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<h2 id="scientific-basis">Scientific basis</h2> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change/HUQURQGn">Scientific consensus on climate change</a> and <a href="/facts/Effects_of_climate_change/M5EvHf14">Effects of climate change</a></p> <p>Until the mid 2010s, the scientific community had been using neutral, constrained language when discussing climate change. Advocacy groups, politicians and media have traditionally been using more-powerful language than that used by climate scientists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> From around 2014, a shift in scientists' language connoted an increased sense of urgency.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a>: 2546 Use of the terms <i>urgency</i>, <i>climate crisis</i> and <i>climate emergency</i> in scientific publications and in mass media has grown. Scientists have called for more-extensive action and <i>transformational</i> climate-change adaptation that focuses on large-scale change in systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a>: 2546 </p><p>In 2020, a group of over 11,000 scientists said in a paper in <i><a href="/facts/BioScience/F6U0X5Jg">BioScience</a></i> describing global warming as a <i>climate emergency</i> or <i>climate crisis</i> was appropriate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The scientists stated an "immense increase of scale in endeavor" is needed to conserve the <a href="/facts/Biosphere/P1ltA4sb">biosphere</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> They warned about "profoundly troubling signs", which may have many indirect effects such as large-scale <a href="/facts/Human_migration/r2oTzF6F">human migration</a> and <a href="/facts/Food_security/cKrQd4E9">food insecurity</a>; these signs include increases in <a href="/facts/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture/quFfEtn4">dairy and meat production</a>, <a href="/facts/Fossil_fuel/BPgxAqB7">fossil fuel</a> consumption, <a href="/facts/Greenhouse_gas_emissions/Cu9nXPHE">greenhouse gas emissions</a> and <a href="/facts/Deforestation/L1TNhN9p">deforestation</a>, activities that are all concurrent with upward trends in climate-change effects such as <a href="/facts/Instrumental_temperature_record/sJC5uRQj">rising global temperatures</a>, global ice melt and extreme weather.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>In 2019, scientists published an article in <i><a href="/facts/Nature_(journal)/XmlJXkFx">Nature</a></i> saying evidence from <a href="/facts/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system/fpPR0g5I">climate tipping points</a> alone suggests "we are in a state of planetary emergency".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> They defined <i>emergency</i> as a product of risk and urgency, factors they said are "acute". Previous research had shown individual tipping points could be exceeded with a 1–2 °C (1.8–3.6 °F) of global temperature increase; warming has already exceeded 1 °C (1.8 °F).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> A global cascade of tipping points is possible with greater warming.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="definitions">Definitions</h2> <p>In the context of climate change, the word <i>crisis</i> is used to denote "a crucial or decisive point or situation that could lead to a tipping point".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> It is a situation with an "unprecedented circumstance".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> A similar definition states in this context, <i>crisis</i> means "a turning point or a condition of instability or danger" and implies "action needs to be taken now or else the consequences will be disastrous".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> Another definition defines <i>climate crisis</i> as "the various negative effects that unmitigated climate change is causing or threatening to cause on our planet, especially where these effects have a direct impact on humanity".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="use-of-the-term">Use of the term</h2> <h3>20th century</h3> <p>Former U.S. Vice President <a href="/facts/Al_Gore/d7zSAghl">Al Gore</a> has used crisis terminology since the 1980s; the Climate Crisis Coalition, which was formed in 2004, formalized the term <i>climate crisis</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> A 1990 report by the <i><a href="/facts/Washington_College_of_Law/66WDVNXg">American University International Law Review</a></i> includes legal texts that use the word <i>crisis</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> "The Cairo Compact: Toward a Concerted World-Wide Response to the Climate Crisis" (1989) states: "All nations ... will have to cooperate on an unprecedented scale. They will have to make difficult commitments without delay to address this crisis."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> <h3>21st century</h3> <p>In the late 2010s, the phrase <i>climate crisis</i> emerged "as a crucial piece of the climate hawk lexicon", and was adopted by the <a href="/facts/Green_New_Deal/9j4E6cBm">Green New Deal</a>, <i><a href="/facts/The_Guardian/H84wwJYM">The Guardian</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Greta_Thunberg/YJ5sQfhW">Greta Thunberg</a>, and U.S. Democratic political candidates such as <a href="/facts/Kamala_Harris/hqeaVyFQ">Kamala Harris</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> At the same time, it came into more-popular use following a series of warnings from climate scientists and newly-energized activists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>In the U.S. in late 2018, the <a href="/facts/United_States_House_of_Representatives/cdBPb9pY">United States House of Representatives</a> established the <a href="/facts/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_Climate_Crisis/rMxUAqrF">House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis</a>, the name of which was regarded as "a reminder of how much energy politics have changed in the last decade".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> The original House climate committee had been called the "Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming" in 2007.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> It was abolished in 2011 when Republicans regained control of the House.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p><p>The advocacy group <a href="/facts/Public_Citizen/5sHATLrK">Public Citizen</a> reported that in 2018, less than 10% of articles in top-50 U.S. newspapers used the terms <i>crisis</i> or <i>emergency</i> in the context of climate change.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> In the same year, 3.5% of national television news segments in the U.S. referred to climate change as a crisis or an emergency (50 of 1,400).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> In 2019, Public Citizen launched a campaign called "Call it a Climate Crisis"; it urged major media organizations to adopt the term <i>climate crisis</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> In the first four months of 2019, the number of uses of the term in U.S. media tripled to 150.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> Likewise, the <a href="/facts/Sierra_Club/BGbcjkD8">Sierra Club</a>, the <a href="/facts/Sunrise_Movement/XcAkh8zF">Sunrise Movement</a>, <a href="/facts/Greenpeace/nB8x6RJL">Greenpeace</a>, and other environmental and progressive organizations joined in a June 6, 2019 <a href="/facts/Public_Citizen/5sHATLrK">Public Citizen</a> letter to news organizations<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> urging the news organizations to call climate change and human inaction "what it is–a crisis–and to cover it like one".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p> <p>In 2019, the language describing climate appeared to change: the UN Secretary General's address at the <a href="/facts/2019_UN_Climate_Action_Summit/SQz2xPcr">2019 UN Climate Action Summit</a> used more emphatic language; Al Gore's campaign <a href="/facts/The_Climate_Reality_Project/nn5sW8CY">The Climate Reality Project</a>, <a href="/facts/Greenpeace/nB8x6RJL">Greenpeace</a> and the <a href="/facts/Sunrise_Movement/XcAkh8zF">Sunrise Movement</a> petitioned news organizations to alter their language; and in May 2019, <i><a href="/facts/The_Guardian/H84wwJYM">The Guardian</a></i> changed its style guide<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> to favor the terms "climate emergency, crisis or breakdown" and "global heating".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> Editor-in-Chief <a href="/facts/Katharine_Viner/rB1E5P57">Katharine Viner</a> said: "We want to ensure that we are being scientifically precise, while also communicating clearly with readers on this very important issue. The phrase 'climate change', for example, sounds rather passive and gentle when what scientists are talking about is a catastrophe for humanity."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> <i>The Guardian</i> became a lead partner in <a href="/facts/Covering_Climate_Now/b4J1LBsB">Covering Climate Now</a>, an initiative of news organizations <i><a href="/facts/Columbia_Journalism_Review/RAuohVvQ">Columbia Journalism Review</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/The_Nation/JyIB3caJ">The Nation</a></i> that was founded in 2019 to address the need for stronger climate coverage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p><p>In May 2019, The Climate Reality Project promoted an open petition of news organizations to use <i>climate crisis</i> instead of <i>climate change</i> and <i>global warming</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> The NGO said: "it's time to abandon both terms in culture".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> </p><p>In June 2019, Spanish news agency <a href="/facts/EFE/eYSuu2DT">EFE</a> announced its preferred phrase was "<i>crisis climática</i>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> In November 2019, <i><a href="/facts/Hindustan_Times/TJ7glMCD">Hindustan Times</a></i> also adopted the term because <i>climate change</i> "does not correctly reflect the enormity of the existential threat".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> The Polish newspaper <i><a href="/facts/Gazeta_Wyborcza/A51j8qxG">Gazeta Wyborcza</a></i> also uses the term <i>climate crisis</i> rather than <i>climate change</i>; one of its editors described climate change as one of the most-important topics the paper has ever covered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> </p><p> Also in June 2019, the <a href="/facts/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation/xBHaMb9R">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (CBC) changed its language guide to say: "Climate crisis and climate emergency are OK in some cases as synonyms for 'climate change'. But they're not always the best choice ... For example, 'climate crisis' could carry a whiff of advocacy in certain political coverage".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> Journalism professor Sean Holman does not agree with this and said in an interview:</p><blockquote><p> It's about being accurate in terms of the scope of the problem that we are facing. And in the media we, generally speaking, don't have any hesitation about naming a crisis when it is a crisis. Look at the opioid epidemic [in the U.S.], for example. We call it an epidemic because it is one. So why are we hesitant about saying the climate crisis is a crisis?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></p></blockquote> <p>In June 2019, climate activists demonstrated outside the offices of <i><a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times</a></i>; they urged the newspaper's editors to adopt terms such as <i>climate emergency</i> or <i>climate crisis</i>. This kind of public pressure led <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Council/uomSbqdD">New York City Council</a> to make New York the largest city in the world to formally adopt a <a href="/facts/Climate_emergency_declaration/X5anegmR">climate emergency declaration</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> </p><p>In November 2019, the website <a href="/facts/Oxford_Dictionaries_(website)/kfecTBwv">Oxford Dictionaries</a> named <i>climate crisis</i> <a href="/facts/Word_of_the_year/S9CaSbI4">Word of the year</a> for 2019. The term was chosen because it matches the "ethos, mood, or preoccupations of the passing year".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> </p><p>In 2021, the Finnish newspaper <i><a href="/facts/Helsingin_Sanomat/nQeShc7P">Helsingin Sanomat</a></i> created a free <a href="/facts/Variable_font/l48fjasD">variable font</a> called Climate Crisis that has eight <a href="/facts/Font/04Q7sE8J">weights</a> that correlate with <a href="/facts/Arctic_sea_ice_decline/VIdx5T9b">Arctic sea ice decline</a>, visualizing historical changes in ice melt.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> The newspaper's art director said the font both evokes the aesthetics of environmentalism and is a <a href="/facts/Data_visualization/ET1lSjFa">data visualization</a> graphic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> </p><p>In updates to the <a href="/facts/World_Scientists%2527_Warning_to_Humanity/wImgkPpb">World Scientists' Warning to Humanity of 2021 and 2022</a>, scientists used the terms <i>climate crisis</i> and <i>climate emergency</i>; the title of the publications is "World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> They said: "we need short, frequent, and easily accessible updates on the climate emergency".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> </p><p>Within weeks of his second inauguration in 2025, U.S. President <a href="/facts/Donald_Trump/pqqKY21P">Donald Trump</a>'s administration flagged hundreds of words to limit or avoid on government websites, memos, and unofficial agency guidance—the list including <i>climate crisis</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="effectiveness">Effectiveness</h2> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Public_opinion_on_climate_change/EskMubMR">Public opinion on climate change</a> and <a href="/facts/Climate_psychology/QTFaquey">Climate psychology</a></p> <p>In September 2019, <a href="/facts/Bloomberg_L.P./2NCtubRH">Bloomberg</a> journalist Emma Vickers said crisis terminology may be "showing results", citing a 2019 poll by <i><a href="/facts/The_Washington_Post/dRvzvqJc">The Washington Post</a></i> and the <a href="/facts/Kaiser_Family_Foundation/EBBDBNCp">Kaiser Family Foundation</a> saying 38% of U.S. adults termed climate change "a crisis" while an equal number called it "a major problem but not a crisis".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> Five years earlier, 23% of U.S. adults considered climate change to be a crisis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> As of 2019, use of crisis terminology in non-binding climate-emergency declarations is regarded as ineffective in making governments "shift into action".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> </p> <h3>Concerns about crisis terminology</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Fear_appeal/WH4pKxKh">Fear appeal</a></p> <p><i>Emergency framing</i> may have several disadvantages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> Such framing may implicitly prioritize climate change over other important social issues, encouraging competition among activists rather than cooperation. It could also de-emphasize dissent within the climate-change movement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> Emergency framing may suggest a need for solutions by government, which provides less-reliable long-term commitment than does popular mobilization, and which may be perceived as being "imposed on a reluctant population".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> Without immediate dramatic effects of climate change, emergency framing may be counterproductive by causing disbelief, disempowerment in the face of a problem that seems overwhelming, and withdrawal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> </p><p>There could also be a "crisis fatigue" in which urgency to respond to threats loses its appeal over time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> Crisis terminology could lose audiences if meaningful policies to address the emergency are not enacted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> According to researchers Susan C. Moser and Lisa Dilling of <a href="/facts/University_of_Colorado/4Vq0nU5H">University of Colorado</a>, appeals to fear usually do not create sustained, constructive engagement; they noted psychologists consider human responses to danger—<a href="/facts/Fight-or-flight_response/hRrBawJP">fight, flight or freeze</a>—can be maladaptive if they do not reduce the danger.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> According to <a href="/facts/Sander_van_der_Linden/7V9l4Jhp">Sander van der Linden</a>, director of the Cambridge Social Decision-Making Lab, fear is a "paralyzing emotion". He favors <i>climate crisis</i> over other terms because it conveys a sense of both urgency and optimism, and not a sense of doom. Van der Linden said: "people know that crises can be avoided and that they can be resolved".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> </p><p>Climate scientist <a href="/facts/Katharine_Hayhoe/EN3F9WpN">Katharine Hayhoe</a> said in early 2019 crisis framing is only "effective for those already concerned about climate change, but complacent regarding solutions".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> She added it "is not yet effective" for those who perceive climate activists "to be alarmist Chicken Littles", and that "it would further reinforce their pre-conceived—and incorrect—notions".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> According to Nick Reimer, journalists in Germany say the word <i>crisis</i> may be misunderstood to mean climate change is "inherently episodic"—crises are "either solved or they pass"—or as a temporary state before a return to normalcy that is not possible.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Arnold_Schwarzenegger/VwLVtykG">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a>, organizer of the <a href="/facts/Austrian_World_Summit/zAjlkl6x">Austrian World Summit</a> for climate action, said people are not motivated by the term <i>climate change</i>; according to Schwarzenegger, focusing on the word <i>pollution</i> might evoke be a more-direct and negative connotation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> A 2023 U.S. survey found no evidence that <i>climate crisis</i> or <i>climate emergency</i>—terms less familiar to those surveyed—elicit more perceived urgency than <i>climate change</i> or <i>global warming</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> </p> <h3>Psychological and neuroscientific studies</h3> <p>In 2019, an advertising consulting agency conducted a neuroscientific study involving 120 U.S. people who were equally divided into supporters of the <a href="/facts/Republican_Party_(United_States)/XXM1EVPr">Republican Party</a>, the <a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democratic Party</a> and independents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> The study involved <a href="/facts/Electroencephalography/XGvpcBl5">electroencephalography</a> (EEG) and <a href="/facts/Electrodermal_activity/aN4gyXhb">galvanic skin response</a> (GSR) measurements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> Responses to the terms <i>climate crisis</i>, <i>environmental destruction</i>, <i>environmental collapse</i>, <i>weather destabilization</i>, <i>global warming</i> and <i>climate change</i> were measured.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> The study found Democrats had a 60% greater emotional response to <i>climate crisis</i> than to <i>climate change</i>. In Republicans, the emotional response to <i>climate crisis</i> was three times stronger than that for <i>climate change</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> According to <a href="/facts/CBS_News/E1IB4hb0">CBS News</a>, <i>climate crisis</i> "performed well in terms of responses across the political spectrum and elicited the greatest emotional response among independents".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> The study concluded <i>climate crisis</i> elicited stronger emotional responses than neutral and "worn out" terms like <i>global warming</i> and <i>climate change</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> <i>Climate crisis</i> was found to encourage a sense of urgency, though not a strong-enough response to cause <a href="/facts/Cognitive_dissonance/j0xK7w6S">cognitive dissonance</a> that would cause people to generate counterarguments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="related-terminology">Related terminology</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Climate_movement/FS5DBB79">Climate movement § Declaring emergency state</a>, and <a href="/facts/Climate_emergency_declaration/X5anegmR">Climate emergency declaration</a></p> <p>Research has shown the naming of a phenomenon and the way it is framed "has a tremendous effect on how audiences come to perceive that phenomenon"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> and "can have a profound impact on the audience's reaction".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> Climate change, and its <a href="/facts/Effects_of_climate_change/M5EvHf14">real and hypothetical effects</a>, are usually described in scientific-and-practitioner literature in terms of <i><a href="/facts/Climate_risk/vJdUJpwI">climate risks</a></i>. </p><p>The many related terms other than <i>climate crisis</i> include:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i>global weirding</i> (author and environmentalist L. <a href="/facts/Hunter_Lovins/rzUCCQXe">Hunter Lovins</a>, as a variation of <i>global warming</i>, early 2000s)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a></li> <li><i>climate catastrophe</i> (used with reference to a 2019 <a href="/facts/David_Attenborough/8NzIjInu">David Attenborough</a> documentary,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> the <a href="/facts/2019%25E2%2580%259320_Australian_bushfire_season/Ryyc6m4l">2019–20 Australian bushfire season</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/2022_Pakistan_floods/yAWYwp4q">2022 Pakistan floods</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a>)</li> <li><i>threats</i> that impact the earth (World Wildlife Fund, 2012—)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a></li> <li><i>climate breakdown</i> (climate scientist <a href="/facts/Peter_Kalmus_(climate_scientist)/TS6Lq4Ir">Peter Kalmus</a>, 2018)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a></li> <li><i>climate chaos</i> ("The New York Times" article title, 2019;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a> U.S. Democratic candidates, 2019;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a> and an <a href="/facts/Ad_Age/flvUycul">Ad Age</a> marketing team, 2019)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a></li> <li><i>climate ruin</i> (U.S. Democratic candidates, 2019)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a></li> <li><i>global heating</i> (<a href="/facts/Richard_A._Betts/qxjzEJ4D">Richard A. Betts</a>, <a href="/facts/Met_Office/V0reszST">Met Office</a> U.K., 2018)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a></li> <li><i>global overheating</i> (<a href="/facts/Public_Citizen/5sHATLrK">Public Citizen</a>, 2019)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a></li> <li><i>climate emergency</i> (<a href="/facts/World_Scientists%2527_Warning_to_Humanity/wImgkPpb">11,000 scientists' warning letter</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a> in <i><a href="/facts/BioScience/F6U0X5Jg">BioScience</a></i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a> and in <i>The Guardian</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a> both 2019),</li> <li><i>ecological breakdown</i>, <i>ecological crisis</i> and <i>ecological emergency</i> (all set forth by climate activist <a href="/facts/Greta_Thunberg/YJ5sQfhW">Greta Thunberg</a>, 2019)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a></li> <li><i>global meltdown</i>, <i>Scorched Earth</i>, <i>The Great Collapse</i>, and <i>Earthshattering</i> (an <a href="/facts/Ad_Age/flvUycul">Ad Age</a> marketing team, 2019)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a></li> <li><i>climate disaster</i> (<i>The Guardian</i>, 2019)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a></li> <li><i>environmental Armageddon</i> (Fiji Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a></li> <li><i>climate calamity</i> (<i>Los Angeles Times</i>, 2022)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a></li> <li><i>climate havoc</i> (<i>The New York Times</i>, 2022)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a></li> <li><i>climate pollution</i>, <i>carbon pollution</i> (<i>Grist</i>, 2022)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a></li> <li><i>global boiling</i> (U.N. Secretary-General <a href="/facts/Ant%25C3%25B3nio_Guterres/j7h4N7z9">António Guterres</a> speech, July 2023)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a></li> <li><i>climate breaking point</i> (Stuart P.M. Mackintosh, <i><a href="/facts/The_Hill_(newspaper)/sSd6v7sU">The Hill</a></i>, August 2023)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a></li> <li>(Has humanity) <i>broken the climate</i> (<i>The Guardian</i>, August 2023)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a></li> <li><i>(climate) abyss</i> (spokesman for the United Nations secretary general, May 2024)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a></li> <li><i>climate hell</i> (U.N. Secretary-General <a href="/facts/Ant%25C3%25B3nio_Guterres/j7h4N7z9">António Guterres</a>, June 2024)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a></li></ul> <p>In addition to <i>climate crisis</i>, other terms have been investigated for their effects upon audiences, including <i>global warming</i>, <i>climate change</i>, <i>climatic disruption</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a> <i>environmental destruction</i>, <i>weather destabilization</i> and <i>environmental collapse</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a> </p><p>In 2022, <i><a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times</a></i> journalist <a href="/facts/Amanda_Hess/xuQpcFEt">Amanda Hess</a> said "end of the world" characterizations of the future, such as <i>climate apocalypse</i>, are often used to refer to the current climate crisis, and that the characterization is spreading from "the ironized hellscape of the internet" to books and film.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Climate_psychology/QTFaquey">Climate psychology</a> – Field of psychology</li> <li><a href="/facts/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change/cl4wIpPh">Economic analysis of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Environmental_communication/rzkjPbuf">Environmental communication</a> – Type of communication</li> <li><a href="/facts/Extinction_Rebellion/HfRU9wlI">Extinction Rebellion</a> – Environmental pressure group</li> <li><a href="/facts/Human_extinction/AKGd4JlS">Human extinction risk estimates</a> – Hypothetical end of the human species</li> <li><a href="/facts/Media_coverage_of_climate_change/w3nu3daJ">Media coverage of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Psychology_of_climate_change_denial/ccBz0hc7">Psychology of climate change denial</a> – Human behaviour with regards to climate change denial</li> <li><a href="/facts/Public_opinion_on_climate_change/EskMubMR">Public opinion on climate change</a> – Aspect of worldwide public opinion</li></ul> <h2 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h2> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02734-x">"Act now and avert a climate crisis (editorial)"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Nature_(journal)/XmlJXkFx">Nature</a></i>. September 15, 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190922201707/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02734-x">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2019. (<i>Nature</i> joining Covering Climate Now.)</li> <li>Feldman, Lauren; Hart, P. Sol (November 16, 2021). <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10584-021-03219-5">"Upping the ante? The effects of "emergency" and "crisis" framing in climate change news"</a>. <i>Climatic Change</i>. 169 (10): 10. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ClCh..169...10F">2021ClCh..169...10F</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10584-021-03219-5">10.1007/s10584-021-03219-5</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244119978">244119978</a>.</li> <li>Hall, Aaron (November 27, 2019). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221160744/https://adage.com/article/industry-insights/renaming-climate-change-can-new-name-finally-make-us-take-action/2218821">"Renaming Climate Change: Can a New Name Finally Make Us Take Action"</a>. <i>Ad Age</i>. Archived from <a href="https://adage.com/article/industry-insights/renaming-climate-change-can-new-name-finally-make-us-take-action/2218821">the original</a> on December 21, 2019. (advertising perspective by a "professional namer")</li> <li>Visram, Talib (December 6, 2021). <a href="https://www.fastcompany.com/90702024/the-language-of-climate-is-evolving-from-change-to-catastrophe">"The language of climate is evolving, from 'change' to 'catastrophe'"</a>. <i>Fast Company</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211206133950/https://www.fastcompany.com/90702024/the-language-of-climate-is-evolving-from-change-to-catastrophe">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2021.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://coveringclimatenow.org/about/">Covering Climate Now (CCNow)</a>, a collaboration among news organizations "to produce more informed and urgent climate stories" (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412180057/https://coveringclimatenow.org/about/">archive</a>)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Sobczyk, Nick (July 10, 2019). "How climate change got labeled a 'crisis'". E & E News (Energy & Environmental News). Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. <a href="https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060718493" target="_blank">https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060718493</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Center for International Environmental Law. (1990). "Selected International Legal Materials on Global Warming and Climate Change". American University International Law Review. 5 (2): 515. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2019. <a href="https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1589&context=auilr" target="_blank">https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1589&context=auilr</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Vickers, Emma (September 17, 2019). "When Is Change a 'Crisis'? Why Climate Terms Matter". Bloomberg. 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