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BBC Redux
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<h2 id="technical-details">Technical details</h2> <p>The system recorded over 100 megabits per second, continuously.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a>: 3 As of August 2011<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BBC_Redux&action=edit">[update]</a>, BBC Redux contained 300,000 hours of recorded audio and video.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>A series of standard Digital Video Broadcasting terrestrial antennas and satellite dishes, coupled to <a href="/facts/DVB-T/oLaP9twt">DVB-T</a> and <a href="/facts/DVB-S/5IM9wfeu">DVB-S</a> <a href="/facts/TV_tuner_card/xDY4otBq">TV tuner cards</a> were used to capture the incoming <a href="/facts/Multiplex_(TV)/W0eu6fGM">DVB multiplexes</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> transmitted for over-the-air <a href="/facts/Freesat/cwe6wtGW">Freesat</a> and <a href="/facts/Freeview_(UK)/ezPeNWGY">Freeview</a> <a href="/facts/Terrestrial_television/3nTUr9cY">terrestrial television</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a>: 5 These raw <a href="/facts/MPEG_transport_stream/2wBLnyeD">MPEG transport streams</a> are split into <a href="/facts/MPEG_program_stream/RFPjsqD1">single-programme MPEG transport streams</a>, encapsulated in <a href="/facts/Real-time_Transport_Protocol/YKQK1RK2">RTP</a>, and sent using <a href="/facts/User_Datagram_Protocol/dxLU0D6q">UDP</a> <a href="/facts/IP_multicast/YklMRaV5">IP multicast</a> within the IPv4 <a href="/facts/Multicast_address/cIau2Hee">multicast address</a> range 233.122.227.0/24 from <a href="/facts/Autonomous_system_(Internet)/zIVqxPX1">AS</a>31459.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a>: 5 From the multicast streams individual <a href="/facts/Television_programme/eooTEhwW">television programmes</a> can be extracted and saved, without requiring any transcoding or conversion of the contained <a href="/facts/MPEG-2/SpuH5FJu">MPEG-2</a> video data.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a>: 5 </p><p>As of May 2009<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BBC_Redux&action=edit">[update]</a>, racks of <a href="/facts/Sun_Fire/wIRx9jDe">Sun Fire</a> T1000 and T2000 machines were used acquiring and storing the incoming programmes respectively; while commodity <a href="/facts/X86-64/cyWvUFlP">x86-64</a> computers were used for database operations and playback transcoding.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a>: 4 The T2000 storage nodes were connected by <a href="/facts/10_Gigabit_Ethernet/FvxUohpf">10 Gigabit Ethernet</a> on the network side,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a>: 7 and then by <a href="/facts/Serial_attached_SCSI/ekU6NmqQ">serial attached SCSI</a> to <a href="/facts/RAID/IpzWWgog">RAID</a> boxes containing high-capacity <a href="/facts/Commodity_computing/fbCrXREb">commodity</a> <a href="/facts/Serial_ATA/dW8yAMm8">Serial ATA</a> <a href="/facts/Hard_disk_drive/kekLSGSE">hard disk drives</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a>: 7 The "<a href="/facts/Fsck/v9IpnBLS">fsck</a>-free" <a href="/facts/ZFS/cmh5BHlp">ZFS</a> <a href="/facts/File_system/FdPm90uc">file system</a> was used after experiments with <a href="/facts/Unix_File_System/wDMLrTPe">Unix File System</a> (UFS) proved it to be too slow.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a>: 8 <a href="/facts/Sun_Microsystems/VJ9EzEFd">Sun Microsystems</a> had to manually repair the filesystems on two occasions using <a href="/facts/Dd_(Unix)/Ksttbob5">Unix dd</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a>: 11–13 </p><p>The software was based on <a href="/facts/Open-source_software/HzTaB8E9">open source</a> technologies,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> and used a combination of <a href="/facts/Mod_perl/Vs9AG4tU">mod_perl</a> and <a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> running on <a href="/facts/OpenSolaris/7q5ouhPa">OpenSolaris</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a>: 9, 14 A series of "<a href="/facts/Lolcat/gKeTFmrE">lolcat</a>" images were used for the system's <a href="/facts/HTTP_404/FJLHo5wU">HTTP 404</a> and error pages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p><p>Different formats were available for download, including the raw <a href="/facts/MPEG-TS/2wBLnyeD">MPEG-TS</a> files and compressed <a href="/facts/MPEG-4/6svV1w2H">MPEG-4</a> and <a href="/facts/FLV/rbbPoE7H">FLV</a> versions of the files. </p><p>BBC Redux content was migrated to BBC Archive Search after the project was discontinued. The remaining Redux recordings currently available on BBC Archive Search are the most recent broadcasts of programmes that the service recorded prior to being shut down. All recordings from non-BBC channels were removed shortly after the launch of BBC Archive Search. </p> <h2 id="projects">Projects</h2> <p>As part of the European Union (EU) "NoTube" project running between 2009–12, a recommendation research system using <a href="/facts/Lonclass/b2WBcV9Y">Lonclass</a> categorisation and <a href="/facts/Jaccard_index/dUurmTet">Tanimoto coefficient</a> matching was tested by the BBC R&D Audience Experience team and integrated with 23,000 recordings delivered from Redux.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> The matching dataset was gathered over a period of five months.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p><p>For a BBC Digital Media Initiative (DMI) demonstration entitled "Million Minutes", files from the BBC's <a href="/facts/D-3_(video)/l5urQoCx">D-3 video tape</a> archive were imported into the Redux system during 2009–2010.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> This also used commercial software from <a href="/facts/Artesia_Digital_Media_Group/PoGvt3jC">Artesia Digital Media Group</a> and involved creating a <a href="/facts/Representational_state_transfer/Q58zfr5h">representational state transfer</a> (REST) interface onto the content stored within Redux.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p><p>During 2010, <a href="/facts/Safari_(web_browser)/9R8v7tNl">Safari</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Google_Chrome/4INfWq37">Google Chrome</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Browser_extension/jzkeh57V">browser extensions</a> were developed to integrate Redux content with the main <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes">www.bbc.co.uk/programmes</a> directory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> </p><p>In January 2012, the BBC's Multimedia Classification team announced they were hoping to test and add "mood-based navigation" to the existing BBC Redux interface,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> along with <a href="/facts/Audience_measurement/uANUFbEE">audience measurement</a> and other rich <a href="/facts/Metadata/qt35z79C">metadata</a> comprising work part-funded by the <a href="/facts/Technology_Strategy_Board/zorRghE2">Technology Strategy Board</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> During 2010–2011 BBC Research and Development integrated content archived in BBC Redux with the BBC's existing internal BBC <a href="/facts/Infax/Wr02klgk">InFax</a> system, allowing finding of metadata and archive content within the same browser window,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> covering news and <a href="/facts/Subtitle_(captioning)/9srhQPhl">subtitles</a> from over the previous five years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> </p><p>During March 2012, the Atlas index changed the method of equivalence matching used for indexing against BBC Redux.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.bbcredux.com/">Official website</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Solon, Olivia (16 June 2011). "The people and projects inside the BBC's vast R&D lab". Wired. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120721152332/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-06/16/bbc-research-and-development?page=all" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120721152332/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-06/16/bbc-research-and-development?page=all</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Bird, Tom (28 May 2009). "BBC Redux" (PDF). Sheffield: UKNOF 13. pp. 2–16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126210201/https://www.uknof.org.uk/uknof13/Bird-Redux.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210126210201/https://www.uknof.org.uk/uknof13/Bird-Redux.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Solon, Olivia (16 June 2011). "The people and projects inside the BBC's vast R&D lab". Wired. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120721152332/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-06/16/bbc-research-and-development?page=all" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120721152332/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-06/16/bbc-research-and-development?page=all</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"The future of searching the past: Transitioning from BBC Redux to Archive Search". 26 May 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/internet/entries/491df53c-c2ab-42b5-abed-b02dc40e9442" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/internet/entries/491df53c-c2ab-42b5-abed-b02dc40e9442</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Solon, Olivia (16 June 2011). "The people and projects inside the BBC's vast R&D lab". Wired. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120721152332/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-06/16/bbc-research-and-development?page=all" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120721152332/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-06/16/bbc-research-and-development?page=all</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Solon, Olivia (16 June 2011). "The people and projects inside the BBC's vast R&D lab". Wired. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120721152332/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-06/16/bbc-research-and-development?page=all" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120721152332/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-06/16/bbc-research-and-development?page=all</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Bird, Tom (28 May 2009). "BBC Redux" (PDF). Sheffield: UKNOF 13. pp. 2–16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126210201/https://www.uknof.org.uk/uknof13/Bird-Redux.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210126210201/https://www.uknof.org.uk/uknof13/Bird-Redux.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Butterworth, Brandon (27 October 2008). "History of the 'BBC Redux' project". BBC Internet Blog. Retrieved 12 May 2012. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/bbcinternet/2008/10/history_of_the_bbc_redux_proje.html" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/bbcinternet/2008/10/history_of_the_bbc_redux_proje.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Saran, Cliff (20 April 2012). "BBC wants to build a cultural API". ComputerWeekly.com. Retrieved 13 May 2012. an internal version of BBC iPlayer called Redux, which was originally developed for testing <a href="http://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240148820/BBC-wants-to-build-a-cultural-API" target="_blank">http://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240148820/BBC-wants-to-build-a-cultural-API</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Rose, Anthony (2008). Kozamernik, F. (ed.). "Evolution of the BBC iPlayer" (PDF). EBU Technical Review (Q4). European Broadcasting Union: 2. Retrieved 13 May 2012.; Rose, Anthony (24 February 2009). Kozamernik, F. (ed.). "Evolution of the BBC iPlayer" (PDF). EBU Technical Review (The Best of 2008). European Broadcasting Union: 5. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Rose_(technology)" target="_blank">/wiki/Anthony_Rose_(technology)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Butterworth, Brandon (27 October 2008). "History of the 'BBC Redux' project". BBC Internet Blog. Retrieved 12 May 2012. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/bbcinternet/2008/10/history_of_the_bbc_redux_proje.html" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/bbcinternet/2008/10/history_of_the_bbc_redux_proje.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Tinley, Dominic (8 November 2011). "ABC-IP and work on audio archiving research". BBC Research & Development Blog. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/researchanddevelopment/2011/11/abc-ip-and-work-on-audio-archi.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/researchanddevelopment/2011/11/abc-ip-and-work-on-audio-archi.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Tweed, Jonathan (7 November 2011). "Introducing Tellytopic: Navigating programme archives by topic". MetaBroadcast. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012. BBC Redux, a playable archive of almost everything broadcast since mid-2007 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030031030/http://metabroadcast.com/blog/introducing-tellytopic-navigating-programme-archives-by-topic" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121030031030/http://metabroadcast.com/blog/introducing-tellytopic-navigating-programme-archives-by-topic</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Bird, Tom (28 May 2009). "BBC Redux" (PDF). Sheffield: UKNOF 13. pp. 2–16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126210201/https://www.uknof.org.uk/uknof13/Bird-Redux.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210126210201/https://www.uknof.org.uk/uknof13/Bird-Redux.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Rose, Anthony (2008). Kozamernik, F. (ed.). "Evolution of the BBC iPlayer" (PDF). EBU Technical Review (Q4). European Broadcasting Union: 2. Retrieved 13 May 2012.; Rose, Anthony (24 February 2009). Kozamernik, F. (ed.). "Evolution of the BBC iPlayer" (PDF). EBU Technical Review (The Best of 2008). European Broadcasting Union: 5. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Rose_(technology)" target="_blank">/wiki/Anthony_Rose_(technology)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Wright, Richard (16 June 2010). "The Value of Everything". BBC Research & Development Blog. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/researchanddevelopment/2010/06/the-value-of-everything.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/researchanddevelopment/2010/06/the-value-of-everything.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Johnson, Bobbie (26 June 2008). "Hackers fan the flames of imagination at Mashed". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/jun/26/hacking.mashed08" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/jun/26/hacking.mashed08</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Williams, Dan W. (14 January 2011). "BBC Archive − A number of Redux accounts giving…". Tumblr. <a href="http://tumblr.iamdanw.com/post/2744690731/bbc-archive-a-number-of-redux-accounts-giving" target="_blank">http://tumblr.iamdanw.com/post/2744690731/bbc-archive-a-number-of-redux-accounts-giving</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Datasets". Culture Hack Day. 14 January 2011. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202040939/http://culturehackday.org.uk/wiki/Main/Datasets" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121202040939/http://culturehackday.org.uk/wiki/Main/Datasets</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Programme (PDF). EBU Seminar on P2P delivery. Geneva: European Broadcasting Union. 24 September 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2012. BBC Research developed a Redux site enabling a high quality download service of some BBC TV products. <a href="http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/events/p2p08/ebu_p2pseminar_08_programma_v3.pdf" target="_blank">http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/events/p2p08/ebu_p2pseminar_08_programma_v3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"BBC Redux". Mashed 08. Backnetwork. Madgex. 2008. Archived from the original on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110915204751/http://mashed08.backnetwork.com/event/?articleid=32" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110915204751/http://mashed08.backnetwork.com/event/?articleid=32</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Forrester, Ian (14 March 2011). "Goodbye Kingswood warren". Cubic Garden. <a href="http://cubicgarden.com/tag/kingswood/" target="_blank">http://cubicgarden.com/tag/kingswood/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Singleton, Alex (May 2008) [13 March 2008]. "Linux at the BBC" (PDF). Linux Format (105): 50. Archived from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2012. Brandon Butterworth explains: 'People thought it would be really difficult to run on all platforms, that it would take years to develop. But I led a team to do a Flash version that would work on Linux and we did it in two months' <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120901020524/http://www.diracvideo.org/download/press/LXF105.bbc_LPDF.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120901020524/http://www.diracvideo.org/download/press/LXF105.bbc_LPDF.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Rose, Anthony (2008). Kozamernik, F. (ed.). "Evolution of the BBC iPlayer" (PDF). EBU Technical Review (Q4). European Broadcasting Union: 2. Retrieved 13 May 2012.; Rose, Anthony (24 February 2009). Kozamernik, F. (ed.). "Evolution of the BBC iPlayer" (PDF). EBU Technical Review (The Best of 2008). European Broadcasting Union: 5. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Rose_(technology)" target="_blank">/wiki/Anthony_Rose_(technology)</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Bird, Tom (28 May 2009). "BBC Redux" (PDF). Sheffield: UKNOF 13. pp. 2–16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126210201/https://www.uknof.org.uk/uknof13/Bird-Redux.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210126210201/https://www.uknof.org.uk/uknof13/Bird-Redux.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Highlights of the Year (PDF). BBC R&D Annual Review 2009–2010 (Report). 10 March 2011. p. 4. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <a href="http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/annual-review/bbc_rd_annual_review_2009-2010.pdf" target="_blank">http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/annual-review/bbc_rd_annual_review_2009-2010.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Rivera, Ralph (11 May 2012). "BBC Online Briefing: Spring 2012 Final Q&A" (television question and answer session, offset 23:28–28:30). 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Retrieved 13 May 2012. <a href="https://github.com/bbcsnippets/redux-client-ruby/blob/master/README.md" target="_blank">https://github.com/bbcsnippets/redux-client-ruby/blob/master/README.md</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>"The future of searching the past: Transitioning from BBC Redux to Archive Search". 26 May 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/internet/entries/491df53c-c2ab-42b5-abed-b02dc40e9442" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/internet/entries/491df53c-c2ab-42b5-abed-b02dc40e9442</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Bird, Tom (28 May 2009). "BBC Redux" (PDF). Sheffield: UKNOF 13. pp. 2–16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2021. 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