Canon</a>. This name corresponds to the name Rishipattana in the Sanskrit language.
The terms isi (Pali) and <a href="/facts/Rishi/NldeF2Y3">rishi</a> (Sanskrit) refer to an accomplished and enlightened person. Isipatana and Rishipattana therefore translate to "the place where holy men descended",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> or "the hill of the fallen sages".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
<h3>5th century BCE – 6th century CE</h3>
Buddhism flourished in Sarnath during the <a href="/facts/History_of_India/ntYkAYDQ">second urbanisation</a>, c. 600– 200 BCE, from the time of the <a href="/facts/Mahajanapadas/nwEe3Wsu">Mahajanapadas</a> through the <a href="/facts/Nanda_Empire/7e5o9sF6">Nanda Empire</a> and <a href="/facts/Maurya_Empire/STQagR1r">Maurya Empire</a> periods, in part because of patronage from kings and wealthy merchants based in <a href="/facts/Varanasi/w0ELEKrB">Varanasi</a>. By the 3rd century CE, Sarnath had become an important centre for the Sammatiya school of Buddhism, one of the <a href="/facts/Early_Buddhist_schools/KxcQ3ruS">early Buddhist schools</a>, as well as for art and architecture. 
However, the presence of images of <a href="/facts/Heruka/1oWD3z4n">Heruka</a> and <a href="/facts/Tara_(Mahavidya)/DHL9Tb67">Tara</a> indicate that <a href="/facts/Vajrayana/pDIn4wcG">Vajrayana</a> <a href="/facts/Buddhism/G0wsjrSl">Buddhism</a> was also practised here. Images of <a href="/facts/Hindu_deities/Yu15FnJd">Hindu deities</a> such as <a href="/facts/Shiva/SaHL5XBS">Shiva</a> and <a href="/facts/Brahma/gmJ5YDk0">Brahma</a> were also found at the site, while a <a href="/facts/Jain_temple/jK1QjEjR">Jain temple</a> was located very close to the <a href="/facts/Dhamek_Stupa/Do104DaD">Dhamek Stupa</a>.
Buddhism further expanded in India during the <a href="/facts/Gupta_Empire/KbMVInGv">Gupta</a> (4th to 6th centuries) period. <a href="/facts/Faxian/taw3PM3R">Faxian</a> was a Chinese Buddhist monk who travelled extensively throughout northern India from 400–411 CE. In his description of Sarnath, he mentioned seeing four large towers and two <a href="/facts/Vih%25C4%2581ra/57LSUwHI">viharas</a> with monks residing in them.

<h3>6th century – 8th century</h3>
The influence of Buddhism continued to grow during the <a href="/facts/Later_Gupta_dynasty/7IcobbN4">Later Gupta</a> (6th–8th centuries). When <a href="/facts/Xuanzang/pDWa56Fr">Xuanzang</a> visited Sarnath around 640 CE, he reported seeing hundreds of small shrines and votive stupas, and a vihara some 61 metres (200 feet) in height containing a large statue of the Buddha.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> Xuanzang also wrote that "There are about 1500 priests here, who study the <a href="/facts/Hinayana/ygadVA8b">Little Vehicle</a> according to <a href="/facts/Pudgalavada/D33dfkEf">the Sammatiya school</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> In his writings, Xuanzang mentioned a <a href="/facts/Pillars_of_Ashoka/RQlwfJwn">pillar constructed by Ashoka</a> near a stupa that marked the location where the Buddha set <a href="/facts/Dharmachakra/QBU3bATK">the wheel of the law</a> in motion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>

<h3>8th century – 12th century</h3>
During the <a href="/facts/Pala_Empire/Ao08ABYb">Pala</a> (8th–11th centuries) period, the rulers built new <a href="/facts/Mahavihara/nnJUGCJP">mahaviharas</a> such as <a href="/facts/Odantapuri/jyIjRG91">Odantapuri</a>, <a href="/facts/Somapura_Mahavihara/qGPGB9lp">Somapura</a>, <a href="/facts/Jagaddala_Mahavihara/83B4MN1y">Jagaddala</a>, and <a href="/facts/Vikramashila/q9Wxpb7f">Vikramashila</a> and patronised existing ones such as <a href="/facts/Nalanda/ATdoGwUE">Nalanda</a> and Sarnath. During this time, Buddhist pilgrims and monks from all over Asia travelled to Sarnath to meditate and study. The Palas were the last major Buddhist dynasty to rule in the Indian subcontinent. They were replaced by the <a href="/facts/Gahadavala_dynasty/2S9fkTIg">Gahadavala dynasty</a>, whose capital was located at Varanasi.
Although the Gahadavala kings were Hindu, they were tolerant of Buddhism. Inscriptions unearthed at Sarnath in the early 20th century indicate that some of the monasteries there enjoyed royal patronage from the Gahadavala rulers. For example, in a mid-12th-century inscription attributed to Queen Kumaradevi (consort of <a href="/facts/Govindachandra_(Gahadavala_dynasty)/bwkbI6ez">King Govindachandra</a>) and member of the <a href="/facts/Pithipatis_of_Bodh_Gaya/yWC49k2G">Pithipati dynasty of Bodh Gaya</a>. She takes credit for the construction or restoration of a <a href="/facts/Vih%25C4%2581ra/57LSUwHI">living quarters for monks</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> 
It is widely asserted that the structure referred to in the Kumaradevi inscription is the Dharma Chakra Jina Vihar, but the evidence for this is inconclusive. Whatever the case, it is likely to be among the last structures to be built at Sarnath prior to its destruction in 1194.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> The inscription, excavated at Sarnath in March 1908,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> is currently maintained at the <a href="/facts/Sarnath_Museum/4AoFCGPG">Sarnath Archeological Museum</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>

<h3>Late 12th century: the destruction of Sarnath</h3>
Along with Sarnath, the most important Buddhist <a href="/facts/Mahavihara/nnJUGCJP">mahaviharas</a> in India were <a href="/facts/Vikramashila/q9Wxpb7f">Vikramashila</a>, <a href="/facts/Odantapuri/jyIjRG91">Odantapuri</a>, and <a href="/facts/Nalanda/ATdoGwUE">Nalanda</a>, all located in present-day <a href="/facts/Bihar/T5Ga9JF8">Bihar</a>. All four of these centres of learning continued to thrive throughout the 12th century, probably because of the protection, support and tolerance demonstrated by the Pala and Gahadavala rulers. For example, the Kumaradevi inscription mentions that King Govindachandra had protected Varanasi from invasions by the <a href="/facts/Ghaznavids/SvV50a1J">Ghaznavids</a> which the inscription refers to as Turushkas<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> in the early to mid-12th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> Apart from <a href="/facts/North_India/tIUqMm15">North India</a>, Buddhism <a href="/facts/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent/o5WFzGmG">had been declining</a> throughout the Indian subcontinent and had virtually disappeared by the 11th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>
<a href="/facts/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent/mrsWQt0d">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> in the late 12th century brought massive plunder and destruction to northern India. Most notable among these were the <a href="/facts/Indian_campaigns_of_Muhammad_of_Ghor/veNqsXV7">Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor</a>, the <a href="/facts/Ghurid_dynasty/R0qD2Fdq">Ghurid dynasty</a> ruler from <a href="/facts/Ghazni/6Wmw2DPd">Ghazni</a>, which is in present-day Afghanistan. <a href="/facts/Qutb_ud-Din_Aibak/yma1HW0G">Qutb ud-Din Aibak</a> — the commander of <a href="/facts/Muhammad_of_Ghor/ID7GsFkz">Muhammad of Ghor</a>'s army — led his men from Ghazni to Varanasi and Sarnath in 1194 CE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> <a href="/facts/Jayachandra/4UKKnGl8">Jayachandra</a> (c. 1170–1194 CE) was the reigning <a href="/facts/Gahadavala_dynasty/2S9fkTIg">Gahadavala dynasty</a> king at that time and was killed during the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Chandawar/dFSfNIvz">Battle of Chandawar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> Virtually everything of value in Varanasi and Sarnath was destroyed or plundered. 
Qutbuddin Aibek reportedly carted away some 1400 camel loads of treasure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> According to the 13th-century Persian historian <a href="/facts/Hasan_Nizami/Blh6q5j6">Hasan Nizami</a>, "nearly 1000 temples were destroyed and mosques were raised on their foundations, the <a href="/facts/Rai_(title)/kINbrcu6">Rais</a> and chiefs of Hind came forward to proffer their allegiance [to the Ghurids]".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>
While Qutbuddin Aibek destroyed Sarnath, it was the troops of <a href="/facts/Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji/ydCJYKFV">Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji</a>—another of Muhammad of Ghor's slave generals—that continued to destroy sites sacred to Buddhists. They destroyed Vikramashila in 1193, Odantapuri in 1197, and Nalanda in 1200.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> The Buddhists who survived in northern India fled to <a href="/facts/Nepal/yWCzTBR2">Nepal</a>, <a href="/facts/Sikkim/x89Pn6xf">Sikkim</a>, <a href="/facts/Tibet/NQChzGo9">Tibet</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> or <a href="/facts/South_India/XqkE3NdU">South India</a>. By the end of the 12th century, Buddhist monastic centers and their vast libraries had nearly disappeared from the Indian subcontinent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>
However, according to some scholars, fresh re-assesments of evidence from archaeology<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> in addition to historical records<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> have disputed this view of Muslim invasions as the major cause of the decline of Buddhism in India or the destruction of such Buddhist sites as Sarnath — arguing, instead, "that <a href="/facts/Brahmin/V3qxzHAP">Brahmanical</a> hostility toward Buddhists resulted in the destruction of Sarnath and other sites".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> According to archaeologist <a href="/facts/Giovanni_Verardi/INFAT5d2">Giovanni Verardi</a>: "Contrary to what is usually believed, the great monasteries of Gangetic India, from Sarnath to Vikramaśīla, from Odantapurī to Nālandā, were not destroyed by the Muslims, but appropriated and transformed by the Brahmans with only the occasional intervention of the Muslim forces".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> According to Verardi, "orthodox" Brahmins — who had been gaining in power and influence during the <a href="/facts/Gahadavala_dynasty/2S9fkTIg">Gahadavala</a> and <a href="/facts/Sena_dynasty/eAfpuDA4">Sena</a> dynasties, the <a href="/facts/Sena-Gahadavala_Conflicts/daauf0xl">rival</a> Hindu-revivalist dynasties of northern/eastern India — "accepted Muslim rule in exchange for the extirpation of Buddhism and the repression of the social sectors in revolt."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> Archaeologist Federica Barba writes that the Gahadavalas built large <a href="/facts/Hindu_temple/BvAAj7Yn">Hindu temples</a> in traditional Buddhist sites such as Sarnath, and converted Buddhist shrines into Brahmanical ones: Evidence indicates that Buddhists had been expelled from Sarnath during the mid 12th-century, under the Gahadavala rule, and it already was in the process of being converted to a large <a href="/facts/Shaivism/aVXXNj6v">Shiva temple</a> compound before Muslim invaders arrived.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a>

<h3>18th century: rediscovery and looting</h3>
Very few Buddhists remained in India after their <a href="/facts/Persecution_of_Buddhists/fdzFX6Ik">persecution and expulsion</a> at the end of the 12th century by the Ghurids. Buddhists from Tibet, Burma, and Southeast Asia continued to make pilgrimages to South Asia from the 13th to the 17th centuries, but their most common destination was <a href="/facts/Bodh_Gaya/940DyT3t">Bodh Gaya</a> and not Sarnath.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> Sarnath continued to be a place of pilgrimage for Jains, however. A 17th-century <a href="/facts/Jain_literature/gw4tubm3">Jain manuscript</a> written in 1612 CE (the <a href="/facts/Vividha_Tirtha_Kalpa/Lz1WmH88">Tirthakalpa</a>, by Jinaprabha Suri) describes a Jain temple in Varanasi as being located close to "a famous Bodisattva sanctuary" at a place called dharmeksā. This Sanskrit word translates to "pondering of the law", and clearly refers to the Dhamek Stupa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a>
India experienced an increase in visitation by European people in the late 18th century. In 1778, <a href="/facts/William_Hodges/lvBqXtKu">William Hodges</a> became possibly the first British <a href="/facts/Landscape_painting/NMp0Yono">landscape painter</a> to visit India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> While there, he made careful observations of the art and architecture he encountered. He published an illustrated book about his travels in India in 1794. In his book, he described mosques and other Islamic architecture, Hindu temples, and <a href="/facts/Classical_order/ymRMawpq">Greek-inspired columns</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> Hodges also briefly described the <a href="/facts/Dhamek_Stupa/Do104DaD">Dhamek Stupa</a>, although he mistook it to be a ruined Hindu temple.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a>
In what is the first incontrovertible modern reference to the ruins at Sarnath, <a href="/facts/Jonathan_Duncan_(Governor_of_Bombay)/qNSgcjIG">Jonathan Duncan</a> (a charter member of the <a href="/facts/The_Asiatic_Society/J3k2MWAz">Asiatic Society</a> and later <a href="/facts/List_of_governors_of_Bombay_Presidency/TlglH2W7">Governor of Bombay</a>) described the discovery of a green marble <a href="/facts/Reliquary/pbeWyJYF">reliquary</a> encased in a sandstone box in the relic chamber of a brick stupa at that location. The reliquary was discovered in January 1794, during the dismantling of a stupa (referred to by <a href="/facts/Alexander_Cunningham/x3xfJWLJ">Alexander Cunningham</a> as stupa "K" or the "Jagat Singh stupa",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> later identified as the Dharmarajika Stupa)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> by employees of <a href="/facts/Zamindar/66zChwor">Zamindar</a> Jagat Singh (the <a href="/facts/Dewan/YYNDXoRc">dewan</a> of <a href="/facts/Maharaja_Chait_Singh/LB77H3Hk">Maharaja Chait Singh</a>, the <a href="/facts/Narayan_dynasty/Le5Mw9F1">Raja of Benares</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> Duncan published his observations in 1799.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> 
The reliquary contained a few bones and some pearls, which were subsequently thrown into the <a href="/facts/Ganges/q0IGurvB">Ganges river</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> The reliquary itself has also disappeared, although the outer sandstone box was replaced in the relic chamber, where it was rediscovered by Cunningham in 1835.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> The bricks of the stupa were hauled off and used for the construction of the market in Jagatganj, Varanasi.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> Jagat Singh and his crew also removed a large part of the facing of the Dhamek Stupa, and removed several Buddha statues which he retained at his house in Jagatganj.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a>

<h3>19th century: more looting and early archeological excavations</h3>
The next modern description of Sarnath was by <a href="/facts/Francis_Buchanan-Hamilton/9BVLrEfL">Francis Buchanan-Hamilton</a>, who visited the site around 1813. He drew a crude map of the site—which he called Buddha Kashi—at that time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> <a href="/facts/Colin_Mackenzie/xHJ7qRsp">Colin Mackenzie</a> was an officer in the <a href="/facts/East_India_Company/jpfw533d">British East India Company</a> who later became the first <a href="/facts/Surveyor_General_of_India/XV2ckJBN">Surveyor General of India</a>. Visiting Sarnath in 1815, he was the first to describe a dedicated exploration of the ruins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> Throughout the early 19th century, amateur archeologists explored and excavated at Sarnath, removing antiquities, and several artists drew sketches of the site (especially of the Dhamek Stupa).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a>
In 1835–1836, a 21-year-old British Army engineer with the <a href="/facts/Bengal_Engineer_Group/4UfKsEeD">Bengal Engineer Group</a> named <a href="/facts/Alexander_Cunningham/x3xfJWLJ">Alexander Cunningham</a> conducted the first systematic archaeological excavations at Sarnath.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> He had carefully studied the writings of <a href="/facts/Faxian/taw3PM3R">Faxian</a> and <a href="/facts/Xuanzang/pDWa56Fr">Xuanzang</a>, two Chinese Buddhist monks who travelled extensively throughout northern India in the early 5th and early 7th centuries, respectively. Based on their writings and those of Duncan, he conducted some careful measurements and excavations at Sarnath in 1835–1836. During the course of these excavations, Cunningham discovered and removed many statues from monastery "L" and temple "M", as well as the sandstone box reported by Duncan from the Dharmarajika Stupa. He presented these items to the <a href="/facts/The_Asiatic_Society/J3k2MWAz">Asiatic Society of Bengal</a>, and they are now located in the <a href="/facts/Indian_Museum%2c_Kolkata/Dy6E9a4J">Indian Museum in Kolkata</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> By 1836, Cunningham had conclusively identified Sarnath as the location of <a href="/facts/Dhammacakkappavattana_Sutta/qVoBSxjR">the Buddha's first sermon</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> In 1861, Cunningham became the founder and first Director-General of the <a href="/facts/Archaeological_Survey_of_India/aVeou2RT">Archaeological Survey of India</a>.
In 1851–1852, Markham Kittoe (1808–1853) conducted further excavations at Sarnath. Kittoe noted the presence of four stupas at Sarnath and excavated a structure he described as a hospital, which was located roughly midway between the Dhamek and Jagat Singh stupas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> He also recovered a seated Buddha statue from Jagat Singh's house and transcribed its inscription.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> In his writings, Kittoe speculated that Sarnath was destroyed as a result of a great fire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a>
Sometime in the mid-19th century, Sarnath was subjected to further depredations, as 48 statues and a tremendous amount of bricks and stones were removed from the historic site to be used in the construction of two bridges over the <a href="/facts/Varuna_River/SUa7BcDX">Varuna River</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> A final instance of despoilation occurred around 1898, when many bricks and stones were removed from Sarnath and used as ballast for a narrow-gauge railway that was under construction at that time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a>

<h3>20th century: extensive excavations and restoration</h3>

<a href="/facts/F._O._Oertel/YAcb8yNq">Friedrich Oertel</a> conducted extensive excavations in 1904-1905. His team focused on the area near stupa "J" (the <a href="/facts/Dhamek_Stupa/Do104DaD">Dhamek Stupa</a>), stupa "K" ("Jagat Singh stupa", now known as the Dharmarajika Stupa), monastery "L", temple "M", hospital "N", monastery "O", and the <a href="/facts/Pillars_of_Ashoka/RQlwfJwn">Ashokan pillar</a>. In March 1905, the team exhumed parts of the base and shaft of the pillar with its Schism <a href="/facts/Edicts_of_Ashoka/sVdwz3Tm">Edict</a>, <a href="/facts/Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka/bh48uIIe">lion capital</a>, and remnants of the <a href="/facts/Dharmachakra/QBU3bATK">dharmachakra</a> sculpture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> Dating to c. 241-233 BCE,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> these are the oldest and most important relics discovered at Sarnath thus far.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> <a href="/facts/J._Ph._Vogel/xcsB1fyR">J. Ph. Vogel</a> translated the inscription—which was written in the <a href="/facts/Brahmi_script/Bflxwzu6">Brahmi</a> of the <a href="/facts/Maurya_Empire/STQagR1r">Maurya period</a>-and tentatively dated it to 249 BCE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a>

<h2 id="present-day">Present day</h2>
According to the <a href="/facts/Mah%25C4%2581parinibb%25C4%2581%25E1%25B9%2587a_Sutta/wj7JTU1Y">Mahaparinibbana Sutta</a> (<a href="/facts/Sutra/2fuurf3z">Sutta</a> 16 of the <a href="/facts/D%25C4%25ABgha_Nik%25C4%2581ya/bRchKkj1">Digha Nikaya</a>), the Buddha mentioned Sarnath as one of the <a href="/facts/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites/9z1SFh8a">four places of pilgrimage</a> his devout followers should visit and look upon with <a href="/facts/Sa%25E1%25B9%2583vega/5QnkRTvz">feelings of reverence</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> During the British East India's <a href="/facts/Company_rule_in_India/Y4EqFHr0">colonial rule</a>, ancient sites such as Sarnath were subjected to extensive archaeological study. Certain levels of restoration occurred decades later.
Consequently, Sarnath has regained its former status as a place of pilgrimage, both for Buddhists and <a href="/facts/Tirtha_(Jainism)/eP0h5Cz0">Jains</a>. In 1998, Sarnath was <a href="/facts/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_India/CSNkP1AB">nominated for inclusion</a> on the <a href="/facts/UNESCO/QSbkRv3o">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</a> (UNESCO) list of <a href="/facts/World_Heritage_Site/6AbWWKV4">World Heritage Sites</a> of outstanding universal value to <a href="/facts/Cultural_heritage/rGqpLGgk">cultural heritage</a>. The nomination comprises two groups of monuments: group "A" is represented by the <a href="/facts/Chaukhandi_Stupa/hkanEnpX">Chaukhandi Stupa</a>, while all other monuments (e.g., temples, stupas, monasteries, and the pillar of Ashoka) are included as part of group "B".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a> 
The sites of the greatest importance to Buddhist pilgrims include:

<ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Dhamek_Stupa/Do104DaD">Dhamek Stupa</a> is considered to mark the location of the Buddha's first teaching. Scholars believe that the name of the stupa might be a combination of the words 'Dharma Chakra', which means Turning the Wheel of Dharma.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> A reliquary stupa was built on the site after the Buddha's passing, and then likely modified by Ashoka who in 249 BCE was recorded as changing the stupa<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> while he was gathering and redistributing the Buddha's relics. Its inner chambers had held reliquaries. It is an impressive structure, 39 metres (128 feet) high and 28 metres (92 feet) in diameter.</li>
<li>The Dharmarajika Stupa is one of the few pre-Ashokan stupas remaining at Sarnath, although only the foundations remain. It has been the subject of extensive depredations and archaeological excavations, from the late 18th through the early 20th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a></li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Pillars_of_Ashoka/RQlwfJwn">Ashokan pillar</a> erected here was broken during the invasions of the 12th century but many of the pieces remain at the original location. The pillar was originally surmounted by the <a href="/facts/Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka/bh48uIIe">Lion Capital of Ashoka</a>, which in turn served as the base of a large 32-spoke sandstone <a href="/facts/Dharmachakra/QBU3bATK">wheel of dharma</a>. The lion capital and the wheel of dharma, presently on display at the <a href="/facts/Sarnath_Museum/4AoFCGPG">Sarnath Archeological Museum</a>, now symbolize the modern state of India. Both of these appear on the emblem of the <a href="/facts/Supreme_Court_of_India/GfYduSqA">Supreme Court of India</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> and the wheel of dharma is incorporated in the <a href="/facts/Flag_of_India/8UVdNp3p">flag of India</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a></li>
<li>The ruins of the ancient Mulagandha Kuty Vihara mark the place where the Buddha spent his first rainy season. This was the main temple later marked by the presence of the Ashokan pillar at the front. The fifth-century CE sandstone sculpture of <a href="/facts/Buddha_Preaching_his_First_Sermon_(Sarnath)/KCN6qcBh">Buddha Preaching his First Sermon</a> was found in the vicinity. The contemporary Mulagandha Kuty Vihara, dating from the 1930s, currently holds the bone relics of the Buddha.</li>
<li>The Dharma Chakra Jina Vihar, a massive monastery and <a href="/facts/Vih%25C4%2581ra/57LSUwHI">living quarters for monks</a> believed to have been constructed or restored in the mid-12th century at the behest of Kumaradevi, a wife of <a href="/facts/Govindachandra_(Gahadavala_dynasty)/bwkbI6ez">Govindachandra</a> (c. 1114–1155 CE).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a></li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Chaukhandi_Stupa/hkanEnpX">Chaukhandi Stupa</a>, located 800 metres (1⁄2 mile) outside of Deer Park, commemorates the place where the Buddha reunited his first five disciples <a href="/facts/Kaundinya/fdAIkGNS">Kaundinya</a>, <a href="/facts/Assaji/eUPf2Ekq">Assaji</a>, Bhaddiya, Vappa, and Mahanama. It is capped with an octagonal brick tower that was erected as a memorial to <a href="/facts/Humayun/TXGGTH7S">Emperor Humayun</a> by his son <a href="/facts/Akbar/e92T534P">Akbar</a> in 1588 CE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a></li>
<li>The Sarnath Archeological Museum houses the famous Lion Capital of Ashoka, which survived a 14-metre (45 ft) drop to the ground from the top of the Ashokan pillar, and became the <a href="/facts/State_Emblem_of_India/mxXSVVtW">State Emblem of India</a> and national symbol on the flag of India. The museum also houses the original fifth-century CE sandstone sculpture of <a href="/facts/Buddha_Preaching_his_First_Sermon_(Sarnath)/KCN6qcBh">Buddha Preaching his First Sermon</a>, as well as the Kumaradevi inscription.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="modern-places-of-worship">Modern places of worship</h2>

In addition to the archaeological ruins, there are a number of other pilgrimage sites and places of worship in Sarnath. Among these are included:

<ul><li>The modern <a href="/facts/Maha_Bodhi_Society/qwEdMExt">Mulagandha Kuty Vihara</a> is a temple constructed by the <a href="/facts/Maha_Bodhi_Society/qwEdMExt">Maha Bodhi Society</a>; it was opened to the public in 1931. Wealthy Hawaiian philanthropist and benefactor <a href="/facts/Mary_Robinson_Foster/SYoE9H8C">Mary Robinson Foster</a> provided much of the financial support for this project, while <a href="/facts/Anag%25C4%2581rika/vx0DYMnR">Anagarika</a> <a href="/facts/Anagarika_Dharmapala/u4rcCBuB">Dharmapala</a> supervised its construction. Dharmapala was a <a href="/facts/Sri_Lanka/VtTBmysE">Sri Lankan</a> Buddhist monk who was instrumental in the <a href="/facts/History_of_Buddhism_in_India/0Gfu4Cf5">revival of Buddhism in India</a> after it had been virtually extinct in that country for seven centuries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> The temple contains a gilded replica of a 5th-century CE sculpture of <a href="/facts/Buddha_Preaching_his_First_Sermon_(Sarnath)/KCN6qcBh">Buddha Preaching his First Sermon</a>. Its interior walls are extensively decorated with <a href="/facts/Fresco/oj49kcQa">frescoes</a> by Japanese artist Kosetsu Nosu (1885-1973), depicting important events in the life of the Buddha.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a></li>
<li>Anagarika Dharmapala Museum & offices of the Maha Bodhi Society, located on Dharmapala Road, just south of the modern Mulagandha Kuty Vihara</li>
<li>A standing Buddha statue, 24.3 m (79 ft 9 in) in height, inspired by the <a href="/facts/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan/GJxfWhqS">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a> is located on the grounds of the Thai temple and monastery at Sarnath.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a> Construction began in 1997, and the statue was finally unveiled in 2011.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a></li>
<li>A number of countries and regions in which Buddhism is a major religion (such as Cambodia, China, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tibet, and Vietnam) have established temples and monasteries in Sarnath in the style that is typical for their respective cultures, so visitors can gain insight into Buddhism from the perspectives of many different cultures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a></li>
<li>A <a href="/facts/Bodhi_Tree/M3KdTS8D">bodhi tree</a> planted by Anagarika Dharmapala which has grown from a cutting of <a href="/facts/Mahabodhi_Temple/ApsGxxdE">the one at Bodh Gaya</a></li>
<li>Padmasambhava Buddhist Center: Padma Samye Chokhor Ling Monastery, Orgyen Samye Chokhor Ling Nunnery, <a href="/facts/Khenchen_Palden_Sherab_Rinpoche/Wo3S6YSr">Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche</a> Stupa</li>
<li>Vajra Vidya Institute for Higher Buddhist Studies</li>
<li>Garden of Spiritual Wisdom, located on the grounds of the <a href="/facts/Chaukhandi_Stupa/hkanEnpX">Chaukhandi Stupa</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="as-a-jain-pilgrimage-site">As a Jain pilgrimage site</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Sarnath_Jain_Tirth/RexXKgja">Sarnath Jain Tirth</a>

Singhpur (Simhapuri), a village approximately 1.7 kilometres (1 mile) northwest of Sarnath,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> is believed to be the birthplace of <a href="/facts/Shreyansanatha/pvCvfojo">Shreyansanatha</a>, the 11th <a href="/facts/Tirthankara/cf8K8DIL">tirthankara</a> of <a href="/facts/Jainism/h0glxhjH">Jainism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a> It is also the place where four of the <a href="/facts/Panch_Kalyanaka/0IpWSpnv">five auspicious life events</a> of Shreyansanatha took place. According to <a href="/facts/Jain_cosmology/BWuCqLQG">Jain cosmology</a>, the fifth auspicious life event is the attainment of <a href="/facts/Moksha_(Jainism)/UKSF1T36">moksha</a>. Shreyansanatha was among the twenty Jain tirthankaras who attained moksha in <a href="/facts/Shikharji/fxjyeH64">Sametshikhar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a>
Sarnath has been an important <a href="/facts/Tirtha_(Jainism)/eP0h5Cz0">pilgrimage site for Jains</a> for centuries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a> A 17th-century <a href="/facts/Jainism/h0glxhjH">Jain</a> manuscript describes a Jain temple in Varanasi as being located close to "a famous Bodisattva sanctuary" at a place called dharmeksā. This Sanskrit word translates to "pondering of the law", and clearly refers to the Dhamek Stupa. The current edifice—<a href="/facts/Sarnath_Jain_Tirth/RexXKgja">Sarnath Jain Tirth</a> (also known as the Shri Digamber Jain Temple or Shreyanshnath Jain Temple)—was constructed in 1824.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a> Located only about 70 metres (230 feet) southwest of the Dhamek Stupa, this temple is dedicated to Shreyansanatha.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a> The main deity of this temple is a blue-coloured statue of Shreyansanatha, 75 centimetres (30 inches) in height, in the <a href="/facts/Lotus_position/RwXjoVgT">lotus position</a>.

<h2 id="other-tourist-attractions">Other tourist attractions</h2>
Tourist attractions unrelated to Buddhism and spirituality in Sarnath include the Sarnath Deer Park and Fish Canal, and the Sarnath Turtle Breeding and Rehabilitation Centre.

Tourist arrival in Sarnath<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Year</th><th scope="col">International</th><th scope="col">Domestic</th><th scope="col">Total</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">2013</th><td>362,113</td><td>838,566</td><td>1,200,679</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2014</th><td>374,268</td><td>899,457</td><td>1,273,725</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2015</th><td>388,102</td><td>924,552</td><td>1,312,654</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2016</th><td>409,242</td><td>957,320</td><td>1,366,562</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2017</th><td>430,682</td><td>1,024,589</td><td>1,455,271</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2018</th><td>435,752</td><td>1,070,035</td><td>1,505,787</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2019</th><td>336,136</td><td>1,132,615</td><td>1,468,751</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="in-english-literature">In English literature</h2>
In her 1832 poetical illustration Sarnat, a Boodh Monument., to a picture by <a href="/facts/Samuel_Prout/7pmgEJcN">Samuel Prout</a>, <a href="/facts/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon/E7YnKENC">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a> compared the four major religions of the world and mentioned the persecution and subsequent expulsion of the Buddhists from India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a>
Sarnath is one of the locations of <a href="/facts/Rudyard_Kipling/jmHXpRzn">Rudyard Kipling's</a> 1901 novel <a href="/facts/Kim_(novel)/yFmxagf9">Kim</a>. Teshoo Lama stays at the "<a href="/facts/Sarnath_Jain_Tirth/RexXKgja">Temple of the Tirthankhers</a>" in Sarnath when not on his pilgrimages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a>
"<a href="/facts/The_Nameless_City/11Phn9GF">The Nameless City</a>" is a fictional <a href="/facts/Short_story/KU6X7XWI">short story</a> published in 1921 by <a href="/facts/H._P._Lovecraft/hUATuFcN">H. P. Lovecraft</a>. When the narrator of this story sees the ruins of the Nameless City, he "thought of Sarnath the Doomed, that stood in the land of Mnar when mankind was young, and of Ib, that was carven of grey stone before mankind existed."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a> Lovecraft had previously described the fictional city of Sarnath in his 1920 story "<a href="/facts/The_Doom_That_Came_to_Sarnath/5TUvF8kD">The Doom That Came to Sarnath</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a>

<h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2>

<h2 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h2>

<h2 id="cited-works">Cited works</h2>
<ul><li>Asher, Frederick M. (2020). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ">Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began</a>. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1606066164.</li>
<li>Auer, Blain; Strauch, Ingo (19 August 2019). Encountering Buddhism and Islam in Premodern Central and South Asia. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-11-062986-6.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Satish_Chandra_(historian)/KMEtyv9d">Chandra, Satish</a> (2007). <a href="https://www.magadhuniversity.ac.in/download/econtent/pdf/Satish%20Chandra%20-%20History%20of%20Medieval%20India%20(2018,%20Orient%20Blackswan)%20-%20libgen.lc.pdf">History of Medieval India: 800-1700</a> (PDF). Hyderabad: Orient BlackSwan. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-9352874576.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Alexander_Cunningham/x3xfJWLJ">Cunningham, Alexander</a> (1871). <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94077/page/n225/mode/2up">"Banaras Sarnath"</a>. Four reports made during the years 1862-63-64-65. Vol. 1. Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India: <a href="/facts/Archaeological_Survey_of_India/aVeou2RT">Archaeological Survey of India</a>. pp. 103–130.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jonathan_Duncan_(Governor_of_Bombay)/qNSgcjIG">Duncan, Johnathan</a> (1799). <a href="https://archive.org/details/asiaticresearche05asia/page/130/mode/2up">"An Account of the Discovery of Two Urns in the Vicinity of Benares"</a>. <a href="/facts/The_Asiatic_Society/J3k2MWAz">Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for enquiring into the History and Antiquities, the Arts, Sciences and Literature, of Asia</a>. 5: 131–3.</li>
<li>Elliott, Mark; Diemberger, Hildegard; Clemente, Michela (2014). <a href="https://iris.uniroma1.it/retrieve/handle/11573/1441437/1900167/Clemente_Buddhas-word_2014.pdf">Buddha's Word: The Life of Books in Tibet and Beyond</a> (PDF). Cambridge, England: Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0947595203.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/JAINA/J6dvQTL9">Federation of Jain Associations in North America</a> (2021). <a href="https://jainelibrary.org/jab/jabfiles/00_JAB_Manual_2021.pdf">Compendium of Jainism</a> (PDF) (4th ed.). Carson, California: Jain Education International. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1594060663.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Mohammad_Habib/hdvV54tA">Habib, Mohammad</a> (1981). <a href="/facts/K._A._Nizami/lWoLNr0d">Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad</a> (ed.). <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99172/page/n145/mode/2up">Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib</a>. Vol. 2. New Delhi: People's Publishing House.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/William_Hodges/lvBqXtKu">Hodges, William</a> (1794). <a href="https://archive.org/details/travelsinindiad00hodggoog/page/n85/mode/2up">"Chaper IV: Description of Benares"</a>. Travels in India, during the years 1780, 1781, 1782, and 1783. London: printed for the author, and sold by J. Edwards.</li>
<li>Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008). Historical Dictionary of Medieval India. Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras. Vol. 20. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0810855038.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Rudyard_Kipling/jmHXpRzn">Kipling, Rudyard</a> (1902). <a href="https://archive.org/details/kim00kipl_2/page/266/mode/2up">Kim</a> (1st ed.). London: MacMillan & Company.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Sten_Konow/s3I184pS">Konow, Sten</a> (1908). <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48794/page/n431/mode/2up">"Sarnath Inscription of Kumaradevi"</a>. Epigraphica Indica. 9 (51): 319–28.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon/E7YnKENC">Landon, Letitia Elizabeth</a> (1832). <a href="https://digital.tcl.sc.edu/digital/collection/annuals/id/9595/rec/1">Fisher's drawing room scrap-book; with poetical illustrations by L.E.L, 1833</a>. London: Fisher, Son, and Jackson.</li>
<li>Li, Hwui (1914). <a href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofhiuentsian030569mbp/page/n151/mode/2up">The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang</a>. Vol. Book III. Translated by <a href="/facts/Samuel_Beal/h2Pk4KCM">Beal, Samuel</a> (2nd ed.). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/H._P._Lovecraft/hUATuFcN">Lovecraft, Howard Phillips</a> (2011). <a href="https://archive.org/details/TheCompleteWorksOfH.P.Lovecraft/page/n91/mode/2up">The Complete Works Of H. P. Lovecraft</a>.</li>
<li>Mani, B. R. (2012). <a href="https://archive.org/details/sarnatharchaeolo00mani/page/60/mode/2up">Sarnath: Archaeology, Art and Architecture</a>. New Delhi: <a href="/facts/Archaeological_Survey_of_India/aVeou2RT">Archaeological Survey of India</a>.</li>
<li>Meston, James (1915). <a href="https://archive.org/details/hutchinsonsstory00londuoft/page/169/mode/1up">"India"</a>. Hutchinson's Story of the Nations. London: Hutchison & Co. pp. 123–222.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Hajime_Nakamura/umjVVQ4w">Nakamura, Hajime</a> (2001). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nt8QAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Ceylonese%20monk%22">Gotama Buddha: A Biography Based on the Most Reliable Texts</a>. Vol. 1. Translated by Sekimori, Gaynor (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Company. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-4333018932.</li>
<li>Niyogi, Roma (1959). <a href="https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/history-gahadavala-dynasty">The History of the Gāhadavāla Dynasty</a>. Kolkata: Calcutta Oriental Book Agency.</li>
<li>Nosu, Kosetsu (1939). <a href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofbuddhainfr00nosu/page/n35/mode/2up">Life of Buddha in Frescoes: Mulagandhakuti Vihara, Sarnath</a>. Kolkata: <a href="/facts/Maha_Bodhi_Society/qwEdMExt">Maha Bodhi Society</a>. Retrieved 1 January 2023.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/F._O._Oertel/YAcb8yNq">Oertel, Friedrich Oscar</a> (1908). <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up">"Excavations at Sarnath"</a>. Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104.</li>
<li>Phuoc, Le Huu (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA38">Buddhist Architecture</a>. Lakeville, Minnesota: Grafikol. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0984404308.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Himanshu_Prabha_Ray/Us9kqQY7">Ray, Himanshu Prabha</a> (2014). The Return of the Buddha: Ancient Symbols for a New Nation (1st ed.). New Delhi: Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0415711159.</li>
<li>Sadan, Jha (2016). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-lswCwAAQBAJ&dq=sarnath+dharma+chakra+was+broken+into+pieces&pg=PA177">Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag</a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1107118874.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Daya_Ram_Sahni/YkVyTjKq">Sahni, Daya Ram</a> (1914). <a href="https://www.indianculture.gov.in/system/files/digitalFilesICWeb/ICrarebooks/igncarepository/254/ignca-839-rb.pdf">Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath</a> (PDF). Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Daya_Ram_Sahni/YkVyTjKq">Sahni, Daya Ram</a> (1917). <a href="https://www.indianculture.gov.in/flipbook/83409">Guide to the Buddhist ruins of Sarnath</a>. Calcutta: <a href="/facts/Archaeological_Survey_of_India/aVeou2RT">Archaeological Survey of India</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Sanjeev_Sanyal/YAQG5QGw">Sanyal, Sanjeev</a> (2012). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xu-O9eNmQXMC&pg=PT130">Land of the Seven Rivers: A Brief History of India's Geography</a>. Gurgaon, India: Penguin Books India Private Limited. pp. 130–1. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-8184756715.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/K._T._S._Sarao/o6Fq2D3g">Sarao, Karam Tej Singh</a> (2017). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2_100384">"Isipatana"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Jeffery_D._Long/mgx9Cj8X">Long, Jeffery D.</a> (ed.). Buddhism and Jainism. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. p. 581. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-024-0852-2_100384">10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2_100384</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-9402408515.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/H.W._Schumann/Vcr7gNQS">Schumann, Hans Wolfgang</a> (2004). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h2Qh2zzNkNkC">The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism</a>. New Delhi: <a href="/facts/Motilal_Banarsidass/y0ty0e4m">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 8120818172.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/M._A._Sherring/104swRSf">Sherring, Matthew Atmore</a> (1868). <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499299/page/n61/mode/2up">Benares: The Sacred City of the Hindus</a>. Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corporation.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Vincent_Arthur_Smith/n0aB5Xvv">Smith, Vincent Arthur</a> (1911). <a href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffineart00smit/page/374/mode/2up">A history of fine art in India and Ceylon, from the earliest times to the present day</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Giles_Tillotson/lQ8w0w1j">Tillotson, Giles Henry Rupert</a> (2000). <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Artificial-Empire-Indian-Landscapes-William-ebook/dp/B00AZ4O282?asin=B00AZ4O282&revisionId=&format=2&depth=1">The Artificial Empire: The Indian Landscapes of William Hodges</a> (1st ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames, England: Routledge. <a href="/facts/ASIN_(identifier)/twP2MtLk">ASIN</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00AZ4O282">B00AZ4O282</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Tricycle%3a_The_Buddhist_Review/81oLdQf6">Tricycle</a> (2 November 2009). <a href="https://tricycle.org/article/its-not-quite-bamiyan/">"It's not quite Bamiyan but..."</a> <a href="/facts/Tricycle%3a_The_Buddhist_Review/81oLdQf6">Tricycle: The Buddhist Review</a>. 19 (1).</li>
<li>Verardi, Giovanni (2011). Hardships and Downfall of Buddhism in India. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-7304-928-6.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/J._Ph._Vogel/xcsB1fyR">Vogel, Jean Philippe</a> (1906). <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56654/page/n213/mode/2up">"Epigraphical Discoveries at Sarnath"</a>. Epigraphica Indica. 8 (17): 166–179.</li>
<li>Wagner, Anne (2021). Marusek, Sarah (ed.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qvYvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406">Flags, Color, and the Legal Narrative: Public Memory, Identity, and Critique</a>. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3030328641.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikiquote has quotations related to Sarnath.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sarnath.

<ul><li> Sarnath travel guide from Wikivoyage</li>
<li><a href="http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/i_/isipatana.htm">Entry on Isipatana in the Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906130214/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/f/fa-hien/f15l/chapter33.html">Description of Sarnath</a> by the Chinese pilgrim monk <a href="/facts/Faxian/taw3PM3R">Faxian</a> (399-414 AC)</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080324193656/http://www.vishwakala.org/uniportal/info/index.asp">Sarnath India Art Architecture Archcelogy History Culture Study Project</a>[usurped]</li>
<li><a href="https://templeknowledge.com/about-sarnath-temple/">Sarnath Temple</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Samye Translations, "Sarnath: The First Turning of the Dharma Wheel", Nekhor: Circling the Sacred <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Maps of India, "History: The Mesmeric Deer Park of Sarnath", 16 September 2013 <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Subham Mangsingka, "Deer Park", Times of India, 11 January 2017 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">NRI Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India (2022). "About Sarnath". Sarnath. Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India: NRI Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh" target="_blank">/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Gabe Hiemstra, "Buddha Chronicle 24: Kassapa Buddhavaṃsa". Wisdom Library, 14 September 2019. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Samye Translations, "Sarnath: The First Turning of the Dharma Wheel", Nekhor: Circling the Sacred <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Samye Translations, "Sarnath: The First Turning of the Dharma Wheel", Nekhor: Circling the Sacred <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Sahni 1914, p. 2. - Sahni, Daya Ram (1914). Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath (PDF). Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. <a href="https://www.indianculture.gov.in/system/files/digitalFilesICWeb/ICrarebooks/igncarepository/254/ignca-839-rb.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.indianculture.gov.in/system/files/digitalFilesICWeb/ICrarebooks/igncarepository/254/ignca-839-rb.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"Sarnath struggles for recognition as heritage bid gathers dust", The Times of India, 19 April 2024 <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">BuddhaNet (2008). "The First Five Monks". Life of the Buddha. Tullera, NSW, Australia: Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023. <a href="https://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/lifebuddha/18lbud.htm" target="_blank">https://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/lifebuddha/18lbud.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Samye Translations, "Sarnath: The First Turning of the Dharma Wheel", Nekhor: Circling the Sacred <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Gabe Hiemstra, "Buddha Chronicle 24: Kassapa Buddhavaṃsa". Wisdom Library, 14 September 2019. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Khenpo Sonam Tsering,The Great Pilgrimage Sites in India, 2021 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Varanasi on Line, "Sarnath" <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Maha-parinibbana Sutta: The Great Discourse on the Total Unbinding (excerpt)". Access to Insight. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. Barre, Massachusetts: Barre Center for Buddhist Studies. 1998. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023. <a href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.5-6.than.html#pilgrim" target="_blank">https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.5-6.than.html#pilgrim</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"Maha-parinibbana Sutta: Last Days of the Buddha (Part Five)". Access to Insight. Translated by Vajira, Sister; Story, Francis. Barre, Massachusetts: Barre Center for Buddhist Studies. 1998. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2023. <a href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html#chap5" target="_blank">https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html#chap5</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">NRI Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India (2022). "About Sarnath". Sarnath. Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India: NRI Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh" target="_blank">/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Schumann 2004, p. 67. - Schumann, Hans Wolfgang (2004). The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 8120818172. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h2Qh2zzNkNkC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=h2Qh2zzNkNkC</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">BuddhaNet (2008). "Buddha Tales, Volume 1". King Banyan Deer. Tullera, NSW, Australia: Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023. <a href="http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/bt1_13.htm" target="_blank">http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/bt1_13.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Sahni 1914, p. 1. - Sahni, Daya Ram (1914). Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath (PDF). Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. <a href="https://www.indianculture.gov.in/system/files/digitalFilesICWeb/ICrarebooks/igncarepository/254/ignca-839-rb.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.indianculture.gov.in/system/files/digitalFilesICWeb/ICrarebooks/igncarepository/254/ignca-839-rb.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Sarao 2017, p. 581. - Sarao, Karam Tej Singh (2017). "Isipatana". In Long, Jeffery D. (ed.). Buddhism and Jainism. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. p. 581. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2_100384. ISBN 978-9402408515. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2_100384" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2_100384</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Asher 2020, p. 1. - Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Oertel 1908, pp. 60–61. - Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Li 1914, pp. 98–100. - Li, Hwui (1914). The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang. Vol. Book III. Translated by Beal, Samuel (2nd ed.). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company. <a href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofhiuentsian030569mbp/page/n151/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/lifeofhiuentsian030569mbp/page/n151/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Asher 2020, p. 9. - Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Konow 1908, pp. 320, 327–8. - Konow, Sten (1908). "Sarnath Inscription of Kumaradevi". Epigraphica Indica. 9 (51): 319–28. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48794/page/n431/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48794/page/n431/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Asher 2020, pp. 6–8. - Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Konow 1908, p. 319. - Konow, Sten (1908). "Sarnath Inscription of Kumaradevi". Epigraphica Indica. 9 (51): 319–28. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48794/page/n431/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48794/page/n431/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Archaeological Survey of India (2013). "Accession Number: 33 (Kumaradevi inscription)". Archaeological Museum Sarnath. Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh: Archaeological Survey of India - Sarnath Circle. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023. <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" target="_blank">/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Turushka is a word for "Muslim Turkish Mercenaries".

Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1980). The Islamic dynasties : a chronological and genealogical handbook. Internet Archive. Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press. pp. 2, 197. ISBN 978-0-85224-402-9.
 <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Konow 1908, pp. 321, 327. - Konow, Sten (1908). "Sarnath Inscription of Kumaradevi". Epigraphica Indica. 9 (51): 319–28. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48794/page/n431/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48794/page/n431/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Verardi 2011. - Verardi, Giovanni (2011). Hardships and Downfall of Buddhism in India. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7304-928-6. <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Habib 1981, p. 116 Quote: "In the winter of A.D. 1194-1195 Shihabuddin once more marched into Hindustan and invaded the Doab. Rai Jai Chand moved forward to meet him and came face to face with Qutbuddin Aibek, who was leading the vanguard of the invading army.... Shihabuddin captured the treasure fort of Asni and then proceeded to Banares, where he converted about a thousand idol-temples into houses for the Musalmans". - Habib, Mohammad (1981). Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad (ed.). Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib. Vol. 2. New Delhi: People's Publishing House. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99172/page/n145/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99172/page/n145/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Chandra 2007 Quote: "In 1194, Muizzuddin returned to India. He crossed the Jamuna with 50,000 cavalry and moved towards Kanauj. A hotly contested battle between Muizzuddin and Jaichandra was fought at Chandawar near Kanauj. We are told that Jaichandra had almost carried the day when he was killed by an arrow, and his army was totally defeated. Muizzuddin now moved on to Banaras which was ravaged, a large number of temples there being destroyed". - Chandra, Satish (2007). History of Medieval India: 800-1700 (PDF). Hyderabad: Orient BlackSwan. ISBN 978-9352874576. <a href="https://www.magadhuniversity.ac.in/download/econtent/pdf/Satish%20Chandra%20-%20History%20of%20Medieval%20India%20(2018,%20Orient%20Blackswan)%20-%20libgen.lc.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.magadhuniversity.ac.in/download/econtent/pdf/Satish%20Chandra%20-%20History%20of%20Medieval%20India%20(2018,%20Orient%20Blackswan)%20-%20libgen.lc.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Khan 2008, p. 80 Quote: "Jaichandra was defeated and killed by Muhammad Ghauri at Chanwar (40 kilometers east of Agra) in 1193". - Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008). Historical Dictionary of Medieval India. Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras. Vol. 20. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810855038. <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Asher 2020, p. 11. - Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Niyogi 1959, p. 111. - Niyogi, Roma (1959). The History of the Gāhadavāla Dynasty. Kolkata: Calcutta Oriental Book Agency. <a href="https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/history-gahadavala-dynasty" target="_blank">https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/history-gahadavala-dynasty</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Meston 1915, p. 169. - Meston, James (1915). "India". Hutchinson's Story of the Nations. London: Hutchison & Co. pp. 123–222. <a href="https://archive.org/details/hutchinsonsstory00londuoft/page/169/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/hutchinsonsstory00londuoft/page/169/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Sanyal 2012, pp. 130–1. - Sanyal, Sanjeev (2012). Land of the Seven Rivers: A Brief History of India's Geography. Gurgaon, India: Penguin Books India Private Limited. pp. 130–1. ISBN 978-8184756715. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xu-O9eNmQXMC&pg=PT130" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=xu-O9eNmQXMC&pg=PT130</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">"Disappearance of Buddhism in India". Original Buddhas. Retrieved 13 December 2024. <a href="https://www.originalbuddhas.com/blog/disappearance-of-buddhism-in-india?srsltid=AfmBOooHTARObbbnOcPA-P61h2YwtrnJqEQvwgW9JCSpZOXuAUUN2-o-" target="_blank">https://www.originalbuddhas.com/blog/disappearance-of-buddhism-in-india?srsltid=AfmBOooHTARObbbnOcPA-P61h2YwtrnJqEQvwgW9JCSpZOXuAUUN2-o-</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Verardi 2011. - Verardi, Giovanni (2011). Hardships and Downfall of Buddhism in India. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7304-928-6. <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Auer & Strauch 2019. - Auer, Blain; Strauch, Ingo (19 August 2019). Encountering Buddhism and Islam in Premodern Central and South Asia. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-062986-6. <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Asher 2020, p. 11. - Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Verardi 2011. - Verardi, Giovanni (2011). Hardships and Downfall of Buddhism in India. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7304-928-6. <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Verardi 2011. - Verardi, Giovanni (2011). Hardships and Downfall of Buddhism in India. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7304-928-6. <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Barba, Federica (2011). "Appendix 2, Sarnath: A Reassessment of the Archaeological Evidence with Particular Reference to the Final Phase of the Site". In Verardi, Giovanni (ed.). Hardships and Downfall of Buddhism in India. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7304-928-6. <a href="978-81-7304-928-6" target="_blank">978-81-7304-928-6</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Asher 2020, p. 11. - Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Asher 2020, pp. 21–22. - Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Oertel 1908, p. 60. - Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Pran Nevile (3 May 2009). "India's past on canvas". The Tribune. Chandigarh: Tribune Trust. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023. <a href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090503/spectrum/main1.htm" target="_blank">https://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090503/spectrum/main1.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Hodges 1794, pp. 59–77. - Hodges, William (1794). "Chaper IV: Description of Benares". Travels in India, during the years 1780, 1781, 1782, and 1783. London: printed for the author, and sold by J. Edwards. <a href="https://archive.org/details/travelsinindiad00hodggoog/page/n85/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/travelsinindiad00hodggoog/page/n85/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Hodges 1794, p. 62 Quote: "Surrounding the city are many ruins of buildings, the effects of Mahomedan intolerance. One is a large circular edifice, having evidently been a Hindoo temple, or part of one; there are still vestiges of some of the ornaments; and on one part I found the Grecian scroll". - Hodges, William (1794). "Chaper IV: Description of Benares". Travels in India, during the years 1780, 1781, 1782, and 1783. London: printed for the author, and sold by J. Edwards. <a href="https://archive.org/details/travelsinindiad00hodggoog/page/n85/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/travelsinindiad00hodggoog/page/n85/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Ray 2014, pp. 78–79. - Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2014). The Return of the Buddha: Ancient Symbols for a New Nation (1st ed.). New Delhi: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415711159. <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Oertel 1908, p. 65. - Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Archaeological Survey of India (2014). "Dhamek Stupa". Our Monuments. Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh: Archaeological Survey of India - Sarnath Circle. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023. <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" target="_blank">/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Oertel 1908, pp. 61–62. - Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Duncan 1799, pp. 131–133. - Duncan, Johnathan (1799). "An Account of the Discovery of Two Urns in the Vicinity of Benares". Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for enquiring into the History and Antiquities, the Arts, Sciences and Literature, of Asia. 5: 131–3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/asiaticresearche05asia/page/130/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/asiaticresearche05asia/page/130/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Cunningham 1871, pp. 118–119. - Cunningham, Alexander (1871). "Banaras Sarnath". Four reports made during the years 1862-63-64-65. Vol. 1. Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India: Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 103–130. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94077/page/n225/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94077/page/n225/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Asher 2020, p. 22. - Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Sahni 1917, pp. 17–20. - Sahni, Daya Ram (1917). Guide to the Buddhist ruins of Sarnath. Calcutta: Archaeological Survey of India. <a href="https://www.indianculture.gov.in/flipbook/83409" target="_blank">https://www.indianculture.gov.in/flipbook/83409</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Oertel 1908, pp. 61–62. - Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Sherring 1868, p. 26. - Sherring, Matthew Atmore (1868). Benares: The Sacred City of the Hindus. Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corporation. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499299/page/n61/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499299/page/n61/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Oertel 1908, pp. 62–64. - Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Asher 2020, pp. 12–13. - Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Oertel 1908, pp. 61–62. - Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Asher 2020, pp. 14–15. - Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Asher 2020, p. 23. - Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Oertel 1908, pp. 61–62. - Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Cunningham 1871, pp. 103–130. - Cunningham, Alexander (1871). "Banaras Sarnath". Four reports made during the years 1862-63-64-65. Vol. 1. Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India: Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 103–130. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94077/page/n225/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94077/page/n225/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Asher 2020, p. 12. - Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">Asher 2020, pp. 27–28. - Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Asher 2020, p. 24. - Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Asher 2020, p. 27. - Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">Sherring 1868, p. 25 Quote: "...in the erection of the bridges over the river Barna, forty-eight statues and other sculptured stones were removed from Sarnath and thrown into the river, to serve as a breakwater to the piers; and that, in the erection of the second bridge, the iron one, from fifty to sixty cart-loads of stones from the Sarnath buildings were employed". - Sherring, Matthew Atmore (1868). Benares: The Sacred City of the Hindus. Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corporation. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499299/page/n61/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499299/page/n61/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">Oertel 1908, p. 64. - Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">Oertel 1908, pp. 68–70. - Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Phuoc 2010, p. 38. - Phuoc, Le Huu (2010). Buddhist Architecture. Lakeville, Minnesota: Grafikol. ISBN 978-0984404308. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA38" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA38</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">Sahni 1914, p. 2. - Sahni, Daya Ram (1914). Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath (PDF). Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. <a href="https://www.indianculture.gov.in/system/files/digitalFilesICWeb/ICrarebooks/igncarepository/254/ignca-839-rb.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.indianculture.gov.in/system/files/digitalFilesICWeb/ICrarebooks/igncarepository/254/ignca-839-rb.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Vogel 1906, pp. 166–167. - Vogel, Jean Philippe (1906). "Epigraphical Discoveries at Sarnath". Epigraphica Indica. 8 (17): 166–179. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56654/page/n213/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56654/page/n213/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">"Maha-parinibbana Sutta: The Great Discourse on the Total Unbinding (excerpt)". Access to Insight. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. Barre, Massachusetts: Barre Center for Buddhist Studies. 1998. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023. <a href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.5-6.than.html#pilgrim" target="_blank">https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.5-6.than.html#pilgrim</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">"Maha-parinibbana Sutta: Last Days of the Buddha (Part Five)". Access to Insight. Translated by Vajira, Sister; Story, Francis. Barre, Massachusetts: Barre Center for Buddhist Studies. 1998. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2023. <a href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html#chap5" target="_blank">https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html#chap5</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2023). "Ancient Buddhist Site, Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh". Tentative Lists. Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2023. <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Centre" target="_blank">/wiki/World_Heritage_Centre</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">"Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath", https://guidevaranasi.com/dhamek-stupa-in-sarnath/ <a href="https://guidevaranasi.com/dhamek-stupa-in-sarnath/" target="_blank">https://guidevaranasi.com/dhamek-stupa-in-sarnath/</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">"Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath", https://guidevaranasi.com/dhamek-stupa-in-sarnath/ <a href="https://guidevaranasi.com/dhamek-stupa-in-sarnath/" target="_blank">https://guidevaranasi.com/dhamek-stupa-in-sarnath/</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">Oertel 1908, pp. 61–68. - Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">Wagner 2021, p. 406 Quote: "A slightly different (32-spoke) version of the same wheel adorns the logo of the Supreme Court of India as a visual declaration of righteousness, authority and truth....". - Wagner, Anne (2021). Marusek, Sarah (ed.). Flags, Color, and the Legal Narrative: Public Memory, Identity, and Critique. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3030328641. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qvYvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=qvYvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">Sadan 2016, p. 177. - Sadan, Jha (2016). Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107118874. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-lswCwAAQBAJ&dq=sarnath+dharma+chakra+was+broken+into+pieces&pg=PA177" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=-lswCwAAQBAJ&dq=sarnath+dharma+chakra+was+broken+into+pieces&pg=PA177</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">Konow 1908, pp. 320, 327–8. - Konow, Sten (1908). "Sarnath Inscription of Kumaradevi". Epigraphica Indica. 9 (51): 319–28. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48794/page/n431/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48794/page/n431/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">Oertel 1908, p. 74. - Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">Archaeological Survey of India (2013). "Accession Number: 33 (Kumaradevi inscription)". Archaeological Museum Sarnath. Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh: Archaeological Survey of India - Sarnath Circle. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023. <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" target="_blank">/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Nakamura 2001, pp. 267–8. - Nakamura, Hajime (2001). Gotama Buddha: A Biography Based on the Most Reliable Texts. Vol. 1. Translated by Sekimori, Gaynor (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Company. ISBN 978-4333018932. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nt8QAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Ceylonese%20monk%22" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Nt8QAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Ceylonese%20monk%22</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">Nosu 1939, p. 27. - Nosu, Kosetsu (1939). Life of Buddha in Frescoes: Mulagandhakuti Vihara, Sarnath. Kolkata: Maha Bodhi Society. Retrieved 1 January 2023. <a href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofbuddhainfr00nosu/page/n35/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/lifeofbuddhainfr00nosu/page/n35/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Tricycle 2009. - Tricycle (2 November 2009). "It's not quite Bamiyan but..." Tricycle: The Buddhist Review. 19 (1). <a href="https://tricycle.org/article/its-not-quite-bamiyan/" target="_blank">https://tricycle.org/article/its-not-quite-bamiyan/</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Shubham Mansingka (11 January 2017). "Thai Temple & Monastery". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023. <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/Sarnath/Thai-Temple-Monastery/ps56473927.cms" target="_blank">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/Sarnath/Thai-Temple-Monastery/ps56473927.cms</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">"Sarnath gets country's tallest statue of Buddha". The Times of India. 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023. <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Sarnath-gets-countrys-tallest-statue-of-Lord-Buddha/articleshow/7720391.cms" target="_blank">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Sarnath-gets-countrys-tallest-statue-of-Lord-Buddha/articleshow/7720391.cms</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">Katherine Tanko (30 April 1999). "Centuries of Pilgrimage:Buddhists Still Flock to Sarnath". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/30/style/IHT-centuries-of-pilgrimagebuddhists-still-flock-to-sarnath.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/30/style/IHT-centuries-of-pilgrimagebuddhists-still-flock-to-sarnath.html</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Oertel 1908, p. 60. - Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">Federation of Jain Associations in North America 2021, p. 241. - Federation of Jain Associations in North America (2021). Compendium of Jainism (PDF) (4th ed.). Carson, California: Jain Education International. ISBN 978-1594060663. <a href="https://jainelibrary.org/jab/jabfiles/00_JAB_Manual_2021.pdf" target="_blank">https://jainelibrary.org/jab/jabfiles/00_JAB_Manual_2021.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">Federation of Jain Associations in North America 2021, p. 241. - Federation of Jain Associations in North America (2021). Compendium of Jainism (PDF) (4th ed.). Carson, California: Jain Education International. ISBN 978-1594060663. <a href="https://jainelibrary.org/jab/jabfiles/00_JAB_Manual_2021.pdf" target="_blank">https://jainelibrary.org/jab/jabfiles/00_JAB_Manual_2021.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">Shubham Mansingka (11 January 2017). "Digambar Jain Temple". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023. <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/Sarnath/Digambar-Jain-Temple/ps56473011.cms" target="_blank">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/Sarnath/Digambar-Jain-Temple/ps56473011.cms</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">Oertel 1908, p. 60. - Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">Shubham Mansingka (11 January 2017). "Digambar Jain Temple". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023. <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/Sarnath/Digambar-Jain-Temple/ps56473011.cms" target="_blank">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/Sarnath/Digambar-Jain-Temple/ps56473011.cms</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department (10 June 2022). "Annual Tourist Visits Statistics - 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 & 2021". Year-wise Tourist Statistics. Lucknow: Department of Tourism, Uttar Pradesh. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023. <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Tourism" target="_blank">/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Tourism</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:104">Landon 1832, pp. 16–17. - Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1832). Fisher's drawing room scrap-book; with poetical illustrations by L.E.L, 1833. London: Fisher, Son, and Jackson. <a href="https://digital.tcl.sc.edu/digital/collection/annuals/id/9595/rec/1" target="_blank">https://digital.tcl.sc.edu/digital/collection/annuals/id/9595/rec/1</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">Kipling 1902, p. 266. - Kipling, Rudyard (1902). Kim (1st ed.). London: MacMillan & Company. <a href="https://archive.org/details/kim00kipl_2/page/266/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/kim00kipl_2/page/266/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:106">Lovecraft 2011, p. 93. - Lovecraft, Howard Phillips (2011). The Complete Works Of H. P. Lovecraft. <a href="https://archive.org/details/TheCompleteWorksOfH.P.Lovecraft/page/n91/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/TheCompleteWorksOfH.P.Lovecraft/page/n91/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:107">Lovecraft 2011, pp. 41–44. - Lovecraft, Howard Phillips (2011). The Complete Works Of H. P. Lovecraft. <a href="https://archive.org/details/TheCompleteWorksOfH.P.Lovecraft/page/n91/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/TheCompleteWorksOfH.P.Lovecraft/page/n91/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Sarnath open-in-new

Sarnath