Deeplearning4j

<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
Deeplearning4j relies on the widely used programming language <a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a>, though it is compatible with <a href="/facts/Clojure/3JRNxKXx">Clojure</a> and includes a <a href="/facts/Scala_(programming_language)/ebL8o6AK">Scala</a> <a href="/facts/Application_programming_interface/GMlN4vUr">application programming interface</a> (API). It is powered by its own open-source numerical computing library, ND4J, and works with both <a href="/facts/Central_processing_unit/Jxp1bqMV">central processing units</a> (CPUs) and <a href="/facts/Graphics_processing_unit/PTK1RQVp">graphics processing units</a> (GPUs).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
Deeplearning4j has been used in several commercial and academic applications. The code is hosted on <a href="/facts/GitHub/n1hNCsc3">GitHub</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> A support forum is maintained on <a href="/facts/Gitter/cFEUJUzW">Gitter</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
The framework is composable, meaning shallow neural nets such as restricted Boltzmann machines, convolutional nets, autoencoders, and recurrent nets can be added to one another to create deep nets of varying types. It also has extensive visualization tools,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> and a computation graph.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>

<h2 id="distributed">Distributed</h2>
Training with Deeplearning4j occurs in a cluster. Neural nets are trained in parallel via iterative reduce, which works on <a href="/facts/Hadoop/oUS1G2R7">Hadoop</a>-YARN and on <a href="/facts/Apache_Spark/rHQVfSBc">Spark</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> Deeplearning4j also integrates with CUDA kernels to conduct pure GPU operations, and works with distributed GPUs.

<h2 id="scientific-computing-for-the-jvm">Scientific computing for the JVM</h2>
Deeplearning4j includes an n-dimensional array class using ND4J that allows scientific computing in Java and Scala, similar to the functions that <a href="/facts/NumPy/T6FnhWWD">NumPy</a> provides to <a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a>. It's effectively based on a library for <a href="/facts/Linear_algebra/8VaB4VWk">linear algebra</a> and <a href="/facts/Matrix_(mathematics)/qa8FI4ko">matrix</a> manipulation in a production environment.

<h2 id="datavec-vectorization-library-for-machine-learning">DataVec vectorization library for machine-learning</h2>
DataVec vectorizes various file formats and data types using an <a href="/facts/Input/output/WQTE8Jas">input/output</a> format system similar to Hadoop's use of MapReduce; that is, it turns various data types into columns of scalars termed <a href="/facts/Vector_(mathematics_and_physics)/U8mM7A5F">vectors</a>. DataVec is designed to vectorize CSVs, images, sound, text, video, and time series.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>

<h2 id="text-and-nlp">Text and NLP</h2>
Deeplearning4j includes a <a href="/facts/Vector_space_model/WC1LqLA5">vector space modeling</a> and <a href="/facts/Topic_model/aCAuIjwe">topic modeling</a> toolkit, implemented in Java and integrating with parallel GPUs for performance. It is designed to handle large text sets.
Deeplearning4j includes implementations of term frequency–inverse document frequency (<a href="/facts/Tf%E2%80%93idf/JDzc5Jnr">tf–idf</a>), <a href="/facts/Deep_learning/JLuwD3ea">deep learning</a>, and Mikolov's word2vec algorithm,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> doc2vec, and GloVe, reimplemented and optimized in Java. It relies on <a href="/facts/T-distributed_stochastic_neighbor_embedding/voxbCyzQ">t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding</a> (t-SNE) for word-cloud visualizations.

<h2 id="real-world-use-cases-and-integrations">Real-world use cases and integrations</h2>
Real-world use cases for Deeplearning4j include network intrusion detection and cybersecurity, fraud detection for the financial sector,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> anomaly detection in industries such as manufacturing, recommender systems in e-commerce and advertising,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> and image recognition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> Deeplearning4j has integrated with other machine-learning platforms such as RapidMiner, Prediction.io,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> and <a href="/facts/Weka_(machine_learning)/NE2IqoqX">Weka</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>

<h2 id="machine-learning-model-server">Machine Learning Model Server</h2>
Deeplearning4j serves machine-learning models for inference in production using the free developer edition of SKIL, the Skymind Intelligence Layer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> A model server serves the parametric machine-learning models that makes decisions about data. It is used for the inference stage of a machine-learning workflow, after data pipelines and model training. A model server is the tool that allows data science research to be deployed in a real-world production environment.
What a Web server is to the Internet, a model server is to AI. Where a Web server receives an HTTP request and returns data about a Web site, a model server receives data, and returns a decision or prediction about that data: e.g. sent an image, a model server might return a label for that image, identifying faces or animals in photographs.
The SKIL model server is able to import models from Python frameworks such as Tensorflow, Keras, Theano and CNTK, overcoming a major barrier in deploying deep learning models.

<h2 id="benchmarks">Benchmarks</h2>
Deeplearning4j is as fast as Caffe for non-trivial image recognition tasks using multiple GPUs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> For programmers unfamiliar with HPC on the JVM, there are several parameters that must be adjusted to optimize neural network training time. These include setting the heap space, the garbage collection algorithm, employing off-heap memory and pre-saving data (pickling) for faster ETL.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> Together, these optimizations can lead to a 10x acceleration in performance with Deeplearning4j.

<h2 id="api-languages-java-scala-python-clojure--kotlin">API Languages: Java, Scala, Python, Clojure & Kotlin</h2>
Deeplearning4j can be used via multiple API languages including Java, Scala, Python, Clojure and Kotlin. Its Scala API is called ScalNet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> Keras serves as its Python API.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> And its Clojure wrapper is known as DL4CLJ.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> The core languages performing the large-scale mathematical operations necessary for deep learning are C, C++ and CUDA C.

<h2 id="tensorflow-keras--deeplearning4j">Tensorflow, Keras & Deeplearning4j</h2>
Tensorflow, Keras and Deeplearning4j work together. Deeplearning4j can import models from Tensorflow and other Python frameworks if they have been created with Keras.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>Free and open-source software portal</li><li>Computer programming portal</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_deep_learning_software/NJypbDKA">Comparison of deep learning software</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">Artificial intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Machine_learning/e0w0XJTu">Machine learning</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Deep_learning/JLuwD3ea">Deep learning</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

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</ol>

Deeplearning4j open-in-new

Deeplearning4j