Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Transport in China
open-in-new
<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/History_of_transport_in_China/wPBF54xt">History of transport in China</a></p> <p>China is in the midst of a massive upgrade of its <a href="/facts/Transport/npstdhvc">transport</a> <a href="/facts/Infrastructure/QJvbsSpl">infrastructure</a>. Until recently, China's economy was able to continue to grow despite deficiencies in infrastructure development. This is no longer the case, and the government realizes that to keep the economy moving forward, they need an efficient system in place to move goods and people across the country. According to <a href="/facts/World_Bank/hIH9uUb2">World Bank</a> statistics, goods lost due to poor or obsolete transport infrastructure amounted to one percent of China's GDP as recently as the most current survey (mid-1990s). <a href="/facts/Logistics/0Hr2w55W">Logistic</a> costs account for 20% of a product's price in China, compared to 10% in the <a href="/facts/Transportation_in_the_United_States/mVKr5Dgo">United States</a>, and 5% in other developed countries. </p><p><a href="/facts/Port/4Uuw6Fec">Ports</a> are being improved for greater use of China's <a href="/facts/Waterway/F0cpQUNN">waterways</a>, and <a href="/facts/Airport/KQkDpK1n">airports</a> are being improved across the country. Related industries such as construction equipment, engineering, container security, and electronics and safety devices have also grown rapidly. </p> <h2 id="regulation">Regulation</h2> <h3>Mainland China</h3> <p>Transport in mainland China is regulated by a new agency formed from the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Transport_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China/D1WcamWy">Ministry of Transport</a>, the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Railways_(China)/6j0K3XK0">Ministry of Railways</a>, the <a href="/facts/Civil_Aviation_Administration_of_China/zoUDa3Ar">Civil Aviation Administration of China</a>. </p> <h3>Special administrative regions</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Transport_in_Hong_Kong/x8ojVB9N">Transport in Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/facts/Transport_in_Macau/mYvan3FW">Transport in Macau</a></p> <p>The aforementioned transport authorities have no <a href="/facts/Jurisdiction/0Kb8hao4">jurisdiction</a> in <a href="/facts/Hong_Kong/4nAf3mqQ">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/facts/Macau/KEm5w6xH">Macau</a>. Hong Kong's transport is regulated by the <a href="/facts/Transport_Department_(Hong_Kong)/ovLtlCg4">Transport Department of Hong Kong</a>, whereas Macau's transport is regulated by the Transport Bureau of Macau.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="rail">Rail</h2> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Rail_transport_in_China/94yaP4mJ">Rail transport in China</a>, <a href="/facts/Passenger_rail_transport_in_China/dzzT0Hm5">Passenger rail transport in China</a>, <a href="/facts/High-speed_rail_in_China/E7ydtPVW">High-speed rail in China</a>, and <a href="/facts/List_of_railways_in_China/hzPjybkg">List of railways in China</a></p> <p>Rail is the major mode of transport in China. In 2019, railways in China delivered 3.660 billion passenger trips, generating 1,470.66 billion passenger-kilometres and carried 4.389 billion tonnes of freight, generating 3,018 billion cargo tonne-kilometres;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> both traffic volumes are among the highest in the world. The high volume of traffic that China's railway system carries makes it critical to China's <a href="/facts/Economy_of_China/1yfzCmRL">economy</a>. China's railway system carries 24% of the world's railway transport volume on only 6% of the world's railways. China has the world's second longest railway network; as of 2020 it is 146,300 km (90,907 mi) long.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> About 71.9% of the network is electrified in 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>In 2011 China's railway inventory included 19,431 <a href="/facts/Locomotive/C9YV7wrQ">locomotives</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> owned by the national railway system. The inventory in recent times included some 100 <a href="/facts/Steam_locomotive/cXEQwhFk">steam locomotives</a>, but the last such locomotive, built in 1999, is now in service as a <a href="/facts/Tourism_in_China/jX47xgnd">tourist attraction</a> while the others have been retired from commercial service. The remaining locomotives are either <a href="/facts/Diesel_locomotive/RvJF30q2">diesel</a>- or <a href="/facts/Electric/hNC8D65W">electric</a>-powered. Another 352 locomotives are owned by local railroads and 604 operated by <a href="/facts/Joint-venture/f2Fv8QqA">joint-venture</a> railways. National railway freight cars numbered 622,284<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> and passenger coaches 52,130 .<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>Because of its limited capital, overburdened infrastructure, and need to continuously modernize, the national rail system, which is controlled by the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Railways_(China)/6j0K3XK0">Ministry of Railways</a> through a network of regional divisions, operates on an austere <a href="/facts/Budget/5wR3hBvM">budget</a>. Foreign capital <a href="/facts/Investment/VrMookcv">investment</a> in the <a href="/facts/Freight/0aDk22Yl">freight</a> sector was allowed beginning in 2003, and international public stock offerings opened in 2006. In another move to better capitalize and reform the rail system, the Ministry of Railways established three public shareholder-owned companies in 2003: China Railways Container Transport Company, China Railway Special Cargo Service Company, and China Railways Parcel Express Company. </p><p>In recent decades, rail use in China has seen significant growth in the volume of goods and passengers transported. Since 1980, the volume of goods transported (metric tons times kilometers traveled) has increased by 305% and the volume of passengers (million passengers times kilometers traveled) has increased by 485%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> During this same time period, total length of rail lines has only increased by 34%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h3>Statistics<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></h3> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>1980</th><th>1990</th><th>2000</th><th>2010</th><th>2014</th><th>2015</th><th>2017</th></tr><tr><td>Rail lines (total route-km)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td>49,940</td><td>53,378</td><td>58,656</td><td>66,239</td><td>66,989</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goods transported on railways (metric tons times kilometers traveled)</td><td>570,732</td><td>1,060,100</td><td>1,333,606</td><td>2,451,185</td><td>2,308,669</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Passengers carried on railways (million passengers times kilometers traveled)</td><td>138,037</td><td>263,530</td><td>441,468</td><td>791,158</td><td>807,065</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Urban rail transit (kilometers)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5,033</td></tr><tr><td>Subway (kilometers)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3,844</td></tr><tr><td>Urban rail transit under construction (kilometers)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>6,246</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bus_rapid_transit/XUbtfJld">Bus rapid transit</a> (kilometers)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2,991</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Regional development</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Qingzang_railway/vYrp00aW">Qingzang railway</a></p> <p>In 1992, a new large-scale rail project was launched in China, called the "New Silk Road" or "Eurasian Continental Bridge" project. The project involved the modernization and infrastructure development of a 4,131 km (2,567 mi) railroad route starting in <a href="/facts/Lianyungang/YcbAxf9W">Lianyungang</a>, <a href="/facts/Jiangsu/PYdTsg5R">Jiangsu</a>, and traveling through central and northwestern China to <a href="/facts/Urumqi/6CReu5lp">Urumqi</a>, <a href="/facts/Xinjiang/f3jxW5Sq">Xinjiang</a>, to the <a href="/facts/Dzungarian_Gate/aFmWNn2Q">Alataw Pass</a> into <a href="/facts/Kazakhstan/Vfs8NI6e">Kazakhstan</a>. From that point, the railroad links to some 6,800 km (4,225 mi) of routes that end in <a href="/facts/Rotterdam/p8LbhGmE">Rotterdam</a>. </p><p>China also has established rail links between seaports and interior export-processing zones. For example, in 2004 <a href="/facts/Chengdu/0o7w6dvR">Chengdu</a> in <a href="/facts/Sichuan/e65P53aD">Sichuan</a> was linked to the <a href="/facts/Special_economic_zones_of_China/HcA4bdJo">Shenzhen Special Economic Zone</a> in coastal <a href="/facts/Guangdong/wvjsjdb1">Guangdong</a>; exports clear <a href="/facts/Customs/dLBa0dlN">customs</a> in Chengdu and are shipped twice daily by rail to the seaport at <a href="/facts/Shenzhen/B8rnXRf8">Shenzhen</a> for fast delivery. </p> <h4>Tibet</h4> <p>A 1,080 km (671 mi) section of the <a href="/facts/Qingzang_railway/vYrp00aW">Qingzang railway</a> has been completed from <a href="/facts/Golmud/HjtWW3po">Golmud</a> to <a href="/facts/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)/a4ocGPHG">Lhasa</a>. The 815 km (506 mi) section from <a href="/facts/Xining/PIfcGlAG">Xining</a> to Golmud in <a href="/facts/Qinghai/g8DljGNf">Qinghai</a> opened to traffic in 1984. The railway's highest point, the <a href="/facts/Tanggula_Mountain_Pass/lSbnHd0g">Tanggula Mountain Pass</a>, is 5,072 m above sea level, making it the highest railway in the world. More than 960 km (597 mi), or over four-fifths of the railway, is at an altitude of more than 4,000 m, and over half of it was laid on frozen earth. Because of the high altitudes, carriages are supplied with supplemental <a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">oxygen</a>. </p><p>Linking <a href="/facts/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)/a4ocGPHG">Lhasa</a> and <a href="/facts/Shigatse/4bkyVv6X">Shigatse</a> together in <a href="/facts/Tibet/NQChzGo9">Tibet</a>, the construction of a 254 km (158 mi) extension line of the <a href="/facts/Qingzang_railway/vYrp00aW">Qingzang railway</a> started in 2009 with completion expected by 2014. </p> <h3>High-speed rail</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/High-speed_rail_in_China/E7ydtPVW">High-speed rail in China</a></p> <p>The high-speed service is mainly operated by <a href="/facts/China_Railway_High-speed/lUpqcw35">China Railway High-speed</a>. HSR developed rapidly in China over the past 15 years thanks to generous funding from the Chinese government. With ridership exceeding 1.44 billion in 2016, China's HSR service was the most heavily used in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> In 2016, the network is the <a href="/facts/List_of_high-speed_railway_lines/BNBw2W0l">longest in the world</a> and accounted for about two-thirds of the world's high-speed rail tracks<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> and operated with 2,595 high-speed trains, accounting for about 60 percent of all global high-speed trains.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a>[<i>needs update</i>] </p> <h3>Maglev</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Maglev/2o7UVAM5">Maglev</a></p> <p>China also has the world's first commercial high-speed maglev (magnetic levitation) service, <a href="/facts/Shanghai_Maglev_Train/lRyQe4c7">Shanghai Maglev Train</a> (the first maglev service opened at Birmingham International Airport, United Kingdom, in 1984; however, it was not high-speed). The Chinese project, a Sino-German joint venture, was a 38-km-long route between downtown <a href="/facts/Shanghai/nYyuBo2S">Shanghai</a> and the <a href="/facts/Pudong_airport/7CjDGUCU">Pudong airport</a> that opened in 2003. The project cost US$1.2 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> Low speed commuter maglevs using ingenious technology have opened in Changsha (<a href="/facts/Changsha_Maglev/8Qzb7Lr0">Changsha Maglev</a>) and Beijing (<a href="/facts/Line_S1,_Beijing_Subway/whT5rGVR">Line S1, Beijing Subway</a>). </p><p>In January 2021 a prototype for a new high-speed maglev train capable of 620 km/h (390 mph) was unveiled. Developed by <a href="/facts/Southwest_Jiaotong_University/1Qyw3hL1">Southwest Jiaotong University</a> near Chengdu, Professor He Chuan, vice president of the university, told reporters that the train is scheduled to be operational within 3–10 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> In July 2021 the <a href="/facts/CRRC/kFwHM7hN">CRRC</a> unveiled a four-car 600 km/h (370 mph) maglev train.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> Long test tracks are being developed to test the vehicles. </p> <h3>Railway links with adjoining countries</h3> <p>The two railway links China have with a neighboring country that does not have a <a href="/facts/Break_of_gauge/a7SGdIwQ">break of gauge</a> is with <a href="/facts/Transport_in_North_Korea/Cx5A4B8y">North Korea</a> and <a href="/facts/Transport_in_Vietnam/XKgfHGqp">Vietnam</a>. China also has links with <a href="/facts/Transport_in_Kazakhstan/gA4ClIpu">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/facts/Transport_in_Mongolia/Jr7eFSXV">Mongolia</a> and <a href="/facts/Transport_in_Russia/JomFbExP">Russia</a>, which all use the 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) gauge, and with <a href="/facts/Transport_in_Vietnam/XKgfHGqp">Vietnam</a>, where the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge is still in use. The <a href="/facts/Trans-Siberian_Railway/nKn6Md9B">Trans-Siberian Railway</a>, which crosses <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a>, has a branch that sweeps down from <a href="/facts/Ulan-Ude/PpqlPSfm">Ulan-Ude</a>, across <a href="/facts/Mongolia/ogQzUcQb">Mongolia</a>, and on to <a href="/facts/Beijing/Bg4puFBv">Beijing</a>. </p><p>China does not have a direct rail link with <a href="/facts/Afghanistan/v63Auu1C">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/facts/Bhutan/fSRsLss9">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a>, <a href="/facts/Kyrgyzstan/MSNdCp8u">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/facts/Nepal/yWCzTBR2">Nepal</a>, <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a> or <a href="/facts/Tajikistan/xLLXqHEJ">Tajikistan</a>, but is currently planning links with <a href="/facts/Laos/S0afugjX">Laos</a> and <a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a> (via <a href="/facts/Myanmar/zcqQH2oE">Myanmar</a>). </p><p><a href="/facts/Variable_gauge/PF8N5HRY">Variable-gauge-axle</a> trains are sometimes used to overcome the <a href="/facts/Break_of_gauge/a7SGdIwQ">break of gauge</a> with neighboring countries. The mainland is also linked to <a href="/facts/Hong_Kong/4nAf3mqQ">Hong Kong</a>, but not with <a href="/facts/Macau/KEm5w6xH">Macau</a>, although a Macau link is planned. </p> <h3>Urban Rail</h3> <h4>Rapid Transit</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Urban_rail_transit_in_China/EwDUVbzE">Urban rail transit in China</a></p> <p>As of 2025, there are at least 50 rapid transit systems in mainland China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> While it is difficult to gauge the number of systems and lines under construction or being planned at any given time, the rapid development of mass rapid transit in China suggests that new metro systems, lines, and extensions are constantly emerging and being rapidly developed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> Today, China boasts nine of the world's <a href="/facts/List_of_metro_systems/GtsDDIYJ">ten longest metro systems</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> Furthermore, of the 50 longest metro systems in the world, 26 are in mainland China; <a href="/facts/MTR/pmycd6A8">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/facts/Taipei_Metro/FAk84e5w">Taipei</a> also make the list.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Shanghai_Metro/r7tStweM">Shanghai Metro</a> only started operating in 1993 and has since expanded to be the world's longest or second-longest subway system, trading places only with the <a href="/facts/Beijing_Subway/by0HxeDG">Beijing Subway</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> In Mainland China, 23 urban rail lines are expected to start construction in 2025.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p> <h4>Light Rail/Tram</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Trams_in_China/xFlcxwHm">Trams in China</a></p><p>Several cities in China had tram systems during the 20th century; however, by the end of the century, only <a href="/facts/Trams_in_Dalian/p2NtRwCD">Dalian</a>, <a href="/facts/Hong_Kong_Tramways/U2KXWtph">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/facts/Changchun_Tram/s7jjISoS">Changchun</a> remained. Since 2010, then new tram systems opened in <a href="/facts/Qingdao_Tram/rDqJyJCK">Qingdao</a>, <a href="/facts/Guangzhou_Trams/PHVuwLJW">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/facts/Trams_in_Shenzhen/6SD7aymM">Shenzhen</a>, <a href="/facts/Trams_in_Shenyang/2PsLVFzv">Shenyang</a>, <a href="/facts/Trams_in_Suzhou/JNValctA">Suzhou</a>, <a href="/facts/Trams_in_Zhuhai/M2V5nlRg">Zhuhai</a>, and <a href="/facts/Trams_in_Huai%27an/755YL1J1">Huai'an</a>. </p> <p>In 2016 a Chinese firm developed the <a href="/facts/Autonomous_Rail_Rapid_Transit/58GtCMDF">Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit</a> system which has been described as a crossover between a <a href="/facts/Train/0mkFQDg9">train</a>, a <a href="/facts/Bus/AgUM7Tab">bus</a> and a <a href="/facts/Tram/gSaKExyR">tram</a> and is commonly called a "trackless tram".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> As of 2021 the system has four lines in operation and is being considered for a number of other locations around the country. </p> <h4>Monorail</h4> <p>China has installed a number of straddle-type rubber-tyred monorail systems since 2005. The longest monorail line in the world, at 66.2 km (41.1 mi), is <a href="/facts/Line_3_(Chongqing_Rail_Transit)/TFRjts8k">Line 3</a> located in <a href="/facts/Chongqing/TdWVCCKY">Chongqing</a>. A large number of other transit systems are under construction, as well as tourist lines using <a href="/facts/Suspension_railway/HXnpfKJw">suspended monorail</a> technology. </p> <h4>Suburban and commuter rail systems</h4> <p>China's passenger railways are mostly used for medium- and long-distance travel, with few trains stopping anywhere but at major stations in center cities. <a href="/facts/Commuter_rail/5AzytgF3">Commuter rail</a> systems, characteristic of large European and North American cities, were initially uncommon in China. Instead radial suburban metro lines (<a href="/facts/Line_16_(Shanghai_Metro)/1HhRQ5re">Shanghai Metro Line 16</a>, <a href="/facts/Line_9_(Tianjin_Metro)/lcPI6IjJ">Binhai Mass Transit Line 9</a>, <a href="/facts/Guangfo_Metro/n38heyv0">Guangfo Metro</a>, etc.) were mostly fulfilling that role. However a number of high-speed regional networks such as the <a href="/facts/Chengdu%E2%80%93Dujiangyan_Intercity_Railway/bhMtrQVh">Chengdu–Dujiangyan ICR</a>, <a href="/facts/Changsha%E2%80%93Zhuzhou%E2%80%93Xiangtan_Intercity_Railway/hwQ2lHkL">Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan ICR</a>, <a href="/facts/Pearl_River_Delta_Rapid_Transit/EjHeIUxk">Pearl River Delta Rapid Transit</a>, and <a href="/facts/Wuhan_Metropolitan_Area_Intercity_Railway/cK6p4EqD">Wuhan Metropolitan Area Intercity Railway</a> have recently started providing commuter services. </p> <h4>Rail transit in Hong Kong SAR</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/MTR/pmycd6A8">MTR</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Hong_Kong/4nAf3mqQ">Hong Kong</a> <a href="/facts/MTR/pmycd6A8">Mass Transit Railway</a> was planned, designed, constructed and opened under <a href="/facts/British_Hong_Kong/afn3uHMz">British administration</a>; it was opened in 1979 and merged with the KCR network in 2007 to form a 10-line heavy metro operation and a modern <a href="/facts/Light_Rail_(MTR)/gFrt2a6P">light rail</a> network. In addition, a <a href="/facts/Hong_Kong_Tramways/U2KXWtph">tramway</a> system operates on <a href="/facts/Hong_Kong_Island/Lat9wdt8">Hong Kong Island</a>. </p> <h4>Rail transit in Macau SAR</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Macau_Light_Rapid_Transit/CCfVt6mW">Macau Light Rapid Transit</a></p> <p>The Macau LRT was first proposed in 2003, but a final go-ahead was not given until a public announcement by the Government of Macau in October 2006.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> The Macau Light Transit System currently operates three lines: the <a href="/facts/Taipa_line/h10PCNdW">Taipa Line</a>, which connects Taipa (including Macau International Airport), Cotai, and the Macau Peninsula; the <a href="/facts/Hengqin_line/QPLCP8Kd">Hengqin Line</a>, a two-station line which connects Hengqin Island to Lotus Station, and the <a href="/facts/Seac_Pai_Van_line/5qAY7sRa">Seac Pai Van Line</a>, a two-station southern link connecting Union Hospital with Seac Pai Van.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> The Taipa Line opened on 10 December 2019, while the Seac Pai Van and Hengqin lines opened on 1 November 2024 and 2 December 2024, respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/East_line_(Macau_LRT)/cJnTrJB5">East Line</a>, which will connect the eastern terminus of the Taipa Line at Taipa Ferry Terminal with the Macau Peninsula, began construction in 2023 and is expected to open in 2028.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p><p>As of February 2025, all lines on the LRT use <a href="/facts/Crystal_Mover/8ADBxvlQ">Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Crystal Mover APM vehicles</a> that are two-car trains and fully automated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> The car is named Ocean Cruiser.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> All LRT stations are equipped with <a href="/facts/Platform_screen_doors/ub817Ym7">platform screen doors</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="road">Road</h2> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_China/n8yzVJDt">Automotive industry in China</a></p> <h3>Motor vehicles</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/China_National_Highways/LSXRKLcA">China National Highways</a> and <a href="/facts/Expressways_of_China/l8sPvpnu">Expressways of China</a></p> <p>During the war with <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a>, in the 1930s, China built many roads, the most famous of which is the <a href="/facts/Burma_Road/zmV6kM8R">Burma Road</a> that leads southwest from <a href="/facts/Kunming/F9sXluAL">Kunming</a> to the city of <a href="/facts/Lashio/LAEgKjYT">Lashio</a>. Since it came into power, the Communist government initiated a large effort into building highways that extend across China and beyond its borders. </p><p>Today, China is linked by an evolving network of highways (<a href="/facts/China_National_Highways/LSXRKLcA">China National Highways</a>) and expressways (<a href="/facts/Expressways_of_China/l8sPvpnu">Expressways of China</a>). In the past few years, China has been rapidly developing its road network. Between 1990 and 2003, the total length of urban roads in China more than doubled; increasing from 95,000 to 208,000 kilometers of roads during that period. Similarly, during the same period of time, the total area allocated to roads more than tripled; from 892 million square meters in 1990, to 3,156.5 million square meters in 2003.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> China National Highways stretch to all four corners of mainland China. Expressways reach the same destinations as <a href="/facts/China_National_Highways/LSXRKLcA">China National Highways</a>, except for the rugged terrain of Tibet. An expressway link is already at the planning stage. </p><p>Highways (totaling 130,000 km) were critical to China's economic growth as it worked to mitigate a poor distribution network and authorities sought to spur economic activity directly. The highway and road systems carried nearly 11.6 billion tons of freight and 769.6 trillion passenger/kilometers in 2003. </p><p>The importance of <a href="/facts/Highways/2nxmEmgX">highways</a> and <a href="/facts/Motor_vehicle/AaXamA0w">motor vehicles</a>, which carry 13.5% of cargo and 49.1% of passengers, was growing rapidly in the mid-2000s. <a href="/facts/Automobile/I1IsH8IK">Automobile</a> usage has increased significantly in urban areas as incomes rise. However, car ownership is still low in comparison to the other members of the <a href="/facts/BRIC/LCb1FoAP">BRIC</a> group of countries, being exceeded by <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a> and <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> Indeed, the rate of car ownership in China is only expected to meet the 1960s level of car ownership of some developed countries in 2015.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> </p><p>In 2002, excluding military and probably internal security vehicles, there were 12 million passenger cars and buses in operation and 8.1 million other vehicles. In 2003 China reported that 23.8 million vehicles were used for business purposes, including 14.8 million passenger vehicles and 8.5 million trucks. The latest statistics from the Beijing Municipal Statistics Bureau show that Beijing had nearly 1.3 million privately owned cars at the end of 2004 or 11 for each 100 Beijing residents. Beijing currently has the highest annual rate of private car growth in China, leading to major congestion in the capital. </p><p>In 2005 China had a total road network of more than 3.3 million km, although approximately 1.47 million km of this network are classified as "village roads". Paved roads totaled 770,265 km (478,620 mi) in 2004; the remainder were gravel, improved earth standard, or merely earth tracks. </p><p>Some 270,000 km (167,770 mi) of rural highways will be built and upgraded in 2008. By comparison, 423,000 km (262,840 mi) of countryside highways were built or upgraded in 2007, a record high. According to China's Transport Ministry, as of the end of 2007, 98.54 percent of villages and towns had already been connected by highways. </p><p>The 2008 construction plan comprises five north–south highway trunk roads and seven east–west trunk roads and eight inter-provincial roads. Meanwhile, the central and local governments have continued to allocate funds to support the countryside highway build-up and step up construction quality supervision.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> </p><p>By the end of 2010, the total length of all public roads in China reached 3,984,000 km,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> with about 97,000 km (60,273 mi) of <a href="/facts/Expressways_of_China/l8sPvpnu">expressways</a> by the end of 2012. All major cities are expected to be linked with a 108,000 km (67,108 mi) inter-provincial expressway system by 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> </p> <h3>Motor vehicles safety</h3> <p>RTA fatalities are vulnerable users (68%), including motorcycle, pedestrian and NMW.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> </p> <p>Vehicle is in cause in 17% of road fatalities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> </p> <p>Fatalities are 497 for 8.2 million inhabitants in <a href="/facts/Hainan/wUWoHo1V">Hainan</a>, and 9959 for 83 million people in <a href="/facts/Guangdong/wvjsjdb1">Guangdong</a> in 2005.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> </p> <h3>Bus rapid transit</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/List_of_bus_rapid_transit_systems/teeWCJHg">List of bus rapid transit systems § China</a></p> <p>A number of BRT systems started operating in China, including the high capacity <a href="/facts/Guangzhou_Bus_Rapid_Transit/KPJ8FIHT">Guangzhou BRT</a>. More than 30 projects are being implemented or studied in <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a> in some big cities. In 2018, 99% of all electric buses globally were registered in the People's Republic of China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> </p> <h3>Trolleybus systems</h3> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/List_of_trolleybus_systems/CSN0Para">List of trolleybus systems § China</a></p> <p>As of 2013, <a href="/facts/Trolleybus/R6tJDlEW">trolleybuses</a> provide a portion of the public transit service in 10 Chinese cities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> At one time, as many as 27 cities were served by trolleybuses, comprising 28 systems, as <a href="/facts/Wuhan/AGKKmphL">Wuhan</a> had two independent trolleybus systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Trolleybuses_in_Shanghai/wqh8DJDN">Shanghai trolleybus system</a>, which remains in operation, opened in 1914 and is the longest-lived trolleybus system in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> All other trolleybus systems in China opened after 1950.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> </p> <h3>Electric bicycles</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Cycling_in_China/XFQsCMRW">Cycling in China</a></p> <p>China is the world's leading producer of <a href="/facts/Electric_bicycle/TsSlroe5">electric bicycles</a>. According to the data of the China Bicycle Association, a government-chartered industry group, in 2004 China's manufacturers sold 7.5 million electric bicycles nationwide, which was almost twice 2003 sales;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> domestic sales reached 10 million in 2005, and 16 to 18 million in 2006.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> By 2007, electric bicycles were thought to make up 10 to 20 percent of all two-wheeled vehicles on the streets of many major cities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> A typical unit requires 8 hours to charge the battery, which provides the range of 25–30 miles (40–50 km),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> at the speed of around 20 km/h (12 mph),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> however people usually illegal override, makes it just like normal motorcycles, capable of reach nearly 100 km/h (62 mph). A large number of such vehicles is exported from China as well (3 million units, worth 40 billion yuan ($5.8 billion), in 2006 alone),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> </p> <h3>Bikeshare</h3> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Bicycle-sharing_system/3dywV13l">Bicycle-sharing system § China</a></p> <p>As of May 2011<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_China&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/facts/Wuhan/AGKKmphL">Wuhan</a> and <a href="/facts/Hangzhou_Public_Bicycle/MK0d52sL">Hangzhou Public Bicycle</a> bike-share systems in China were the largest in the world, with around 90,000 and 60,000 bicycles respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> Of the world's 15 biggest public bike share programs 13 of them are in China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> By 2013, China had a combined fleet of 650,000 public bikes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> China has seen a rise in popularity with privately run <a href="/facts/Application_software/YQuj7Kog">app</a> driven "dockless" bike shares with fleets that dwarf systems outside of China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> One such bike share alone, <a href="/facts/Mobike/dIx2vlVt">Mobike</a>, operates 100,000 dockless bikes in each of the cities of <a href="/facts/Shanghai/nYyuBo2S">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/facts/Beijing/Bg4puFBv">Beijing</a>, <a href="/facts/Shenzhen/B8rnXRf8">Shenzhen</a> and <a href="/facts/Guangzhou/9hxfmEjq">Guangzhou</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> Overall, there are more than 30 private bike share operators including <a href="/facts/Mobike/dIx2vlVt">Mobike</a>, <a href="/facts/Ofo_(bike_sharing)/lsHu0XeE">ofo</a>, and <a href="/facts/Bluegogo/t3l0965X">Bluegogo</a>, that have put over 3 million dockless shared bikes in various cities across China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="bridges">Bridges</h2> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/List_of_bridges_in_China/o9b73nk7">List of bridges in China</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_largest_bridges_in_China/mrWkN6VC">List of largest bridges in China</a></p> <p>During the infrastructure boom of the past two decades, bridge-building has proceeded at a rapid pace on a vast scale. Notably, prior to the completion of the <a href="/facts/Wuhan_Yangtze_River_Bridge/3uYteFbu">Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge</a> in 1957, there were no <a href="/facts/Yangtze_River_bridges_and_tunnels/pWalWvpM">bridges across the Yangtze River</a>, <a href="/facts/Yangtze_River/f9A2h4rQ">China's longest</a>, from <a href="/facts/Yibin/0eHst8xW">Yibin</a> to <a href="/facts/Shanghai/nYyuBo2S">Shanghai</a>, and all overland road and railways crossing this 2,884 km (1,792 mi.) stretch of the river required ferries. In 1992, there were only seven <a href="/facts/Yangtze_River_bridges_and_tunnels/pWalWvpM">such bridges</a>, but by the end of 2012, the tally had reached 73, including eight new openings in that year alone. Some notable bridges include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Chaotianmen_Bridge/llFAm66E">Chaotianmen Bridge</a>, the largest arch bridge in the world by main span length</li> <li><a href="/facts/Xihoumen_Bridge/FFAGto2k">Xihoumen Bridge</a>, the second-longest suspension bridge in the world ranked by the length of the centre span</li> <li><a href="/facts/Danyang%E2%80%93Kunshan_Grand_Bridge/QhS0qeKc">Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge</a>, the longest bridge of any type in the world</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jiaozhou_Bay_Bridge/yB9lv9yG">Jiaozhou Bay Bridge</a>, the world's longest bridge over water</li></ul> <h2 id="air">Air</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Air_transport_in_China/SbPNyxXw">Air transport in China</a></p> <p>As a result of the rapidly expanding <a href="/facts/Civil_aviation/NhuUHPCQ">civil aviation</a> industry, by 2007 China had around 500 airports of all types and sizes in operation, about 400 of which had paved <a href="/facts/Runway/EYy72SPJ">runways</a> and about 100 of which had runways of 3,047 m or shorter. There also were 35 <a href="/facts/Heliport/MJG4cfMJ">heliports</a> in 2007, an increasingly used type of facility. With the additional airports came a proliferation of <a href="/facts/Airline/CEwakbf5">airlines</a>. </p> <h3>Airlines</h3> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/List_of_airlines_of_China/QWXywxWF">List of airlines of China</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Civil_Aviation_Administration_of_China/zoUDa3Ar">Civil Aviation Administration of China</a> (CAAC), also called the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China, was established as a government agency in 1949 to operate China's commercial air fleet. In 1988 CAAC's operational fleet was transferred to new, semiautonomous airlines and has served since as a regulatory agency. </p><p>In 2002 the government merged the nine largest airlines into three regional groups based in <a href="/facts/Beijing/Bg4puFBv">Beijing</a>, <a href="/facts/Shanghai/nYyuBo2S">Shanghai</a>, and <a href="/facts/Guangzhou/9hxfmEjq">Guangzhou</a>, respectively: <a href="/facts/Air_China/JyANufDp">Air China</a>, <a href="/facts/China_Eastern_Airlines/t3YTqrB7">China Eastern Airlines</a>, and <a href="/facts/China_Southern_Airlines/Ru6syPnu">China Southern Airlines</a>, which operate most of China's external flights. </p><p>By 2005 these three had been joined by six other major airlines: <a href="/facts/Hainan_Airlines/qBxd2NsS">Hainan Airlines</a>, <a href="/facts/Shanghai_Airlines/VePDBsbV">Shanghai Airlines</a>, <a href="/facts/Shandong_Airlines/gn6vJcyQ">Shandong Airlines</a>, <a href="/facts/Xiamen_Airlines/rpVHnrcH">Xiamen Airlines</a>, <a href="/facts/Shenzhen_Airlines/9LQAcVff">Shenzhen Airlines</a>, and <a href="/facts/Sichuan_Airlines/bSGh6DI2">Sichuan Airlines</a>. Together, these nine airlines had a combined fleet of some 860 aircraft, mostly <a href="/facts/Boeing/tF5sMe9F">Boeing</a> from the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a> and <a href="/facts/Airbus/PSLf3cM8">Airbus</a> from <a href="/facts/European_Union/6GYcR8qM">Europe</a>. </p><p>To meet growing demands for passenger and cargo capacity, in 2005 these airlines significantly expanded their fleets with orders placed for additional Boeing and Airbus aircraft expected to be delivered by 2010. In June 2006, it was announced that an <a href="/facts/Airbus_A320/tT68Vwuq">Airbus A320</a> assembly plant would be built in the <a href="/facts/Binhai_New_Area/qBjLjzBJ">Binhai New Area</a> of <a href="/facts/Tianjin/XtlF4hX1">Tianjin</a>, with the first aircraft to be delivered in 2008. </p><p>Air China owns 30% of <a href="/facts/Cathay_Pacific/lF6NyT2w">Cathay Pacific</a> (second largest shareholder) and the <a href="/facts/Civil_Aviation_Administration_of_China/zoUDa3Ar">Civil Aviation Administration of China</a> (CAAC), an administrative agency of the <a href="/facts/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China/Wj6VBtnt">State Council</a>, owns majority and controlling stakes in China Southern Airlines, China Eastern Airlines, and Air China. </p><p>The total number of planes of all mainland Chinese carriers combined will be near 1,580 by 2010, up from 863 in 2006. By 2025, the figure is estimated to be 4,000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> </p><p>Twenty-seven airlines in the Chinese mainland handled 138 million passengers, and 22.17 million tons of cargo in 2005.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> </p> <h3>Airports</h3> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/List_of_airports_in_China/8WL7rP6x">List of airports in China</a></p> <p>In 2007 China had 467 airports. Of China's major airports, <a href="/facts/Beijing_Capital_International_Airport/rSHXe6sV">Beijing Capital International Airport</a> (PEK), located 27 km (17 mi) northeast of central Beijing, has the greatest flow of passengers annually and is the second busiest in the world. </p><p>Shanghai has the 2nd largest amount of air traffic in China through its two airports combined, the <a href="/facts/Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport/7CjDGUCU">Shanghai Pudong International Airport</a> (PVG), which is located 30 km (19 mi) southeast of central Shanghai, and <a href="/facts/Shanghai_Hongqiao_International_Airport/Use1N3KJ">Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport</a> (SHA), which is located 13 km (8 mi) west of central Shanghai. Both are under control of the Shanghai Airport Authority. </p><p>The new <a href="/facts/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport/By1hbg8N">Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport</a> (CAN), which opened in August 2004 and is located 28 km (17 mi) from downtown <a href="/facts/Guangzhou/9hxfmEjq">Guangzhou</a>. </p><p>Other major airports are located at <a href="/facts/Hong_Kong_International_Airport/MoIdMs4Q">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/facts/Chengdu_Shuangliu_International_Airport/SKyFvARS">Chengdu</a>, <a href="/facts/Chongqing_Jiangbei_International_Airport/6mEu5EuI">Chongqing</a>, <a href="/facts/Dalian_Zhoushuizi_International_Airport/LmtIhWTS">Dalian</a>, <a href="/facts/Hangzhou/wXb5auh7">Hangzhou</a>, <a href="/facts/Harbin/IPtT5S5o">Harbin</a>, <a href="/facts/Hohhot/KnBWI26U">Hohhot</a>, <a href="/facts/Kunming/F9sXluAL">Kunming</a>, <a href="/facts/Qingdao_Liuting_International_Airport/epP88mNB">Qingdao</a>, <a href="/facts/Shenyang/dNJnIBc3">Shenyang</a>, <a href="/facts/Tianjin/XtlF4hX1">Tianjin</a>, <a href="/facts/Urumqi/6CReu5lp">Urumqi</a>, <a href="/facts/Xiamen/h431LYgR">Xiamen</a>, and <a href="/facts/Xi%27an/yaIdymtu">Xi'an</a>. </p><p>China is served both by numerous major international flights to most countries of the world and a host of domestic regional airlines. Air traffic within mainland China is often connected through <a href="/facts/Beijing/Bg4puFBv">Beijing</a>, <a href="/facts/Shanghai/nYyuBo2S">Shanghai</a> or <a href="/facts/Guangzhou/9hxfmEjq">Guangzhou</a>. They are, respectively, the main hubs for <a href="/facts/Air_China/JyANufDp">Air China</a>, <a href="/facts/China_Eastern_Airlines/t3YTqrB7">China Eastern Airlines</a> and <a href="/facts/China_Southern_Airlines/Ru6syPnu">China Southern Airlines</a>. In 2003 China's <a href="/facts/Civil_aviation/NhuUHPCQ">civil aviation</a> sector carried nearly 2.2 million tons of freight and 126.3 trillion passenger/kilometers. </p><p>Passenger flights to <a href="/facts/Taiwan/VcJoUD8w">Taiwan</a> and other places under administration of the <a href="/facts/Republic_of_China/VcJoUD8w">Republic of China</a> must follow <a href="/facts/Three_links/MUzBWEvE">special rules</a>. Flights between mainland China and <a href="/facts/Hong_Kong_International_Airport/MoIdMs4Q">Hong Kong International Airport</a> (HKG) and <a href="/facts/Macao_International_Airport/wj6X6wzM">Macao International Airport</a> (MFM) are considered international. </p><p>China, however, is planning to build a new airport in <a href="/facts/Nagchu_County/y6kStwb1">Nagqu</a>, <a href="/facts/Tibet/NQChzGo9">Tibet</a> in 2011. It will surpass <a href="/facts/Qamdo_Bangda_Airport/bq6lQ81q">Qamdo Bangda Airport</a> as being the world's highest airport once completed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> </p> <h4>Airports with paved runways</h4> <ul><li>Total: 403</li> <li>Over 3,047 m: 58</li> <li>2,438 to 3,047 m: 128</li> <li>1,524 to 2,437 m: 130</li> <li>914 to 1,523 m: 20</li> <li>Under 914 m: 67 (2007)</li></ul> <h4>Airports with unpaved runways</h4> <ul><li>Total: 64</li> <li>Over 3,047 m: 4</li> <li>2,438 to 3,047 m: 4</li> <li>1,524 to 2,437 m: 13</li> <li>914 to 1,523 m: 17</li> <li>Under 914 m: 26 (2007)</li></ul> <h2 id="ports-and-shipping">Ports and shipping</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Ports_of_China/F6MPQ3Nj">Ports of China</a></p> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Chinese_shipping/a48V8Pqc">Chinese shipping</a></p> <p>China has more than 2,000 ports, 130 of which are open to foreign ships. The major ports, including river ports accessible by <a href="/facts/Ocean/8W8lYgjD">ocean</a>-going ships, are <a href="/facts/Beihai/N6rFRYSl">Beihai</a>, <a href="/facts/Dalian/ashJRPp2">Dalian</a>, <a href="/facts/Dandong/vBRI7Hso">Dandong</a>, <a href="/facts/Fuzhou/cwdq5LnU">Fuzhou</a>, <a href="/facts/Guangzhou/9hxfmEjq">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/facts/Haikou/zsxd3akD">Haikou</a>, <a href="/facts/Hankou_District/bjzwolXo">Hankou</a>, <a href="/facts/Huangpu_District,_Guangzhou/FxNYbhD9">Huangpu</a>, <a href="/facts/Jiujiang/99dq6Cj2">Jiujiang</a>, <a href="/facts/Lianyungang/YcbAxf9W">Lianyungang</a>, <a href="/facts/Nanjing/WennCVWt">Nanjing</a>, <a href="/facts/Nantong/eXvxoj4Q">Nantong</a>, <a href="/facts/Ningbo/mgWo1yKG">Ningbo</a>, <a href="/facts/Qingdao/5BjM20Ju">Qingdao</a>, <a href="/facts/Qinhuangdao/9EGTV8YX">Qinhuangdao</a>, <a href="/facts/Rizhao/nLGjd0KN">Rizhao</a>, <a href="/facts/Sanya/LzduYN5u">Sanya</a>, <a href="/facts/Shanghai/nYyuBo2S">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/facts/Shantou/nUgHcRbD">Shantou</a>, <a href="/facts/Shenzhen/B8rnXRf8">Shenzhen</a>, <a href="/facts/Tianjin/XtlF4hX1">Tianjin</a>, <a href="/facts/Weihai/Skjb9yCC">Weihai</a>, <a href="/facts/Wenzhou/8WBEBLM5">Wenzhou</a>, <a href="/facts/Xiamen/h431LYgR">Xiamen</a>, <a href="/facts/Yangzhou/l8PuHkrL">Yangzhou</a>, <a href="/facts/Yantai/hRJtKjVE">Yantai</a>, and <a href="/facts/Zhanjiang/tPT3vsBM">Zhanjiang</a>. </p><p>China has sixteen "major" shipping ports with a capacity of over 50 million tons per year. Combined China's total shipping capacity is in excess of 2,890 million tons. By 2010, 35% of the world's shipping is expected to originate from China. The seven largest port terminals are Dalian, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Ningbo, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai. Additionally, <a href="/facts/Port_of_Hong_Kong/9UlQIBam">Hong Kong</a> is a major international port serving as an important trade center for China. In 2005 Shanghai Port Management Department reported that its <a href="/facts/Shanghai_port/Ic2NFSQq">Shanghai port</a> became the world's largest cargo port, processing cargo topping 443 million tons and surpassing <a href="/facts/Port_of_Singapore/gpfJtXhu">Singapore's port</a>. The <a href="/facts/Port_of_Shanghai/Ic2NFSQq">Port of Shanghai</a> is presently undergoing significant upgrades. Shanghai Model Port Alliance is responsible for many of the upgrades that are expected to make Shanghai's port more automated, minimizing the loss of goods and time while helping <a href="/facts/Customs/dLBa0dlN">Customs</a> collect more accurate tariffs. If the Shanghai project is successful, there is interest in replicating the process in other Chinese ports. </p><p>In 2003 China's major coastal ports handled 2.1 billion tons of freight. </p> <p>As of 2007, China's merchant fleet had 1,775 ships (1,000 <a href="/facts/Gross_tonnage/uK5N7oGL">GT</a> or over) 22,219,786 <a href="/facts/Gross_tonnage/uK5N7oGL">GT</a>/33,819,636 tonnes <a href="/facts/Deadweight_tonnage/Xx3VLnhg">deadweight</a> (DWT) by type: barge carrier 3, <a href="/facts/Bulk_carrier/Pas7T2FE">bulk carrier</a> 415, <a href="/facts/Cargo_ship/G7JSpeMc">cargo ship</a> 689, carrier 3, <a href="/facts/Chemical_tanker/qKFs2gaW">chemical tanker</a> 62, combination ore/oil 2, <a href="/facts/Container_ship/IV91jDh9">container ship</a> 157, <a href="/facts/LNG_carrier/MwSdULC1">liquefied gas</a> 35, passenger 8, passenger/<a href="/facts/Cargo_ship/G7JSpeMc">cargo ship</a> 84, <a href="/facts/Oil_tanker/WHUhISVB">oil tanker</a> 250, <a href="/facts/Reefer_ship/1X14gmmd">refrigerated cargo ship</a> 33, <a href="/facts/Roll-on/roll-off/MxRAyecg">roll-on/roll-off</a> 9, specialized tanker 8, vehicle carrier 17. </p> <ul><li>foreign-owned: 12 (Ecuador 1, Greece 1, Hong Kong 6, Japan 2, South Korea 1, Norway 1) (2007)</li> <li>registered in other countries: 1,366 (Bahamas 9, Bangladesh 1, Belize 107, Bermuda 10, Bolivia 1, Cambodia 166, Cyprus 10, France 5, Georgia 4, Germany 2, Honduras 3, Hong Kong 309, India 1, Indonesia 2, Liberia 32, Malaysia 1, Malta 13, Marshall Islands 3, Mongolia 3, Norway 47, Panama 473, Philippines 2, Sierra Leone 8, Singapore 19, St Vincent and The Grenadines 106, Thailand 1, Turkey 1, Tuvalu 25, unknown 33) (2007)</li></ul> <p>Two important <a href="/facts/Train_ferry/wqUN7wDK">rail ferry</a> crossings operate off the China coast. The <a href="/facts/Bohai_Train_Ferry/hKbdN7sG">Bohai Train Ferry</a> allows freight trains to shortcut from <a href="/facts/Liaoning/cgS09ncg">Liaoning</a> to <a href="/facts/Shandong/7IyuMEdW">Shandong</a>, while the Guangdong–Hainan Ferry (part of the <a href="/facts/Guangdong%E2%80%93Hainan_Railway/Lb5rvL8t">Guangdong–Hainan Railway</a>) connects <a href="/facts/Hainan/wUWoHo1V">Hainan</a> Island with China's mainland. There are also passenger and vehicle ferry lines connecting China with <a href="/facts/South_Korea/pCobAaVw">South Korea</a> and Japan, as well as with the <a href="/facts/Republic_of_China/VcJoUD8w">R.O.C.</a>-controlled <a href="/facts/Kinmen/MQzaJoLB">Kinmen</a> Island. </p> <h2 id="waterways">Waterways</h2> <p>China has 127,000 kilometers of navigable <a href="/facts/River/GxdjEX21">rivers</a>, <a href="/facts/Stream/S5he7Cuo">streams</a>, <a href="/facts/Lake/YP0xxn0E">lakes</a>, and <a href="/facts/Canal/pBE8LsJx">canals</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> more than <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_waterways_length/SYlva790">any country in the world</a>. In 2015, the traffic on the inland waterways has grown to 3.459 billion tonnes, cargo turnover to 1.331 trillion tkm. This is triple the volume since 2006. Passenger traffic is 271 million people and 7.308 billion person-km (2015), as reported by the 2015 Transportation Industry Statistical bulletin. </p> <p>The main navigable rivers are the <a href="/facts/Heilong_Jiang/JeIkRTUg">Heilong Jiang</a>; <a href="/facts/Yangtze_River/f9A2h4rQ">Yangtze River</a>; <a href="/facts/Xiang_River/nuBqjt5x">Xiang River</a>, a short branch of the Yangtze; <a href="/facts/Pearl_River_(China)/qDmYo6yf">Pearl River</a>; <a href="/facts/Huangpu_River/1wtdzN3z">Huangpu River</a>; <a href="/facts/Lijiang_River/YbnRDPDh">Lijiang River</a>; and <a href="/facts/Xi_Jiang/cFRK3zIg">Xi Jiang</a>. </p><p>Ships of up to 10,000 tons can navigate more than 1,000 km (621 mi) on the Yangtze as far as <a href="/facts/Wuhan/AGKKmphL">Wuhan</a>. Ships of 1,000 tons can navigate from Wuhan to <a href="/facts/Chongqing/TdWVCCKY">Chongqing</a>, another 1,286 km (799 mi) upstream. The <a href="/facts/Grand_Canal_of_China/L4D8JKw5">Grand Canal</a> is the world's longest canal at 1,794 km (1,115 mi) with the southern portion serving a key role in barge transportation between <a href="/facts/Liangshan_County/fABBn6X8">Liangshan County</a> south of the yellow river and <a href="/facts/Hangzhou/wXb5auh7">Hangzhou</a>. It links five major rivers: the <a href="/facts/Haihe/fL1aKqf0">Haihe</a>, <a href="/facts/Huai_River/dzVdGoWm">Huai River</a>, <a href="/facts/Yellow_River/LajkLtUU">Yellow River</a>, <a href="/facts/Qiantang_River/5aHBPm5x">Qiantang</a>, and <a href="/facts/Yangtze/f9A2h4rQ">Yangtze</a>. </p><p>Construction of new railways and highways has diminished the utility of China's rivers for passenger transport. Nonetheless, passenger boats are still popular in some mountainous regions, such as Western <a href="/facts/Hubei/7JDg0AYg">Hubei</a> and <a href="/facts/Chongqing/TdWVCCKY">Chongqing</a> (the <a href="/facts/Three_Gorges/PYIYxMbk">Three Gorges</a> area), where railways are few and road access to many towns is inconvenient. </p> <h2 id="pipelines">Pipelines</h2> <p>As of 2006, China had 22,664 km (14,083 mi) of <a href="/facts/Natural_gas/9MYQ7NAP">gas</a> pipelines, 15,256 km (9,480 mi) of <a href="/facts/Oil_pipeline/gEmKcFhD">oil pipelines</a>, and 6,106 km (3,794 mi) for refined products. Due to the growing dependence on oil and gas, the total length of oil and gas pipelines in China has risen to 70,000 km (43,496 mi) from 22,000 km (13,670 mi) in 1997, stretching from oil and gas fields in western and northeastern regions to densely populated coastal areas in the east. By the end of 2010, the network could exceed 90,000 km (55,923 mi).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> </p><p>China's pipelines carried 219.9 million tons of <a href="/facts/Petroleum/IQV0bHVd">petroleum</a> and <a href="/facts/Natural_gas/9MYQ7NAP">natural gas</a> in 2003. As a major oil and gas consumer, China is searching for more external supplies. Construction of a 4,200-km-long pipeline from <a href="/facts/Xinjiang/f3jxW5Sq">Xinjiang</a> to <a href="/facts/Shanghai/nYyuBo2S">Shanghai</a> (<a href="/facts/West%E2%80%93East_Gas_Pipeline/P5PGfeK5">West–East Gas Pipeline</a>) was completed in 2004. The government hopes that the use of natural gas will assist to reduce the use of <a href="/facts/Coal/83kV3qxg">coal</a> which is responsible for much <a href="/facts/Air_pollution/zmk9Dy7S">air pollution</a>. </p> <h2 id="economic-benefits">Economic benefits</h2> <p>Some economic experts have argued that the development gap between China and other emerging economies such as Brazil, Argentina and India can be attributed to a large extent to China's early focus on ambitious infrastructure projects, notably mass transport and transit related projects. While China invested roughly 9% of its GDP on infrastructure in the 1990s and 2000s, most emerging economies invested only 2% to 5% of their GDP. This considerable spending gap allowed the Chinese economy to grow at near optimal conditions while many South American economies suffered from various development bottlenecks (poor transportation networks, aging power grids, mediocre schools...).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Electric_vehicle_industry_in_China/gCES0Tg3">Electric vehicle industry in China</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Transport in China. <ul><li><a href="http://www.mot.gov.cn/">Ministry of Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="http://www.chinatranspo.com/">China Transpo</a> run by the Ministry of Transport's <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090422135431/http://www.ttec.com.cn/">Transport Technology Exchange Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114130138/http://www.moccats.com.cn/">China Academy of Transportation Sciences</a> (交通部科学研究院) (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981212025815/http://www.iicc.ac.cn/">www.iicc.ac.cn</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://archive.today/20130118205146/http://www.catsic.com/">Transportation Information Center</a> (交通信息中心)</li> <li><a href="http://www.wti.ac.cn/">Waterborne Transportation Institute</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.chinaports.org/">China Ports and Harbors Association</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090922221453/http://www.chinastc.org/">China Sustainable Transportation Center</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303235855/http://www.urbansustrans.cn/">China Urban Sustainable Transport Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.bjtrc.org.cn/">Beijing Transportation Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.sutpc.com/">Shenzhen Research Center of Urban Transportation Planning</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.chinautc.com/">Urban Transport Center, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.itsc.com.cn/">National Intelligent Transportation System Engineering Technology Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.umt-cn.com/">Urban Mass Transportation Research</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Fengbo, Zhang. Economic Analysis of Chinese Transportation. <a href="https://sites.google.com/site/chinesetransportation1/" target="_blank">https://sites.google.com/site/chinesetransportation1/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>China Statistical Yearbook 2016 "Length of Transport Routes at Year-end by Region (2015)" Accessed 2017-02-16 <a href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2016/html/1604EN.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2016/html/1604EN.jpg</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Factbox: Highlights of China's comprehensive transport network - Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 2021-01-11. <a href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-12/22/c_139610426.htm" target="_blank">http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-12/22/c_139610426.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"China's high-speed rail tracks to hit 38,000 km by 2025- Xinhua | English.news.cn". news.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on January 2, 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180102133528/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/02/c_136867206.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180102133528/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/02/c_136867206.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Factbox: Highlights of China's comprehensive transport network - Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 2021-01-11. <a href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-12/22/c_139610426.htm" target="_blank">http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-12/22/c_139610426.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Beijing's rail transit handles biggest passenger volume in China- China.org.cn". www.china.org.cn. <a href="http://www.china.org.cn/china/2018-04/10/content_50856481.htm" target="_blank">http://www.china.org.cn/china/2018-04/10/content_50856481.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"In response to growth, Chinese cities choose metros". The Transport Politic. 2018-01-17. Retrieved 2018-07-31. <a href="https://www.thetransportpolitic.com/2018/01/17/in-response-to-growth-chinese-cities-choose-metros/" target="_blank">https://www.thetransportpolitic.com/2018/01/17/in-response-to-growth-chinese-cities-choose-metros/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Chinese highways for fast traffic add up to 65,000 km (40,389 mi) - Chinadaily". <a href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2010-01/16/content_9331001.htm" target="_blank">http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2010-01/16/content_9331001.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"About Us". Transport Bureau. Retrieved 2023-06-03. <a href="http://www.dsat.gov.mo/dsat/subpage.aspx?a_id=1614843856" target="_blank">http://www.dsat.gov.mo/dsat/subpage.aspx?a_id=1614843856</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>(Chinese) 2019 年铁道统计公报 - 2019 Railway statistical bulletin <a href="https://www.mot.gov.cn/tongjishuju/tielu/202005/t20200511_3323807.html" target="_blank">https://www.mot.gov.cn/tongjishuju/tielu/202005/t20200511_3323807.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>""十三五"期间全国铁路营业里程增加到14.63万公里-中新网". www.chinanews.com. Retrieved 2021-04-24. <a href="http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2021/01-04/9378115.shtml" target="_blank">http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2021/01-04/9378115.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>(Chinese) 2019 年铁道统计公报 - 2019 Railway statistical bulletin <a href="https://www.mot.gov.cn/tongjishuju/tielu/202005/t20200511_3323807.html" target="_blank">https://www.mot.gov.cn/tongjishuju/tielu/202005/t20200511_3323807.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Railway Statistical Bulletin for 2011". Ministry of Railway, People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218030609/http://www.china-mor.gov.cn/zwzc/tjxx/zyzb/201202/t20120215_29645.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120218030609/http://www.china-mor.gov.cn/zwzc/tjxx/zyzb/201202/t20120215_29645.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Railway Statistical Bulletin for 2011". Ministry of Railway, People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218030609/http://www.china-mor.gov.cn/zwzc/tjxx/zyzb/201202/t20120215_29645.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120218030609/http://www.china-mor.gov.cn/zwzc/tjxx/zyzb/201202/t20120215_29645.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Railway Statistical Bulletin for 2011". Ministry of Railway, People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218030609/http://www.china-mor.gov.cn/zwzc/tjxx/zyzb/201202/t20120215_29645.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120218030609/http://www.china-mor.gov.cn/zwzc/tjxx/zyzb/201202/t20120215_29645.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"China Infrastructure Trends". Vizala.com. Archived from the original on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2016-09-13. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816180332/https://vizala.com/Country/China/Infrastructure/Key-Metrics/Annual-Trends" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160816180332/https://vizala.com/Country/China/Infrastructure/Key-Metrics/Annual-Trends</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"China Infrastructure Trends". Vizala.com. Archived from the original on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2016-09-13. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816180332/https://vizala.com/Country/China/Infrastructure/Key-Metrics/Annual-Trends" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160816180332/https://vizala.com/Country/China/Infrastructure/Key-Metrics/Annual-Trends</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"China Infrastructure Trends". Vizala.com. Archived from the original on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2016-09-13. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816180332/https://vizala.com/Country/China/Infrastructure/Key-Metrics/Annual-Trends" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160816180332/https://vizala.com/Country/China/Infrastructure/Key-Metrics/Annual-Trends</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Rail lines (total route-km) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2017-08-04. <a href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.RRS.TOTL.KM?locations=CN" target="_blank">http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.RRS.TOTL.KM?locations=CN</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Beijing's rail transit handles biggest passenger volume in China- China.org.cn". www.china.org.cn. <a href="http://www.china.org.cn/china/2018-04/10/content_50856481.htm" target="_blank">http://www.china.org.cn/china/2018-04/10/content_50856481.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Beijing's rail transit handles biggest passenger volume in China- China.org.cn". www.china.org.cn. <a href="http://www.china.org.cn/china/2018-04/10/content_50856481.htm" target="_blank">http://www.china.org.cn/china/2018-04/10/content_50856481.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Beijing's rail transit handles biggest passenger volume in China- China.org.cn". www.china.org.cn. <a href="http://www.china.org.cn/china/2018-04/10/content_50856481.htm" target="_blank">http://www.china.org.cn/china/2018-04/10/content_50856481.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"Bus rapid transit in China: a comparison of design features with international systems" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-10. Retrieved 2018-04-25. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171210013004/http://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/bus-rapid-transit-in-china_1.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20171210013004/http://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/bus-rapid-transit-in-china_1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Smith, Kevin. "China Railway sets out 2017 targets". Retrieved 2017-01-04. <a href="http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/financial/china-railway-sets-out-2017-targets.html" target="_blank">http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/financial/china-railway-sets-out-2017-targets.html</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"China Exclusive: Five bln trips made on China's bullet trains - Xinhua | English.news.cn". news.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on July 22, 2016. Retrieved 2016-08-08. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160722130437/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-07/21/c_135530835.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160722130437/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-07/21/c_135530835.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"China to start construction on 35 railway projects: report". Xinhua. February 19, 2017. <a href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-02/19/c_136068507.htm" target="_blank">http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-02/19/c_136068507.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>"China puts nearly 2,600 high-speed trains into operation by 2016 - Xinhua | English.news.cn". news.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-02. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630175309/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-06/30/c_136407699.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170630175309/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-06/30/c_136407699.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Dodson, Sean (15 January 2004). "Probably the world's fastest train". The Guardian. <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/feature/story/0,13026,1122916,00.html" target="_blank">http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/feature/story/0,13026,1122916,00.html</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Marcus, Lilit (18 January 2021). "China debuts train prototype that can hit speeds of 620 kilometers per hour". <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/china-high-speed-maglev-train-intl-hnk/index.html" target="_blank">https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/china-high-speed-maglev-train-intl-hnk/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>"China unveils new 600 km/h ultra-fast maglev train". New Atlas. 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021. <a href="https://newatlas.com/transport/china-fastest-maglev-train/" target="_blank">https://newatlas.com/transport/china-fastest-maglev-train/</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>马文华. "图表：我国城市轨道交通运营里程突破1万公里__中国政府网". www.gov.cn. Retrieved 2025-02-16. <a href="https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/jiedu/tujie/202401/content_6925789.htm" target="_blank">https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/jiedu/tujie/202401/content_6925789.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Lin, Dong; Nelson, John D.; Beecroft, Mark; Cui, Jianqiang (2021-05-01). "An overview of recent developments in China's metro systems". Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 111: 103783. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2020.103783. ISSN 0886-7798. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0886779820307379" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0886779820307379</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>"China Metro: The Ultimate Guide for Foreign Visitors". 2024-03-24. Retrieved 2025-02-16. <a href="https://www.registrationchina.com/articles/china-metro/" target="_blank">https://www.registrationchina.com/articles/china-metro/</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>"Chinese metro expansion reaches new climax". www.mainspring.co.uk. Retrieved 2025-02-16. <a href="https://www.mainspring.co.uk/industry-news/chinese-metro-expansion-reaches-new-climax/" target="_blank">https://www.mainspring.co.uk/industry-news/chinese-metro-expansion-reaches-new-climax/</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Simmons, Mark (2024-10-10). "China adds over 217km to metro networks". International Railway Journal. Retrieved 2025-02-16. <a href="https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/china-adds-over-217km-to-metro-networks/" target="_blank">https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/china-adds-over-217km-to-metro-networks/</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>"2024世界十大最长地铁排名出炉，中国城市占据9席". www.360doc.com. Retrieved 2025-02-16. <a href="http://www.360doc.com/content/24/0313/11/75017515_1117030461.shtml" target="_blank">http://www.360doc.com/content/24/0313/11/75017515_1117030461.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>"🚇全球最长地铁线路Top1". archive.md. 2025-02-16. Retrieved 2025-02-16. <a href="https://archive.today/20250216051259/https://mbd.baidu.com/newspage/data/dtlandingsuper?nid=dt_3906412798462564464&c_source=kunlun_dt&c_score=0.999000&p_tk=2788xzirJR8MEzoUoi0rXYK/hZLStaMNqkbA7xsJHvpbJg2oEji0QHej6wO2g/6ZMJ83zVKausVz3MzpYm6Su/%2BpxEs04CsRADqblG9V9asmJo5Frow23ShH2avGJnKvDoZ/%2BvkOJEiOXPUnlPXeBGFL7DtSTEoqkhqkBkh25PiMX1M%3D&p_timestamp=1739682751&p_sign=d164da7977d18b22dd21cbbd108ecf2a&p_signature=bef6285d865cba1c5117dc916d452956&__pc2ps_ab=2788xzirJR8MEzoUoi0rXYK/hZLStaMNqkbA7xsJHvpbJg2oEji0QHej6wO2g/6ZMJ83zVKausVz3MzpYm6Su/%2BpxEs04CsRADqblG9V9asmJo5Frow23ShH2avGJnKvDoZ/%2BvkOJEiOXPUnlPXeBGFL7DtSTEoqkhqkBkh25PiMX1M%3D%7C1739682751%7Cbef6285d865cba1c5117dc916d452956%7Cd164da7977d18b22dd21cbbd108ecf2a" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20250216051259/https://mbd.baidu.com/newspage/data/dtlandingsuper?nid=dt_3906412798462564464&c_source=kunlun_dt&c_score=0.999000&p_tk=2788xzirJR8MEzoUoi0rXYK/hZLStaMNqkbA7xsJHvpbJg2oEji0QHej6wO2g/6ZMJ83zVKausVz3MzpYm6Su/%2BpxEs04CsRADqblG9V9asmJo5Frow23ShH2avGJnKvDoZ/%2BvkOJEiOXPUnlPXeBGFL7DtSTEoqkhqkBkh25PiMX1M%3D&p_timestamp=1739682751&p_sign=d164da7977d18b22dd21cbbd108ecf2a&p_signature=bef6285d865cba1c5117dc916d452956&__pc2ps_ab=2788xzirJR8MEzoUoi0rXYK/hZLStaMNqkbA7xsJHvpbJg2oEji0QHej6wO2g/6ZMJ83zVKausVz3MzpYm6Su/%2BpxEs04CsRADqblG9V9asmJo5Frow23ShH2avGJnKvDoZ/%2BvkOJEiOXPUnlPXeBGFL7DtSTEoqkhqkBkh25PiMX1M%3D%7C1739682751%7Cbef6285d865cba1c5117dc916d452956%7Cd164da7977d18b22dd21cbbd108ecf2a</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>网易 (2024-11-12). "2024世界地铁里程50强市：中国28城上榜，武汉超纽约，大连超巴黎". www.163.com. Retrieved 2025-02-16. <a href="https://www.163.com/dy/article/JGQAN0QR055621RT.html" target="_blank">https://www.163.com/dy/article/JGQAN0QR055621RT.html</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>网易 (2024-11-12). "2024世界地铁里程50强市：中国28城上榜，武汉超纽约，大连超巴黎". www.163.com. Retrieved 2025-02-16. <a href="https://www.163.com/dy/article/JGQAN0QR055621RT.html" target="_blank">https://www.163.com/dy/article/JGQAN0QR055621RT.html</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>"Ode to the Shanghai Metro - Phoebe Lemon". www.nyuad.design. Retrieved 2025-02-16. <a href="https://www.nyuad.design/essay/ode-to-the-shanghai-metro" target="_blank">https://www.nyuad.design/essay/ode-to-the-shanghai-metro</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>"Shanghai Metro: from nothing to world leader". SHINE. Retrieved 2025-02-16. <a href="https://www.shine.cn/feature/lifestyle/1809081811/" target="_blank">https://www.shine.cn/feature/lifestyle/1809081811/</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>"总投资2000多亿元！2025年城市轨道交通预计开工23条线路". Weixin Official Accounts Platform. Retrieved 2025-02-16. <a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5NTEwNDM3NQ==&mid=2653142260&idx=3&sn=8f120e1a6f7eaac84c20568716695913&chksm=bcca227af77a079d3934dcdcf373e8f5b888b6958617a244799b4ffa4f4dce6948790d0fd319&scene=27" target="_blank">https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5NTEwNDM3NQ==&mid=2653142260&idx=3&sn=8f120e1a6f7eaac84c20568716695913&chksm=bcca227af77a079d3934dcdcf373e8f5b888b6958617a244799b4ffa4f4dce6948790d0fd319&scene=27</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>"China Built a Self-Driving... Something". Popular Mechanics. 2017-06-06. Retrieved 2017-07-26. <a href="http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/a26782/china-built-a-self-driving-something/" target="_blank">http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/a26782/china-built-a-self-driving-something/</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>admin (2018-06-01). "Macau Skytrain LTR (Light Rail Transit)". Secret Macau. Retrieved 2025-02-16. <a href="https://www.secretmacau.com/macau-skytrain-ltr-light-rail-transit/" target="_blank">https://www.secretmacau.com/macau-skytrain-ltr-light-rail-transit/</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>"LRT Lines". www.mlm.com.mo. Retrieved 2025-02-16. <a href="https://www.mlm.com.mo/en/route.html" target="_blank">https://www.mlm.com.mo/en/route.html</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries | Macau LRT Seac Pai Van and Hengqin Extension Lines Begin Commercial Operations-- Contribute to the Development of Key Transport Infrastructure to Support the Enhancement of Accessibility to a New Residential Area and Mainland China --". Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. 2024-12-02. Retrieved 2025-02-16. <a href="https://www.mhi.com/news/241202.html" target="_blank">https://www.mhi.com/news/241202.html</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>"Construction of East Line begins". Macau Business. 2023-10-24. Retrieved 2025-02-16. <a href="https://www.macaubusiness.com/east-line-construction-begins/" target="_blank">https://www.macaubusiness.com/east-line-construction-begins/</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Fong, Kenny (2023-12-07). "What's next for Macao's LRT?". Macao News. Retrieved 2025-02-16. <a href="https://macaonews.org/features/macau-light-rail-transit-lines-transport-lrt-macao/" target="_blank">https://macaonews.org/features/macau-light-rail-transit-lines-transport-lrt-macao/</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>"East Line". www.mlm.com.mo. Retrieved 2025-02-16. <a href="https://www.mlm.com.mo/en/LRTeastline.html" target="_blank">https://www.mlm.com.mo/en/LRTeastline.html</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>"MACAU DAILY TIMES - Mitsubishi wins LRT tender". web.archive.org. 2013-10-02. Retrieved 2025-02-16. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002051123/http://www.macaudailytimes.com.mo/macau/20610-Mitsubishi-wins-LRT-tender.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131002051123/http://www.macaudailytimes.com.mo/macau/20610-Mitsubishi-wins-LRT-tender.html</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>"Ocean Cruiser". www.mlm.com.mo. Retrieved 2025-02-16. <a href="https://www.mlm.com.mo/en/ocean_cruiser.html" target="_blank">https://www.mlm.com.mo/en/ocean_cruiser.html</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>"Wayback Machine" (PDF). www.mhi.co.jp. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2025-02-16. <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240417054036/https://www.mhi.co.jp/technology/review/pdf/e572/e572030.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20240417054036/https://www.mhi.co.jp/technology/review/pdf/e572/e572030.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Wenhua, Wu (2–3 March 2005). Urban travel in China: Continuing challenges with rapid urbanization and motorization (PDF). Workshop on Implementing Sustainable Urban Transport Policies in Japan and other Asia-Pacific countries. Tokyo, Japan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-24. Retrieved 2015-06-24. cited in Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 (PDF) (Revised ed.). United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). 2014. p. 4. ISBN 978-92-1-132568-3. Retrieved 16 June 2015. <a href="978-92-1-132568-3" target="_blank">978-92-1-132568-3</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>"Transport in Brazil". International Transport Statistics Database. iRAP. Retrieved 2009-02-17. <a href="http://www.iraptranstats.net/bz" target="_blank">http://www.iraptranstats.net/bz</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>"Transport in China". International Transport Statistics Database. iRAP. Retrieved 2009-02-17. <a href="http://www.iraptranstats.net/bz" target="_blank">http://www.iraptranstats.net/bz</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>"China to add and upgrade 270,000 km (167,770 mi) of rural highway in 2008 - People's Daily Online". <a href="http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90882/6333057.html" target="_blank">http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90882/6333057.html</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>"China's Highway Network Expands to 74,000 Kilometers". ChinaAutoWeb.com. <a href="http://chinaautoweb.com/2010/12/chinas-highway-network-expands-74000-kilometers/" target="_blank">http://chinaautoweb.com/2010/12/chinas-highway-network-expands-74000-kilometers/</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>"Highway grid to be finished by 2015: MOT - People's Daily Online". English.people.com.cn. 2011-05-27. Retrieved 2012-11-07. <a href="http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90778/90860/7392729.html" target="_blank">http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90778/90860/7392729.html</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>"China - Road Traffic Safety - The Achievements, the Challenges, and the Way Ahead" (PDF). openknowledge.worldbank.org. Worldbank. August 2008. <a href="http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/7778/495620ESW0WHIT1ty1P11030101English1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y" target="_blank">http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/7778/495620ESW0WHIT1ty1P11030101English1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>"China - Road Traffic Safety - The Achievements, the Challenges, and the Way Ahead" (PDF). openknowledge.worldbank.org. Worldbank. August 2008. <a href="http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/7778/495620ESW0WHIT1ty1P11030101English1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y" target="_blank">http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/7778/495620ESW0WHIT1ty1P11030101English1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>"Road Safety in China : challenges and opportunities" (PDF). January 2008. <a href="https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/60474/100702.pdf" target="_blank">https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/60474/100702.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Harper, Jo (2020-12-01). "Polish electric buses take over the European market". DW. Retrieved 2023-11-27. <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/polish-built-electric-buses-take-over-the-european-market/a-55778652" target="_blank">https://www.dw.com/en/polish-built-electric-buses-take-over-the-european-market/a-55778652</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Webb, Mary (ed.) (2011). Jane's Urban Transport Systems 2011-2012, p. "[23]" (in foreword). Coulsdon, Surrey (UK): Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2954-8. <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Information_Group" target="_blank">/wiki/Jane%27s_Information_Group</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Murray, Alan (2000). World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia, pp. 8, 57 and 101. UK: Trolleybooks. ISBN 0-904235-18-1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>Murray, Alan (2000). World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia, pp. 8, 57 and 101. UK: Trolleybooks. ISBN 0-904235-18-1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>"Shanghai Anniversary" (Nov.-Dec. 2004). Trolleybus Magazine No. 258, pp. 134–135. ISSN 0266-7452. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Murray, Alan (2000). World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia, pp. 8, 57 and 101. UK: Trolleybooks. ISBN 0-904235-18-1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>"China's Cyclists Take Charge", By Peter Fairley. Archived 2009-05-11 at the Wayback Machine IEEE Spectrum, June 2005 <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/jun05/1213" target="_blank">https://spectrum.ieee.org/jun05/1213</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>"Cheap and green, electric bikes are the rage in China" Archived 2013-01-12 at archive.today, by Tim Johnson. Originally published 23 May 2007 by McClatchy Newspapers. <a href="http://postcarboncities.net/cheap-and-green-electric-bikes-are-rage-china" target="_blank">http://postcarboncities.net/cheap-and-green-electric-bikes-are-rage-china</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>"Cheap and green, electric bikes are the rage in China" Archived 2013-01-12 at archive.today, by Tim Johnson. Originally published 23 May 2007 by McClatchy Newspapers. <a href="http://postcarboncities.net/cheap-and-green-electric-bikes-are-rage-china" target="_blank">http://postcarboncities.net/cheap-and-green-electric-bikes-are-rage-china</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>"Cheap and green, electric bikes are the rage in China" Archived 2013-01-12 at archive.today, by Tim Johnson. Originally published 23 May 2007 by McClatchy Newspapers. <a href="http://postcarboncities.net/cheap-and-green-electric-bikes-are-rage-china" target="_blank">http://postcarboncities.net/cheap-and-green-electric-bikes-are-rage-china</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>"China's Cyclists Take Charge", By Peter Fairley. Archived 2009-05-11 at the Wayback Machine IEEE Spectrum, June 2005 <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/jun05/1213" target="_blank">https://spectrum.ieee.org/jun05/1213</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>"Europe's latest craze electric bikes" Archived 2012-05-30 at archive.today, Associated Press, 14 October 2008. The article gives China Bicycle Association and Xinhua News Agency's "Economic Reference" newspaper, as the sources of the numbers <a href="http://www.postbulletin.com/newsmanager/templates/localnews_story.asp?z=7&a=366245" target="_blank">http://www.postbulletin.com/newsmanager/templates/localnews_story.asp?z=7&a=366245</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>Susan Shaheen & Stacey Guzman (Fall 2011). "Worldwide Bikesharing". Access Magazine No. 39. University of California Transportation Center. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2012-07-01. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120719042742/http://uctc.net/access/39/access39_bikesharing.shtml" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120719042742/http://uctc.net/access/39/access39_bikesharing.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Mead, Nick Van (2017-03-22). "Uber for bikes: how 'dockless' cycles flooded China – and are heading overseas". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-05-20. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/22/bike-wars-dockless-china-millions-bicycles-hangzhou" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/22/bike-wars-dockless-china-millions-bicycles-hangzhou</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>Wang, Yue. "Return of Bicycle Culture In China Adds To Billionaires' Wealth". Forbes. Retrieved 2017-07-04. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/ywang/2014/10/20/return-of-bicycle-culture-in-china-adds-to-billionaires-wealth/#1dfbd6cf7752" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/ywang/2014/10/20/return-of-bicycle-culture-in-china-adds-to-billionaires-wealth/#1dfbd6cf7752</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>"China's bike-sharing boom in charts中国掀起共享单车热潮 - FT中文网". www.ftchinese.com. Retrieved 2017-07-05. <a href="http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001071840/ce" target="_blank">http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001071840/ce</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>Mead, Nick Van (2017-03-22). "Uber for bikes: how 'dockless' cycles flooded China – and are heading overseas". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-07-04. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/22/bike-wars-dockless-china-millions-bicycles-hangzhou" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/22/bike-wars-dockless-china-millions-bicycles-hangzhou</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>"The Runaway Bikeshare Boom in China Is a Cautionary Tale". Bicycling. 2017-05-31. Retrieved 2017-07-04. <a href="http://www.bicycling.com/culture/the-runaway-bikeshare-boom-in-china-is-a-cautionary-tale" target="_blank">http://www.bicycling.com/culture/the-runaway-bikeshare-boom-in-china-is-a-cautionary-tale</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>"China's fleet to double in five years". Archived from the original on 2008-02-25. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080225025711/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-05/06/content_4513609.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080225025711/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-05/06/content_4513609.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>"China's fleet to double in five years". Archived from the original on 2008-02-25. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080225025711/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-05/06/content_4513609.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080225025711/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-05/06/content_4513609.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>Mutzabaugh, Ben. "Mileage calculator". USA Today. Retrieved 2010-05-26. <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/travel/flights/item.aspx?type=blog&ak=14726.blog&csp=34" target="_blank">https://www.usatoday.com/travel/flights/item.aspx?type=blog&ak=14726.blog&csp=34</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>"Factbox: Highlights of China's comprehensive transport network - Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 2021-01-11. <a href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-12/22/c_139610426.htm" target="_blank">http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-12/22/c_139610426.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:84"><p>"China discusses draft law on the protection of oil and gas pipelines". 2 November 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-10-10. Retrieved 1 July 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101010100319/http://www.energyglobal.com/sectors/pipelines/articles/China_discusses_draft_law_on_the_protection_of_oil_and_gas_pipelines.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101010100319/http://www.energyglobal.com/sectors/pipelines/articles/China_discusses_draft_law_on_the_protection_of_oil_and_gas_pipelines.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>M. Nicolas Firzli & Vincent Bazi (Fourth Quarter 2011). "Infrastructure Investments in an Age of Austerity : The Pension and Sovereign Funds Perspective". Revue Analyse Financière, volume 41. . Archived from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110917182931/http://www.turkishweekly.net/op-ed/2852/infrastructure-investments-in-an-age-of-austerity-the-pension-and-sovereign-funds-perspective.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110917182931/http://www.turkishweekly.net/op-ed/2852/infrastructure-investments-in-an-age-of-austerity-the-pension-and-sovereign-funds-perspective.html</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>