Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Circumboreal Region
open-in-new
<h2 id="floristic-provinces">Floristic provinces</h2> <p>It is subdivided into a number of <a href="/facts/Floristic_provinces/N0pbrfQl">floristic provinces</a>. Their delineation is debatable. According to a version of Takhtajan's classification, these are the Arctic, Atlantic European, Central European, Illyrian, Euxinian, Caucasian, Eastern European, Northern European, West Siberian, <a href="/facts/Altai-Sayan/K61T3A2M">Altai-Sayan</a>, Central Siberian, Transbaikalian, Northeastern Siberian, Okhotsk-Kamtchatkan and Canadian Provinces. </p> <ul><li>Arctic Province (<a href="/facts/Greenland/aagXRTB7">Greenland</a>, <a href="/facts/Iceland/E4KGYs2j">Iceland</a>, northern treeless parts of <a href="/facts/Norway/wlDRKRTR">Norway</a>, <a href="/facts/Finland/G5Ak6T91">Finland</a>, <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a>, <a href="/facts/Alaska/LlDNr2uR">Alaska</a> and <a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a>, all the <a href="/facts/Arctic_Ocean/l6HS3QyV">Arctic</a> Islands), with more than a hundred endemic species (e.g. <i>Ranunculus sabinei</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Papaver_polare/8VHKzfb2">Papaver polare</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Salix_arctica/xzJASnCu">Salix arctica</a></i>, <i>Colpodium vahlianum</i>, <i>Сolpodium wrightii</i>, <i>Puccinellia angustata</i>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Atlantic European Province (<a href="/facts/Ireland/35vYxXdP">Ireland</a>, <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/facts/Andorra/VItvtXBe">Andorra</a>, parts of <a href="/facts/Portugal/lYzwDQ63">Portugal</a>, <a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a>, <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>, <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a>, <a href="/facts/Netherlands/y8xn5stT">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a>, <a href="/facts/Denmark/KVtykzsw">Denmark</a> and Norway), with two endemic genera (<i><a href="/facts/Petrocoptis/mnvxX9QY">Petrocoptis</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Caropsis/elUWqQJh">Thorella</a></i>), few dozens of endemic species (e.g. <i>Corydalis claviculata</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Ulex_europaeus/vllAoI1j">Ulex europaeus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Genista_anglica/r3X38zAR">Genista anglica</a></i>, <i>Deschampsia setacea</i>)</li> <li>Central European Province (<a href="/facts/Austria/4qWIMIyc">Austria</a>, <a href="/facts/Switzerland/LcGuxeTe">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/facts/Luxembourg/vRN04l7f">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a>, <a href="/facts/Czech_Republic/vJYLD66Q">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/facts/Slovakia/gmJwpwM3">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/facts/Hungary/YRedQLtI">Hungary</a>, parts of <a href="/facts/Croatia/MSS0yyvw">Croatia</a>, <a href="/facts/Slovenia/EcYU22W4">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a>, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Norway, <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a>, Finland, Russia, <a href="/facts/Estonia/PVjB16TI">Estonia</a>, <a href="/facts/Latvia/y2PSa8lx">Latvia</a>, <a href="/facts/Lithuania/dApVjLWW">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/facts/Belarus/vweHwgob">Belarus</a>, <a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/facts/Moldova/qGBNGewt">Moldova</a>, <a href="/facts/Romania/yolzk5cN">Romania</a>), with several endemic genera (e.g. <i><a href="/facts/Rhizobotrya/DveFo1qa">Rhizobotrya</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Hladnikia/FvhftaT3">Hladnikia</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Berardia/Bvc6mklX">Berardia</a></i>) and 10-15% endemic species (e.g. <i>Aconitum paniculatum</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Dianthus_alpinus/UNHrmGJ7">Dianthus alpinus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Rhododendron_hirsutum/kHSauGqP">Rhododendron hirsutum</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Soldanella_carpatica/CUjzL0kg">Soldanella carpatica</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Rosa_abietina/J6cydDvW">Rosa abietina</a></i>, <i>Saxifraga muscoides</i>, <i>Trifolium saxatile</i>, <i>Chaerophyllum villarsii</i>, <i>Heracleum carpaticum</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Syringa_josikaea/olr7UWDC">Syringa josikaea</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Valeriana_tripteris/IaWrqLKX">Valeriana tripteris</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Campanula_zoysii/DBIbFXc5">Campanula zoysii</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Campanula_carpatica/6mgu3oha">Campanula carpatica</a></i>, <i>Pulmonaria filarzkyana</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Leontopodium_alpinum/vq5rlTED">Leontopodium alpinum</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Narcissus_poeticus/6wFL3Xvj">Narcissus poeticus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Narcissus_angustifolius/6wFL3Xvj">Narcissus angustifolius</a></i>, <i>Gymnadenia albida</i>, <i>Carex carvula</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Calamagrostis_villosa/q09NJI5z">Calamagrostis villosa</a></i>)</li> <li>Illyrian Province (<a href="/facts/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/jNVA1gPB">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a>, <a href="/facts/Kosovo/lbyzI6UW">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/facts/North_Macedonia/YpfcC5DA">North Macedonia</a>, parts of Slovenia, Croatia, <a href="/facts/Montenegro/QynKJrw5">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/facts/Albania/8GP40BUD">Albania</a>, <a href="/facts/Bulgaria/Er5pY3YS">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/facts/Greece/lqHw8bTB">Greece</a> and <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a>) with several endemic genera (e.g. <i><a href="/facts/Haberlea/VFIW16Df">Haberlea</a></i>) and many endemic species (e.g. <i><a href="/facts/Ramonda_heldreichii/esqsJGfU">Ramonda heldreichii</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Ramonda_nathaliae/m9eeS61m">Ramonda nathaliae</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Ramonda_serbica/bsl0UwQo">Ramonda serbica</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Picea_omorika/vkFfn12h">Picea omorika</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Pinus_heldreichii/3dJSrRCE">Pinus heldreichii</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Pinus_peuce/jhAR6FW9">Pinus peuce</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Rheum_rhaponticum/lEWBCbNU">Rheum rhaponticum</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Aesculus_hippocastanum/aAU2bIPV">Aesculus hippocastanum</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Forsythia_europaea/jcmdF2oB">Forsythia europaea</a></i>, <i>Lathraea rhodopea</i>, <i>Wulfenia baldacci</i>, <i>Solenanthus scardicus</i>, <i>Amphoricarpus neumayeri</i>, <i>Narthecium scardicum</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Dioscorea_balcanica/cbNKVfAE">Dioscorea balcanica</a></i>)</li> <li>Euxinian Province (parts of Bulgaria, Turkey, <a href="/facts/Georgia_(country)/ccBF8bBE">Georgia</a> and Russia around the <a href="/facts/Black_Sea/M0rLKvge">Black Sea</a>), with two endemic genera (<i>Chymsidia</i> and <i>Megacaryon</i>) and many endemic species (e.g. <i><a href="/facts/Abies_nordmanniana/Vphq1Wry">Abies nordmanniana</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Epimedium_pubigerum/K3zP0ePA">Epimedium pubigerum</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Quercus_pontica/WmdnVU7X">Quercus pontica</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Quercus_hartwissiana/ybAgJXV7">Quercus hartwissiana</a></i>, <i>Веtula medwedewii</i>, <i>Вetula megrelica</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Corylus_colchica/81SLkpUN">Corylus colchica</a></i>, <i>Сorylus pontica</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Paeonia_wittmanniana/BFsgBLeG">Paeonia wittmanniana</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Hypericum_bupleuroides/LPPbE6wP">Hypericum bupleuroides</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Hypericum_xylosteifolium/SHG6BrHA">Hypericum xylosteifolium</a></i>, <i>Rhododendron ungernii</i>, <i>Rhododendron smirnovii</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Epigaea_gaultherioides/vN0HQ7AE">Epigaea gaultherioides</a></i>, <i>Primula megaseifolia</i>, <i>Cyclamen adsharicum</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Andrachne_colchica/Ay6sbqve">Andrachne colchica</a></i>, <i>Trapa colchica</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Staphylea_colchica/cfw3zxqz">Staphylea colchica</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Hedera_colchica/e8cD2wpp">Hedera colchica</a></i>, <i>Astrantia pontica</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Heracleum_mantegazzianum/Bk8XyGAJ">Heracleum mantegazzianum</a></i>, <i>Seseli rupicola</i>, <i>Rhamnus imeretinus</i>, <i>Osmanthus decorus</i>, <i>Trachystemon orientale</i>, <i>Rhamphicarpa medwedewii</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Gentiana_paradoxa/vpmK0DBL">Gentiana paradoxa</a></i>, <i>Scabiosa olgae</i>, <i>Campanula mirabilis</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Campanula_lactiflora/HXbpR4zS">Campanula lactiflora</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Inula_magnifica/GJGo1met">Inula magnifica</a></i>, <i>Lilium ponticum</i>, <i>Ruscus colchicus</i>, <i>Dioscorea caucasica</i>, <i>Campanula mirabilis</i>), some endemic species and genera shared with the Caucasian Province (see below).</li> <li>Caucasian Province (parts of Russia, Georgia, <a href="/facts/Armenia/t3GQx9sU">Armenia</a> and <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan/Ho5joRTJ">Azerbaijan</a>), with five endemic genera (<i><a href="/facts/Pseudovesicaria/ln09fVq3">Pseudovesicaria</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Symphyoloma/6XQKsH6b">Symphyoloma</a></i>, <i>Pseudobetckea</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Trigonocaryum/3DACAQ56">Trigonocaryum</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Cladochaeta_(plant)/Pq0mtUC9">Cladochaeta</a></i>) and many endemic species (e.g. <i><a href="/facts/Betula_raddeana/RxRtyLv0">Betula raddeana</a></i>, <i>Papaver oreophilum</i>, <i>Corydalis pallidiflora</i>, <i>Сorydalis emanuelii</i>, <i>Cerastium kasbek</i>, <i>Сerastium argenteum</i>, <i>Сerastium multiflorum</i>, <i>Minuartia inamoena</i>, <i>Silena lacera</i>, <i>Gypsophila acutifolia</i>, <i>Dianthus fragrans</i>, <i>Sobolevskia caucasica</i>, <i>Draba bryoides</i>, <i>Draba elisabethae</i>, <i>Draba supranivalis</i>, <i>Draba molissima</i>, <i>Draba ossetica</i>, <i>Primula bayernii</i>, <i>Saxifraga subverticillata</i>, <i>Sedum stevenianum</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Geranium_renardii/V7PCPmWy">Geranium renardii</a></i>, <i>Oxytropis owerinii</i>, <i>Genliana grossheimii</i>, <i>Gentinana septemfida</i> var. <i>lagodechiana</i>, <i>Gentiana marcowiczii</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Veronica_caucasica/8ylIqq9E">Veronica caucasica</a></i>, <i>Campanula andina</i>, <i>Centaurea amblyolepis</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Lilium_monadelphum/3BN9R25b">Lilium monadelphum</a></i>, <i>Galanthus latifolius</i>, <i>Ornithogalum magnum</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Colchicum_laetum/DdHWYg4A">Colchicum laetum</a></i>, <i>Asphodoline tenuior</i>, <i>Gagea helenae</i>, <i>Calamagrostis caucasica</i>), many endemic species and genera shared with the Euxinian Province (e.g. <i><a href="/facts/Agasyllis/dv2gLXdR">Agasyllis</a></i>, <i>Sredinskya</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Rhododendron_caucasicum/70pxyllE">Rhododendron caucasicum</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Vaccinium_arctostaphylos/xra3DNNc">Vaccinium arctostaphylos</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Daphne_pontica/SbQsvMmB">Daphne pontica</a></i>, <i>Paris incompleta</i>).</li> <li>Eastern European Province (parts of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and Romania) without endemic genera, with some endemic species (e.g. <i>Anemone uralensis</i>, <i>Papaver maeoticum</i>, <i>Dianthus eugeniae</i>, <i>Dianthus krylovianus</i>, <i>Dianthus volgicus</i>, <i>Diplotaxis cretacea</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Sisymbrium_wolgense/DS9r2N2a">Sisymbrium wolgense</a></i>, <i>Syrenia talievii</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Pyrus_rossica/VECJ8XSl">Pyrus rossica</a></i>, <i>Hedysarum cretaceum</i>, <i>Нedysarum ucrainicum</i>, <i>Erodium beketowii</i>, <i>Linaria cretacea</i>, <i>Linaria macroura</i>, <i>Scrophularia cretacea</i>)</li> <li>Northern European Province (parts of Finland, Sweden, Norway and Russia), without endemic genera, with but few endemic species (e.g. <i>Corispermum algidum</i>, <i>Castilleja schrenkii</i>)</li> <li>West Siberian Province (parts of Russia and <a href="/facts/Kazakhstan/Vfs8NI6e">Kazakhstan</a>), without endemic genera, with few endemic species</li> <li><a href="/facts/Altai-Sayan/K61T3A2M">Altai-Sayan</a> Province (Parts of Russia and <a href="/facts/Mongolia/ogQzUcQb">Mongolia</a>), with one endemic genus (<i><a href="/facts/Microstigma/ckfWqRgL">Microstigma</a></i>) and many endemic species (e.g. <i>Callianthemum sajanense</i>, <i>Eranthis sibirica</i>, <i>Aquilegia borodinii</i>, <i>Delphinium mirabile</i>, <i>Delphinium inconspicuum</i>, <i>Aconitum krylovii</i>, <i>Aconitum altaicum</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Anemone_baicalensis/hr1DgeUM">Anemone baicalensis</a></i>, <i>Ranunculus sajanensis</i>, <i>Gymnospermium altaicum</i>, <i>Betula kelleriana</i>, <i>Stellaria martjanovii</i>, <i>Stellaria imbricata</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Stellaria_irrigua/eJs8E3jX">Stellaria irrigua</a></i>, <i>Silene turgida</i>, <i>Aphragmus involucratus</i>, <i>Erysimum inense</i>, <i>Euphorbia alpina</i>, <i>Euphorbia altaica</i>, <i>Euphorbia tshuiensis</i>, <i>Rhodiola algida</i>, <i>Sedum populifolium</i>, <i>Chrysosplenium filipes</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Caragana_altaica/G7MSpdmm">Caragana altaica</a></i>, <i>Vicia lilacina</i>, <i>Lathyrus frolovii</i>, <i>Lathyrus krylovii</i>, <i>Linum violascens</i>, <i>Scrophularia altaica</i>, <i>Schizonepeta annua</i>, <i>Valeriana petrophila</i>, <i>Brachanthemum baranovii</i>, <i>Echinops humilis</i>, <i>Saussurea serratuloides</i>, <i>Saussurea sajanensis</i>, <i>Allium pumilum</i>, <i>Carex tatjanae</i>, species of <i><a href="/facts/Astragalus_(plant)/sxf73Fy6">Astragalus</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Oxytropis/v03fEXdb">Oxytropis</a></i>)</li> <li>Central Siberian Province (parts of Russia) without endemic genera, with but few endemic species</li> <li>Transbaikalian Province (Parts of Russia and Mongolia) without endemic genera, with some endemic species (e.g. <i>Aconitum montibaicalensis</i>, <i>Draba baicalensis</i>, <i>Saxifraga algisii</i>, <i>Potentilla adenotricha</i>, <i>Astragalus trigonocarpus</i>, <i>Oxytropis heterotricha</i>, <i>Mertensia serrulata</i>)</li> <li>Northeastern Siberian Province (parts of Russia), with one endemic genus (<i>Gorodkovia</i>) and many endemic species (e.g. <i>Corydalis gorodkovii</i>, <i>Androsace gorodkovii</i>, <i>Saxifraga anadyrensis</i>, <i>Potentilla anadyrensis</i>, <i>Potentilla tollii</i>, <i>Helictotrichon krylovii</i>, <i>Poa lanatiflora</i>).</li> <li>Okhotsk-Kamchatkan Province (parts of Russia), with one endemic genus (<i>Redowskia</i>) and many endemic species (e.g. <i>Abies gracilis</i>, <i>Picea kamtschatkensis</i>, <i>Delphinium ochotense</i>, <i>Aconitum ajanense</i>, <i>Aconitum ochotense</i>, <i>Corydalis redowskii</i>, <i>Stellaria peduncularis</i>, <i>Arenaria redowskii</i>, <i>Lychnis ajanensis</i>, <i>Sorbus kamtschatcensis</i>, <i>Oxytropis ajanensis</i>, <i>Oxytropis tilingii</i>, <i>Sambucus kamtschatica</i>).</li> <li>Canadian Province (<a href="/facts/St._Pierre_and_Miquelon/X4lY6aCY">St. Pierre and Miquelon</a>, parts of Canada and the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Flora_of_Azerbaijan/A3dNxnf6">Flora of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Flora_of_Canada/5IywXE5H">Flora of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Flora_of_the_Faroe_Islands/uB8Mgmwv">Flora of the Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Flora_of_Lithuania/4Kor73m8">Flora of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Flora_of_North_Macedonia/NHUFmLql">Flora of North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Flora_of_Romania/KGz3L5UN">Flora of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Flora_of_Svalbard/KyvS9wb2">Flora of Svalbard</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_the_vascular_plants_of_Britain_and_Ireland/PugxMgIb">List of the vascular plants of Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_the_vascular_plants_of_the_Karelian_Isthmus/WwKoDnT9">List of the vascular plants of the Karelian Isthmus</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>C.Michael Hogan. 2011. <a href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Taiga?topic=58071"><i>Taiga</i>. eds. M.McGinley & C.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC</a></li> <li>David Lewis Lentz. 2000. <i>Imperfect balance: landscape transformations in the Precolumbian Americas</i>, Science, 547 pages, page</li> <li>Robert F. Thorne. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040317091646/http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/FNA/Volume/V01/Chapter06.shtml">Phytogeography of North America North of Mexico</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Flora_of_North_America/w0BKpUP2">Flora of North America</a></i>, Vol. 1, Ch. 6.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>C.Michael Hogan. 2011 <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>David Lewis Lentz. 2000 <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>