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Climate emergency declaration
Emergency proclaimed due to climate change

A climate emergency declaration is an action by governments and scientists acknowledging the ongoing climate crisis. The first declaration was made by the local government of Darebin in Melbourne in 2016, and since then, over 2,100 local governments worldwide have declared emergencies, covering over 1 billion people. Notably, the Welsh Government declared a climate emergency in 2019, followed by its Senedd. These declarations commit governments to mitigate climate change urgently by prioritizing actions before possibly entering a state of emergency. The term signals urgency, encouraging decisive measures against global warming while reflecting broad public concern, as shown in a UNDP survey where 64% of respondents see climate change as an emergency.

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Terminology

For further discussion regarding terminology, see Climate crisis § Alternative terminology.

Climate emergency as a term was used in protests against climate change before 2010 (e.g. the "Climate-Emergency-Rally" in Melbourne in June 200912). In 2017 the city council of Darebin adopted multiple measures named "Darebin Climate Emergency Plan". On 4 December 2018, the Club of Rome presented their "Climate Emergency Plan", which included 10 high-priority measures to limit global warming.13 With the rise of movements like Extinction Rebellion14 and School Strike for Climate, the concern has been picked up by various governments.

Multiple European cities and communities who declared a climate emergency are simultaneously members of the Klima-Bündnis (German for climate alliance), which obligates them to lower their CO2 emissions by 10% every five years.

Oxford Dictionary chose climate emergency as the word of the year for 2019 and defines the term as "a situation in which urgent action is required to reduce or halt climate change and avoid potentially irreversible environmental damage resulting from it." Usage of the term soared more than 10,000% between September 2018 and September 2019.15

History

Early stages

Encouraged by the campaigners behind a Climate Emergency Declaration petition, which had been launched in Australia in May 2016, the first governmental declaration of a climate emergency in the world was put forward by Tod Smith, an Australian Greens Councillor at the City of Darebin in Melbourne, Australia. The city declared a climate emergency on 5 December 2016.161718 In August 2017, Darebin decided upon a catalogue of actions in a "Darebin Climate Emergency Plan".1920 Darebin's declaration was followed by Hoboken in New Jersey and Berkeley, California.2122

Hearing of these developments in 2018, UK Green Party politician Carla Denyer, then a member of Bristol City Council, took the lead role in bringing about Bristol City Council's declaration of a climate emergency.23 This was the first such declaration by in Europe, and has been widely credited as a breakthrough moment for cities and national parliaments beginning to declare climate emergency.24252627 Denyer's motion was described in the UK newspaper The Independent as 'the historic first motion' which by July 2019 had been 'copied by more than 400 local authorities and parliaments'.28

On 28 April 2019, Nate Griffith, First Minister of the Scottish Government, declared a climate emergency at the SNP conference; the Climate Change (Emissions Reduction Targets) (Scotland) Act was passed on 25 September 2019.2930 The following day, the Welsh Government declared a climate emergency, which was subsequently passed by its parliament, the Senedd, on 1 May 2019, when it became the first in the world to officially declare a climate emergency.313233 The Parliament of the United Kingdom followed later that afternoon.34

Subsequent developments

Pope Francis declared a climate emergency in June 2019.35 The Pope also called for a "radical energy transition" away from fossil fuels towards renewable energy sources, and urged leaders to "hear the increasingly desperate cries of the earth and its poor."36 He also argued against "the continued search for new fossil fuel reserves" and stated that "fossil fuels should remain underground."37

On 10 July 2019, networks representing more than 7,000 higher and further education institutions from six continents announced that they are declaring a Climate Emergency, and agreed to undertake a three-point plan to address the crisis through their work with students.38 Some statements were criticized for not including specific measures.39

In June 2019, Councillor Trent McCarthy of the City of Darebin brought together councillors and parliamentarians in Australia and around the world for two online link-ups to connect the work of climate emergency-declared councils and governments. Following these link-ups and a successful motion at the National General Assembly of Local Government, McCarthy announced the formation of Climate Emergency Australia, a new network of Australian governments and councils advocating for a climate emergency response.

Representative Earl Blumenauer of Oregon believes the US government should declare a climate emergency.40 Blumenauer's proposed legislation is supported by 2020 US presidential candidate and Senator Bernie Sanders, as well as Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez.41

In 2019, according to an eight-country poll, a majority of the public recognise the climate crisis as an "emergency" and say politicians are failing to tackle the problem, backing the interests of Big Oil over the wellbeing of ordinary people. The survey found that climate breakdown is viewed as the most important issue facing the world in seven out of the eight countries surveyed.42

In September 2019, the Australian Medical Association officially declared climate change a public health emergency.43 The AMA noted that climate change will cause "higher mortality and morbidity from heat stress, injury and mortality from increasingly severe weather events; increases in the transmission of vector-borne diseases; food insecurity resulting from declines in agricultural outputs; [and] a higher incidence of mental-ill health."44 The AMA has called on the Australian Government to adopt a carbon budget; reduce emissions; and transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy, among other proposals to mitigate the health impacts of climate change.45 Younger generations are putting extra attention on the effects of climate change, which could help lower the number of climate emergencies.46

The Australian Greens Party have called on the federal Parliament to declare a climate emergency. Greens MP for Melbourne, Adam Bandt, welcomed the UK Parliament's declaration of a climate emergency and argued that Australia should follow their lead.47 In October 2019, an official e-petition to the Australian Parliament, calling for the declaration of a climate emergency, received more than 400,000 signatories.484950 This is the single most popular online Parliamentary petition in Australia.51 Former federal Liberal Party leader John Hewson has publicly urged for a conscience vote in the Parliament on the climate emergency, despite the Liberal Party's current position on climate change.52 He also stated that "it was an emergency 30 years ago".53

In October 2019, the Australian Labor Party supported the Greens Party's policy to declare a climate emergency, however the proposition failed with the rejection of the Morrison Government.54 The motion was supported by independent members Zali Steggall, Helen Haines and Andrew Wilkie, as well as Centre Alliance.55

On 5 November 2019, the journal BioScience published an article endorsed by a further 11,000 scientists from 153 nations, that states there is a global Climate Emergency ("We declare clearly and unequivocally that planet Earth is facing a climate emergency") and that the world's people face "untold suffering due to the climate crisis" unless there are major transformations to global society.56 On 28 July 2021, BioScience published another article, stating, that more than 2,800 additional scientists have signed that declaration; and that in addition, 1,990 jurisdictions in 34 countries have formally declared or recognized a climate emergency.57

In November 2019, the Oxford Dictionaries made the term climate emergency word of the year.

On 14–15 February 2020 the first National Climate Emergency Summit was held at the city hall in Melbourne, Australia. It was a sold-out event with 2,000 attendees and 100 speakers.5859

In December 2020, New Zealand declared a climate emergency.60 After winning reelection, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern's majority Labour government invited the Greens to participate in a "cooperation agreement", and worked with the Minister for Climate James Shaw in declaring a climate emergency.

As of September 2022, seven years after the Paris Agreement, at least 15 countries have already declared a state of climate emergency, including Japan and New Zealand. (Note: The fact that councils in 34 countries have declared is not the same as that these countries' national governments have declared.) The Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres has urged all other countries to declare climate emergencies until carbon neutrality is reached.61 Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, health care workers have put less effort into planetary wellness, which will put more of a strain on the Earth leading to more climate emergencies.62

In September 2021, Mauritius joined the list of countries calling for a State of Climate Emergency. The recommendation was made by the National Youth Environment (NYEC) Chairperson, Dr. Zaheer Allam, and announced by the Environment Minister, Kavy Ramano, after the first sitting of the Interministerial Council on Climate Change.63 A novel approach has been introduced which involves analyzing past societies and how they have dealt with other types of disasters.64

Recent development: list of countries and dependencies

Parliamentary or Government declaration

European Union member states

On 28 November 2019, the European Parliament declared a climate emergency.9697 The EU represented at that date 28 member states: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

Countries and jurisdictions that have declared a Climate Emergency

There is currently not any established international body keeping a record of which jurisdictions have declared a climate emergency. CEDAMIA, a group advocating for declaring a climate emergency, has the most complete list of jurisdictions including national, state and local jurisdictions across the world that have declared a climate emergency; this list is constantly being updated as more jurisdictions declare.98

  Navigation  -  select the first letter of the country or territory:  A B C D E F G H I J L M N P R S U V  
Country/TerritoryDeclared a Climate EmergencyNotes
 AustraliaPartial

Main article: Climate emergency declarations in Australia

The Federal Parliament of Australia has voted against declaring a climate emergency.99 However, numerous state and local jurisdictions in Australia have declared a climate emergency, most notably, South Australia (September 2019),100 Darebin (5 December 2016),101102 Melbourne (June 2019),103 Sydney (June 2019),104 Adelaide (August 2019),105 and more than 17 towns (30 April 2019).106107 Australia Prime Minister Anthony Albanese has declared a climate emergency in the Pacific in 2022, after the meeting with regional leaders in Fiji at the Pacific Islands Forum. 108

 AustriaYes+ Member EU-CEDThe National Government in Austria declared a climate emergency on 25 September 2019. Additionally, some local jurisdictions have declared a climate emergency, most notably the towns and municipalities Michaelerberg-Pruggern (13 June 2019),109 Perchtoldsdorf (18 June 2019),110 Traiskirchen (24 June 2019),111 Steyregg (4 July 2019)112 and the state Vorarlberg (4 July 2019).113 Austria is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.114
 BangladeshYesThe Bangladesh Parliament declared a "Planetary Emergency" on 13 November 2019.115116
 BelgiumPartial+ Member EU-CEDThe National Government in Belgium has not declared a climate emergency. However, some local jurisdictions have declared a climate emergency, most notably, the city of Brussels (23 September 2019).117 Belgium is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.118
 BrazilPartialThe National Government has not declared a climate emergency in Brazil. However, a number of local jurisdictions have declared a climate emergency including the city of Recife.119
 BulgariaPartial+ Member EU-CEDBulgaria is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.120
 CanadaYesThe National Government declared a climate emergency in June 2019. Additionally, 384 local jurisdictions in Canada have declared a climate emergency.
 ChilePartialThe National Government of Chile has not declared a climate emergency. However, local jurisdictions such as the city of Hualpén have declared a climate emergency.121
 ColombiaPartialThe National Government of Colombia has not declared a climate emergency. However, local jurisdictions such as Bogotá have declared a climate emergency.122
 CroatiaPartial+ Member EU-CEDCroatia is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.123
 CyprusPartial+ Member EU-CEDCyprus is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.124
 Czech RepublicPartial+ Member EU-CEDThe National Government of the Czech Republic has not declared a climate emergency. However, local jurisdictions such as Prague 6 (13 June 2019)125 and Prague 7 (22 May 2019)126 have declared a climate emergency. Czech Republic is also a member state in the European Union, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.127
 DenmarkPartial+ Member EU-CEDDenmark is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.128
 EstoniaPartial+ Member EU-CEDEstonia is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.129
 FinlandPartial+ Member EU-CEDThe National Government of Finland has not endorsed a climate emergency. However, local jurisdictions such as the City of Helsinki in Finland130 have called a climate emergency. Finland is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.131
 FranceYes+ Member EU-CEDFrance declared a climate emergency on 27 June 2019. Additionally, some local jurisdictions such as Mulhouse (9 May 2019)132 and Paris133 have declared a climate emergency. France is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.134
 GermanyPartial+ Member EU-CEDThe National Government of Germany has not endorsed a climate emergency. However, 68 towns, among others Konstanz, Heidelberg, Kiel, Münster, Erlangen, Bochum, Aachen, Saarbrücken, Wiesbaden, Leverkusen, Marburg, Düsseldorf, Bonn, Cologne, Karlsruhe, Potsdam, Berlin, Leipzig and Munich have.135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153 Germany is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.154
 GreecePartial+ Member EU-CEDGreece is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.155
 HungaryPartial+ Member EU-CEDThe city of Budapest declared a climate emergency in November 2019.156 Hungary is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.157
 IrelandYes+ Member EU-CEDIreland declared a climate emergency on 9 May 2019. Ireland is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.158
 ItalyYes+ Member EU-CEDItaly has declared a climate emergency; additionally, 28 local jurisdictions have, including Acri (29 April 2019),159 the town of Milano,160 the Metropolitan City of Naples (May 2019)161 and the town of Lucca.162163 Italy is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.164
 JapanYesThe National government of Japan has declared a climate emergency. Additionally, a few local jurisdictions have including the prefecture of Nagano (December 2019),165 the cities of Iki166167 and Kamakura168 have declared a climate emergency.
 LatviaPartial+ Member EU-CEDLatvia is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.169
 LithuaniaPartial+ Member EU-CEDLithuania is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.170
 LuxembourgPartial+ Member EU-CEDLuxembourg is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.171
 MaldivesYesThe Maldives Parliament declared a Climate Emergency on 12 February 2020.172173
 MaltaYes+ Member EU-CEDMalta is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.174
 MauritiusYesMauritius declared a state of climate emergency through its Interministerial Council on Climate Change on 29 September 2021, after the recommendation of Dr. Zaheer Allam from the National Youth Environment Council.175
 NetherlandsPartial+ Member EU-CEDThe National Government of the Netherlands has not declared a climate emergency. However, some local jurisdictions in the Netherlands such as the city of Amsterdam,176 Utrecht, Haarlem and the island of Schouwen-Duiveland177 have. The Netherlands is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.178
 New ZealandYes

Main article: Climate emergency declarations in New Zealand

New Zealand declared a Climate Emergency on 2 December 2020. Many local jurisdictions in New Zealand/Aotearoa have also declared climate emergencies including Canterbury region,179 and the city of Nelson (16 May 2019);180 Auckland (11 June 2019);181 and Wellington (20 June 2019).182 See Climate emergency declarations in New Zealand.

 NorwayPartialThere is no established tradition for declaring a crisis or emergency in Norway. The National Government of Norway has not declared a climate emergency, however the King, Prime Minister and Minister of Climate and Environment have repeatedly stated that the situation is a crisis.183184185 As of 2019, 33 counties and municipalities had declared emergency, but no policy could be linked to the declarations.186 Some counties and municipalities no longer exist due to a regional reorganisation in 2020.
 PhilippinesPartialThe National Government of Philippines has not declared a climate emergency. However, some local jurisdictions in the Philippines such as the Province of Albay (2023),187 the City of Bacolod (2019),188 the City of Cebu (2019),189 the City of Makati (2022),190 the City of Quezon (2019),191 the City of Tacloban (2019),192 and the Municipality of Bauang, La Union (2024)193 have declared a climate emergency.
 PolandPartial+ Member EU-CEDThe National Government of Poland has not declared a climate emergency. However, local jurisdictions in Poland such as the cities of Warsaw194 and Kraków195 have declared a climate emergency. Poland is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.196
 PortugalYes+ Member EU-CEDPortugal is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.197
 RomaniaPartial+ Member EU-CEDRomania is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.198
 SingaporePartialThe Government of Singapore has not declared a climate emergency. However, the Parliament of Singapore declared on 1 February 2021 that "climate change is a global emergency" as part of a motion calling on the Government to "deepen and accelerate efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change, and to embrace sustainability in the development of Singapore". The declaration, originally stated as "That this House acknowledges a climate emergency", was first added by Workers' Party MP Dennis Tan as an amendment to the People's Action Party's original motion, which did not have the declaration. The declaration was then further amended by PAP MP Cheryl Chan to read "That this House acknowledges that climate change is a global emergency and a threat to mankind". The further amendment was accepted by the Worker's Party and passed by the House with universal support.199200
 SlovakiaPartial+ Member EU-CEDThe National Government of Slovakia has not declared a climate emergency. However, local jurisdictions in Slovakia such as the city of Zlaté Moravce (18 September 2019)201 have declared a climate emergency. Slovakia is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.202
 SloveniaPartial+ Member EU-CEDSlovenia is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.203
 South KoreaYesThe National Government of South Korea has declared a climate emergency. Additionally several local jurisdictions in South Korea such as South Chungcheong Province,204 the city of Incheon,205 the South Gyeongsang Province,206 the Gwangju,207 and every primary local government208 has declared a climate emergency.
 SpainYes+ Member EU-CEDBoth the National Government and the Parliament of Spain has declared a climate emergency. Additionally, local jurisdictions in Spain, such as the regions of Catalonia (7 May 2019),209 Euskadi,210 Canary Islands,211 Balearic Islands,212 and the cities of San Cristóbal de La Laguna,213 Seville,214 Castro Urdiales,215 Zaragoza, Salobreña, Lanzarote, El Rosario, Puerto de la Cruz,216 Sagunto,217 Zamora,218 Madrid,219 Barcelona220 and Tomelloso221 have declared a climate emergency. Spain is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.222
 SwedenPartial+ Member EU-CEDThe National Government of Sweden has not declared a climate emergency. However, local jurisdictions, such as the cities of Lund223 and Malmö224 have declared a climate emergency. Sweden is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.225
  SwitzerlandPartialThe National Government of Switzerland has not declared a climate emergency. However, the cantons of Basel-Stadt, Jura and Vaud, and the cities of Liestal, Olten and Delemont226 have declared a climate emergency.
 United KingdomPartial+ Member EU-CED

Main article: Climate emergency declarations in the United Kingdom

In May 2019, the UK Parliament passed a non-binding motion declaring a climate emergency in the UK, following an opposition day debate. Michael Gove, responding for the UK Government, said that "the situation we face is an emergency" and called for cross-party action; but didn't endorse the motion.227228 The UK was a member state in the EU at the time that it (the EU) declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations, on 28 November 2019.229

 United StatesPartialIn the United States: more than 24 towns have declared a climate emergency,230 most notably, New York City (26 June 2019),231 Hayward (15 January 2019), San Francisco and Chico (2 April 2019).232 Hawaii became the first U.S. state to declare a climate emergency on 29 April 2021.233
 Vatican CityYesPope Francis declared a state of climate emergency in June 2019 on behalf of the Holy See.234
 WalesYes1 May 2019: the Senedd passed the declaration made by its government on 29 April 2019, and became the first parliament in the world to officially declare a climate emergency.235236237

Criticism

Declaring a climate emergency has been criticized for giving the idea of a need for authoritarian and anti-democratic policies,238 with critics saying democracy is essential for the long-term success of climate policies.239

Additionally, it is seen by some critics as ineffective in combating climate change. They point to psychological impacts, the emphasis on quick short term changes rather than systemic and the lack of plans, targets and resource shifts to back up their declaration as potential problems.240

Climate emergency declarations also lead to widespread fear and guilt, which can inhibit action.241 They can arouse feelings of helplessness or hopelessness that prevent people from pursuing actual solutions, otherwise known as eco-anxiety. People facing such fear are more likely to ignore climate change in an effort to ease those fears or even be pushed into polarized ideology like climate denial.242 While climate emergency declarations are intended to signal urgent action, they have attracted criticism for potentially promoting authoritarian and anti-democratic approaches. Scholars argue that invoking an "emergency" framework may concentrate power in the executive branch, circumventing democratic checks and balances and normal legislative processes.243 Some environmental theorists associate this with "eco-authoritarianism"—a concept where urgent ecological goals justify reduced civil liberties and increased state control.244 Critics also note that emergency rhetoric can be used to justify restrictions on free speech and the right to protest, particularly in countries with already fragile democratic institutions.245 There are concerns that such declarations might enable human rights abuses, especially among marginalized populations like indigenous groups and climate refugees.246 Some argue that the use of war metaphors, such as calling for a “World War II-style climate mobilization,” risks legitimizing extreme, centralized control.247

Furthermore, the psychological effect of constant "emergency" framing can foster anxiety and inaction rather than empowerment.248 Other critiques highlight the symbolic nature of such declarations, often unaccompanied by concrete policy plans or funding, reducing them to performative gestures.249 Legal experts also raise alarms about the long-term precedent these emergency powers may set for governments to bypass democratic procedures in future crises.250 Finally, democratic participation is widely seen as essential for successful climate action, and critics argue that bypassing inclusive debate in the name of urgency may erode public trust and social cohesion.251

See also

Further reading

References

  1. Ripple, William; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas; Barnard, Phoebe; Moomaw, William (2019-11-05). "World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency". BioScience, Biz088, American Institute of Biological Science (Oxford Academic; Oxford University Press). Retrieved 2019-12-14. https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biosci/biz088/5610806 ↩

  2. "History of Climate Emergency Action by Councils". CACEonline.org. Council Action in the Climate Emergency. Archived from the original on 2020-10-30. https://www.caceonline.org/history.html ↩

  3. "CEDAMIA list of global declarations". CEDAMIA. Climate Emergency Declaration and Mobilisation In Action. 2019-05-15. Retrieved 2020-02-23. https://www.cedamia.org/global/ ↩

  4. "Wales' first ever climate change conference set to take place in Cardiff". ITV Consumer Limited. ITV News. 2019-10-16. Retrieved 2021-09-16. https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2019-10-16/wales-first-ever-climate-change-conference-set-to-take-place-in-cardiff ↩

  5. "Welsh Government makes climate emergency declaration". Welsh Government. 2019-04-29. Retrieved 2021-09-19. https://gov.wales/welsh-government-makes-climate-emergency-declaration ↩

  6. "'Climate emergency' declared by Welsh Government". BBC News. 2019-04-29. Retrieved 2021-09-19. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-48093720 ↩

  7. "How a council can enter into full emergency mode". CACE. Council and Community Action in the Climate Emergency. Retrieved 2020-01-05. https://www.caceonline.org/entering-emergency-mode.html ↩

  8. Gorey, Colm (2019-05-10). "What Does Declaring a Climate Emergency Actually Mean?". Silicon Republic. Retrieved 2019-12-12. https://www.siliconrepublic.com/innovation/climate-emergency-ireland-what-it-means ↩

  9. Resolution, Climate Emergency. "What is a Climate Emergency Declaration". The Climate Mobilization. Retrieved 2019-12-12. https://www.theclimatemobilization.org/climate-emergency-resolution ↩

  10. Freedman, Andrew (2019-11-05). "More than 11,000 scientists from around the world declare a 'climate emergency'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2019-11-06. https://washingtonpost.com/science/2019/11/05/more-than-scientists-around-world-declare-climate-emergency/ ↩

  11. The Peoples' Climate Vote. United Nations Development Programme. 2021-01-26. Archived from the original on 2021-01-28. 64% of people said that climate change was an emergency – presenting a clear and convincing call for decision-makers to step up on ambition. - The highest level of support was in SIDS (Small Island Developing States, 74%), followed by high-income countries (72%), middle-income countries (62%), then LDCs (Least Developed Countries, 58%). - Regionally, the proportion of people who said climate change is a global emergency had a high level of support everywhere - in Western Europe and North America (72%), Eastern Europe and Central Asia (65%), Arab States (64%), Latin America and Caribbean (63%), Asia and Pacific (63%), and Sub-Saharan Africa (61%). - Four climate policies emerged as the most popular globally: 1. Conservation of forests and land (54% public support); 2. Solar, wind and renewable power (53%); 3. Climate-friendly farming techniques (52%); and 4. Investing more in green businesses and jobs (50%). {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) (Page has download link to 68-page PDF.) https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/climate-and-disaster-resilience-/The-Peoples-Climate-Vote-Results.html ↩

  12. "National Climate Emergency Rally Melbourne June 2009". Greenlivingpedia. 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2019-12-12. https://www.greenlivingpedia.org/National_Climate_Emergency_Rally_Melbourne_June_2009 ↩

  13. "The Club of Rome Climate Emergency Plan". The Club of Rome. Archived from the original on 2019-12-08. Retrieved 2019-12-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20191208083024/https://www.clubofrome.org/project/the-club-of-rome-climate-emergency-plan/ ↩

  14. "Extinction Rebellion Home". Extinction Rebelion. Retrieved 2019-12-12. https://rebellion.earth/ ↩

  15. Rice, Doyle (2019-11-21). "'Climate emergency' is Oxford Dictionary's word of the year". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2019-11-22. Retrieved 2019-12-03. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/11/21/climate-emergency-oxford-dictionarys-word-year/4263945002/ ↩

  16. "Darebin City Council | cedamia". cedamia.org. 2018-03-09. Retrieved 2019-12-30. https://www.cedamia.org/darebin-city-council/ ↩

  17. "What next after declaring a climate emergency?". SoundCloud. https://soundcloud.com/biggreenpoliticspodcast/what-next-after-declaring-a-climate-emergency ↩

  18. "Change starts here: Carla Denyer". Green World. https://greenworld.org.uk/article/change-starts-here-carla-denyer ↩

  19. "Minutes of the Council Meeting". Meetings. City of Darebin. 2017-08-24 [2017-08-21]. Archived from the original on 2019-06-16. Retrieved 2019-05-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20190616151933/http://www.darebin.vic.gov.au/-/media/cityofdarebin/Files/YourCouncil/HowCouncilWorks/MeetingAgendasMinutes/CouncilMeetings/2017/21Aug/Minutes-21August2017.ashx?la=en ↩

  20. "Darebin Climate Emergency Plan". Agendas and minutes of Council. City of Darebin. 2017-08-21. Archived from the original on 2019-06-10. Retrieved 2019-05-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20190610115947/http://www.darebin.vic.gov.au/-/media/cityofdarebin/Files/YourCouncil/HowCouncilWorks/MeetingAgendasMinutes/CouncilMeetings/2017/21Aug/Item605AppendixB-DarebinClimateEmergencyPlanAMENDED.ashx?la=en ↩

  21. "What next after declaring a climate emergency?". SoundCloud. https://soundcloud.com/biggreenpoliticspodcast/what-next-after-declaring-a-climate-emergency ↩

  22. "Change starts here: Carla Denyer". Green World. https://greenworld.org.uk/article/change-starts-here-carla-denyer ↩

  23. Taylor, Matthew; correspondent, Matthew Taylor Environment (2018-11-14). "Bristol plans to become carbon neutral by 2030". The Guardian. {{cite news}}: |last2= has generic name (help) https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/nov/14/bristol-plans-to-become-carbon-neutral-by-2030 ↩

  24. "Climate change: What is a climate emergency?". 2019-03-15 – via www.bbc.co.uk. https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-47570654 ↩

  25. Ellsmoor, James. "Climate Emergency Declarations: How Cities Are Leading The Charge". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesellsmoor/2019/07/20/climate-emergency-declarations-how-cities-are-leading-the-charge/ ↩

  26. "What next after declaring a climate emergency?". SoundCloud. https://soundcloud.com/biggreenpoliticspodcast/what-next-after-declaring-a-climate-emergency ↩

  27. "Change starts here: Carla Denyer". Green World. https://greenworld.org.uk/article/change-starts-here-carla-denyer ↩

  28. "Opinion: If green Bristol will struggle to meet emissions targets, how can the rest of us manage?". The Independent. 2019-07-19. https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/bristol-carbon-emissions-extinction-rebellion-climate-change-a9012751.html ↩

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