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Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants
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<h2 id="features">Features</h2> <p>Features of the voiced alveolar lateral approximant: </p> <ul><li>Its <a href="/facts/Manner_of_articulation/HxyCqDQC">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Approximant/SXrlw7zY">approximant</a>, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a <a href="/facts/Turbulence/NpgFUhG5">turbulent airstream</a>.</li> <li>There are four specific variants of [l]: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Dental_consonant/Yraaz9Nm">Dental</a>, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper <a href="/facts/Teeth/Wc6IqwVf">teeth</a>, termed respectively <i><a href="/facts/Apical_consonant/L7691gMF">apical</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Laminal_consonant/EVA0SWmd">laminal</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Denti-alveolar_consonant/RRsdysLW">Denti-alveolar</a>, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the <a href="/facts/Alveolar_ridge/qxn0CvTN">alveolar ridge</a>, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alveolar_consonant/B6VkW2EX">Alveolar</a>, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively <i>apical</i> and <i>laminal</i>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Postalveolar_consonant/YUo5nJly">Postalveolar</a>, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively <i>apical</i> and <i>laminal</i>.</li></ul></li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Phonation/u2IGLdgG">phonation</a> is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/facts/Oral_consonant/feM4cful">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/facts/Lateral_consonant/Mcyc1or8">lateral consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Airstream_mechanism/qooe2ESC">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/facts/Pulmonic_egressive/BICa0WA0">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/facts/Intercostal_muscle/SFCkv3vD">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/facts/Abdominal_muscles/HcTzDFL0">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <h2 id="occurrence">Occurrence</h2> <p>Languages may have clear apical or laminal alveolars, laminal denti-alveolars (such as French), or true dentals, which are uncommon. Laminal denti-alveolars tend to occur in <a href="/facts/Languages_of_Europe/gYLR8qFS">continental European languages</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> However, a true dental generally occurs <a href="/facts/Allophonic/2gp1p5PN">allophonically</a> before /θ/ in languages that have it, as in English <i>health</i>. </p> <h3>Dental or denti-alveolar</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Arabic/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Gulf_Arabic/tXdGnzVY">Gulf</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td>لـين/<i>leen</i></td><td>[l̪eːn]</td><td>'when'</td><td>Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/Arabic_phonology/4WhkxU18">Arabic phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Chinese_language/771ruUY1">Chinese</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cantonese/y5UhgScP">Cantonese</a></td><td>蘭/<i>laan4</i></td><td>[l̪an˨˩]</td><td rowspan="2">'orchid'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mandarin_Chinese/yxvDg67C">Mandarin</a></td><td>蘭/<i>lán</i></td><td>[l̪an˨˥]</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hungarian_language/nt4g0ano">Hungarian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Hungarian_orthography/o5VY2Eck">elem</a></i></td><td>[ˈɛl̪ɛm]</td><td>'battery'</td><td>Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/Hungarian_phonology/TXf5qlfU">Hungarian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Italian_language/YXsmvlQG">Italian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Italian_alphabet/QP2BJ6J7">molto</a></i></td><td>[ˈmol̪ːt̪o]</td><td>'much, a lot'</td><td>Laminal denti-alveolar. <a href="/facts/Allophone/2gp1p5PN">Allophone</a> of /l/ before /t, d, s, z, t͡s, d͡z/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Italian_phonology/6ClLWgLo">Italian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Macedonian_language/FdnWMYBR">Macedonian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Macedonian_alphabet/Uj8uNX8C">лево</a>/<i>levo</i></td><td>[l̪e̞vo̞]</td><td>'left'</td><td>Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/Macedonian_phonology/711EIurp">Macedonian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Malayalam_language/YLuvDWd3">Malayalam</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Malayalam_orthography/HDsBdkqw">ലാവണം</a></td><td>[läːʋɐɳɐm]</td><td>'Salty'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Malayalam_phonology/YLuvDWd3">Malayalam phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mapuche_language/kl1shd1z">Mapudungun</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Mapudungun_alphabet/YcCkVc9P">ḻafkeṉ</a></i></td><td>[l̪ɐ̝fkën̪]</td><td>'sea, lake'</td><td><a href="/facts/Interdental_consonant/KHUHzfCC">Interdental</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Norwegian_language/TGEyeerM">Norwegian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Urban_East_Norwegian/EyyTNCeo">Urban East</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Norwegian_orthography/ersy5Mfu">anlegg</a></i></td><td>[²ɑnːl̪ɛg]</td><td>'plant (industrial)'</td><td>Allophone of /l/ after /n, t, d/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Norwegian_phonology/jmBIScAK">Norwegian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Spanish_orthography/DNP7QG9J">altar</a></i></td><td>[äl̪ˈt̪äɾ]</td><td>'altar'</td><td>Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /l/ before /t/, /d/. See <a href="/facts/Spanish_phonology/y7knma4G">Spanish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Swedish_language/1DkSIXkH">Swedish</a></td><td>Central Standard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Swedish_alphabet/9vQCp9EF">allt</a></i></td><td>[äl̪t̪]</td><td>'everything'</td><td>Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/Swedish_phonology/2NY3Prus">Swedish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tamil_language/7I0lHL0d">Tamil</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tamil_script/QAEV8dJ5">புலி</a>/<i>puli</i></td><td>[pul̪i]</td><td>'tiger'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Tamil_phonology/k02LcIw7">Tamil phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Uzbek_language/ovLJMy4J">Uzbek</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Uzbek_alphabet/Eq5cxE7B">kelajak</a></i></td><td>[kel̪ædʒæk]</td><td>'future'</td><td>Laminal denti-alveolar. Velarized between a non-front rounded vowel and a consonant or <a href="/facts/Juncture/U9jw1oq0">juncture</a> phoneme.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Vietnamese_language/J3Pbx58C">Vietnamese</a></td><td>Hanoi<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Vietnamese_alphabet/NyAkHElo">lửa</a></i></td><td>[l̪ɨə˧˩˧]</td><td>'fire'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Vietnamese_phonology/vqImbjKY">Vietnamese phonology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Alveolar</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a></td><td>Standard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Arabic_alphabet/hCA1a0xq">لا</a>/<i>lā</i></td><td>[laʔ]</td><td>'no'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Arabic_phonology/4WhkxU18">Arabic phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Armenian_language/tELuE2wG">Armenian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Eastern_Armenian/qvxWtyD1">Eastern</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Armenian_alphabet/eah4kBXh">լուսին</a>/<i>lusin</i></td><td>[lusin]ⓘ</td><td>'moon'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic/QcY8Smky">Assyrian</a></td><td>ܠܚܡܐ/<i>läḳma</i></td><td>[lεxma]</td><td>'bread'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Catalan_language/W2uTbK8Q">Catalan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Catalan_orthography/EuUUrU6u">laca</a></i></td><td>[ˈɫäkə]</td><td>'hair spray'</td><td>Apical 'front alveolar'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> May also be velarized.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Catalan_phonology/Hlw9yKdg">Catalan phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Chuvash_language/2pvVW2sT">Chuvash</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cyrillic_script/0btN3oWC">хула</a></td><td>[хu'la]</td><td>'city'</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Dutch_language/yIB5lbsx">Dutch</a></td><td>Standard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Dutch_orthography/BHW9KxMr">laten</a></i></td><td>[ˈl̻aːt̻ə]</td><td>'to let'</td><td>Laminal. Some Standard <a href="/facts/Flemish_dialects/Tjq869yB">Belgian</a> speakers use the clear /l/ in all positions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Dutch_phonology/WJP2LDfK">Dutch phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td>Some Eastern accents<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Dutch_orthography/BHW9KxMr">mal</a></i></td><td>[mɑl̻]</td><td>'mold'</td><td>Laminal; realization of /l/ in all positions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Dutch_phonology/WJP2LDfK">Dutch phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Maldivian_language/ld63l0V9">Dhivehi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Thaana/RA8a9PXM">ލަވަ</a>/<i><a href="/facts/Mal%25C3%25A9_Latin/TQLphFUB">lava</a></i></td><td>[laʋa]</td><td>'song'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a></td><td>Most accents<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/English_orthography/1Exe2W6G"><i>let</i></a></td><td>[lɛt]</td><td>'to let'</td><td>Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Hiberno-English/1RhpyNrx">Irish</a>, <a href="/facts/Geordie/9Eu97sWR">Geordie</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/English_orthography/1Exe2W6G"><i>tell</i></a></td><td>[tʰɛl]</td><td>'to tell'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Esperanto/5cWPoLuM">Esperanto</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Esperanto_orthography/d7JmL8aW">luno</a></i></td><td>[ˈluno]</td><td>'moon'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Esperanto_phonology/n7bpBg1U">Esperanto phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Filipino_language/sFspmMjH">Filipino</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Tagalog_orthography/G8UARRIl">luto</a></i></td><td>[ˈluto]</td><td>'to cook'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Tagalog_phonology/U6eweXdA">Filipino phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Georgian_language/DoKtMLfq">Georgian</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Georgian_scripts/43Afaqmj">ლექსი</a>/<a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Georgian/pHmsMvEX">leksi</a></i></td><td>[le̞kʰs̪i]</td><td>'verse/poetry'</td><td rowspan="2">See <a href="/facts/Georgian_phonology/DoKtMLfq">Georgian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Georgian_scripts/43Afaqmj">რბილი</a>/<a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Georgian/pHmsMvEX">rbili</a></i></td><td>[ɾbili]</td><td>'soft'</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Greek_language/pzDd6eIz">Greek</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Greek_orthography/DrnKtdAx">λέξη</a>/<i>léksi</i></td><td>[ˈleksi]</td><td>'word'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Modern_Greek_phonology/8YqswHuV">Modern Greek phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hebrew_language/hqKCSy9d">Hebrew</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hebrew_orthography/Rp01pBrX">לילה</a>code: heb promoted to code: he /<i>laila</i>code: heb promoted to code: he </td><td>['lajla]</td><td>'night'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Modern_Hebrew_phonology/3wM8DlXJ">Modern Hebrew phonology</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Italian_language/YXsmvlQG">Italian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Italian_alphabet/QP2BJ6J7">letto</a></i></td><td>[ˈlɛt̪ːo]</td><td>'bed'</td><td>Apical.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Italian_phonology/6ClLWgLo">Italian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Japanese_language/EEv485a5">Japanese</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kanji/E1IN7hVL">六</a>/<i><a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Japanese/7JdM0cAy">roku</a></i></td><td>[lo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]</td><td>'six'</td><td>Apical.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> More commonly [<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a>]. See <a href="/facts/Japanese_phonology/PvY84Cf1">Japanese phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kashubian_language/gs64oDQe">Kashubian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td>[<i>example needed</i>]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Khmer_language/RVR7NyzQ">Khmer</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Khmer_script/al76EeT6">ភ្លេង</a>/<i>phléng</i></td><td>[pʰleːŋ]</td><td>'music'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Khmer_phonology/RVR7NyzQ">Khmer phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Korean_language/dmNnRxAA">Korean</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">일</a>/<i><a href="/facts/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean/jA5Fz40j">il</a></i></td><td>[il]</td><td>'one' or 'work'</td><td>Realized as alveolar tap ɾ in the beginning of a syllable. See <a href="/facts/Korean_phonology/1hlWNext">Korean phonology</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kyrgyz_language/jnuN76wT">Kyrgyz</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kyrgyz_alphabet/3WM8WDcz">көпөлөк</a>/<i>köpölök</i></td><td>[køpøˈløk]</td><td>'butterfly'</td><td>Velarized in back vowel contexts. See <a href="/facts/Kyrgyz_phonology/lS8lI2TT">Kyrgyz phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Laghu_language/5W3NTNWs">Laghu</a></td><td><i>laghu</i></td><td>[lagu]</td><td>'Laghu language'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Laghuu_language/WYMLT2dQ">Laghuu</a></td><td>Nậm Sài, <a href="/facts/Sa_Pa_(town)/oeqBs6xM">Sa Pa</a> Town</td><td colspan="2">[la˧˨ ɣɯ˥]</td><td>'Laghuu language'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mapuche_language/kl1shd1z">Mapudungun</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Mapudungun_alphabet/YcCkVc9P">elun</a></i></td><td>[ëˈlʊn]</td><td>'to give'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nepali_language/TSC8VdAw">Nepali</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Devan%25C4%2581gar%25C4%25AB/dQvQ3Ufs">लामो</a></td><td>[lämo]</td><td>'long'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Nepali_phonology/5gEhrASB">Nepali phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Odia_language/RCSkWVSf">Odia</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Odia_script/05jEzRTV">ଭଲ</a></td><td>[bʰɔlɔ]</td><td>'good'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Persian_language/jfUYbHbt">Persian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Persian_orthography/jfUYbHbt">لاما</a>/<i>lāmā</i></td><td>[lɒmɒ]</td><td>'llama'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Persian_phonology/k6TNKDgn">Persian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Polish_language/lzpvYDvV">Polish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Polish_orthography/BBpK4VAt">pole</a></i></td><td>[ˈpɔlɛ]ⓘ</td><td>'field'</td><td>Contrasts with [ɫ̪] (/w/) for a small number of speakers. When it does, it might be palatalized to [lʲ]. See <a href="/facts/Polish_phonology/tEdotI3h">Polish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Romanian_language/zAY3GnkL">Romanian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Romanian_alphabet/B6nm24Q6">alună</a></i></td><td>[äˈlun̪ə]</td><td>'hazelnut'</td><td><a href="/facts/Apical_consonant/L7691gMF">Apical</a>. See <a href="/facts/Romanian_phonology/WBLopvtW">Romanian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Scottish_Gaelic/KMI4MmzJ">Scottish Gaelic</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Scottish_Gaelic_orthography/5ar8xEwY">maoil</a></i></td><td>[mɯːl]</td><td>'headland'</td><td><a href="/facts/Apical_consonant/L7691gMF">Apical</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> Contrasts with /ɫ̪/ and /ʎ/. See <a href="/facts/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology/wf69X0FU">Scottish Gaelic phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Slovak_language/HmmobnJ8">Slovak</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Slovak_alphabet/NCxQPLa8">mĺkvy</a></i></td><td>[ˈml̩ːkʋi]ⓘ</td><td>'silent'</td><td><a href="/facts/Syllabic_consonant/J19Uh6EK">Syllabic</a> form can be long or short. See <a href="/facts/Slovak_phonology/8Az5gDY9">Slovak phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Slovene_language/09YPyUQr">Slovene</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Slovene_orthography/U2wY1Aj3">letalo</a></i></td><td>[lɛˈt̪àːlɔ]</td><td>'airplane'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Slovene_phonology/cC0He05j">Slovene phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Spanish_orthography/DNP7QG9J">hablar</a></i></td><td>[äˈβ̞läɾ]</td><td>'to speak'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Spanish_phonology/y7knma4G">Spanish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Welsh_language/4Pz8r6yk">Welsh</a></td><td><i>diafol</i></td><td>[djavɔl]</td><td>'devil'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Welsh_phonology/lu715FFI">Welsh phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ukrainian_language/2zDw7rpD">Ukrainian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ukrainian_alphabet/RXdMx44m">обличчя</a>/<i>oblychchya</i></td><td>[oˈblɪt͡ʃːɐ]</td><td>'face'</td><td>Contrasts with palatalized form. See <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_phonology/tMNnkv5W">Ukrainian phonology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Postalveolar</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Retroflex_lateral_approximant/LHNtHWAC">Retroflex lateral approximant</a></p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Igbo_language/K08WN17k">Igbo</a></td><td>Standard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></td><td><i>lì</i></td><td>[l̠ì]</td><td>'bury'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Italian_language/YXsmvlQG">Italian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Italian_alphabet/QP2BJ6J7">il cervo</a></i></td><td>[il̠ʲ ˈt͡ʃɛrvo]</td><td>'the deer'</td><td>Palatalized laminal; allophone of /l/ before /ʃ, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Italian_phonology/6ClLWgLo">Italian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Turkish_language/C5X56Ijp">Turkish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Turkish_alphabet/Skpn0bkK">lale</a></i></td><td>[ʎ̟ɑːˈʎ̟ɛ]ⓘ</td><td>'tulip'</td><td>Palatalized; contrasts with a velarized dental lateral [<a href="/facts/Relative_articulation/tr1T3A3s">ɫ̟</a>].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> May be devoiced elsewhere. See <a href="/facts/Turkish_phonology/bm1otksF">Turkish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Zapotec_languages/Yh09rWyg">Zapotec</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tilquiapan_Zapotec/REz3SXMX">Tilquiapan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td><i>lan</i></td><td>[l̠an]</td><td>'soot'</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Variable</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Faroese_language/1nf145FG">Faroese</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Faroese_orthography/u0ua704c">linur</a></i></td><td>[ˈliːnʊɹ]</td><td>'soft'</td><td>Varies between dental and alveolar in initial position, whereas the postvocalic /l/ may be postalveolar, especially after back vowels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Faroese_phonology/Muq1mE7R">Faroese phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/French_orthography/JkoJ2W1I">il</a></i></td><td>[il]</td><td>'he'</td><td>Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar, with the latter being predominant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/French_phonology/f5Px9rwj">French phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Standard_German/9qsa3C2S">Standard</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/German_orthography/wRfTdcfG">Liebe</a></i></td><td>[ˈliːbə]</td><td>'love'</td><td>Varies between denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Norwegian_language/TGEyeerM">Norwegian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Urban_East_Norwegian/EyyTNCeo">Urban East</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Norwegian_alphabet/ersy5Mfu">liv</a></i></td><td>[liːʋ]</td><td>'life'</td><td>In process of changing from laminal denti-alveolar to apical alveolar, but the laminal denti-alveolar is still possible in some environments, and is obligatory after /n, t, d/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Norwegian_phonology/jmBIScAK">Norwegian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Portuguese_language/vr3Fwzw3">Portuguese</a></td><td rowspan="2">Most <a href="/facts/Brazilian_Portuguese/9wrGa38X">Brazilian</a> dialects,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> some <a href="/facts/European_Portuguese/RTuCpyhE">EP</a> speakers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Portuguese_orthography/B6H9WRGa">lero-lero</a></i></td><td>[ˈlɛɾʊ ˈlɛɾʊ]</td><td>'runaround'<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2">Clear, dental to sometimes alveolar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> Only occurs in syllable onset, with <a href="/facts/L-vocalization/d6Ubls6k">l-vocalization</a> widely occurring in <a href="/facts/Syllable/Ylt7pyJe">coda</a>. Sometimes found before front vowels only in the European variety. See <a href="/facts/Portuguese_phonology/hu1DbLe8">Portuguese phonology</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Portuguese_orthography/B6H9WRGa">Lituânia</a></i></td><td>[l̪it̪uˈɐ̃ɲ̟ɐ]ⓘ</td><td>'<a href="/facts/Lithuania/dApVjLWW">Lithuania</a>'</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="velarized-or-pharyngealized-alveolar-lateral-approximant">Velarized or pharyngealized alveolar lateral approximant </h2> <p>The voiced velarized alveolar approximant (also known as dark <i>l</i>) is a type of <a href="/facts/Consonant/81X2SGS6">consonantal</a> sound used in some languages. It is an alveolar, denti-alveolar, or dental lateral approximant, with a <a href="/facts/Secondary_articulation/EmBEgm59">secondary articulation</a> of <a href="/facts/Velarization/r0vmyV4T">velarization</a> or <a href="/facts/Pharyngealization/yesDa9qg">pharyngealization</a>. The regular symbols in the <a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> that represent this sound are ⟨lˠ⟩ (for a velarized lateral) and ⟨lˤ⟩ (for a pharyngealized lateral), though the dedicated letter ⟨ɫ⟩, which covers both velarization and pharyngealization, is perhaps more common. The latter should not be confused with belted ⟨ɬ⟩, which represents the <a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative/Vzem3juJ">voiceless alveolar lateral fricative</a>. However, some scholars use that symbol to represent the velarized alveolar lateral approximant anyway<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> – though such usage is considered non-standard. </p><p>If the sound is dental or denti-alveolar, one could use a <a href="/facts/Dental_consonant/Yraaz9Nm">dental</a> diacritic to indicate so: ⟨l̪ˠ⟩, ⟨l̪ˤ⟩, ⟨ɫ̪⟩. </p><p>Velarization and pharyngealization are generally associated with more dental articulations of <a href="/facts/Coronal_consonant/nJA2jL4n">coronal consonants</a>, so dark <i>l</i> tends to be dental or denti-alveolar. Clear (non-velarized) <i>l</i> tends to be <a href="/facts/Retracted_(phonetics)/tr1T3A3s">retracted</a> to an alveolar position.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> </p><p>The term dark <i>l</i> is often synonymous with hard <i>l</i>, especially in <a href="/facts/Slavic_languages/b5GaeFx1">Slavic languages</a>. (cf. <a href="/facts/Hard_consonant/LXAIp4TB">hard consonants</a>) </p> <h3>Features</h3> <p>Features of the dark l: </p> <ul><li>Its <a href="/facts/Manner_of_articulation/HxyCqDQC">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Approximant/SXrlw7zY">approximant</a>, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a <a href="/facts/Turbulence/NpgFUhG5">turbulent airstream</a>.</li> <li>There are four specific variants of [ɫ]: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Dental_consonant/Yraaz9Nm">Dental</a>, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper <a href="/facts/Teeth/Wc6IqwVf">teeth</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Denti-alveolar_consonant/RRsdysLW">Denti-alveolar</a>, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the <a href="/facts/Alveolar_ridge/qxn0CvTN">alveolar ridge</a>, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alveolar_consonant/B6VkW2EX">Alveolar</a>, which means it is articulated with either the tip or, more rarely,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively <i><a href="/facts/Apical_consonant/L7691gMF">apical</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Laminal_consonant/EVA0SWmd">laminal</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Postalveolar_consonant/YUo5nJly">Postalveolar</a>, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively <i>apical</i> and <i>laminal</i>.</li></ul></li> <li>It has a <a href="/facts/Secondary_articulation/EmBEgm59">secondary articulation</a> of <a href="/facts/Velarization/r0vmyV4T">velarization</a> or <a href="/facts/Pharyngealization/yesDa9qg">pharyngealization</a>, meaning that the back or <a href="/facts/Tongue/oW4tp3a0">root of the tongue</a> approaches the <a href="/facts/Soft_palate/NTlaJCkF">soft palate</a> (velum), or the back of the throat, respectively.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Phonation/u2IGLdgG">phonation</a> is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/facts/Oral_consonant/feM4cful">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/facts/Lateral_consonant/Mcyc1or8">lateral consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Airstream_mechanism/qooe2ESC">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/facts/Pulmonic_egressive/BICa0WA0">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/facts/Intercostal_muscle/SFCkv3vD">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/facts/Abdominal_muscles/HcTzDFL0">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <h3>Occurrence</h3> <h4>Dental or <a href="/facts/Denti-alveolar_consonant/RRsdysLW">denti-alveolar</a></h4> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Bashkir_language/u1N82RGj">Bashkir</a></td><td>ҡала/<i>qala</i></td><td>[qɑˈɫɑ]ⓘ</td><td>'city'</td><td>Velarized dental lateral; occurs in back vowel contexts.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Belarusian_language/yRuE1cfX">Belarusian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></td><td>Беларусь/<i>Biełaruś</i></td><td>[bʲɛɫ̪äˈrusʲ]</td><td>'Belarus'</td><td>Laminal denti-alveolar; contrasts with <a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">palatalized</a> form. See <a href="/facts/Belarusian_phonology/He0SIPxg">Belarusian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Bulgarian_language/susG15pr">Bulgarian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a>[<i>better source needed</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Bulgarian_alphabet/L6bXeRPS">стол</a>/<i><a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Bulgarian/EdfmbeMM">stol</a></i></td><td>[stoɫ̪]</td><td>'chair'</td><td>Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/Bulgarian_phonology/mkE8GYYp">Bulgarian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Catalan_language/W2uTbK8Q">Catalan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Catalan_orthography/EuUUrU6u">alt</a></i></td><td>[ˈäɫ̪(t̪)]</td><td>'tall'</td><td>Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /l/ before /t, d/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Catalan_phonology/Hlw9yKdg">Catalan phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Classical_Armenian/3uY0hIAW">Classical Armenian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Armenian_alphabet/eah4kBXh">խաղեր</a>/<i>xałer</i></td><td>[χɑɫɛɹ]</td><td>'games'</td><td>/<a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_fricative/EPs0IHK3">ʁ</a>/ <i>ġ</i> in modern Armenian.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Icelandic_language/4GmzhaoT">Icelandic</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Icelandic_orthography/g7rC0IpL">sigldi</a></i></td><td>[s̺ɪɫ̪t̪ɪ]</td><td>'sailed'</td><td>Laminal denti-alveolar; rare. See <a href="/facts/Icelandic_phonology/SlmBgmH5">Icelandic phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kashubian_language/gs64oDQe">Kashubian</a></td><td>Older southeastern speakers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Kashubian_language/gs64oDQe">kôłbasa</a></i></td><td colspan="2"></td><td>Laminal denti-alveolar; realized as [<a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%25E2%2580%2593velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a>] by other speakers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Lithuanian_language/p0bS9M0R">Lithuanian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Lithuanian_alphabet/mrkUJAWg">labas</a></i></td><td>[ˈɫ̪äːbɐs̪]</td><td>'hi'</td><td>Laminal denti-alveolar; contrasts with palatalized form. See <a href="/facts/Lithuanian_phonology/rspsw8Ku">Lithuanian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Macedonian_language/FdnWMYBR">Macedonian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Macedonian_alphabet/Uj8uNX8C">лук</a>/<i><a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Macedonian/GySPs2SC">luk</a></i></td><td>[ɫ̪uk]</td><td>'garlic'</td><td>Laminal denti-alveolar. Present only before back vowels (/u, o, a/) and syllable-finally. See <a href="/facts/Macedonian_phonology/711EIurp">Macedonian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Norwegian_language/TGEyeerM">Norwegian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Urban_East_Norwegian/EyyTNCeo">Urban East</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Norwegian_orthography/ersy5Mfu">tale</a></i></td><td>[ˈt̻ʰɑːɫ̪ə]</td><td>'speech'</td><td>Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /l/ after /ɔ, oː, ɑ, ɑː/, and sometimes also after /u, uː/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a> However, according to Endresen (1990), this allophone is not velarized.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Norwegian_phonology/jmBIScAK">Norwegian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Polish_language/lzpvYDvV">Polish</a></td><td>Eastern dialects<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Polish_orthography/BBpK4VAt">łapa</a></i></td><td>[ˈɫ̪äpä]</td><td>'paw'</td><td>Laminal denti-alveolar. Corresponds to [w] in other varieties. See <a href="/facts/Polish_phonology/tEdotI3h">Polish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Russian_orthography/Kqy6hRtX">малый</a>/<i>malyj</i></td><td>[ˈmɑ̟ɫ̪ɨ̞j]</td><td>'small'</td><td>Pharyngealized laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/Russian_phonology/JCPYSFSV">Russian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Scottish_Gaelic/KMI4MmzJ">Scottish Gaelic</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography/wf69X0FU">Mallaig</a></i></td><td>[ˈmäʊɫ̪ækʲ]</td><td>'<a href="/facts/Mallaig/RFJJ0KFY">Mallaig</a>'</td><td>Apical dental, occasionally laminal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a> In certain dialects manifests as [<a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%25E2%2580%2593velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a>] or [l̪ˠw]. Contrasts with /l/ and /ʎ/. See <a href="/facts/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology/wf69X0FU">Scottish Gaelic phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Swedish_language/1DkSIXkH">Swedish</a></td><td>Northern Västerbotten<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a></td><td><i>kall</i></td><td>[ˈkɒɫː]</td><td>'cold'</td><td>Allophone of /lː/</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Turkish_language/C5X56Ijp">Turkish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Turkish_alphabet/Skpn0bkK">lala</a></i></td><td>[ɫ̟ɑˈɫ̟ɑ]</td><td>'servant'</td><td>Laminal denti-alveolar; contrasts with a palatalized postalveolar lateral [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_lateral_approximant/95EyBgHm">ʎ̟</a>].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a> May be devoiced elsewhere. See <a href="/facts/Turkish_phonology/bm1otksF">Turkish phonology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Alveolar</h4> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Afrikaans_language/jYqEPHmA">Afrikaans</a></td><td>Standard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a></td><td><i>tafel</i></td><td>[ˈtɑːfəɫ]</td><td>'table'</td><td>Velarized in all positions, especially non-prevocalically.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Afrikaans_phonology/Pyw01kjo">Afrikaans phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Albanian_language/6CyC8GPJ">Albanian</a></td><td>Standard</td><td><i>llullë</i></td><td>[ˈɫuɫə]</td><td>'smoking pipe'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a></td><td>Standard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Arabic_alphabet/hCA1a0xq">الله</a>/<i><a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Arabic/A760zaoa">ʼAllah</a></i></td><td>[ʔaɫˈɫaːh]</td><td>'God'</td><td>Also transcribed as ⟨lˤ⟩. Many accents and dialects lack the sound and instead pronounce [l]. See <a href="/facts/Arabic_phonology/4WhkxU18">Arabic phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Catalan_language/W2uTbK8Q">Catalan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Catalan_language/W2uTbK8Q">Eastern dialects</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Catalan_orthography/EuUUrU6u">cel·la</a></i></td><td>[ˈsɛɫːə]</td><td>'cell'</td><td rowspan="2">Apical. Can be always dark in many dialects. See <a href="/facts/Catalan_phonology/Hlw9yKdg">Catalan phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Catalan_language/W2uTbK8Q">Western dialects</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Catalan_orthography/EuUUrU6u">al</a></i></td><td>[äɫ]</td><td>'to the'</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Dutch_language/yIB5lbsx">Dutch</a></td><td>Standard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Dutch_orthography/BHW9KxMr">mallen</a></i></td><td>[ˈmɑɫ̻ə]</td><td>'molds'</td><td>Laminal; pharyngealized in northern accents, velarized or post-palatalised in southern accents. It is an allophone of /l/ before consonants and pauses, and also prevocalically when after the open back vowels /ɔ, ɑ/. Many northern speakers realize the final /l/ as a strongly pharyngealised vocoid [ɤˤ], whereas some Standard <a href="/facts/Belgian_Dutch/Tjq869yB">Belgian</a> speakers use the clear /l/ in all positions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Dutch_phonology/WJP2LDfK">Dutch phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td>Some Netherlandic accents<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Dutch_orthography/BHW9KxMr">laten</a></i></td><td>[ˈɫ̻aːt̻ə]</td><td>'to let'</td><td>Pharyngealized laminal; realization of /l/ in all positions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Dutch_phonology/WJP2LDfK">Dutch phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8"><a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Australian_English/S1qgz29t">Australian</a></td><td rowspan="7"><a href="/facts/English_orthography/1Exe2W6G"><i>feel</i></a></td><td rowspan="7">[fiːɫ]ⓘ</td><td rowspan="7">'feel'</td><td rowspan="7">Most often apical; can be always dark in Australia and New Zealand. See <a href="/facts/Australian_English_phonology/c2syQQKF">Australian English phonology</a>, <a href="/facts/New_Zealand_English_phonology/IsRtBRyk">New Zealand English phonology</a>, and <a href="/facts/English_phonology/awcxPhHL">English phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Canadian_English/H6Kz0B0T">Canadian</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Irish_English/1RhpyNrx">Dublin</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/General_American/gmHBob3k">General American</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/New_Zealand_English/sMLCt6FI">New Zealand</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Received_Pronunciation/YRBWev67">Received Pronunciation</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/South_African_English/5IIVeacu">South African</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scottish_English/VT54VbX9">Scottish</a></td><td><a href="/facts/English_orthography/1Exe2W6G"><i>loch</i></a></td><td>[ɫɔx]</td><td>'loch'</td><td>Can be always dark except in some borrowings from <a href="/facts/Scottish_Gaelic/KMI4MmzJ">Scottish Gaelic</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Greek_language/pzDd6eIz">Greek</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek/xaIv50fW">Northern dialects</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Greek_alphabet/1cHwB8Dg">μπάλα</a>/<i><a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Greek/KTELT9Aq">bálla</a></i></td><td>[ˈbaɫa]</td><td>'ball'</td><td>Allophone of /l/ before /a o u/. See <a href="/facts/Modern_Greek_phonology/8YqswHuV">Modern Greek phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Georgian_language/DoKtMLfq">Georgian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Georgian_scripts/43Afaqmj">ჟოლო</a>/<i>zholo</i></td><td>[ˈʒo̞ɫo̞]</td><td>'raspberry'</td><td>An allophone of /l/ before /o u/ and /a/. See <a href="/facts/Georgian_phonology/DoKtMLfq">Georgian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kurdish_language/6LSckYAz">Kurdish</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Sorani/S4RYJYNB">Sorani</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Kurdish_phonology/pQUTcsRL">gâlta</a></i></td><td>[gɑːɫˈtʲaː]</td><td>'joke'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Kurdish_phonology/pQUTcsRL">Kurdish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Romanian_language/zAY3GnkL">Romanian</a></td><td>Bessarabian dialect<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Romanian_alphabet/B6nm24Q6">cal</a></i></td><td>[kaɫ]</td><td>'horse'</td><td>Corresponds to non-velarized l[<i>in which environments?</i>] in standard Romanian. See <a href="/facts/Romanian_phonology/WBLopvtW">Romanian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Serbo-Croatian/MS85Xuwk">Serbo-Croatian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet/d5s1lFk2">лак</a>/<i><a href="/facts/Gaj%2527s_Latin_alphabet/hxF8FTpe">lak</a></i></td><td>[ɫâ̠k]</td><td>'easy'</td><td>Apical; may be syllabic; contrasts with /<a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant/95EyBgHm">ʎ</a>/. See <a href="/facts/Serbo-Croatian_phonology/RgNSQU8A">Serbo-Croatian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Uzbek_language/ovLJMy4J">Uzbek</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a></td><td>[<i>example needed</i>]</td><td></td><td></td><td>Apical; between a non-front rounded vowel and a consonant or <a href="/facts/Juncture/U9jw1oq0">juncture</a> phoneme. Non-velarized denti-alveolar elsewhere.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Variable </h4> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Portuguese_language/vr3Fwzw3">Portuguese</a></td><td><a href="/facts/European_Portuguese/RTuCpyhE">European</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Portuguese_orthography/B6H9WRGa">mil</a></i></td><td>[miɫ̪]</td><td>'thousand'</td><td>Dental and strongly velarized in all environments for most speakers, though less so before front vowels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Older and conservative <a href="/facts/Brazilian_Portuguese/9wrGa38X">Brazilian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Portuguese_orthography/B6H9WRGa">álcool</a></i></td><td>[ˈäɫ̪ko̞ɫ̪]</td><td>'<a href="/facts/Alcohol_(chemistry)/Y0SCTDkh">alcohol</a>, <a href="/facts/Ethanol/3lCLfBSP">ethanol</a>'</td><td>When [lˠ ~ lʶ ~ lˤ ~ lˀ],<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a> most often dental. <a href="/facts/Syllable/Ylt7pyJe">Coda</a> is now <a href="/facts/L-vocalization/d6Ubls6k">vocalized</a> to [<a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%25E2%2580%2593velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">u̯</a> ~ <a href="/facts/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel/4taYcT5v">ʊ̯</a>] in most of Brazil (as in EP in rural parts of <a href="/facts/Viana_do_Castelo_District/edlr3KIj">Alto Minho</a> and <a href="/facts/Madeira/HRlYxvhe">Madeira</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a> Stigmatized realizations such as [<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a> ~ <a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_flap/ClIesXP0">ɽ</a> ~ <a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_approximant/TvVxIsqL">ɻ</a>], the /ʁ/ range, [<a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a>] and even [∅] (<a href="/facts/Zero_(linguistics)/QKtBlgWc">zero</a>) are some other coda allophones typical of Brazil.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Portuguese_phonology/hu1DbLe8">Portuguese phonology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Index_of_phonetics_articles/IwhbEHGN">Index of phonetics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lateral_consonant/Mcyc1or8">Lateral consonant</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Velarization/r0vmyV4T">Velarization</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/L-vocalization/d6Ubls6k"><i>L</i>-vocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/%25C5%2581/slNGcDIT">Ł</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li>Árnason, Kristján (2011), <i>The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-922931-4</li> <li>Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 34 (2): 227–232, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001756">10.1017/S0025100304001756</a></li> <li>Beal, Joan (2004), "English dialects in the North of England: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), <i>A handbook of varieties of English</i>, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 113–133, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-11-017532-0</li> <li>Bertinetto, Marco; Loporcaro, Michele (2005). <a href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/33383/7/S0025100305002148a.pdf">"The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome"</a> (PDF). <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. 35 (2): 131–151. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100305002148">10.1017/S0025100305002148</a>.</li> <li>Bisol, Leda (2005), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TFzWAq-S7I0C">"Introdução a estudos de fonologia do português brasileiro"</a>, <i>Editora EDIPUCRS</i> (4th ed.), Porto Alegre - Rio Grande do Sul, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 85-7430-529-4</li> <li>Canepari, Luciano (1992), <i>Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana</i> [<i>Handbook of Italian Pronunciation</i>] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 88-08-24624-8</li> <li>Chițoran, Ioana (2001), <i>The Phonology of Romanian: A Constraint-based Approach</i>, Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-11-016766-2</li> <li>Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [1981], <i>The Phonetics of English and Dutch</i> (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 90-04-10340-6</li> <li>Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 25 (2): 90–94, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300005223">10.1017/S0025100300005223</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249414876">249414876</a></li> <li>Dahlstedt, Karl-Hampus; Ågren, Per-Uno (1954), <i>Övre norrlands bygdemål: berättelse på bygdemål med förklaringar och en dialektöversikt</i></li> <li>Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ"><i>Ukrainian</i></a>, Lincom Europa, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-929075-08-3</li> <li>Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), "1. Pronunciation", <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ftzioRvJzTUC"><i>A Grammar of Afrikaans</i></a>, <a href="/facts/Mouton_de_Gruyter/2wJSEv3m">Mouton de Gruyter</a>, pp. 1–35, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-11-013426-1</li> <li>Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), <i>Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian</i>, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company</li> <li>Endresen, Rolf Theil (1990), "Svar på anmeldelser av <i>Fonetikk. Ei elementær innføring.</i>", <i>Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap</i>, Oslo: Novus forlag: 169–192</li> <li>Engstrand, Olle (2004), <i>Fonetikens grunder</i> (in Swedish), Lund: Studenlitteratur, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 91-44-04238-8</li> <li>Gick, Bryan; Campbell, Fiona; Oh, Sunyoung; Tamburri-Watt, Linda (2006), "Toward universals in the gestural organization of syllables: A cross-linguistic study of liquids", <i>Journal of Phonetics</i>, 34 (1), Vancouver: Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia: 49–72, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wocn.2005.03.005">10.1016/j.wocn.2005.03.005</a></li> <li>Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), <i>Turkish: a comprehensive grammar</i>, Routledge, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-415-11494-3</li> <li>Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), <a href="http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf">"Slovak"</a> (PDF), <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 40 (3): 373–378, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100310000162">10.1017/S0025100310000162</a></li> <li>Ikekeonwu, Clara I. (1999), "Igbo", <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 108–110, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-63751-0</li> <li><a href="/facts/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)/aJLtGIxp">Jones, Daniel</a>; Ward, Dennis (1969), <i>The Phonetics of Russian</i>, Cambridge University Press</li> <li>Kara, Dávid Somfai (2003), <i>Kyrgyz</i>, Lincom Europa, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-89586-843-4</li> <li>Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 34 (1): 111–116, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001549">10.1017/S0025100304001549</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gjert_Kristoffersen/tVzTJkX5">Kristoffersen, Gjert</a> (2000), <i>The Phonology of Norwegian</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-823765-5</li> <li>Labrune, Laurence (2012), <i>The Phonology of Japanese</i>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-954583-4</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Ladefoged/GPHjbHmP">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/facts/Ian_Maddieson/p0cyavQ2">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/facts/The_Sounds_of_the_World%2527s_Languages/Je2AlBAP"><i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-631-19815-6.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Ladefoged/GPHjbHmP">Ladefoged, Peter</a> (2005), <i>Vowels and Consonants</i> (Second ed.), Blackwell</li> <li>Lass, Roger (1987), "Intradiphthongal Dependencies", in Anderson, John; Durand, Jacques (eds.), <i>Explorations in Dependency Phonology</i>, Dordrecht: Foris Publications Holland, pp. 109–131, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 90-6765-297-0</li> <li>Lunt, Horace G. (1952), <i>Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language</i>, Skopje{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Max_Mangold/Tf0rEtvp">Mangold, Max</a> (2005) [1962], <i>Das Aussprachewörterbuch</i> (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-411-04066-7</li> <li>Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 33 (2): 255–259, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100303001373">10.1017/S0025100303001373</a></li> <li>Mathiassen, Terje (1996), <i>A Short Grammar of Lithuanian</i>, Slavica Publishers, Inc., <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-89357-267-5</li> <li>Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), <a href="http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf">"Tilquiapan Zapotec"</a> (PDF), <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 38 (1): 107–114, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003344">10.1017/S0025100308003344</a></li> <li>Ó Dochartaigh, C. (1997), <i>Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland I-V</i>, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-85500-165-9</li> <li>Oftedal, Magne (1956), <i>A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland, Vol. III: The Gaelic of Leurbost, Isle of Lewis</i>, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap</li> <li>Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J. III (2010), <a href="https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/57/61/33/57613375662347024243010702792934392955/OlsonMielkeSanicas_DagumanPebleyPaterson2010.pdf">"The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant"</a> (PDF), <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 40 (2): 199–215, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100309990296">10.1017/S0025100309990296</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38504322">38504322</a></li> <li>Padluzhny, Ped (1989), <i>Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy</i>, Навука і тэхніка, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 5-343-00292-7</li> <li>Pop, Sever (1938), <i>Micul Atlas Linguistic Român</i>, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj</li> <li>Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil (1980), <i>Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego</i>, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski</li> <li>Qafisheh, Hamdi A. (1977), <i>A short reference grammar of Gulf Arabic</i>, Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-8165-0570-5</li> <li>Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 35 (1): 1–25, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100305001878">10.1017/S0025100305001878</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14140079">14140079</a></li> <li>Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), <i>A Course in Phonology</i>, Essex: Blackwell Publishing, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-631-21346-5</li> <li>Rocławski, Bronisław (1976), <i>Zarys fonologii, fonetyki, fonotaktyki i fonostatystyki współczesnego języka polskiego</i>, Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego</li> <li>Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 34 (1): 117–121, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001628">10.1017/S0025100304001628</a></li> <li>Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 43 (1): 87–96, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000369">10.1017/S0025100312000369</a></li> <li>Scholten, Daniel (2000), <i>Einführung in die isländische Grammatik</i>, Munich: Philyra Verlag, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-935267-00-2, <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76178278">76178278</a></li> <li>Siptár, Péter; Törkenczy, Miklós (2000), <i>The Phonology of Hungarian</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-823841-6</li> <li>Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), <i>Uzbek Structural Grammar</i>, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University</li> <li>Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Arabic", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 20 (2): 37–41, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004266">10.1017/S0025100300004266</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243640727">243640727</a></li> <li>Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", <i>Language</i>, 35 (3): 454–476, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F411232">10.2307/411232</a>, <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/411232">411232</a></li> <li>Watson, Janet (2002), <i>The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic</i>, Oxford University Press</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_C._Wells/1FpNz4VN">Wells, John C.</a> (1982), <i>Accents of English</i>, vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Wheeler, Max W. (2005), <i>The Phonology Of Catalan</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-925814-7</li> <li>Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111322/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf">"Turkish"</a> (PDF), <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-521-65236-7, archived from <a href="http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2018-07-25, retrieved 2015-04-12</li> <li>Masica, Colin (1991). <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-29944-2.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~krussll/phonetics/narrower/dark-l.html">Dark L</a></li> <li><a href="https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=l">List of languages with [l]</a> on <a href="/facts/PHOIBLE/2qqHhjzI">PHOIBLE</a></li> <li><a href="https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=%C9%AB">List of languages with [ɫ]</a> on <a href="/facts/PHOIBLE/2qqHhjzI">PHOIBLE</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Adjaye, Sophia (2005). Ghanaian English Pronunciation. Edwin Mellen Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-7734-6208-3. realization of /l/ is similar to that of RP: a 'clear' or non-velarized /l/ = [l] pre-vocalically and intervocalically; and a 'dark' or velarized /l/ = [ɫ] pre-consonantally and pre-pausally <a href="978-0-7734-6208-3" target="_blank">978-0-7734-6208-3</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Celce-Murcia, Marianne; et al. (2010). Teaching Pronunciation. Cambridge U. Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-521-72975-8. the light /l/ used in all environments in [standard] German (e.g., Licht "light," viel "much, many") or in French (e.g., lit "bed", île "island") <a href="978-0-521-72975-8" target="_blank">978-0-521-72975-8</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Schirmer's pocket music dictionary <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Qafisheh (1977), pp. 2, 14. - Qafisheh, Hamdi A. (1977), A short reference grammar of Gulf Arabic, Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, ISBN 0-8165-0570-5 <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Siptár & Törkenczy (2000), pp. 75–76. - Siptár, Péter; Törkenczy, Miklós (2000), The Phonology of Hungarian, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823841-6 <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117. - Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001628" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001628</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Canepari (1992), p. 89. - Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8 <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), p. 133. - Bertinetto, Marco; Loporcaro, Michele (2005). "The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 35 (2): 131–151. doi:10.1017/S0025100305002148. <a href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/33383/7/S0025100305002148a.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/33383/7/S0025100305002148a.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117. - Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001628" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001628</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Canepari (1992), p. 89. - Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8 <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), p. 133. - Bertinetto, Marco; Loporcaro, Michele (2005). "The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 35 (2): 131–151. doi:10.1017/S0025100305002148. <a href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/33383/7/S0025100305002148a.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/33383/7/S0025100305002148a.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Lunt (1952), p. 1. - Lunt, Horace G. (1952), Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language, Skopje <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Sadowsky et al. (2013), pp. 88–89. - Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000369" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000369</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Sadowsky et al. (2013), pp. 88–89. - Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000369" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000369</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Kristoffersen (2000), p. 25. - Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5 <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Kristoffersen (2000), p. 25. - Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5 <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Martínez-Celdrán (2003), p. 255-259. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMartínez-Celdrán2003 (help) <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Engstrand (2004), p. 167. - Engstrand, Olle (2004), Fonetikens grunder (in Swedish), Lund: Studenlitteratur, ISBN 91-44-04238-8 <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Keane (2004), p. 111. - Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 111–116, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001549" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001549</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Sjoberg (1963), p. 13. - Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Sjoberg (1963), p. 13. - Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461. - Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F411232" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2F411232</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Thelwall (1990), p. 38. - Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266, S2CID 243640727 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004266" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004266</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 20. - Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Wheeler (2005), pp. 10–11. - Wheeler, Max W. (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-925814-7 <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Central". Els Sons del Català."Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Nord Occidental". Els Sons del Català. <a href="http://www.ub.edu/sonscatala/en/sound/voiced-alveolar-lateral-central" target="_blank">http://www.ub.edu/sonscatala/en/sound/voiced-alveolar-lateral-central</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Wheeler (2005), pp. 10–11. - Wheeler, Max W. (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-925814-7 <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Central". Els Sons del Català."Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Nord Occidental". Els Sons del Català. <a href="http://www.ub.edu/sonscatala/en/sound/voiced-alveolar-lateral-central" target="_blank">http://www.ub.edu/sonscatala/en/sound/voiced-alveolar-lateral-central</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Recasens & Espinosa (2005), pp. 1, 20. - Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 1–25, doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878, S2CID 14140079 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100305001878" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100305001878</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 197, 222. - Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. 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Page 2. (in Portuguese) <a href="http://www.profala.ufc.br/Trabalho1.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.profala.ufc.br/Trabalho1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 229. - Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001756" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001756</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>(in Italian) Accenti romanze: Portogallo e Brasile (portoghese) – The influence of foreign accents on Italian language acquisition Archived 2012-03-30 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://venus.unive.it/canipa/pdf/02_3_Portog.pdf" target="_blank">http://venus.unive.it/canipa/pdf/02_3_Portog.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>Finley, Sara; Rodrigues, Susana; Martins, Fernando; Silva, Susana; Jesus, Luis M. T. (2019). "/l/ velarisation as a continuum". PLOS ONE. 14 (3): e0213392. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1413392R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213392. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6411127. PMID 30856195. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6411127" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6411127</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>Runaround generator <a href="http://www.lerolero.com/" target="_blank">http://www.lerolero.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 92. - Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300005223" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300005223</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>For example Beal (2004). - Beal, Joan (2004), "English dialects in the North of England: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 113–133, ISBN 3-11-017532-0 <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>Recasens & Espinosa (2005), p. 4. - Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 1–25, doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878, S2CID 14140079 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100305001878" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100305001878</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>Recasens & Espinosa (2005), p. 4. - Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 1–25, doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878, S2CID 14140079 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100305001878" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100305001878</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>Padluzhny (1989), pp. 50–51. - Padluzhny, Ped (1989), Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy, Навука і тэхніка, ISBN 5-343-00292-7 <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>Bulgarian phonology <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_phonology" target="_blank">/wiki/Bulgarian_phonology</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>Recasens & Espinosa (2005), pp. 1, 20. - Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 1–25, doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878, S2CID 14140079 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100305001878" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100305001878</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>Rafel (1999), p. 14. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFRafel1999 (help) <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>Rafel (1999), p. 14. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFRafel1999 (help) <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:84"><p>Recasens & Espinosa (2005), pp. 1, 20. - Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 1–25, doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878, S2CID 14140079 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100305001878" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100305001878</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>Rafel (1999), p. 14. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFRafel1999 (help) <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:86"><p>Scholten (2000), p. 22. - Scholten, Daniel (2000), Einführung in die isländische Grammatik, Munich: Philyra Verlag, ISBN 3-935267-00-2, OCLC 76178278 <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76178278" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76178278</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:87"><p>Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:88"><p>Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:89"><p>Mathiassen (1996), p. 23. - Mathiassen, Terje (1996), A Short Grammar of Lithuanian, Slavica Publishers, Inc., ISBN 0-89357-267-5 <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:90"><p>Lunt (1952), pp. 11–12. - Lunt, Horace G. 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(1993), "1. Pronunciation", A Grammar of Afrikaans, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1–35, ISBN 978-3-11-013426-1 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ftzioRvJzTUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ftzioRvJzTUC</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:105"><p>Lass (1987), p. 117. - Lass, Roger (1987), "Intradiphthongal Dependencies", in Anderson, John; Durand, Jacques (eds.), Explorations in Dependency Phonology, Dordrecht: Foris Publications Holland, pp. 109–131, ISBN 90-6765-297-0 <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:106"><p>Donaldson (1993), p. 17. - Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), "1. Pronunciation", A Grammar of Afrikaans, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1–35, ISBN 978-3-11-013426-1 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ftzioRvJzTUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ftzioRvJzTUC</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:107"><p>Lass (1987), p. 117. - Lass, Roger (1987), "Intradiphthongal Dependencies", in Anderson, John; Durand, Jacques (eds.), Explorations in Dependency Phonology, Dordrecht: Foris Publications Holland, pp. 109–131, ISBN 90-6765-297-0 <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:108"><p>Watson (2002), p. 16. - Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, Oxford University Press <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:109"><p>Recasens & Espinosa (2005), pp. 1, 20. - Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 1–25, doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878, S2CID 14140079 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100305001878" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100305001878</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:110"><p>Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 58, 197, 222. - Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-10340-6 <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:111"><p>Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 58, 197, 222. - Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-10340-6 <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:112"><p>Collins & Mees (2003), p. 197. - Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-10340-6 <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:113"><p>Collins & Mees (2003), p. 197. - Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-10340-6 <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:114"><p>Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 73. - Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Essex: Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-21346-5 <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:115"><p>Northern Greek Dialects Portal for the Greek Language <a href="http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/studies/dialects/thema_b_2/index.html" target="_blank">http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/studies/dialects/thema_b_2/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:116"><p>Pop (1938), p. 30. - Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:117"><p>Gick et al. (2006), p. ?. - Gick, Bryan; Campbell, Fiona; Oh, Sunyoung; Tamburri-Watt, Linda (2006), "Toward universals in the gestural organization of syllables: A cross-linguistic study of liquids", Journal of Phonetics, 34 (1), Vancouver: Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia: 49–72, doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2005.03.005 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wocn.2005.03.005" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wocn.2005.03.005</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:118"><p>Sjoberg (1963), p. 13. - Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:119"><p>Sjoberg (1963), p. 13. - Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:120"><p>Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 93. - Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300005223" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300005223</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:121"><p>On /l/ velarization in European Portuguese Amália Andrade, 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, San Francisco (1999) <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.511.3900&rep=rep1&type=pdf" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.511.3900&rep=rep1&type=pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:122"><p>Finley, Sara; Rodrigues, Susana; Martins, Fernando; Silva, Susana; Jesus, Luis M. T. (2019). "/l/ velarisation as a continuum". PLOS ONE. 14 (3): e0213392. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1413392R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213392. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6411127. PMID 30856195. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6411127" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6411127</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:123"><p>(in Portuguese) The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007 Archived 2016-02-06 at the Wayback Machine Page 36. <a href="http://www.caravelas.com.pt/actas_herr.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.caravelas.com.pt/actas_herr.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:124"><p>TEYSSIER, Paul. "História da Língua Portuguesa", Lisboa: Livraria Sá da Costa, pp. 81-83. <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:125"><p>Bisol (2005), p. 211. - Bisol, Leda (2005), "Introdução a estudos de fonologia do português brasileiro", Editora EDIPUCRS (4th ed.), Porto Alegre - Rio Grande do Sul, ISBN 85-7430-529-4 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TFzWAq-S7I0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=TFzWAq-S7I0C</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:126"><p>"Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (in Portuguese). Page 49. <a href="https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/112204/104213.pdf?sequence=1" target="_blank">https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/112204/104213.pdf?sequence=1</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:127"><p>"Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (in Portuguese). Page 52. <a href="https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/112204/104213.pdf?sequence=1" target="_blank">https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/112204/104213.pdf?sequence=1</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:128"><p>MELO, Gladstone Chaves de. "A língua do Brasil". 4. Ed. Melhorada e aum., Rio de Janeiro: Padrão, 1981 <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:129"><p>Português do sul do Brasil – variação fonológica Archived 2019-12-16 at the Wayback Machine Leda Bisol and Gisela Collischonn. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. Pages 153–156. <a href="http://www.pucrs.br/edipucrs/portuguesdosuldobrasil.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.pucrs.br/edipucrs/portuguesdosuldobrasil.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>