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Habsburg monarchy
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<h2 id="origins-and-expansion">Origins and expansion</h2> <p>The first Habsburg who can be reliably traced was <a href="/facts/Radbot_of_Klettgau/IKE9gIgc">Radbot of Klettgau</a>, who was born in the late 10th century; the family name originated with <a href="/facts/Habsburg_Castle/nn7NPpDz">Habsburg Castle</a>, in present-day <a href="/facts/Switzerland/LcGuxeTe">Switzerland</a>, which was built by Radbot.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> After 1279, the Habsburgs came to rule in the <a href="/facts/Duchy_of_Austria/7JtPYSYw">Duchy of Austria</a>, which was part of the elective <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Germany/XXEKm6ah">Kingdom of Germany</a> within the <a href="/facts/Holy_Roman_Empire/6mdobnXN">Holy Roman Empire</a>. King <a href="/facts/Rudolf_I_of_Germany/Y8VpNYaF">Rudolf I of Germany</a> of the Habsburg family assigned the Duchy of Austria to his sons at the <a href="/facts/Diet_of_Augsburg/IPoH5ykr">Diet of Augsburg</a> (1282), thus establishing the "<a href="/facts/Austrian_hereditary_lands/dBuoUmsk">Austrian hereditary lands</a>". From that moment, the Habsburg dynasty was also known as the <a href="/facts/House_of_Austria/0ttzWDwA">House of Austria</a>. Between 1438 and 1806, with few exceptions, the Habsburg <a href="/facts/Archduke_of_Austria/K6CHFgSY">Archduke of Austria</a> was elected as <a href="/facts/Holy_Roman_Emperor/RYrqYynl">Holy Roman Emperor</a>. </p><p>The Habsburgs grew to European prominence as a result of the dynastic policy pursued by <a href="/facts/Maximilian_I%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/4f8SjFsX">Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. Maximilian married <a href="/facts/Mary_of_Burgundy/l9ThhF7M">Mary of Burgundy</a>, thus bringing the <a href="/facts/Burgundian_Netherlands/vnqJvJ6y">Burgundian Netherlands</a> into the Habsburg possessions. Their son, <a href="/facts/Philip_the_Handsome/2Ljpxzzf">Philip the Handsome</a>, married <a href="/facts/Joanna_the_Mad/XUTQ7zF7">Joanna the Mad</a> of Spain (daughter of <a href="/facts/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon/lt1dHN67">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> and <a href="/facts/Isabella_I_of_Castile/R3wN94z3">Isabella I of Castile</a>). <a href="/facts/Charles_V%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/QdqkWAeq">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, the son of Philip and Joanna, inherited the <a href="/facts/Habsburg_Netherlands/qKjvseHF">Habsburg Netherlands</a> in 1506, <a href="/facts/Habsburg_Spain/YDSCuG3x">Habsburg Spain</a> and its territories in 1516, and Habsburg Austria in 1519. </p><p>At this point, the Habsburg possessions were so vast that Charles V was constantly travelling throughout his dominions and therefore needed deputies and regents, such as <a href="/facts/Isabella_of_Portugal/IRJI0tUB">Isabella of Portugal</a> in Spain and <a href="/facts/Margaret_of_Austria%2c_Duchess_of_Savoy/b9pVQMbR">Margaret of Austria</a> in the Low Countries, to govern his various realms. At the <a href="/facts/Diet_of_Worms/50CV6h1r">Diet of Worms</a> in 1521, Emperor Charles V came to terms with his younger brother <a href="/facts/Ferdinand_I%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/4mMFlXNV">Ferdinand</a>. According to the <a href="/facts/Habsburg/0ttzWDwA">Habsburg</a> <i>compact</i> of Worms (1521), confirmed a year later in <a href="/facts/Brussels/tNzHrQYP">Brussels</a>, Ferdinand was made <a href="/facts/Archduke/28zHIFKA">Archduke</a>, as a regent of Charles V in the Austrian hereditary lands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Following the death of <a href="/facts/Louis_II_of_Hungary/KQHrA6fo">Louis II of Hungary</a> in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Moh%25C3%25A1cs/fVS6YV1x">Battle of Mohács</a> against the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman Turks</a>, Archduke Ferdinand (who was his brother-in-law by virtue of an adoption treaty signed by Maximilian and <a href="/facts/Vladislaus_II_of_Hungary/jwxhVYR2">Vladislaus II</a>, Louis's father at the <a href="/facts/First_Congress_of_Vienna/XJIQlBfY">First Congress of Vienna</a>) was also elected the next king of <a href="/facts/List_of_Bohemian_monarchs/aprTkoTY">Bohemia</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_Hungarian_monarchs/nIY0x9DH">Hungary</a> in 1526.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Bohemia and Hungary became hereditary Habsburg domains only in the 17th century: Following victory in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_White_Mountain/P9gUa66r">Battle of White Mountain</a> (1620) over the Bohemian rebels, <a href="/facts/Ferdinand_II%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/AmQV0oob">Ferdinand II</a> promulgated a <i>Renewed Land Ordinance</i> (1627/1628) that established hereditary succession over Bohemia. Following the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Moh%25C3%25A1cs_(1687)/mUfxsLfL">Battle of Mohács (1687)</a>, in which <a href="/facts/Leopold_I%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/4Nm0Ix63">Leopold I</a> reconquered almost all of <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Hungary/uj7HByBs">Ottoman Hungary</a> from the Turks, the emperor held a <a href="/facts/Diet_of_Hungary/jJYPRKGV">diet in Pressburg</a> to establish hereditary succession in the Hungarian kingdom. </p> <p>Charles V divided the House in 1556 by ceding Austria along with the Imperial crown to Ferdinand (as decided at the <a href="/facts/Imperial_election%2c_1531/xCsukHJM">Imperial election, 1531</a>), and the <a href="/facts/Spanish_Empire/RaWWgnQS">Spanish Empire</a> to his son <a href="/facts/Philip_II_of_Spain/xSwrEajp">Philip</a>. The Spanish branch (which also held the Netherlands, the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Portugal/KUUfjXpt">Kingdom of Portugal</a> between 1580 and 1640, and the <a href="/facts/Mezzogiorno/KJYA2ooC">Mezzogiorno</a> of Italy) became extinct in 1700. The Austrian branch (which also ruled the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary and Bohemia) was itself divided between different branches of the family from 1564 until 1665, but thereafter it remained a single <a href="/facts/Personal_union/cBjL324v">personal union</a>. It became extinct in the male line in 1740, but through the marriage of Queen <a href="/facts/Maria_Theresa/q2kP0dNM">Maria Theresa</a> with <a href="/facts/Francis_I%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/CepQk493">Francis of Lorraine</a>, the dynasty continued as the <a href="/facts/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine/mC5H47mp">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a>. </p> <h3>Names</h3> <ul><li>Habsburg monarchy (German <i>Habsburgermonarchie</i>): this is an unofficial umbrella term, very frequently used, but was not an <a href="/facts/Official/TSxStIy7">official name</a>.</li> <li>Austrian monarchy (<a href="/facts/Latin_language/pM3Kge85">Latin</a>: <i>monarchia austriaca</i>) came into use around 1700 as a term of convenience for the Habsburg territories.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>"Danubian monarchy" (<a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a>: <i>Donaumonarchie</i>) was an unofficial name often used contemporaneously.</li> <li>"<a href="/facts/Dual_monarchy/kFxEIC2n">Dual monarchy</a>" (<a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a>: <i>Doppel-Monarchie</i>) referred to the combination of <a href="/facts/Cisleithania/935f8f2v">Cisleithania</a> and the <a href="/facts/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen/L6Q0TqUl">Transleithania</a>, two states under one crowned ruler.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Austrian_Empire/AnAU9bdG">Austrian Empire</a> (<a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a>: <i>Kaisertum Österreich</i>): This was the official name of the new Habsburg empire created in 1804, immediately prior to the Holy Roman Empire being dissolved in 1806. In this context, the English word <i>empire</i> refers to a territory ruled by an <a href="/facts/Emperor_of_Austria/KDvogHcP">emperor</a>, and not to a "widespreading domain".</li> <li><a href="/facts/Austria-Hungary/9WPUPj0W">Austria-Hungary</a> (<a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a>: <i>Österreich-Ungarn</i>), 1867–1918: This name was commonly used in international relations, although the official name was <i>Austro-Hungarian Monarchy</i> (<a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a>: <i>Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Crownland/9TtxIbsy">Crownlands</a> or <a href="/facts/Crown_land/9TtxIbsy">crown lands</a> (<i>Kronländer</i>) (1849–1918): This is the name of all the individual parts of the Austrian Empire (1849–1867), and then of Austria-Hungary from 1867 on. The Kingdom of Hungary (more exactly the Lands of the Hungarian Crown) was not considered a "crownland" anymore after the establishment of Austria-Hungary in 1867, so that the "crownlands" became identical with what was called the Kingdoms and Lands represented in the Imperial Council (<i>Die im Reichsrate vertretenen Königreiche und Länder</i>).</li> <li>The Hungarian parts of the empire were called "<a href="/facts/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen/L6Q0TqUl">Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen</a>" or "Lands of Holy (St.) Stephen's Crown" (<i>Länder der Heiligen Stephans Krone</i>). The Bohemian (Czech) Lands were called "Lands of the St. Wenceslaus' Crown" (<i>Länder der Wenzels-Krone</i>).</li></ul> <p>Names of some smaller territories: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Prince-Archbishopric_of_Salzburg/pzNcfdvl">Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg</a> finally became Austrian in 1816 after the Napoleonic wars; before that it was ruled by the prince-archbishops of Salzburg as a sovereign territory.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Prince-Bishopric_of_Trent/QfT7uMWj">Prince-Bishopric of Trent</a> and <a href="/facts/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brixen/ddhYHPh9">Prince-Bishopric of Brixen</a> became Austrian in 1803 following the <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Lun%25C3%25A9ville/WwVluuIC">Treaty of Lunéville</a>.</li> <li>Austria, historically, was split into "<a href="/facts/Upper_Austria/kI0P1LjJ">Austria above the Enns</a>" and "<a href="/facts/Lower_Austria/1IVpdrKx">Austria below the Enns</a>" (the <a href="/facts/Enns_(river)/6VpeQLuh">Enns</a> river is the state-border between Upper- and Lower Austria). Upper Austria was enlarged after the <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Teschen/xxGKtneC">Treaty of Teschen</a> (1779) following the <a href="/facts/War_of_the_Bavarian_Succession/GJqFcNfI">War of the Bavarian Succession</a> by the so-called <a href="/facts/Innviertel/GyoPHDzq">Innviertel</a> ("<a href="/facts/Inn_River/0U17qfST">Inn</a> Quarter"), formerly part of <a href="/facts/Electorate_of_Bavaria/2b5PjLKA">Bavaria</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hereditary_Lands/dBuoUmsk">Hereditary Lands</a> (<i>Erblande</i> or <i>Erbländer</i>; mostly used <i>Österreichische Erblande</i>) or German Hereditary Lands (in the Austrian monarchy) or Austrian Hereditary Lands (<a href="/facts/Middle_Ages/RqzEKB9v">Middle Ages</a> – 1849/1918): In a narrower sense these were the "original" Habsburg territories, principally the <a href="/facts/Archduchy_of_Austria/WpHKUa55">Archduchy of Austria</a> (<i>Oesterreich</i>), <a href="/facts/Duchy_of_Styria/R3d2D6qD">Duchy of Styria</a> (<i>Steiermark</i>), <a href="/facts/Duchy_of_Carinthia/DAWeLaGR">Duchy of Carinthia</a> (<i>Kaernten</i>), <a href="/facts/Duchy_of_Carniola/xU82jIXF">Duchy of Carniola</a> (<i>Krain</i>), <a href="/facts/County_of_Tyrol/1XWR7rbz">County of Tyrol</a> (<i>Tirol</i>) and <a href="/facts/Vorarlberg/ggqcFczh">Vorarlberg</a>. In a wider sense the <a href="/facts/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown/2PmCp2Ao">Lands of the Bohemian Crown</a> were also included (from 1526; definitively from 1620/27) in the Hereditary Lands. The term was replaced by the term "Crownlands" (see above) in the 1849 <a href="/facts/March_Constitution_(Austria)/MBnxFM2D">March Constitution</a>, but it was also used afterwards.The <i>Erblande</i> also included many small territories that were principalities, duchies or counties in other parts of the Holy Roman Empire, such as <a href="/facts/Further_Austria/zEnD7UPf">Further Austria</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="territories">Territories</h2> <p>The territories ruled by the Austrian monarchy changed over the centuries, but the core always consisted of four blocs: </p> <ul><li>The Hereditary Lands, which covered most of the modern states of <a href="/facts/Austria/4qWIMIyc">Austria</a> and <a href="/facts/Slovenia/EcYU22W4">Slovenia</a>, as well as territories in northeastern <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a> and (before 1797) southwestern <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a>. To these were added in 1779 the <a href="/facts/Innviertel/GyoPHDzq">Inn Quarter</a> of Bavaria and in 1803 the <a href="/facts/Prince-bishop/Sg23X3kc">Prince-Bishoprics</a> of <a href="/facts/Prince-Bishopric_of_Trent/QfT7uMWj">Trent</a> and <a href="/facts/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brixen/ddhYHPh9">Brixen</a>. The <a href="/facts/Napoleonic_Wars/jo0MdaTD">Napoleonic Wars</a> caused disruptions where many parts of the Hereditary lands were lost, but all these, along with the former Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg, which had previously been temporarily annexed between 1805 and 1809, were recovered at the <a href="/facts/Congress_of_Vienna/SXD64asG">Congress of Vienna</a> 1815, with the exception of Further Austria. The Hereditary provinces included: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Archduchy_of_Austria/WpHKUa55">Archduchy of Austria</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Upper_Austria/kI0P1LjJ">Upper Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lower_Austria/1IVpdrKx">Lower Austria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Inner_Austria/oLo9aVMe">Inner Austria</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Duchy_of_Styria/R3d2D6qD">Duchy of Styria</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Duchy_of_Carinthia/DAWeLaGR">Duchy of Carinthia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Duchy_of_Carniola/xU82jIXF">Duchy of Carniola</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Imperial_Free_City_of_Trieste/DQIIyg3J">Imperial Free City of Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/March_of_Istria/rooDBN2B">Margraviate of Istria</a> (although much of Istria was <a href="/facts/Republic_of_Venice/5aqUw6gJ">Venetian</a> territory until 1797)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Princely_County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca/6E5Sgp3T">Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/County_of_Tyrol/1XWR7rbz">County of Tyrol</a> (although the Bishoprics of Trent and Brixen dominated what would become the South Tyrol before 1803</li> <li><a href="/facts/Duchy_of_Salzburg/vTY5lWF2">Duchy of Salzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Further_Austria/zEnD7UPf">Further Austria</a>, mostly ruled jointly with Tyrol. <ul><li><a href="/facts/Vorarlberg/ggqcFczh">Vorarlberg</a> (actually a collection of provinces, only united in the 19th century)</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Vorlande/zEnD7UPf">Vorlande</a>, a group of territories in <a href="/facts/Breisgau/G5hoLFTG">Breisgau</a> and elsewhere in southwestern Germany lost in 1801 (although the <a href="/facts/Alsace/MSXIp87H">Alsatian</a> territories (<a href="/facts/Sundgau/sd4DBKFV">Sundgau</a>) which had formed a part of it had been lost as early as 1648)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Grand_Duchy_of_Salzburg/qKjEmlUs">Grand Duchy of Salzburg</a> (only after 1805)</li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown/2PmCp2Ao">Lands of the Bohemian Crown</a>. The <a href="/facts/Bohemian_Diet/ARWMzuL2">Bohemian Diet</a> elected <a href="/facts/Ferdinand_I%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/4mMFlXNV">Ferdinand</a>, later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I, as king in 1526. Initially consisting of the five lands: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Bohemia/xLRecLL1">Kingdom of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Margraviate_of_Moravia/g1vfbqL3">Margraviate of Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Duchies_of_Silesia/pb86PxwR">Silesia</a>, Most of Silesia was conquered by <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Prussia/x796l7vx">Prussia</a> in 1740–1742 and the remnants which stayed under Habsburg sovereignty were ruled as <a href="/facts/Austrian_Silesia/F8l9GG84">Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia</a> (Austrian Silesia).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Lusatia/vIgfz4LX">Lusatia</a>, was ceded to <a href="/facts/Electorate_of_Saxony/QEt6bMrs">Saxony</a> in 1635. <ul><li><a href="/facts/Upper_Lusatia/SGJ7stV8">Upper Lusatia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lower_Lusatia/ptmWsgqC">Lower Lusatia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Hungary/91tLqn81">Kingdom of Hungary</a> – two-thirds of the former territory that was administered by the medieval Kingdom of Hungary was conquered by the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman Empire</a> and the Princes of vassal Ottoman <a href="/facts/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1571%25E2%2580%25931711)/vyd17h3N">Transylvania</a>, while the Habsburg administration was restricted to the western and northern territories of the former kingdom, which remained to be officially referred as the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%25E2%2580%25931867)/ISUTYf6c">Kingdom of Hungary</a>. In 1699, at the end of the <a href="/facts/Ottoman%25E2%2580%2593Habsburg_wars/a2AW6mua">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a>, one part of the territories that were administered by the former medieval Kingdom of Hungary came under Habsburg administration, with some other areas being acquired in 1718 (some of the territories that were part of medieval kingdom, notably those in the south of the <a href="/facts/Sava/DSFX31r7">Sava</a> and <a href="/facts/Danube/8lMeM9xg">Danube</a> rivers, remained under Ottoman administration).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(Habsburg)/BBrfKatU">Kingdom of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Military_Frontier/kYDjJVjv">Military Frontier</a></li></ul> <p>Over the course of its history, other lands were, at times, under Austrian Habsburg rule (some of these territories were <a href="/facts/Secundogeniture/DdlJmWWK">secundogenitures</a>, i.e. ruled by other lines of Habsburg dynasty): </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Habsburg-occupied_Serbia_(1686%25E2%2580%259391)/eVmGEsBN">Serbia</a> occupation (1686–1691)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Slavonia/9CN8tfTD">Kingdom of Slavonia</a> (1699–1868)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Duchy_of_Milan/GBIKAYF3">Duchy of Milan</a> (1706–1797)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Duchy_of_Mantua/SHGcWkPm">Duchy of Mantua</a> (1706–1797)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Naples/9NtrlFp7">Kingdom of Naples</a> (1707–1735)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Sardinia/h7CTWyz2">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1707–1720)</li> <li><a href="/facts/State_of_the_Presidi/uEjzolaW">State of the Presidi</a> (1707–1733)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Austrian_Netherlands/JIEJQoMy">Austrian Netherlands</a>, consisting of most of modern <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a> and <a href="/facts/Luxembourg/vRN04l7f">Luxembourg</a> (1713–1795)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%25E2%2580%25931867)/hJYXaSAz">Grand Principality of Transylvania</a>, between 1699 (<a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Karlowitz/eAlAqMDb">Treaty of Karlowitz</a>) and 1867 (Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(1718%25E2%2580%259339)/pNd2kQMS">Kingdom of Serbia</a> (1718–1739)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Banat_of_Temeswar/3rkJoYoo">Banat of Temeswar</a> (1718–1778)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Banat_of_Craiova/2YekFHNG">Banat of Craiova</a> (1718–1739 <i>de facto</i>, 1716–1737)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Sicily/AuymVu1X">Kingdom of Sicily</a> (1720–1735)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza/CGWhGpNB">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a> (1735–1748)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria/VjREM5X7">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a>, in modern <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a> and <a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a> (1772–1918)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Duchy_of_Bukovina/JsNTgYKG">Duchy of Bukovina</a> (1774–1918)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Habsburg-occupied_Serbia_(1788%25E2%2580%259392)/6oa1oPBy">Serbia</a> occupation (1788–1791)</li> <li><a href="/facts/West_Galicia/YkTATEwm">West Galicia</a>, the Polish lands, including <a href="/facts/Krak%25C3%25B3w/hubj59IT">Kraków</a>, taken in the <a href="/facts/Third_Partition_of_Poland/0nn4f577">Third Partition</a> (1795–1809)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Venetian_Province/zKFxY3Bg">Venetia</a> (1797–1805)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia/huFaQJVx">Kingdom of Dalmatia</a> (1797–1805, 1814–1918)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%25E2%2580%2593Venetia/524Cv0yv">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> (1814–1866)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Grand_Duchy_of_Krak%25C3%25B3w/lax1g3ee">Grand Duchy of Kraków</a>, which was incorporated into <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria/VjREM5X7">Galicia</a> (1846–1918)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Serbian_Vojvodina/FmYcGgAS">Serbian Vojvodina</a> (1848–1849) de facto entity, officially unrecognized</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voivodeship_of_Serbia_and_Banat_of_Temeschwar/2Ku68jsW">Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar</a> (1849–1860)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia/It07dI9d">Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia</a> (1868–1918)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sanjak_of_Novi_Pazar/cF9tXP4z">Sanjak of Novi Pazar</a> occupation (1878–1908)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/JzeFrk0S">Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1878–1918)</li></ul> <p>The boundaries of some of these territories varied over the period indicated, and others were ruled by a subordinate (secundogeniture) Habsburg line. The Habsburgs also held the title of <a href="/facts/Holy_Roman_Emperor/RYrqYynl">Holy Roman Emperor</a> between 1438 and 1740, and again from 1745 to 1806. </p> <h3>Characteristics</h3> <p>Within the early modern Habsburg monarchy, each entity was governed according to its own particular customs. Until the mid 17th century, not all of the provinces were even necessarily ruled by the same person—junior members of the family often ruled portions of the Hereditary Lands as private apanages. Serious attempts at centralization began under <a href="/facts/Maria_Theresa/q2kP0dNM">Maria Theresa</a> and especially her son <a href="/facts/Joseph_II%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/cvj6srA1">Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> in the mid to late 18th century, but many of these were abandoned following large scale resistance to Joseph's more radical reform attempts, although a more cautious policy of centralization continued during the revolutionary period and the <a href="/facts/Klemens_Wenzel_von_Metternich/AzWQcqeR">Metternichian</a> period that followed. </p><p>Another attempt at centralization began in 1849 following the suppression of the various <a href="/facts/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Habsburg_areas/hcC9EW66">revolutions of 1848</a>. For the first time, ministers tried to transform the monarchy into a centralized bureaucratic state ruled from Vienna. The Kingdom of Hungary was placed under <a href="/facts/Martial_law/fUKQMx0b">martial law</a>, being divided into a series of military districts, and the <a href="/facts/Diet_of_Hungary/jJYPRKGV">Diet of Hungary</a> was forced to dissolve after the <a href="/facts/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848/rqjq06g4">revolution</a> was suppressed by Austrian troops under the command of <a href="/facts/Julius_Jacob_von_Haynau/nkFcmyPI">Julius Jacob von Haynau</a>. Following the Habsburg defeats in the <a href="/facts/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence/Edh6ySJV">Second Italian War of Independence</a> (1859) and <a href="/facts/Austro-Prussian_War/BbXFvNdb">Austro-Prussian War</a> (1866), these policies were gradually abandoned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>After experimentation in the early 1860s, the famous <a href="/facts/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867/ntDpndfH">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a> was arrived at, by which the so-called dual monarchy of <a href="/facts/Austria-Hungary/9WPUPj0W">Austria-Hungary</a> was set up. In this system, the Kingdom of Hungary ("Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen.") was an equal sovereign with only a personal union and a joint foreign and military policy connecting it to the other Habsburg lands. Although the non-Hungarian Habsburg lands were referred to as "Austria", received their own central parliament (the <i>Reichsrat</i>, or <a href="/facts/Imperial_Council_(Austria)/6UNUMbnp">Imperial Council</a>) and ministries, as their official name – the "Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council". When Bosnia and Herzegovina was <a href="/facts/Bosnian_Crisis/KkCDhbVl">annexed</a> (after 30 years of <a href="/facts/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/6eVIXT14">occupation and administration</a>), it was not incorporated into either half of the monarchy. Instead, it was governed by the joint Ministry of Finance. </p><p>During the <a href="/facts/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary/H7prMkwU">dissolution of Austria-Hungary</a>, the Austrian territories collapsed under the weight of the various ethnic independence movements that came to the fore with its defeat in World War I. After its dissolution, the new republics of <a href="/facts/Republic_of_German-Austria/9dpEoaqm">Austria</a> (the German-Austrian territories of the Hereditary lands) and the <a href="/facts/First_Hungarian_Republic/de6nUpI2">First Hungarian Republic</a> were created. In the peace settlement that followed, significant territories were ceded to <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Romania/CwhVjbwD">Romania</a> and <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Italy/X5hxYBvF">Italy</a> and the remainder of the monarchy's territory was shared out among the new states of <a href="/facts/Second_Polish_Republic/YEYGMvn9">Poland</a>, the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia/IRNUtvxW">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a> (later Yugoslavia), and <a href="/facts/Czechoslovakia/9A6Kzmr0">Czechoslovakia</a>. </p> <h2 id="other-lines">Other lines</h2> <p>A junior line ruled over the <a href="/facts/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany/4IbKfzCY">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> between 1765 and 1801, and again from 1814 to 1859. While exiled from Tuscany, this line ruled at <a href="/facts/Electorate_of_Salzburg/qKjEmlUs">Salzburg</a> from 1803 to 1805, and in <a href="/facts/Grand_Duchy_of_W%25C3%25BCrzburg/BzYt6I5g">Grand Duchy of Würzburg</a> from 1805 to 1814. The House of <a href="/facts/Austria-Este/QaDrRKpF">Austria-Este</a> ruled the <a href="/facts/Duchy_of_Modena/LjrW4oQB">Duchy of Modena</a> from 1814 to 1859, while Empress <a href="/facts/Marie_Louise_of_Austria/mTo6bum8">Marie Louise</a>, <a href="/facts/Napoleon/8TKBIjPM">Napoleon</a>'s second wife and the daughter of Austrian Emperor <a href="/facts/Francis_II%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/P3trV5zq">Francis I</a>, ruled over the <a href="/facts/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza/CGWhGpNB">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a> between 1814 and 1847. Also, the <a href="/facts/Second_Mexican_Empire/pWE5zFCB">Second Mexican Empire</a>, from 1863 to 1867, was headed by <a href="/facts/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico/9QbHGxQf">Maximilian I of Mexico</a>, the brother of Emperor <a href="/facts/Franz_Josef_of_Austria/EI1tYJGl">Franz Josef of Austria</a>. </p> <h2 id="rulers-15081918">Rulers, 1508–1918</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/List_of_rulers_of_Austria/K6CHFgSY">List of rulers of Austria</a></p> <p>The so-called "Habsburg monarchs" or "Habsburg emperors" held many different titles and ruled each kingdom separately through a <a href="/facts/Personal_union/cBjL324v">personal union</a>. </p> <h3><a href="/facts/House_of_Habsburg/0ttzWDwA">House of Habsburg</a></h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Frederick_III%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/de0dgy6d">Frederick III</a> (1452–1493)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Maximilian_I%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/4f8SjFsX">Maximilian I</a> (1493–1519)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Charles_V%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/QdqkWAeq">Charles V</a> (1519–1556)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ferdinand_I%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/4mMFlXNV">Ferdinand I</a> (1556–1564)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Maximilian_II%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/vdwubGGd">Maximilian II</a> (1564–1576)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rudolf_II%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/XoKJsYAd">Rudolf II</a> (1576–1612)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Matthias%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/8Bg0c2Fb">Matthias</a> (1612–1619)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ferdinand_II%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/AmQV0oob">Ferdinand II</a> (1619–1637)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ferdinand_III%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/5eb4fQuX">Ferdinand III</a> (1637–1657)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Leopold_I%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/4Nm0Ix63">Leopold I</a> (1657–1705)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Joseph_I%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/GEY4qPw7">Joseph I</a> (1705–1711)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Charles_VI%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/DLG9Jlda">Charles VI</a> (1711–1740)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria/q2kP0dNM">Maria Theresa</a> (1740–1780)</li></ul> <h3><a href="/facts/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine/mC5H47mp">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a></h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Joseph_II%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/cvj6srA1">Joseph II</a> (1780–1790)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Leopold_II%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/17Bx3DIN">Leopold II</a> (1790–1792)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Francis_II%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/P3trV5zq">Francis II</a> (1792–1835)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria/KhEoWEwA">Ferdinand I</a> (1835–1848)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria/EI1tYJGl">Francis Joseph I</a> (1848–1916)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Karl_I_of_Austria/SxLUDKpX">Charles I</a> (1916–1918)</li></ul> <h3>Family tree</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Habsburg_family_tree/vXwrXulg">Habsburg family tree</a></li></ul> <h2 id="in-literature">In literature</h2><p> The decline of the Habsburg Empire is given in Stefan Zweig's <i><a href="/facts/The_World_of_Yesterday/yM3FJYww">The World of Yesterday</a></i>.</p><blockquote><p>Stefan Zweig, l'autore del più famoso libro sull'Impero asburgico, Die Welt von Gestern</p></blockquote><p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><h2 id="male-line-family-tree">Male-line family tree</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th><ul><li>v</li><li>t</li><li>e</li></ul><a href="/facts/House_of_Habsburg/0ttzWDwA">House of Habsburg</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></th></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td 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rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Rudolf_I_of_Germany/Y8VpNYaF">Rudolf Iof Germany</a>c. 1218–1291</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Albert_I_of_Germany/toReaF7U">Albert Iof Germany</a>1255–1308</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Hartmann1263–1281</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Rudolf_II%2c_Duke_of_Austria/I2J3QPrA">Rudolf IIDuke of Austria</a>1270–1290</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Rudolf_I_of_Bohemia/lnVashke">Rudolf Iof Bohemia</a>1281–1307</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Frederick_the_Fair/HI6FpnKw">Frederickthe Fair</a>c. 1289–1330</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Leopold_I%2c_Duke_of_Austria/j2lUwJFQ">Leopold IDuke of Austria</a>1290–1326</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Albert_II%2c_Duke_of_Austria/lFxev6qd">Albert IIDuke of Austria</a>1298–1358</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Henry_the_Friendly/rWvwl2C7">Henrythe Friendly</a>1299–1327</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Otto%2c_Duke_of_Austria/xq43YPhM">OttoDuke of Austria</a>1301–1339</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/John_Parricida/Cg55xFkF">JohnParricida</a>c. 1290–1312/1313</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"> <a href="/facts/Albertinian_Line/cyuecERD">Albertinian line</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"> <a href="/facts/Leopoldian_line/KDa8yLel">Leopoldian line</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Rudolf_IV%2c_Duke_of_Austria/BShoH9ct">Rudolf IVDuke of Austria</a>1339–1365</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Frederick_III_of_Austria/bzS8fm41">Frederick III</a>1347–1362</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Albert_III%2c_Duke_of_Austria/Hh4UajUh">Albert IIIDuke of Austria</a>1349–1395</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Leopold_III%2c_Duke_of_Austria/uhIfXr2d">Leopold IIIDuke of Austria</a>1351–1386</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Frederick IIDuke of Austria1327–1344</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Leopold_II%2c_Duke_of_Austria/qsyGBuCh">Leopold IIDuke of Austria</a>1328–1344</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Albert_IV%2c_Duke_of_Austria/huvpIxmr">Albert IVDuke of Austria</a>1377–1404</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/William%2c_Duke_of_Austria/F9Yec2qv">WilliamDuke of Austria</a>c. 1370–1406</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Leopold_IV%2c_Duke_of_Austria/hSRpVUHN">Leopold IVDuke of Austria</a>1371–1411</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ernest%2c_Duke_of_Austria/vbuSXwmT">ErnestDuke of Austria</a>1377–1424</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Frederick_IV%2c_Duke_of_Austria/E6pGfVco">Frederick IVDuke of Austria</a>1382–1439</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Albert_II_of_Germany/Dt1nfMsm">Albert IIof Germany</a>1397–1439</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Frederick_III%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/de0dgy6d">Frederick IIIHRE</a>1415–1493</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Albert_VI%2c_Archduke_of_Austria/kNgr1AEE">Albert VIArchduke of Austria</a>1418–1463</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Sigismund%2c_Archduke_of_Austria/ANEool96">SigismundArchduke of Austria</a>1427–1496</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ladislaus_the_Posthumous/ptfzhUlu">Ladislausthe Posthumous</a>1440–1457</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Maximilian_I%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/4f8SjFsX">Maximilian IHRE</a>1459–1519</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Philip_I_of_Castile/2Ljpxzzf">Philip Iof Castile</a>1478–1506</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"> Spanish / <a href="/facts/Iberian_Union/rFlAvzSy">Iberian</a> <a href="/facts/Philippine_dynasty/486Stz6U">line</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"> Austrian / <a href="/facts/Holy_Roman_Emperor/RYrqYynl">HRE line</a></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Charles_V%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/QdqkWAeq">Charles VHRE</a>1500–1558</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ferdinand_I%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/4mMFlXNV">Ferdinand IHRE</a>1503–1564</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Philip_II_of_Spain/xSwrEajp">Philip IIof Spain</a>1527–1598</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Maximilian_II%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/vdwubGGd">Maximilian IIHRE</a>1527–1576</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ferdinand_II%2c_Archduke_of_Austria/eh68397G">Ferdinand IIArchduke of Austria</a>1529–1595</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Charles_II%2c_Archduke_of_Austria/6e0eCwgx">Charles IIArchduke of Austria</a>1540–1590</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Carlos%2c_Prince_of_Asturias/wDpeNbss">CarlosPrince of Asturias</a>1545–1568</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Philip_III_of_Spain/cWrbc1YJ">Philip IIIof Spain</a>1578–1621</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Rudolf_II%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/XoKJsYAd">Rudolf IIHRE</a>1552–1612</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Archduke_Ernest_of_Austria/uM2S6KVU">Ernestof Austria</a>1553–1595</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Matthias%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/8Bg0c2Fb">MatthiasHRE</a>1557–1619</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Maximilian_III%2c_Archduke_of_Austria/j7orn2yt">Maximilian IIIArchduke of Austria</a>1558–1618</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Albert_VII%2c_Archduke_of_Austria/NGcSCdob">Albert VIIArchduke of Austria</a>1559–1621</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Archduke_Wenceslaus_of_Austria/aVqdjsS1">WenceslausArchduke of Austria</a>1561–1578</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Margrave_Andrew_of_Burgau/QSNdhK65">AndrewMargrave of Burgau</a>1558–1600</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Charles%2c_Margrave_of_Burgau/yoXlD8my">CharlesMargrave of Burgau</a>1560–1618</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ferdinand_II%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/AmQV0oob">Ferdinand IIHRE</a>1578–1637</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Archduke_Maximilian_Ernest_of_Austria/SjcvdDE4">Maximilian Ernestof Austria</a>1583–1616</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Leopold_V%2c_Archduke_of_Austria/S4et0M7Q">Leopold VArchduke of Austria</a>1586–1632</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Charles_of_Austria%2c_Bishop_of_Wroclaw/HKT7sTaF">Charlesof Austria</a>1590–1624</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Philip_IV_of_Spain/rRqh2K8f">Philip IVof Spain</a>1605–1665</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Infante_Carlos_of_Spain_(1607%25E2%2580%25931632)/ssDUqYCp">Charlesof Austria</a>1607–1632</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand_of_Austria/LrPToMIs">Ferdinandof Austria</a>1609–1641</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">John-Charlesof Austria1605–1619</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ferdinand_III%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/5eb4fQuX">Ferdinand IIIHRE</a>1608–1657</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Archduke_Leopold_Wilhelm_of_Austria/uAqzdvNu">Leopold Wilhelmof Austria</a>1614–1662</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ferdinand_Charles%2c_Archduke_of_Austria/RxHJ3NfX">Ferdinand CharlesArchduke of Austria</a>1628–1662</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Sigismund_Francis%2c_Archduke_of_Austria/yzds60B6">Sigismund FrancisArchduke of Austria</a>1630–1665</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Balthasar_Charles%2c_Prince_of_Asturias/q7gWLFVr">Balthasar CharlesPrince of Asturias</a>1629–1646</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Charles_II_of_Spain/FFwJ0g8p">Charles IIof Spain</a>1661–1700</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ferdinand_IV%2c_King_of_the_Romans/G8WGlf1P">Ferdinand IVKing of the Romans</a>1633–1654</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Leopold_I%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/4Nm0Ix63">Leopold IHRE</a>1640–1705</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Archduke_Charles_Joseph_of_Austria/ehASKm8q">Charles Josephof Austria</a>1649–1664</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Joseph_I%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/GEY4qPw7">Joseph IHRE</a>1678–1711</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Charles_VI%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/DLG9Jlda">Charles VIHRE</a>1685–1740</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"> <a href="/facts/House_of_Lorraine/cgRV06us">Lorraine</a></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Maria_Theresa/q2kP0dNM">Maria TheresaHRE</a>1740–1780</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Francis_I%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/CepQk493">Francis IHRE</a>1745–1765</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"> <a href="/facts/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine/mC5H47mp">Habsburg-Lorraine</a></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Joseph_II%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/cvj6srA1">Joseph IIHRE</a>1765–1790</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Leopold_II%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/17Bx3DIN">Leopold IIHRE</a>1790–1792</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Francis_II%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/P3trV5zq">Francis IIHRE</a>1792–1806</td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td>Notes:</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Habsburg_myth/vdIAV9oa">Habsburg myth</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Universal_monarchy/rz9M4Dqq">Universal monarchy</a></li></ul> <h3>Notes</h3> <h3>Citations</h3> <h3>Sources</h3> <ul><li>Hochedlinger, Michael (2013) [2003]. <i>Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683–1797</i>. Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-582-29084-6.</li> <li>Kotulla, Michael (2008). <i>Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte: Vom Alten Reich bis Weimar (1495–1934)</i> (in German). Berlin: Springer. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-540-48705-0.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Martyn_Rady/rhA5m8H0">Rady, Martyn</a> (2020). <i>The Habsburgs: The Rise and Fall of a World Power</i>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-241-33262-7.</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Jean_B%25C3%25A9renger/ReFznXFt">Bérenger, Jean</a> (2013). <i>A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1273–1700</i>. Routledge.</li> <li>—— (2014). <i>A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1700–1918</i>. Routledge.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_John_Weston_Evans/So4J714y">Evans, Robert John Weston</a> (1979). <i>The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550–1700: An Interpretation</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-1987-3085-3.</li> <li>—— (May 2020). "Remembering the Fall of the Habsburg Monarchy One Hundred Years on: Three Master Interpretations". <i>Austrian History Yearbook</i>. 51: 269–291. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0067237820000181">10.1017/S0067237820000181</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216447628">216447628</a>.</li> <li>Fichtner, Paula Sutter (2003). <i>The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848: Attributes of Empire</i>, Palgrave Macmillan.</li> <li>Goleșteanu-Jacobs, Raluca (2023), Habsburg Galicia and the Romanian Kingdom Sociocultural Development, 1866–1914, Poland-Transnational Histories, Routledge</li> <li>Henderson, Nicholas. "Joseph II" <i>History Today</i> (Sept 1955) 5#9 pp. 613–621.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Charles_Ingrao/XBYkeeUg">Ingrao, Charles</a> (1979). <a href="https://archive.org/details/inquestcrisisemp0000ingr"><i>In Quest and Crisis: Emperor Joseph I and the Habsburg Monarchy</i></a>. Purdue University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-9111-9853-9.</li> <li>—— (2000). <a href="https://archive.org/details/habsburgmonarchy00ingr"><i>The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-5213-8009-6.</li> <li>Judson, Pieter M. <i>The Habsburg Empire: A New History</i> (2016) <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Habsburg-Empire-Pieter-M-Judson-ebook/dp/B01EHQKNAE/">excerpt</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818173309/https://www.amazon.com/Habsburg-Empire-Pieter-M-Judson-ebook/dp/B01EHQKNAE">Archived</a> 2022-08-18 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Kann, Robert A. <i>A History of the Habsburg Empire: 1526–1918</i> (University of California Press, 1974) <a href="https://archive.org/details/historyofhabsbur0000kann">online</a></li> <li>Lieven, Dominic. <i>Empire: The Russian empire and its rivals</i> (Yale University Press, 2002), comparisons with Russian, British, & Ottoman empires.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Carlile_Aylmer_Macartney/AFLYtrdV">Macartney, Carlile Aylmer</a> (1969). <i>The Habsburg Empire, 1790–1918</i>. Macmillan.</li> <li>McCagg Jr., William O (1989). <i>A History of the Habsburg Jews, 1670–1918</i> (Indiana University Press.</li> <li>Mitchell, A. Wess (2018). <i>The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire</i>. Princeton University Press.</li> <li>Oakes, Elizabeth and Eric Roman (2003). <i>Austria-Hungary and the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present</i>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alan_Sked/y6ugmrwm">Sked, Alan</a> (1989). <i>The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815–1918</i>. Longman.</li> <li>Stone, Norman. "The Last Days of the Habsburg Monarchy", <i>History Today</i> (Aug 1968), Vol. 18 Issue 8, pp. 551–560</li> <li>Steed, Henry Wickham; et al. (1914). <a href="https://archive.org/details/ashorthistoryau00hanngoog"><i>A short history of Austria-Hungary and Poland</i></a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/ashorthistoryau00hanngoog/page/n163">145</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/A._J._P._Taylor/wJ6YcFmh">Taylor, A. J. P.</a> (1964). <a href="https://archive.org/details/habsburgmonarchy00tayl"><i>The Habsburg monarchy, 1809–1918: a history of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary</i></a> (2nd ed.). Penguin Books.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.h-net.org/~habsweb/">Habsburg in an email discussion list dealing with the culture and history of the Habsburg Monarchy and its successor states in central Europe since 1500</a>, with discussions, syllabi, book reviews, queries, conferences; edited daily by scholars since 1994.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>German: Habsburgermonarchie, pronounced [ˈhaːpsbʊʁɡɐmonaʁˌçiː] ⓘ <a href="/wiki/German_language" target="_blank">/wiki/German_language</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>German: Habsburgerreich [ˈhaːpsbʊʁɡɐˌʁaɪç] ⓘ <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" target="_blank">/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>German: Donaumonarchie [ˈdoːnaʊmonaʁˌçiː] ⓘ <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" target="_blank">/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Lott, Elizabeth S.; Pavlac, Brian A., eds. (2019). "Rudolf I (r. 1273–1291)". The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. pp. 266–268. ISBN 978-1-4408-4856-8. LCCN 2018048886. Archived from the original on 2022-11-07. Retrieved 2022-11-07. <a href="978-1-4408-4856-8" target="_blank">978-1-4408-4856-8</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Lott, Elizabeth S.; Pavlac, Brian A., eds. (2019). "Rudolf I (r. 1273–1291)". The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. pp. 266–268. ISBN 978-1-4408-4856-8. LCCN 2018048886. Archived from the original on 2022-11-07. Retrieved 2022-11-07. <a href="978-1-4408-4856-8" target="_blank">978-1-4408-4856-8</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Vienna website; "Austro-Hungarian Empire k.u.k. Monarchy dual-monarchic Habsburg Emperors of Austria". Archived from the original on 2011-11-23. Retrieved 2011-09-11. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111123182839/http://www.wien-vienna.com/austrohungary.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20111123182839/http://www.wien-vienna.com/austrohungary.php</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Encyclopædia Britannica online article Austria-Hungary; https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44386/Austria-Hungary Archived 2015-04-29 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44386/Austria-Hungary" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44386/Austria-Hungary</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Hochedlinger 2013, p. 9. - Hochedlinger, Michael (2013) [2003]. Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683–1797. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-582-29084-6. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Czech Republic – Historic Centre of Prague (1992)" Heindorffhus, August 2007, HeindorffHus-Czech Archived 2007-03-20 at archive.today. <a href="http://worldheritage.heindorffhus.dk/frame-CzechRepPrague.htm" target="_blank">http://worldheritage.heindorffhus.dk/frame-CzechRepPrague.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Rady 2020, pp. 12, 14–15 - Rady, Martyn (2020). The Habsburgs: The Rise and Fall of a World Power. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-241-33262-7. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Kanski, Jack J. (2019). History of the German speaking nations. Troubador Publishing. ISBN 978-1789017182. <a href="978-1789017182" target="_blank">978-1789017182</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Pavlac, Brian A.; Lott, Elizabeth S. (2019). The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. Abc-Clio. ISBN 978-1440848568. <a href="978-1440848568" target="_blank">978-1440848568</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Ferdinand I". Encyclopædia Britannica. 9 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2022. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/204416/Ferdinand-I" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/204416/Ferdinand-I</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Czech Republic – Historic Centre of Prague (1992)" Heindorffhus, August 2007, HeindorffHus-Czech Archived 2007-03-20 at archive.today. <a href="http://worldheritage.heindorffhus.dk/frame-CzechRepPrague.htm" target="_blank">http://worldheritage.heindorffhus.dk/frame-CzechRepPrague.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Hochedlinger 2013, p. 9. - Hochedlinger, Michael (2013) [2003]. Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683–1797. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-582-29084-6. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Kotulla 2008, p. 485. - Kotulla, Michael (2008). Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte: Vom Alten Reich bis Weimar (1495–1934) (in German). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-48705-0. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Simon Adams (2005). The Balkans. Black Rabbit Books. pp. 1974–. ISBN 978-1-58340-603-8. <a href="978-1-58340-603-8" target="_blank">978-1-58340-603-8</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Scott Lackey (1995). The Rebirth of the Habsburg Army: Friedrich Beck and the Rise of the General Staff. ABC-CLIO. pp. 166–. ISBN 978-0-313-03131-1. <a href="978-0-313-03131-1" target="_blank">978-0-313-03131-1</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Carl Cavanagh Hodge (2008). Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914: A–K. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-0-313-33406-1. <a href="978-0-313-33406-1" target="_blank">978-0-313-33406-1</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Taylor, A.J.P. (1976). The Habsburg monarchy, 1809–1918: a history of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/A.J.P._Taylor" target="_blank">/wiki/A.J.P._Taylor</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Manacorda, Giorgio (2010). "Nota bibliografica". In Roth, Joseph (ed.). La Marcia di Radetzky (in Italian). Newton Compton Editori. p. 15. ISBN 978-8-8541-2899-6. <a href="978-8-8541-2899-6" target="_blank">978-8-8541-2899-6</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Habsburg family tree". Habsburg family website. 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023. <a href="https://habsburg.org/family-history/extended-family-tree/?lang=en" target="_blank">https://habsburg.org/family-history/extended-family-tree/?lang=en</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>