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2018 in archosaur paleontology
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<h2 id="general-research">General research</h2> <ul><li>A study on the <a href="/facts/Morphology_(biology)/Nl3B0myy">morphology</a> of dorsal vertebrae of extant and fossil archosaurs, and on its implications for inferring lung structure in non-avian <a href="/facts/Dinosauriformes/w2jCKAkU">dinosauriform</a> archosaurs, is published by Brocklehurst, Schachner & Sellers (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the hip joint mobility of the extant <a href="/facts/Common_quail/ADpkM6cX">common quail</a>, and its implications for inferring the hip joint range of motion in extinct <a href="/facts/Ornithodira/L7xHcl10">ornithodirans</a>, is published by Manafzadeh & <a href="/facts/Kevin_Padian/G86SYSJC">Padian</a> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the soft tissue anatomy of the hip joint in non-dinosaurian <a href="/facts/Dinosauromorpha/lTfFsVup">dinosauromorphs</a> and early dinosaurs is published by Tsai <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the assembly of the body plan of birds along the whole avian <a href="/facts/Crown_group/fHDhwp5x">stem</a>-lineage, especially in non-avian dinosaurs, reconstructing the large-scale patterns of the evolution of bird-like traits in bird ancestors, is published by Cau (2018), who names new clades <a href="/facts/Dracohors/VXgXWH0h">Dracohors</a> and <a href="/facts/Maniraptoromorpha/mn0cvY8n">Maniraptoromorpha</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the <a href="/facts/Histology/yrI90zlU">histology</a> of limb bones of <i><a href="/facts/Anchiornis/XjsIebUD">Anchiornis</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Aurornis/VEblUI5m">Aurornis</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Eosinopteryx/7adJLJ28">Eosinopteryx</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Serikornis/5WRzQKej">Serikornis</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Jeholornis/9YC3yXTo">Jeholornis</a></i>, and on the dynamics of skeletal growth in these taxa, is published by Prondvai <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li>Discovery of fossilised skin in specimens of <i><a href="/facts/Beipiaosaurus/SQ4Wm4Dq">Beipiaosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Sinornithosaurus/dgzGmjD2">Sinornithosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Microraptor/GxbTYaxr">Microraptor</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Confuciusornis/qfxxqWjf">Confuciusornis</a></i> from the Early Cretaceous <a href="/facts/Jehol_Biota/YmjQMeWc">Jehol Biota</a> is reported by McNamara <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>Two <a href="/facts/Theropoda/KUzy1Ef7">theropod</a> bones, preserving shark and <a href="/facts/Crocodyliformes/mxtj6sFF">crocodyliform</a> feeding traces and invertebrate traces, are described from the <a href="/facts/Upper_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Upper Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/facts/Maastrichtian/xRBafamu">Maastrichtian</a>) <a href="/facts/Navesink_Formation/DaPSDYTw">Navesink Formation</a> (<a href="/facts/New_Jersey/pI5k19S7">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>) by Brownstein (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the relationship between bony and muscular features of the tongue in living archosaurs, and on the evolution of the <a href="/facts/Morphology_(biology)/Nl3B0myy">morphology</a> of the bony elements of the tongue in <a href="/facts/Avemetatarsalia/L7xHcl10">bird-line archosaurs</a>, is published by Li, <a href="/facts/Zhou_Zhonghe/GIMfjGbU">Zhou</a> & <a href="/facts/Julia_Clarke/4LNgyfye">Clarke</a> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li>An archosaur trackway consisting of 10 successive <a href="/facts/Pes_(anatomy)/oYP8hMlE">pes</a> imprints is described from the <a href="/facts/Upper_Triassic/TazKYWQN">Upper Triassic</a> Irohalene Member of the <a href="/facts/Timezgadiouine_Formation/nBsoMky3">Timezgadiouine Formation</a> (<a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a>) by Zouheir <i>et al.</i> (2018), supporting a cosmopolitan distribution of pentadactyl but functionally tridactyl chirotheres (<i><a href="/facts/Parachirotherium/0MpnPf9E">Parachirotherium</a></i>) and grallatorids across the <a href="/facts/Ladinian/X9RUy1R2">Ladinian</a>-<a href="/facts/Carnian/DV9VJ0o3">Carnian</a> boundary, and documenting the occurrence of very large <i><a href="/facts/Eubrontes/3qffwSjx">Eubrontes</a></i> trackmakers in the early Carnian.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>A large assemblage of archosaur (dinosaur, pterosaur and crocodylomorph) tracks is described from the Cretaceous <a href="/facts/Naturita_Formation/EnXtsqFN">Naturita Formation</a> (<a href="/facts/Utah/te7zUyBX">Utah</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>) by Lockley, Burton & Grondel (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li>A study on assemblages of nesting <a href="/facts/Ring-billed_gull/IGdQKp7D">ring-billed gulls</a>, <a href="/facts/California_gull/pgHKFh7J">California gulls</a>, <a href="/facts/American_white_pelican/AVIVDQeW">American white pelicans</a> and <a href="/facts/Double-crested_cormorant/TAjXLpIR">double-crested cormorants</a> at <a href="/facts/Bowdoin_National_Wildlife_Refuge/nMCI3UeU">Bowdoin National Wildlife Refuge</a> (<a href="/facts/Montana/jPFKMuK5">Montana</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>), evaluating their utility as <a href="/facts/Taphonomy/x4zxN2Hm">taphonomic</a> models for interpreting nesting sites of fossils archosaurs, is published online by Ferguson, Varricchio & Ferguson (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="pseudosuchians">Pseudosuchians</h2> <h3>Research</h3> <ul><li>A study on the jaw musculature and biomechanics of <i><a href="/facts/Venaticosuchus/X5VhUG9M">Venaticosuchus</a> rusconii</i> based on rediscovered cranial materials is published by Von Baczko (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li>Three differently sized braincases diagnosable as belonging to <i><a href="/facts/Parringtonia/eXDr56mU">Parringtonia</a> gracilis</i> are described from the Triassic <a href="/facts/Manda_Beds/1mmJcFHt">Manda Beds</a> of <a href="/facts/Tanzania/MJueJ7E4">Tanzania</a> by <a href="/facts/Sterling_Nesbitt/XF7vSQvg">Nesbitt</a> <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the <a href="/facts/Histology/yrI90zlU">histology</a> of <a href="/facts/Osteoderm/DLYoxQ7x">osteoderms</a> of <a href="/facts/Late_Triassic/TazKYWQN">Late Triassic</a> <a href="/facts/Aetosaur/TlmQTyeg">aetosaurs</a> from <a href="/facts/South_America/PhrFEMk7">South America</a>, including <i><a href="/facts/Aetosauroides/u2BFlP4n">Aetosauroides</a> scagliai</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Aetobarbakinoides/fBcsqlEh">Aetobarbakinoides</a> brasiliensis</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Neoaetosauroides/xdwvzNsM">Neoaetosauroides</a> engaeus</i>, is published by Cerda, Desojo & Scheyer (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>Description of new skull material of <i>Aetosauroides scagliai</i> from the Santa Maria Supersequence (<a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a>) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published by Biacchi Brust <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>The first known natural <a href="/facts/Endocast/engho2Im">endocast</a> of an aetosaur (<i>Neoaetosauroides engaeus</i>) is described by von Baczko, Taborda & Desojo (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>Redescription of the aetosaur species <i><a href="/facts/Calyptosuchus/QE4dVL8A">Calyptosuchus</a> wellesi</i> is published by Parker (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the anatomy of the skeleton of <i><a href="/facts/Coahomasuchus/3ld8u4fj">Coahomasuchus</a> chathamensis</i> and on the phylogenetic relationships of aetosaurs is published by Hoffman, Heckert & <a href="/facts/Lindsay_Zanno/W1Toethb">Zanno</a> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li>A restudy of the referred material of <i><a href="/facts/Stagonolepis/kJrHdpvt">Stagonolepis</a> robertsoni</i> housed at the <a href="/facts/Natural_History_Museum%2c_London/SWrrNn0K">Natural History Museum, London</a>, evaluating the utility of this material for examining the phylogenetic relationships of <i>S. robertsoni</i>, is published by Parker (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li>Description of the forelimbs of <i>Stagonolepis olenkae</i> and a study on the probable use of the forelimbs by members of this species is published by Dróżdż (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li>New information on the bonebed from the <a href="/facts/Triassic/r6CNxKXC">Triassic</a> Badong Formation in <a href="/facts/Sangzhi_County/DdTL4JSf">Sangzhi County</a> (<a href="/facts/Hunan/1lbDstf7">Hunan</a>, <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>) preserving the majority of the known fossil material of <i><a href="/facts/Lotosaurus/TsHduHrB">Lotosaurus</a> adentus</i> is published by Hagen <i>et al.</i> (2018), who also reassess the provenance and age of the deposit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the anatomy of the best-preserved skeleton of <i><a href="/facts/Prestosuchus/Q4RN3m0p">Prestosuchus</a> chiniquensis</i>, as well as on the phylogenetic relationships of this species, is published online by Roberto-Da-Silva <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the anatomy of the backbone of <i><a href="/facts/Poposaurus/AHYbYDA6">Poposaurus</a> langstoni</i> is published by Stefanic & <a href="/facts/Sterling_Nesbitt/XF7vSQvg">Nesbitt</a> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the <a href="/facts/Morphology_(biology)/Nl3B0myy">morphology</a> of the secondary palate in <a href="/facts/Shartegosuchidae/T0WSx83y">shartegosuchids</a>, based on data from a new specimen of <i><a href="/facts/Shartegosuchus/LNJh3RsQ">Shartegosuchus</a></i> from the Ulan Malgait Formation (<a href="/facts/Mongolia/ogQzUcQb">Mongolia</a>), is published by Dollman <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li>Description of the braincase and the brain endocast, vasculature, inner ear, and paratympanic pneumatic cavities of <i><a href="/facts/Steneosaurus/YKFPpNvs">Steneosaurus</a> bollensis</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Cricosaurus/Ec6JAbgq">Cricosaurus</a> araucanensis</i> is published by Herrera, Leardi & Fernández (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li>A skull of a member of the genus <i><a href="/facts/Tyrannoneustes/NLk8drlp">Tyrannoneustes</a></i> is described from the <a href="/facts/Middle_Jurassic/3XQSmQgU">Middle Jurassic</a> (<a href="/facts/Callovian/Ye14aMDu">Callovian</a>) of <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a> by Waskow, Grzegorczyk & Sander (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li>New specimen of <i><a href="/facts/Neuquensuchus/xxTC0pdr">Neuquensuchus</a> universitas</i>, providing new information on the skeletal anatomy of members of the species, is described from the <a href="/facts/Upper_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Upper Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/facts/Santonian/NWM9bl28">Santonian</a>) <a href="/facts/Bajo_de_la_Carpa_Formation/NdS5UEkN">Bajo de la Carpa Formation</a> (<a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a>) by Lio <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li>A redescription of the anatomy of the skull of <i><a href="/facts/Notosuchus/eAHaL51K">Notosuchus</a> terrestris</i> is published by Barrios <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the anatomy of the skull of <i><a href="/facts/Morrinhosuchus/5wa5RtnX">Morrinhosuchus</a> luziae</i> is published by Iori <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the anatomic structures and <a href="/facts/Tooth_wear/MJE5UI0Q">tooth wear</a> related to <a href="/facts/Mastication/DdgB4W6f">mastication</a> in <i><a href="/facts/Caipirasuchus/TC9DmDV3">Caipirasuchus</a></i> is published by Iori & Carvalho (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the <a href="/facts/Taphonomy/x4zxN2Hm">taphonomy</a> of the <a href="/facts/Baurusuchidae/8yvkpPpm">baurusuchid</a> specimens (as well as non-avian <a href="/facts/Theropoda/KUzy1Ef7">theropods</a> and <a href="/facts/Titanosaur/QzkgrcQR">titanosaur</a> <a href="/facts/Sauropoda/8Iqh2yEJ">sauropod</a> <a href="/facts/Dinosaur/JRdMqBnq">dinosaurs</a>) from the <a href="/facts/Upper_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Upper Cretaceous</a> <a href="/facts/Bauru_Group/8gE3CAm8">Bauru Group</a> (<a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a>) is published by Bandeira <i>et al.</i> (2018), who argue that low diversity of known theropods in the Bauru Group might be caused by preservational biases, and does not conclusively indicate that baurusuchids outcompeted theropods as top predators in this area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the evolution of the skull <a href="/facts/Morphology_(biology)/Nl3B0myy">morphology</a> of baurusuchids is published by Godoy <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li>New baurusuchid fossils are described from the <a href="/facts/Upper_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Upper Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/facts/Santonian/NWM9bl28">Santonian</a>) <a href="/facts/Bajo_de_la_Carpa_Formation/NdS5UEkN">Bajo de la Carpa Formation</a> (<a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a>) by Leardi, Pol & <a href="/facts/Zulma_Brandoni_de_Gasparini/APEPtHBG">Gasparini</a> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the bone microanatomy of <i><a href="/facts/Pepesuchus/sP6KLzDl">Pepesuchus</a> deiseae</i> is published by Sena <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Neosuchia/swTfMNdQ">Neosuchian</a> crocodylomorph fossils are described from the <a href="/facts/Bathonian/wDyT99az">Bathonian</a> Peski locality in the Moscow Region (<a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a>) by Pashchenko <i>et al.</i> (2018), who note the similarity of Bathonian vertebrate faunas of the Moscow Region, <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>, Western Siberia and <a href="/facts/Kyrgyzstan/MSNdCp8u">Kyrgyzstan</a>, which they interpret as indicative of faunal homogeneity on the territory of <a href="/facts/Laurasia/GechPqg3">Laurasia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li>New fossil remains of <i><a href="/facts/Sarcosuchus/Ay3Y9rdl">Sarcosuchus</a></i> are described from the <a href="/facts/Aptian/nXFfjnyR">Aptian</a>-<a href="/facts/Albian/faHcmHDC">Albian</a> deposits of the Tataouine Basin (<a href="/facts/Tunisia/4uC8Po6k">Tunisia</a>) by Dridi (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li> <li>A revision of <i><a href="/facts/Trematochampsa/BKuq8kyV">Trematochampsa</a> taqueti</i> and all fossil material assigned to the species is published by Meunier & Larsson (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li> <li>Description of <a href="/facts/Pelvis/8Fq9z3TY">pelvic</a> and <a href="/facts/Femur/uVyTwj4l">femoral</a> remains of <a href="/facts/Allodaposuchidae/jIlqbbeL">allodaposuchids</a> from the Upper Cretaceous of the Lo Hueco fossil site (<a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a>) is published by de Celis, Narváez & Ortega (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></li> <li>Fossils of a <a href="/facts/Eusuchia/2D5MTkCG">eusuchian</a> <a href="/facts/Crocodyliformes/mxtj6sFF">crocodyliform</a> are described from the <a href="/facts/Lower_Cretaceous/5uWEJGYC">Lower Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/facts/Aptian/nXFfjnyR">Aptian</a>) <a href="/facts/Khok_Kruat_Formation/AdtQrkYe">Khok Kruat Formation</a> (<a href="/facts/Thailand/GCUnN4JK">Thailand</a>) by Kubo <i>et al.</i> (2018), representing the oldest record of Asian eusuchians reported so far.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></li> <li>Description of a new skull of <i><a href="/facts/Susisuchus/30GgjW2o">Susisuchus</a> anatoceps</i> from the Lower Cretaceous <a href="/facts/Crato_Formation/WcbUNNzn">Crato Formation</a> (<a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a>), providing new information on the anatomy of this species, and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of <i>Susisuchus</i> is published by Leite & Fortier (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the <a href="/facts/Taphonomy/x4zxN2Hm">taphonomic</a> history of the <a href="/facts/Holotype/a8n9vhHa">holotype</a>, <a href="/facts/Paratype/NE2KKUpt">paratypes</a> and referred specimens of <i><a href="/facts/Isisfordia/ddIVLp8x">Isisfordia</a> duncani</i> is published by Syme & Salisbury (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the phylogenetic relationships of <i><a href="/facts/Thoracosaurus/0Lc66IV2">Thoracosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Eothoracosaurus/89r8m8aI">Eothoracosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Eosuchus/mEjHCFh3">Eosuchus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Eogavialis/K9GPkW1M">Eogavialis</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Argochampsa/j1J40KeA">Argochampsa</a></i>, evaluating whether they were closely related to the <a href="/facts/Gharial/zff4F36v">gharial</a>, is published by Lee & Yates (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the length proportion of limb elements in extant and fossil <a href="/facts/Alligatoroidea/exGCPvHb">alligatoroid</a> and <a href="/facts/Crocodyloidea/tHeAKqjx">crocodyloid</a> crocodylians, as well as on the correlation of limb morphology and skull shape in these groups, is published by Iijima, Kubo & Kobayashi (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></li> <li>New specimen of <i><a href="/facts/Bottosaurus/Mll8yIoQ">Bottosaurus</a> harlani</i> is described from the Rowan Fossil Quarry, a Cretaceous–Paleogene locality in <a href="/facts/Mantua_Township%2c_New_Jersey/3EW3oLGp">Mantua Township</a> (<a href="/facts/New_Jersey/pI5k19S7">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>) by Cossette & Brochu (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></li> <li>A reassessment of the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of <i><a href="/facts/Asiatosuchus/2unI90R0">Asiatosuchus</a> nanlingensis</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Eoalligator/5M00zFac">Eoalligator</a> chunyii</i> is published by Wu, Li & Wang (2018), who reinstate the latter taxon as a species distinct from the former one.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></li> <li>Redescription of the <a href="/facts/Holotype/a8n9vhHa">holotype</a> specimen of <i><a href="/facts/Mourasuchus/Y4hxj8eU">Mourasuchus</a> arendsi</i> from the <a href="/facts/Urumaco_Formation/X3o4ew4p">Urumaco Formation</a> of <a href="/facts/Venezuela/eX1qnkln">Venezuela</a> is published online by Cidade <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the <a href="/facts/Ontogeny/ckqaQlL7">ontogenetic</a> changes of the skull shape in extant <a href="/facts/Caiman/Wl5dW8M1">caimans</a> and its implications for the validity of the <a href="/facts/Miocene/cBRRzq4g">Miocene</a> species <i><a href="/facts/Melanosuchus_fisheri/rQo2yVB7">Melanosuchus fisheri</a></i> is published by Foth <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the <a href="/facts/Histology/yrI90zlU">histology</a> of <a href="/facts/Long_bone/hKScebY6">long bones</a> of extant <a href="/facts/Yacare_caiman/xrGCajUm">yacare caiman</a> and fossil caimans from the Upper Miocene–Pliocene <a href="/facts/Solim%25C3%25B5es_Formation/SjdAbzHe">Solimões Formation</a> (Brazil) is published online by Andrade <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></li> <li>A study on two fossil specimens of caimans from the late Pleistocene and early Holocene of <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a>, attempting to assign the fossils' identity to one of the extant caiman species on the basis of records of their current distribution and paleoclimatic data, is published by Eduardo <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></li> <li>A fragment of a <a href="/facts/Mandible/1ATEfAQa">mandible</a> of a member of the genus <i><a href="/facts/Gryposuchus/BFhdS4Ym">Gryposuchus</a></i> is described from the <a href="/facts/Miocene/cBRRzq4g">Miocene</a> (≈18 <a href="/facts/Year/51V242hh">Ma</a>) <a href="/facts/Castillo_Formation%2c_Venezuela/ruhqfSHb">Castillo Formation</a> (<a href="/facts/Venezuela/eX1qnkln">Venezuela</a>) by Solórzano, Núñez-Flores & Rincón (2018), representing the earliest record of the genus in South America reported so far.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></li> <li>A revision of the <a href="/facts/Type_species/kL03T6V4">type species</a> of the genus <i>Gryposuchus</i>, <i>G. jessei</i>, is published by Souza <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></li> <li>A revision of crocodilian fossils and taxa from the <a href="/facts/Calvert_Cliffs_State_Park/ARsVa8jC">Calvert Cliffs</a> (<a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>) is published by Weems (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></li> <li>Partial crocodylian skull from the <a href="/facts/Pleistocene/0ya9eUp5">Pleistocene</a> of <a href="/facts/Taiwan/VcJoUD8w">Taiwan</a>, formerly regarded as lost during <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a>, is rediscovered and redescribed by Ito <i>et al.</i> (2018), who assign this specimen to the genus <i><a href="/facts/Toyotamaphimeia/ALlMp3u3">Toyotamaphimeia</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></li> <li>Fossils of large crocodylians, as well as tortoise fossils with feeding traces on them, are described from the <a href="/facts/Pleistocene/0ya9eUp5">Pleistocene</a> of <a href="/facts/Aldabra/tRUmX4gJ">Aldabra</a> (<a href="/facts/Seychelles/Ub9we8XU">Seychelles</a>) by Scheyer <i>et al.</i> (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating the occurrence of a predator–prey interaction between crocodylians and giant tortoises on Aldabra during the Late Pleistocene.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></li> <li>Late <a href="/facts/Quaternary/3cEgHAqc">Quaternary</a> fossils representing a locally extinct population of the <a href="/facts/Cuban_crocodile/QDCT1y6A">Cuban crocodile</a> (<i>Crocodylus rhombifer</i>) are reported from two underwater caves in the <a href="/facts/Dominican_Republic/u36V3Nsb">Dominican Republic</a> by Morgan <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></li> <li>A new large and well-preserved specimen of <i><a href="/facts/Prestosuchus/Q4RN3m0p">Prestosuchus</a> chiniquensis</i> is published by Roberto-da-Silva <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>New taxa</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Novelty</th><th>Status</th><th>Authors</th><th>Age</th><th>Unit</th><th>Location</th><th>Notes</th><th>Images</th></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Aktiogavialis/SRH9Mrao">Aktiogavialis caribesi</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Salas-Gismondi <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p>Late <a href="/facts/Miocene/cBRRzq4g">Miocene</a></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Urumaco_Formation/X3o4ew4p">Urumaco Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Venezuela/eX1qnkln">Venezuela</a></p></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Anteophthalmosuchus/XHIbyHI4">Anteophthalmosuchus epikrator</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Ristevski <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Early_Cretaceous/5uWEJGYC">Early Cretaceous</a></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Wessex_Formation/dc5z2UMA">Wessex Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a></p></td><td>A <a href="/facts/Goniopholididae/TTYAnNqL">goniopholidid</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Barrosasuchus/uESvIssP">Barrosasuchus</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Rodolfo_Coria/NFt5qcVt">Coria</a> <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Late_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Late Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/facts/Santonian/NWM9bl28">Santonian</a>)</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Bajo_de_la_Carpa_Formation/NdS5UEkN">Bajo de la Carpa Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a></p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Peirosauridae/s307kNA2">peirosaurid</a> <a href="/facts/Crocodyliformes/mxtj6sFF">crocodyliform</a>. Genus includes new species <i>B. neuquenianus</i>. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2019.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Caipirasuchus/TC9DmDV3">Caipirasuchus mineirus</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Martinelli <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Late_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Late Cretaceous</a></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Adamantina_Formation/hdhEMcXa">Adamantina Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a></p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Sphagesauridae/8Ynhr0TB">sphagesaurid</a> <a href="/facts/Crocodyliformes/mxtj6sFF">crocodyliform</a>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Dadagavialis/xP0kgcau">Dadagavialis</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Salas-Gismondi <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p>Early <a href="/facts/Miocene/cBRRzq4g">Miocene</a></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Cucaracha_Formation/414yoTN1">Cucaracha Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Panama/GckVVhnp">Panama</a></p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Gryposuchinae/YMnVR8sA">gryposuchine</a> <a href="/facts/Gavialoidea/JWT69kbk">gavialoid</a>. Genus includes new species <i>D. gunai</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Jiangxisuchus/BYyT27py">Jiangxisuchus</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Li, Wu & Rufolo</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Late_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Late Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/facts/Maastrichtian/xRBafamu">Maastrichtian</a>)</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Nanxiong_Formation/tpYlnbao">Nanxiong Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a></p></td><td><p>A member of <a href="/facts/Crocodyloidea/tHeAKqjx">Crocodyloidea</a>. Genus includes new species <i>J. nankangensis</i>. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2019.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Kinesuchus/ARsybARC">Kinesuchus</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Filippi, Barrios & Garrido</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Late_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Late Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/facts/Santonian/NWM9bl28">Santonian</a>)</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Bajo_de_la_Carpa_Formation/NdS5UEkN">Bajo de la Carpa Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a></p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Peirosauridae/s307kNA2">peirosaurid</a> <a href="/facts/Crocodyliformes/mxtj6sFF">crocodyliform</a>. The type species is <i>K. overoi</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Magyarosuchus/BdK0wjxA">Magyarosuchus</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Ősi <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Early_Jurassic/atwEBpDz">Early Jurassic</a> (<a href="/facts/Toarcian/jPtA71Yr">Toarcian</a>)</p></td><td><p>Kisgerecse Marl Formation</p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Hungary/YRedQLtI">Hungary</a></p></td><td><p>A member of <a href="/facts/Metriorhynchoidea/AEINx1pG">Metriorhynchoidea</a>. The type species is <i>M. fitosi</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Maledictosuchus/oQk1Wv3T">Maledictosuchus nuyivijanan</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Barrientos-Lara, Alvarado-Ortega & Fernández</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Late_Jurassic/NzU9rlnL">Late Jurassic</a> (<a href="/facts/Kimmeridgian/rfTuYq4A">Kimmeridgian</a>)</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Sabinal_Formation/GBgSKTVW">Sabinal Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a></p></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Mandasuchus/mPgNNzDg">Mandasuchus</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Butler <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Triassic/r6CNxKXC">Triassic</a></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Manda_Formation/1mmJcFHt">Manda Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Tanzania/MJueJ7E4">Tanzania</a></p></td><td><p>An early member of <a href="/facts/Paracrocodylomorpha/X4LUkv29">Paracrocodylomorpha</a> belonging to the group <a href="/facts/Loricata/1ecWn2j2">Loricata</a>. The type species is <i>M. tanyauchen</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Pagosvenator/w1Le0rkb">Pagosvenator</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Lacerda, de França & Schultz</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Middle_Triassic/Y0FBoqA8">Middle</a>–<a href="/facts/Late_Triassic/TazKYWQN">Late Triassic</a></p></td><td><p><i>Dinodontosaurus</i> Assemblage Zone of the Santa Maria Supersequence</p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a></p></td><td><p>A member of the family <a href="/facts/Erpetosuchidae/1qx9CoEt">Erpetosuchidae</a>. Genus includes new species <i>P. candelariensis</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Portugalosuchus/l2VHwYTK">Portugalosuchus</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Oct%25C3%25A1vio_Mateus/bbUq5fax">Mateus</a>, Puértolas-Pascual & Callapez</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Late_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Late Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/facts/Cenomanian/atR50Pe7">Cenomanian</a>)</p></td><td><p>Tentugal Formation</p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Portugal/lYzwDQ63">Portugal</a></p></td><td><p>A member of <a href="/facts/Eusuchia/2D5MTkCG">Eusuchia</a>, possibly the oldest known member of <a href="/facts/Crocodilia/G4LbxJs6">Crocodilia</a>. Genus includes new species <i>P. azenhae</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Protocaiman/Gny9etSY">Protocaiman</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Bona <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Paleocene/IWWoh8D9">Paleocene</a> (<a href="/facts/Danian/7kD8PDUv">Danian</a>)</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Salamanca_Formation/3Ne3H5jE">Salamanca Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a></p></td><td><p>A relative of <a href="/facts/Caiman/Wl5dW8M1">caimans</a>. Genus includes new species <i>P. peligrensis</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Roxochampsa/HdRulgBd">Roxochampsa</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et comb. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Piacentini Pinheiro <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Late_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Late Cretaceous</a> (late <a href="/facts/Campanian/MoPSxcqL">Campanian</a>–early <a href="/facts/Maastrichtian/xRBafamu">Maastrichtian</a>)</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Adamantina_Formation/hdhEMcXa">Adamantina Formation</a><a href="/facts/Presidente_Prudente_Formation/UVHX2ctw">Presidente Prudente Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a></p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Crocodyliformes/mxtj6sFF">crocodyliform</a> belonging to the family <a href="/facts/Itasuchidae/T4xgBqE5">Itasuchidae</a>. The type species is <i>"<a href="/facts/Goniopholis/l2Wm9S8g">Goniopholis</a>" paulistanus</i> Roxo (1936).</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Theriosuchus/BcpkJwQB">Theriosuchus morrisonensis</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Foster</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Late_Jurassic/NzU9rlnL">Late Jurassic</a></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Morrison_Formation/N0SLjMe0">Morrison Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>( <a href="/facts/Wyoming/kuKmWryL">Wyoming</a>)</p></td><td><p>A new species of the <a href="/facts/Atoposaurid/11RHcT4A">atoposaurid</a> <i>Theriosuchus</i> and the first known from North America.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Wahasuchus/hm6D6DUM">Wahasuchus</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Saber <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Late_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Late Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/facts/Campanian/MoPSxcqL">Campanian</a>)</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Quseir_Formation/cgFgrgtv">Quseir Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a></p></td><td><p>A member of <a href="/facts/Mesoeucrocodylia/8qaMl3ev">Mesoeucrocodylia</a> of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a <a href="/facts/Neosuchia/swTfMNdQ">neosuchian</a>. Genus includes new species <i>W. egyptensis</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="non-avian-dinosaurs">Non-avian dinosaurs</h2> <p class="note">Main article: 2018 in non-avian dinosaur archosaur paleontology</p> <h2 id="birds">Birds</h2> <h3>Research</h3> <ul><li>Dinosaur-like <a href="/facts/Ossification/6ETh4tp8">ossification</a> pattern of skull bones (formation of the <a href="/facts/Ossification_center/MQ8vcHNF">ossification centres</a> of the <a href="/facts/Prefrontal_bone/45c9exvn">prefrontal</a> and <a href="/facts/Postorbital_bone/6Yz4zkaJ">postorbital</a>) is reported in bird embryos by Smith-Paredes <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></li> <li>A study evaluating whether eggs of early birds from the <a href="/facts/Mesozoic/yYsvXGPa">Mesozoic</a> could have borne the weight of incubating adults is published by Deeming & <a href="/facts/Gerald_Mayr/cvQj8Vtc">Mayr</a> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the formation of the <a href="/facts/Pygostyle/SpQ3P49n">pygostyle</a> in extant birds and its evolution in Mesozoic birds is published by Rashid <i>et al.</i> (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that the lack of pygostyle in <i><a href="/facts/Zhongornis/INlgbzeo">Zhongornis</a> haoae</i> and other juvenile Mesozoic birds does not necessarily indicate that they are intermediate species in the long- to short-tailed evolutionary transition, and that feathered <a href="/facts/Coelurosauria/X8HRbjJI">coelurosaur</a> tail preserved in <a href="/facts/Burmese_amber/5UI6g1XS">Burmese amber</a> which was described by Xing <i>et al.</i> (2016)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> might be avian.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the anatomy of the braincase of birds and non-avian dinosaurs, evaluating whether there is a link between changes in brain anatomy and loss of flight, is published by Gold & Watanabe (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the <a href="/facts/Preservation_potential/x4zxN2Hm">preservation potential</a> of feather keratin in the fossil record is published by <a href="/facts/Mary_Higby_Schweitzer/pNfsVWj4">Schweitzer</a> <i>et al.</i> (2018);<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> the study is subsequently criticized by Saitta & Vinther (2019).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></li> <li>Description of 31 samples of Cretaceous amber from <a href="/facts/Myanmar/zcqQH2oE">Myanmar</a> that contain feathers, providing new information on the morphology and variability of rachis-dominated feathers of Cretaceous birds, is published by Xing <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></li> <li>A <a href="/facts/Pseudoscorpion/tMl9v40m">pseudoscorpion</a> attached to barbules of a <a href="/facts/Contour_feather/mXYBr9sR">contour feather</a>, possibly documenting a <a href="/facts/Phoresis/SPaM4ryK">phoretic</a> association between pseudoscorpions and Mesozoic birds, is described from the Cretaceous amber from Myanmar by Xing, McKellar & Gao (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></li> <li>A redescription of the bird trackway originally labeled <i>Aquatilavipes anhuiensis</i> from the <a href="/facts/Lower_Cretaceous/5uWEJGYC">Lower Cretaceous</a> Qiuzhuang Formation (<a href="/facts/Anhui/P1qML2vA">Anhui</a>, <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>) is published by Xing <i>et al.</i> (2018), who transfer this <a href="/facts/Ichnotaxon/edWeWT20">ichnospecies</a> to the ichnogenus <i>Koreanaornis</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></li> <li>Early Cretaceous (<a href="/facts/Aptian/nXFfjnyR">Aptian</a>) bird footprints are described from the <a href="/facts/Kitadani_Formation/GlISlB1q">Kitadani Formation</a> (<a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a>) by Imai, Tsukiji & Azuma (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></li> <li>New avian <a href="/facts/Ichnotaxon/edWeWT20">ichnospecies</a> <i><a href="/facts/Ignotornis/1SR9thdb">Ignotornis</a> canadensis</i> is described from the <a href="/facts/Lower_Cretaceous/5uWEJGYC">Lower Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/facts/Albian/faHcmHDC">Albian</a>) <a href="/facts/Gates_Formation/tRFmf3eg">Gates Formation</a> (<a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a>) by Buckley, McCrea & Xing (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></li> <li>Ignotornid tracks are described from the <a href="/facts/Lower_Cretaceous/5uWEJGYC">Lower Cretaceous</a> of <a href="/facts/Jiangsu/PYdTsg5R">Jiangsu</a> (<a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>) by Xing <i>et al.</i> (2018), representing the first known record of the ichnogenus <i>Goseongornipes</i> from China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></li> <li>The twelfth <a href="/facts/Specimens_of_Archaeopteryx/PHYYupLt">specimen</a> of <i><a href="/facts/Archaeopteryx/2sR4Tns8">Archaeopteryx</a></i>, the oldest reported so far, is described by Rauhut, Foth & Tischlinger (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> This was named as the new genus <i><a href="/facts/Alcmonavis/CUFMvt4T">Alcmonavis</a></i> in 2019.</li> <li>A study on the geometric properties of the wing bones of <i>Archaeopteryx</i> is published by Voeten <i>et al.</i> (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that <i>Archaeopteryx</i> was able to actively use its wings to take to the air (using a different flight stroke than used by extant birds).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gastrolith/UTwaaJIj">Gastrolith</a> masses preserved in five specimens of <i><a href="/facts/Jeholornis/9YC3yXTo">Jeholornis</a></i> will be described by O'Connor <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a></li> <li>A new <a href="/facts/Confuciusornithidae/ajSsgA5Q">confuciusornithid</a> specimen, most similar to <i><a href="/facts/Eoconfuciusornis/aLdXETJR">Eoconfuciusornis</a> zhengi</i> but also sharing traits with <i><a href="/facts/Confuciusornis/qfxxqWjf">Confuciusornis</a></i>, will be described from the <a href="/facts/Upper_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Upper Cretaceous</a> <a href="/facts/Huajiying_Formation/Mpvs2Qln">Huajiying Formation</a> (<a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>) by Navalón <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the <a href="/facts/Morphology_(biology)/Nl3B0myy">morphology</a> of the skull of <i><a href="/facts/Confuciusornis/qfxxqWjf">Confuciusornis</a> sanctus</i> is published by <a href="/facts/Andrzej_El%25C5%25BCanowski/Wrms4UNW">Elżanowski</a>, Peters & <a href="/facts/Gerald_Mayr/cvQj8Vtc">Mayr</a> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a></li> <li>An exceptionally-preserved specimen of <i>Confuciusornis</i>, preserving elaborate plumage patterning, is described from the Lower Cretaceous deposits in Fengning County (<a href="/facts/Hebei/Hra1DggH">Hebei</a> Province, <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>) estimated to be equivalent with the Dawangzhangzi Member of the <a href="/facts/Yixian_Formation/vkVQCGfE">Yixian Formation</a> by Li <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a></li> <li>An articulated skeleton of an <a href="/facts/Enantiornithes/kuC8WyFS">enantiornithine</a> bird preserved in the <a href="/facts/Cretaceous/nwKtFtKx">Cretaceous</a> amber from <a href="/facts/Myanmar/zcqQH2oE">Myanmar</a> is described by Xing <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></li> <li>An early juvenile enantiornithine specimen, providing new information on the <a href="/facts/Osteogenesis/N6mMDQvR">osteogenesis</a> in members of Enantiornithes, is described from the <a href="/facts/Lower_Cretaceous/5uWEJGYC">Lower Cretaceous</a> <a href="/facts/Las_Hoyas/bVYW1fr7">Las Hoyas</a> deposits of <a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a> by Knoll <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a></li> <li>A study evaluating the capacity of the enantiornithines <i><a href="/facts/Concornis/8T1AUqCM">Concornis</a> lacustris</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Eoalulavis/yWQN3DEY">Eoalulavis</a> hoyasi</i> to use intermittent flight (alternating flapping and gliding phases) is published by Serrano <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the <a href="/facts/Morphology_(biology)/Nl3B0myy">morphology</a> and diversity of enantiornithine <a href="/facts/Coracoid/5jJ5ArwB">coracoids</a> from the <a href="/facts/Upper_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Upper Cretaceous</a> <a href="/facts/Bissekty_Formation/eXqj0d0d">Bissekty Formation</a> (Dzharakuduk locality, <a href="/facts/Uzbekistan/o8wfw2xR">Uzbekistan</a>) is published by Panteleev (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a></li> <li>O'Connor <i>et al.</i> (2018) propose criteria for identifying <a href="/facts/Medullary_bone/s9Mva8Vb">medullary bone</a> in fossils, and report probable medullary bone from a <a href="/facts/Pengornithidae/eW4haMpb">pengornithid</a> enantiornithine specimen from the Lower Cretaceous <a href="/facts/Jiufotang_Formation/wvju5wTF">Jiufotang Formation</a> (<a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a></li> <li>A specimen of <i><a href="/facts/Archaeorhynchus/qRtW27ww">Archaeorhynchus</a> spathula</i> with extensive soft tissue preservation, revealing a tail morphology previously unknown in Mesozoic birds and an exceptional occurrence of fossilized lung tissue, is described from the Lower Cretaceous <a href="/facts/Jiufotang_Formation/wvju5wTF">Jiufotang Formation</a> (<a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>) by Wang <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a></li> <li>Wang <i>et al.</i> (2018) report the presence of distinct <a href="/facts/Salt_gland/tUpwpSqo">salt gland</a> fossa on the <a href="/facts/Frontal_bone/4dsgSej6">frontal</a> of a bird similar to <i><a href="/facts/Iteravis/EyhlCzvC">Iteravis</a> huchzermeyeri</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Gansus/rLYQ3xew">Gansus</a> zheni</i> from the Lower Cretaceous Sihedang locality (Jiufotang Formation, China); the authors also consider <i>I. huchzermeyeri</i> and <i>G. zheni</i> to be probably <a href="/facts/Synonym_(taxonomy)/BHLdox7E">synonymous</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a></li> <li>Abundant <a href="/facts/Black_fly/SNE096kY">black flies</a>, thought to have inhabited the same environments as <a href="/facts/Cretaceous/nwKtFtKx">Cretaceous</a> ornithurine birds and most likely fed on them, are described from the <a href="/facts/Santonian/NWM9bl28">Santonian</a> <a href="/facts/Taymyr_Peninsula/Jk6EXYSL">Taimyr</a> amber (<a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a>) by Perkovsky, Sukhomlin & Zelenkov (2018), who use these insects as an indicator of a bird community, and argue that advanced ornithuromorph birds might have originated at higher latitudes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a></li> <li>Field <i>et al.</i> (2018) report new specimens and previously overlooked elements of the <a href="/facts/Holotype/a8n9vhHa">holotype</a> of <i><a href="/facts/Ichthyornis/NDfbKFbQ">Ichthyornis</a> dispar</i>, and generate a nearly complete three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull of this species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the impact of the widespread destruction of forests during the <a href="/facts/Cretaceous%25E2%2580%2593Paleogene_extinction_event/HNyDuEcx">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a> on bird evolution, as indicated by ancestral state reconstructions of <a href="/facts/Neornithine/RJF6zwLP">neornithine</a> ecology and inferences about enantiornithine ecology, is published by Field <i>et al.</i> (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that the global forest collapse at the end of the Cretaceous caused extinction of predominantly tree-dwelling birds, while bird groups that survived the extinction and gave rise to extant birds were non-arboreal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the evolution of the anatomy of the <a href="/facts/Crown_group/fHDhwp5x">crown</a>-bird skull is published by Felice & Goswami (2018), who also present a hypothetical reconstruction of the ancestral crown-bird skull.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a></li> <li>A fossil <a href="/facts/Tinamou/AA3xDfPT">tinamou</a> belonging to the genus <i><a href="/facts/Eudromia/1kqR6qGg">Eudromia</a></i>, exceeding the size range of living species of the genus, is described from the <a href="/facts/Lujanian/21Cgmo6w">Lujanian</a> sediments in <a href="/facts/Marcos_Paz_Partido/jV0BG4Pn">Marcos Paz County</a> (<a href="/facts/Buenos_Aires_Province/HkAcQKBN">Buenos Aires Province</a>, <a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a>) by Cenizo <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the dietary behavior of four species of the <a href="/facts/Moa/KFVR358P">moa</a> and their interactions with parasites based on data from their <a href="/facts/Coprolite/VX4K6BNX">coprolites</a> is published by Boast <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the seeds preserved in moa coprolites is published by Carpenter <i>et al.</i> (2018), who question the hypothesis that some of the largest-seeded plants of New Zealand were <a href="/facts/Seed_dispersal/yNofEeyA">dispersed</a> by moas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the genetic and <a href="/facts/Morphology_(biology)/Nl3B0myy">morphological</a> diversity of the <a href="/facts/Emu/Ev9T0LjP">emus</a>, including extinct island populations, is published by Thomson <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the timing of first human arrival in <a href="/facts/Madagascar/ez12IAcY">Madagascar</a>, as indicated by evidence of prehistoric human modification of multiple <a href="/facts/Elephant_bird/sF8rFpao">elephant bird</a> postcranial elements, is published by Hansford <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the anatomy of the brains of elephant birds <i><a href="/facts/Aepyornis/rh53JYLP">Aepyornis</a> maximus</i> and <i>A. hildebrandti</i>, and on its implications for inferring the ecology and behaviour of these birds, is published by Torres & <a href="/facts/Julia_Clarke/4LNgyfye">Clarke</a> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a></li> <li>A model of development of bony pseudoteeth of the <a href="/facts/Pelagornithidae/qPgFHBMo">odontopterygiform</a> birds is proposed by Louchart <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the phylogenetic relationships of the taxa assigned to the family <a href="/facts/Vegaviidae/QPo9zgKM">Vegaviidae</a> by Agnolín <i>et al.</i> (2017)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a> is published by <a href="/facts/Gerald_Mayr/cvQj8Vtc">Mayr</a> <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the adaptations for filter-feeding (other than beak shape) in the feeding apparatus of modern ducks, evaluating whether they could be also found in the skull of <i><a href="/facts/Presbyornis/Fltm14PR">Presbyornis</a></i>, is published by Zelenkov & Stidham (2018), who argue that <i>Presbyornis</i> most likely was a poorly specialized filter-feeder.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the phylogenetic relationships of the species <i><a href="/facts/Chendytes/Ah0Kql5L">Chendytes lawi</a></i> and the <a href="/facts/Labrador_duck/SmQ2VX57">Labrador duck</a> (<i>Camptorhynchus labradorius</i>) is published by Buckner <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a></li> <li>Schmidt (2018) interprets more than 1000 large, near-circular gravel mounds from western <a href="/facts/New_South_Wales/aW7eJXSS">New South Wales</a> (<a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a>) as likely to be nest mounds constructed by an extinct bird, similar to the <a href="/facts/Malleefowl/jACv7HXU">malleefowl</a> but larger.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the phylogenetic relationships of <i><a href="/facts/Foro_(bird)/9erk1jXL">Foro panarium</a></i> is published by Field & Hsiang (2018), who consider this species to be a <a href="/facts/Crown_group/fHDhwp5x">stem</a>-<a href="/facts/Turaco/cCrJgG27">turaco</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Petralca/ezb0rpty">Petralca</a> austriaca</i>, originally thought to be an <a href="/facts/Auk/V9uVKvuv">auk</a>, is reinterpreted as a member of <a href="/facts/Gaviiformes/ME1oh0bh">Gaviiformes</a> by Göhlich & <a href="/facts/Gerald_Mayr/cvQj8Vtc">Mayr</a> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a></li> <li>Globuli ossei (subspherical structures of <a href="/facts/Endochondral_ossification/XX2KVIwL">endochondral</a> origin, inserted in the hypertrophic <a href="/facts/Cartilage/vxy2qzKN">cartilage</a> of <a href="/facts/Long_bone/hKScebY6">long bones</a>) are reported for the first time in a bird (a fossil penguin <i><a href="/facts/Delphinornis/JYATC6KI">Delphinornis</a> arctowskii</i> from Antarctica) by Garcia Marsà, Tambussi & Cerda (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a></li> <li>Redescription of the anatomy of the fossil penguin <i>Madrynornis mirandus</i> and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published by Degrange, Ksepka & Tambussi (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a></li> <li>Fossil material attributed to the extinct <a href="/facts/Hunter_Island_penguin/n5gErPet">Hunter Island penguin</a> (<i>Tasidyptes hunteri</i>) is reinterpreted as assemblage of remains from three extant penguin species by Cole <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the history of penguin colonization of the <a href="/facts/Vestfold_Hills/mjaBEvG6">Vestfold Hills</a> (<a href="/facts/Antarctica/bEM5Lem5">Antarctica</a>), indicating that penguins started colonizing the northern Vestfold Hills around 14.6 thousand years before present, is published by Gao <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the history of active and abandoned <a href="/facts/Ad%25C3%25A9lie_penguin/hD6MJrwl">Adélie penguin</a> colonies at <a href="/facts/Cape_Adare/13SLqI6a">Cape Adare</a> (<a href="/facts/Antarctica/bEM5Lem5">Antarctica</a>), based on new excavations and radiocarbon dating, is published by Emslie, McKenzie & Patterson (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the mummified Adélie penguin carcasses and associated sediments from the Long Peninsula (<a href="/facts/East_Antarctica/Uh0yn6ox">East Antarctica</a>), and on their implications for inferring the causes of the abandonment of numerous penguin sub-colonies in this area during the <a href="/facts/2nd_millennium/eRTCzMPm">2nd millennium</a>, is published by Gao <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a></li> <li>New bird fossils, including the first reported <a href="/facts/Tarsometatarsus/oyD86YvC">tarsometatarsus</a> of the <a href="/facts/Plotopteridae/SFqhlgE1">plotopterid</a> <i><a href="/facts/Tonsala/okMYl2sm">Tonsala</a> hildegardae</i> are described from the late <a href="/facts/Eocene/EYgI8Uco">Eocene</a>/early <a href="/facts/Oligocene/n3gnNogo">Oligocene</a> <a href="/facts/Makah_Formation/3kIlEIrF">Makah Formation</a> and the Oligocene <a href="/facts/Pysht_Formation/TPHVUvcT">Pysht Formation</a> (<a href="/facts/Washington_(state)/7tCrTFnN">Washington state</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>) by <a href="/facts/Gerald_Mayr/cvQj8Vtc">Mayr</a> & Goedert (2018), who name a new plotopterid subfamily <a href="/facts/Tonsalinae/SFqhlgE1">Tonsalinae</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a></li> <li>A well-preserved <a href="/facts/Scapula/CTHFHgx4">scapula</a> of a plotopterid, enabling the reconstruction of the triosseal canal in plotopterids, is described from the Oligocene Jinnobaru Formation (<a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a>) by Ando & Fukata (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a></li> <li>Fossil remains of the <a href="/facts/Spectacled_cormorant/6n5vL9Ln">spectacled cormorant</a> (<i>Phalacrocorax perspicillatus</i>) are described from the upper <a href="/facts/Pleistocene/0ya9eUp5">Pleistocene</a> of Shiriya (northeast <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a>) by Watanabe, Matsuoka & Hasegawa (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a></li> <li>Extinct <a href="/facts/Lowland_kagu/ab28nJ7I">lowland kagu</a> (<i>Rhynochetos orarius</i>) is reinterpreted as <a href="/facts/Synonym_(taxonomy)/BHLdox7E">synonymous</a> with extant <a href="/facts/Kagu/7Rb1GkGp">kagu</a> (<i>Rhynochetos jubatus</i>) by Theuerkauf & Gula (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the phylogenetic relationships of the <a href="/facts/Rodrigues_scops_owl/QLbWqBEU">Rodrigues scops owl</a> and <a href="/facts/Mauritius_scops_owl/ccLlwFkp">Mauritius scops owl</a> is published by Louchart <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a></li> <li>Fossils of the <a href="/facts/Western_barn_owl/aB6kjGRX">barn owl</a> (<i>Tyto alba</i>) are described from the Dinaledi Chamber of the <a href="/facts/Rising_Star_Cave/ewLPNSFS">Rising Star Cave</a> system (<a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a>) by Kruger & Badenhorst (2018), who also evaluate how these bird bones were introduced into the Dinaledi Chamber.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a></li> <li>New fossils of <a href="/facts/Crown_group/fHDhwp5x">stem</a>-<a href="/facts/Mousebird/oJLYPWod">mousebirds</a> belonging to the family <a href="/facts/Sandcoleidae/DJWKIylw">Sandcoleidae</a>, providing new information on the anatomy of members of this family, are described from the <a href="/facts/Eocene/EYgI8Uco">Eocene</a> of the <a href="/facts/Messel_pit/I8cJle1K">Messel pit</a> (<a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a>) by <a href="/facts/Gerald_Mayr/cvQj8Vtc">Mayr</a> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a></li> <li>Partial skeleton of an early member of <a href="/facts/Coraciiformes/u3b5uo9W">Coraciiformes</a> of uncertain generic and specific assignment, showing several previously unknown features of the skull and vertebral column of early coraciiforms, is described from the Lower Eocene (53.5–51.5 million years old) <a href="/facts/London_Clay/wsgEPwa9">London Clay</a> (<a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>) by Mayr & Walsh (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a></li> <li>New <a href="/facts/Phorusrhacidae/2veIN92B">phorusrhacid</a> fossils are described from the <a href="/facts/Pleistocene/0ya9eUp5">Pleistocene</a> of <a href="/facts/Uruguay/X6V0apCb">Uruguay</a> by Jones <i>et al.</i> (2018), providing evidence of survival of phorusrhacids until the end of the Pleistocene.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the phylogenetic relationships of the extinct <a href="/facts/Cuban_macaw/FIxSj7Hs">Cuban macaw</a> (<i>Ara tricolor</i>) is published by Johansson <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a></li> <li>A study on an ancient DNA of <a href="/facts/Scarlet_macaw/DYMa8cYs">scarlet macaws</a> recovered from archaeological sites in <a href="/facts/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park/S2DIpX1I">Chaco Canyon</a> and the contemporaneous Mimbres area of <a href="/facts/New_Mexico/wosJCGaW">New Mexico</a> is published by George <i>et al.</i> (2018), who report low genetic diversity in this sample, and interpret their findings as indicating that people at an undiscovered Pre-Hispanic settlement dating between 900 and 1200 CE managed a macaw breeding colony outside their endemic range.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the bird fossils from the <a href="/facts/Olduvai_Gorge/0bnoQHm5">Olduvai Gorge</a> site (<a href="/facts/Tanzania/MJueJ7E4">Tanzania</a>) and their implications for inferring the environmental context of the site during the <a href="/facts/Oldowan/CnMWU035">Oldowan</a>-<a href="/facts/Acheulean/mf49sr9c">Acheulean</a> transitional period is published by Prassack <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the bird fossil assemblage from the <a href="/facts/Pleistocene/0ya9eUp5">Pleistocene</a> of the Rio Secco Cave (north-eastern <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a>) and its implications for the palaeoenvironmental reconstructions of the site is published by Carrera <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a></li> <li>Oswald & Steadman (2018) report nearly 500 (probably late <a href="/facts/Pleistocene/0ya9eUp5">Pleistocene</a>) bird fossils collected on <a href="/facts/New_Providence/BmYIQ27z">New Providence</a> (<a href="/facts/The_Bahamas/x6VKsUhj">The Bahamas</a>) in 1958 and 1960.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the fossils of <a href="/facts/Pleistocene/0ya9eUp5">Pleistocene</a> birds collected on <a href="/facts/Picard_Island/X9gF1Bvo">Picard Island</a> (<a href="/facts/Seychelles/Ub9we8XU">Seychelles</a>) in 1987 is published by Hume, Martill & Hing (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a></li> <li>A revision of non-<a href="/facts/Passerine/qby0MANo">passeriform</a> landbird fossils from the Pleistocene of Shiriya (northeast <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a>) is published by Watanabe, Matsuoka & Hasegawa (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a></li> <li>Remains of 32 species of seabirds and related taxa are reported from the middle–late Pleistocene Shiriya local fauna (northeastern Japan) by Watanabe, Matsuoka & Hasegawa (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a></li> <li>Description of Late Pleistocene bird fauna from Buso Doppio del Broion Cave (<a href="/facts/Berici_Hills/mshY8cjG">Berici Hills</a>, <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a>), including fossils of the <a href="/facts/Snowy_owl/nvtDxrHl">snowy owl</a> and the <a href="/facts/Northern_hawk-owl/2JEaXsJ8">northern hawk-owl</a> (considered to be markers of a colder climate than the present one) and the first Italian Pleistocene fossil remains of the <a href="/facts/Eurasian_wren/PSwUceLB">Eurasian wren</a> and the <a href="/facts/Black_redstart/nEB4tU64">black redstart</a>, is published by Carrera <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a></li> <li>Bird eggshell fragments are described from the Fitterer Ranch locality within the <a href="/facts/Oligocene/n3gnNogo">Oligocene</a> <a href="/facts/Brule_Formation/8FfNM8KB">Brule Formation</a> (<a href="/facts/North_Dakota/9aNh8gAf">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>) by Lawver & Boyd (2018), who name a new <a href="/facts/Egg_fossil/nH5XHNRS">ootaxon</a> <i><a href="/facts/Metoolithus/mnLN1dCr">Metoolithus</a> jacksonae</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>New taxa</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Novelty</th><th>Status</th><th>Authors</th><th>Age</th><th>Unit</th><th>Location</th><th>Notes</th><th>Images</th></tr><tr><td><p><i>Aquila claudeguerini</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Mourer‑Chauviré & Bonifay</p></td><td><p>Early <a href="/facts/Pleistocene/0ya9eUp5">Pleistocene</a></p></td><td></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a></p></td><td><p>A species of <i><a href="/facts/Aquila_(genus)/kxIMopjk">Aquila</a></i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Ardenna davealleni</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Tennyson & Mannering</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Pliocene/MjcIVQ86">Pliocene</a></p></td><td></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a></p></td><td><p>A species of <i><a href="/facts/Ardenna/3DN1TPWY">Ardenna</a></i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Chenoanas/4Pu9uUeh">Chenoanas asiatica</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Zelenkov <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p>Middle <a href="/facts/Miocene/cBRRzq4g">Miocene</a></p></td><td></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a> <a href="/facts/Mongolia/ogQzUcQb">Mongolia</a></p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Duck/9JgpTDXg">duck</a>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Cinclosoma elachum</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Nguyen, <a href="/facts/Mike_Archer_(paleontologist)/5rfq4M7h">Archer</a> & Hand</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Miocene/cBRRzq4g">Miocene</a></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Australian_Fossil_Mammal_Sites_(Riversleigh)/sCGwkV0f">Riversleigh World Heritage Area</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a></p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Quail-thrush/Wmx0J9Xg">quail-thrush</a>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Ducula tihonireasini</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Rigal, Kirch & <a href="/facts/Trevor_H._Worthy/fbB8kL2G">Worthy</a></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Holocene/sppPgwW5">Holocene</a></p></td><td></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/French_Polynesia/cMytpeeC">French Polynesia</a></p></td><td><p>An <a href="/facts/Imperial_pigeon/DHgm6wIv">imperial pigeon</a>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Eogranivora/FeXv5ghW">Eogranivora</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Zheng <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Early_Cretaceous/5uWEJGYC">Early Cretaceous</a></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Yixian_Formation/vkVQCGfE">Yixian Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a></p></td><td><p>An early member of <a href="/facts/Ornithuromorpha/5p7leC61">Ornithuromorpha</a>. Genus includes new species <i>E. edentulata</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Gettyia/N1qRYnqN">Gettyia</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et comb. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Atterholt, Hutchison & O'Connor</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Late_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Late Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/facts/Campanian/MoPSxcqL">Campanian</a>)</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Two_Medicine_Formation/15eFMjs3">Two Medicine Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>( <a href="/facts/Montana/jPFKMuK5">Montana</a>)</p></td><td><p>A member of <a href="/facts/Enantiornithes/kuC8WyFS">Enantiornithes</a> belonging to the family <a href="/facts/Avisauridae/oyshRLro">Avisauridae</a>. The type species is <i>"<a href="/facts/Avisaurus/Q18fgbn7">Avisaurus</a>" gloriae</i> Varricchio & <a href="/facts/Luis_M._Chiappe/42j3JEVz">Chiappe</a> (1995).</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Jinguofortis/pzl9a7Ew">Jinguofortis</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Wang, Stidham & Zhou</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Early_Cretaceous/5uWEJGYC">Early Cretaceous</a></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Dabeigou_Formation/QkdXEXrH">Dabeigou Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a></p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Basal_(phylogenetics)/JQPQXpYg">basal</a> member of <a href="/facts/Pygostylia/IXm744uR">Pygostylia</a>, probably a relative of <i><a href="/facts/Chongmingia/pH8LqyIx">Chongmingia</a></i>. Genus includes new species <i>J. perplexus</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Kischinskinia/3HE1sgbo">Kischinskinia</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Volkova & Zelenkov</p></td><td><p>Early <a href="/facts/Miocene/cBRRzq4g">Miocene</a></p></td><td></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a></p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Passerine/qby0MANo">passerine</a> belonging to the group <a href="/facts/Certhioidea/GJ7nQsSW">Certhioidea</a>. Genus includes new species <i>K. scandens</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Litorallus</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Mather <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p>Early <a href="/facts/Miocene/cBRRzq4g">Miocene</a> (<a href="/facts/New_Zealand_geologic_time_scale/ycr8K7ez">Altonian</a>)</p></td><td><p>Bannockburn Formation</p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a></p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Rail_(bird)/PAcRfUIh">rail</a>. The type species is <i>L. livezeyi</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Mirarce/hHyqGFqX">Mirarce</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Atterholt, Hutchison & O'Connor</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Late_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Late Cretaceous</a> (late <a href="/facts/Campanian/MoPSxcqL">Campanian</a>)</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Kaiparowits_Formation/5vPBG3qs">Kaiparowits Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>( <a href="/facts/Utah/te7zUyBX">Utah</a>)</p></td><td><p>A member of <a href="/facts/Enantiornithes/kuC8WyFS">Enantiornithes</a> belonging to the family <a href="/facts/Avisauridae/oyshRLro">Avisauridae</a>. The type species is <i>M. eatoni</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Muriwaimanu/BBNhSUfn">Muriwaimanu</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et comb. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Gerald_Mayr/cvQj8Vtc">Mayr</a> <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p>Late <a href="/facts/Paleocene/IWWoh8D9">Paleocene</a></p></td><td><p>Waipara Greensand</p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a></p></td><td><p>An early <a href="/facts/Penguin/RPoapfVx">penguin</a>; a new genus for <i>"<a href="/facts/Waimanu/4feeab3G">Waimanu</a>" tuatahi</i> Ando, Jones & Fordyce <i>in</i> Slack <i>et al.</i> (2006).</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Pandion_pannonicus/PSD372Nh">Pandion pannonicus</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Kessler</p></td><td><p>Late <a href="/facts/Oligocene/n3gnNogo">Oligocene</a></p></td><td></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Hungary/YRedQLtI">Hungary</a></p></td><td><p>A species of <i><a href="/facts/Pandion_(bird)/ghgmb6MH">Pandion</a></i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Panraogallus/GdHKWEBY">Panraogallus</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td></td><td><p>Li <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p>Late <a href="/facts/Miocene/cBRRzq4g">Miocene</a></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Liushu_Formation/kwygt4AX">Liushu Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a></p></td><td><p>A member of the family <a href="/facts/Phasianidae/583Srx4J">Phasianidae</a>. The type species is <i>P. hezhengensis</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Priscaweka</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Mather <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p>Early <a href="/facts/Miocene/cBRRzq4g">Miocene</a> (<a href="/facts/New_Zealand_geologic_time_scale/ycr8K7ez">Altonian</a>)</p></td><td><p>Bannockburn Formation</p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a></p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Rail_(bird)/PAcRfUIh">rail</a>. The type species is <i>P. parvales</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Rallus gracilipes</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Takano & Steadman</p></td><td><p>Late <a href="/facts/Pleistocene/0ya9eUp5">Pleistocene</a></p></td><td></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/The_Bahamas/x6VKsUhj">The Bahamas</a></p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Rail_(bird)/PAcRfUIh">rail</a>, a species of <i><a href="/facts/Rallus/0yGBN0j5">Rallus</a></i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Romainvillia kazakhstanensis</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Zelenkov</p></td><td><p>Late <a href="/facts/Eocene/EYgI8Uco">Eocene</a></p></td><td><p>Kustovskaya Formation</p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Kazakhstan/Vfs8NI6e">Kazakhstan</a></p></td><td><p>A member of <a href="/facts/Anseriformes/goIz5Ybo">Anseriformes</a> belonging to the family Romainvillidae.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Scolopax mira ohyamai</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Subsp. nov.</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Matsuoka & Hasegawa</p></td><td><p>Late <a href="/facts/Pleistocene/0ya9eUp5">Pleistocene</a></p></td><td></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a></p></td><td><p>An extinct subspecies of the <a href="/facts/Amami_woodcock/4608T47J">Amami woodcock</a> (<i>Scolopax mira</i>).</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Sequiwaimanu/gDwyru7d">Sequiwaimanu</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Gerald_Mayr/cvQj8Vtc">Mayr</a> <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p>Middle <a href="/facts/Paleocene/IWWoh8D9">Paleocene</a></p></td><td><p>Waipara Greensand</p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a></p></td><td><p>An early <a href="/facts/Penguin/RPoapfVx">penguin</a>. Genus includes new species <i>S. rosieae</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Vanellus liffyae</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Sp. nov.</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>De Pietri <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p>Late <a href="/facts/Pliocene/MjcIVQ86">Pliocene</a></p></td><td></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a></p></td><td><p>A species of <i><a href="/facts/Vanellus/cXCI33W2">Vanellus</a></i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Vorombe/Lfgf6fx5">Vorombe</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et comb. nov</p></td><td><p>Disputed</p></td><td><p>Hansford & Turvey</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Holocene/sppPgwW5">Holocene</a></p></td><td></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Madagascar/ez12IAcY">Madagascar</a></p></td><td><p>An <a href="/facts/Elephant_bird/sF8rFpao">elephant bird</a>. The type species is <i>"<a href="/facts/Aepyornis/rh53JYLP">Aepyornis</a>" titan</i> Andrews (1894). Announced in 2018; the correction including the required <a href="/facts/ZooBank/HYeELW9z">ZooBank</a> accession number was published in 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a> Tentatively <a href="/facts/Synonym_(taxonomy)/BHLdox7E">synonymised</a> with <i>Aepyornis maximus</i> by Grealy <i>et al.</i> (2023).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a></p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Winnicavis/p3gzE6b8">Winnicavis</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Bocheński <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Oligocene/n3gnNogo">Oligocene</a> (<a href="/facts/Rupelian/9o544Kxj">Rupelian</a>)</p></td><td><p>Menilite Formation</p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a></p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Passerine/qby0MANo">passerine</a> of uncertain phylogenetic placement, approximately the size of a <a href="/facts/Great_tit/GejQenGl">great tit</a>. The type species is <i>W. gorskii</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Yangavis/FcrvhoVb">Yangavis</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167"><sup>167</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Wang & Zhou</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Early_Cretaceous/5uWEJGYC">Early Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/facts/Aptian/nXFfjnyR">Aptian</a>)</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Yixian_Formation/vkVQCGfE">Yixian Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a></p></td><td><p>A member of the family <a href="/facts/Confuciusornithidae/ajSsgA5Q">Confuciusornithidae</a>. Genus includes new species <i>Y. confucii</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Zygodactylus grandei</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168"><sup>168</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Sp. nov.</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Smith, DeBee & Clarke</p></td><td><p>Early <a href="/facts/Eocene/EYgI8Uco">Eocene</a></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Green_River_Formation/dpfhfMy7">Green River Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>( <a href="/facts/Wyoming/kuKmWryL">Wyoming</a>)</p></td><td><p>A member of the family <a href="/facts/Zygodactylidae/gcr8tc5A">Zygodactylidae</a>.</p></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="pterosaurs">Pterosaurs</h2> <h3>Research</h3> <ul><li>A study on the morphological diversity of the <a href="/facts/Mandible/1ATEfAQa">mandibular</a> shapes in pterosaurs is published by Navarro, Martin-Silverstone & Stubbs (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169"><sup>169</sup></a></li> <li>A synthesis of pterosaur dietary interpretations, evaluating how robustly supported different dietary interpretations are within, and between, key pterosaur groups, is published by Bestwick <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170"><sup>170</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the validity of six ontogenetic stages in pterosaur life history proposed by <a href="/facts/Alexander_Kellner/or2yPo00">Kellner</a> (2015)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171"><sup>171</sup></a> is published by Dalla Vecchia (2018), who also considers <i><a href="/facts/Bergamodactylus/TGEhbw6h">Bergamodactylus</a> wildi</i> to be a <a href="/facts/Synonym_(taxonomy)/BHLdox7E">junior synonym</a> of <i><a href="/facts/Carniadactylus/gtmxVMw6">Carniadactylus</a> rosenfeldi</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172"><sup>172</sup></a></li> <li>A pterosaur <a href="/facts/Humerus/9h0R2GuY">humerus</a> from the <a href="/facts/Late_Jurassic/NzU9rlnL">Late Jurassic</a> of <a href="/facts/Thailand/GCUnN4JK">Thailand</a>, originally assigned to the group <a href="/facts/Azhdarchoidea/W72cQxog">Azhdarchoidea</a>, is reassigned to the family <a href="/facts/Rhamphorhynchidae/SApqVJjn">Rhamphorhynchidae</a> by Unwin & Martill (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173"><sup>173</sup></a></li> <li>Description of soft parts preserved in the <a href="/facts/Holotype/a8n9vhHa">holotype</a> specimen of <i><a href="/facts/Scaphognathus/sm5vbh2Q">Scaphognathus</a> crassirostris</i> is published by Jäger <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174"><sup>174</sup></a></li> <li>A tooth of a large <a href="/facts/Pterodactyloidea/MMlRxJEP">pterodactyloid</a> pterosaur, most similar to the teeth of <i><a href="/facts/Coloborhynchus/69zkP45F">Coloborhynchus</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Ludodactylus/wTwcC609">Ludodactylus</a></i>, is described from the Cretaceous (<a href="/facts/Albian/faHcmHDC">Albian</a>) Aïn el Guettar Formation (<a href="/facts/Tunisia/4uC8Po6k">Tunisia</a>) by Martill, <a href="/facts/Nizar_Ibrahim/09PoLpX6">Ibrahim</a> & Bouaziz (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175"><sup>175</sup></a></li> <li>A new juvenile specimen of <i><a href="/facts/Pteranodon/67KDzLUX">Pteranodon</a></i> (the smallest reported so far) is described from the <a href="/facts/Smoky_Hill_Chalk/a3bMLcw7">Smoky Hill Chalk</a> Member of the <a href="/facts/Niobrara_Formation/n1El1Adx">Niobrara Formation</a> (<a href="/facts/Kansas/koenIXmE">Kansas</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>) by Bennett (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176"><sup>176</sup></a></li> <li>A <a href="/facts/Metacarpal_bones/j5U6ThfC">metacarpal bone</a> of a specimen of <i>Pteranodon</i>, bearing teeth marks likely produced by a shark and by a <a href="/facts/Saurodontidae/mR1PCnPR">saurodontid</a> fish, is described from the <a href="/facts/Campanian/MoPSxcqL">Campanian</a> <a href="/facts/Mooreville_Chalk/pmwwXG5r">Mooreville Chalk</a> (<a href="/facts/Alabama/1Xk8EveN">Alabama</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>) by Ehret & Harrell (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177"><sup>177</sup></a></li> <li>A series of neck vertebrae of <i>Pteranodon</i> associated with a tooth of the <a href="/facts/Lamniformes/VFrPGhlJ">lamniform</a> shark <i><a href="/facts/Cretoxyrhina/UnHmMnaC">Cretoxyrhina</a> mantelli</i> is described from the <a href="/facts/Upper_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Upper Cretaceous</a> <a href="/facts/Niobrara_Formation/n1El1Adx">Niobrara Formation</a> (<a href="/facts/Kansas/koenIXmE">Kansas</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>) by Hone, <a href="/facts/Mark_P._Witton/KmtulwCH">Witton</a> & Habib (2018), who interpret the specimen as evidence of <i>Cretoxyrhina</i> biting <i>Pteranodon</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178"><sup>178</sup></a></li> <li>A giant <a href="/facts/Humerus/9h0R2GuY">humerus</a> of a <a href="/facts/Tapejaroidea/UBqx7z5R">tapejaroid</a> pterosaur is described from the <a href="/facts/Upper_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Upper Cretaceous</a> <a href="/facts/Plottier_Formation/xsPQ1vRV">Plottier Formation</a> (<a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a>) by Ortiz David, González Riga & Kellner (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179"><sup>179</sup></a></li> <li>A revision of the taxonomy of <i><a href="/facts/Noripterus/SbgMWj2J">Noripterus</a></i> and other Asian members of the family <a href="/facts/Dsungaripteridae/wfGqKXUw">Dsungaripteridae</a> is published by Hone, Jiang & Xu (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180"><sup>180</sup></a></li> <li>A new <a href="/facts/Thalassodromidae/yNqamgyG">thalassodromine</a> specimen is described from the <a href="/facts/Lower_Cretaceous/5uWEJGYC">Lower Cretaceous</a> <a href="/facts/Romualdo_Formation/qdzIzPem">Romualdo Formation</a> (<a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a>) by Buchmann <i>et al.</i> (2018), providing new information on the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of members of the group.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181"><sup>181</sup></a></li> <li>Redescription of the <a href="/facts/Holotype/a8n9vhHa">holotype</a> of <i><a href="/facts/Thalassodromeus/UsJLJYFu">Thalassodromeus</a> sethi</i> is published by Pêgas, Costa & <a href="/facts/Alexander_Kellner/or2yPo00">Kellner</a> (2018), who transfer the species <i><a href="/facts/Banguela/xoPpwBE9">Banguela</a> oberlii</i> to the genus <i>Thalassodromeus</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182"><sup>182</sup></a></li> <li>Purported pterosaur <a href="/facts/Pelvis/8Fq9z3TY">pelvis</a> from the <a href="/facts/Upper_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Upper Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/facts/Campanian/MoPSxcqL">Campanian</a>) <a href="/facts/Dinosaur_Park_Formation/fJwQPd31">Dinosaur Park Formation</a> (<a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a>) described by Funston, Martin-Silverstone & <a href="/facts/Philip_J._Currie/Y1eSnBsD">Currie</a> (2017)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183"><sup>183</sup></a> is reinterpreted as a broken <a href="/facts/Tyrannosauridae/6Dm2ljv7">tyrannosaurid</a> <a href="/facts/Squamosal_bone/y0WLT166">squamosal</a> by Funston, Martin-Silverstone & Currie (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184"><sup>184</sup></a></li> <li>Partial <a href="/facts/Mandible/1ATEfAQa">mandible</a> of a giant <a href="/facts/Azhdarchidae/km8IDnS4">azhdarchid</a> pterosaur, representing the largest pterosaur mandible reported so far, is described from the <a href="/facts/Upper_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Upper Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/facts/Maastrichtian/xRBafamu">Maastrichtian</a>) <a href="/facts/Ha%25C8%259Beg_Basin/9b9AF03n">Hațeg Basin</a> (<a href="/facts/Romania/yolzk5cN">Romania</a>) by Vremir <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185"><sup>185</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>New taxa</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Novelty</th><th>Status</th><th>Authors</th><th>Age</th><th>Unit</th><th>Location</th><th>Notes</th><th>Images</th></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Alcione_elainus/Av80PnVF">Alcione</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186"><sup>186</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Longrich, Martill & Andres</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Late_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Late Cretaceous</a> (late <a href="/facts/Maastrichtian/xRBafamu">Maastrichtian</a>)</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Ouled_Abdoun_Basin/GBMswvqW">Ouled Abdoun Basin</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a></p></td><td><p>A member of the family <a href="/facts/Nyctosauridae/CDbAFqxE">Nyctosauridae</a>. The type species is <i>A. elainus</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Barbaridactylus/TCQM7D8D">Barbaridactylus</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187"><sup>187</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Longrich, Martill & Andres</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Late_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Late Cretaceous</a> (late <a href="/facts/Maastrichtian/xRBafamu">Maastrichtian</a>)</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Ouled_Abdoun_Basin/GBMswvqW">Ouled Abdoun Basin</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a></p></td><td><p>A member of the family <a href="/facts/Nyctosauridae/CDbAFqxE">Nyctosauridae</a>. The type species is <i>B. grandis</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Caelestiventus/MyTaBonS">Caelestiventus</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188"><sup>188</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Britt <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Late_Triassic/TazKYWQN">Late Triassic</a> (probably late <a href="/facts/Norian/MtxaHnyD">Norian</a> or <a href="/facts/Rhaetian/n7W4IUYz">Rhaetian</a>)</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Nugget_Sandstone/NmQAktYt">Nugget Sandstone</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>( <a href="/facts/Utah/te7zUyBX">Utah</a>)</p></td><td><p>A relative of <i><a href="/facts/Dimorphodon/hNcpu9I1">Dimorphodon</a></i>. Genus includes new species <i>C. hanseni</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Nicorhynchus/PN6RdtNx">Coloborhynchus fluviferox</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189"><sup>189</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Jacobs <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Cretaceous/nwKtFtKx">Cretaceous</a></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Kem_Kem_Beds/fGxXmQ3x">Kem Kem Beds</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a></p></td><td><p>Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2019. Originally described as a species of <i><a href="/facts/Coloborhynchus/69zkP45F">Coloborhynchus</a></i>, but subsequently transferred to the genus <i>Nicorhynchus</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190"><sup>190</sup></a></p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Klobiodon/571VDYbw">Klobiodon</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191"><sup>191</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>O'Sullivan & Martill</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Middle_Jurassic/3XQSmQgU">Middle Jurassic</a> (<a href="/facts/Bathonian/wDyT99az">Bathonian</a>)</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Taynton_Limestone_Formation/sMEotylL">Taynton Limestone Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a></p></td><td><p>A member of the family <a href="/facts/Rhamphorhynchidae/SApqVJjn">Rhamphorhynchidae</a>. The type species is <i>K. rochei</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Mistralazhdarcho/IxbE5PmP">Mistralazhdarcho</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192"><sup>192</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Vullo <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Late_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Late Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/facts/Campanian/MoPSxcqL">Campanian</a>)</p></td><td></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a></p></td><td><p>A member of the family <a href="/facts/Azhdarchidae/km8IDnS4">Azhdarchidae</a>. Genus includes new species <i>M. maggii</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Serradraco/VhMQ9w0J">Serradraco</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193"><sup>193</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et comb. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Rigal, Martill & Sweetman</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Early_Cretaceous/5uWEJGYC">Early Cretaceous</a> (late <a href="/facts/Valanginian/Xjah8dox">Valanginian</a> or early <a href="/facts/Hauterivian/WpL9tVoU">Hauterivian</a>)</p></td><td><p>Upper <a href="/facts/Tunbridge_Wells_Sand_Formation/vHg3uwxV">Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a></p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Pterodactyloidea/MMlRxJEP">pterodactyloid</a> pterosaur; a new genus for <i>"<a href="/facts/Pterodactylus/mWqxW7Aa">Pterodactylus</a>" sagittirostris</i> Owen (1874). Announced in 2017; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2018.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Simurghia/SBdIl5wl">Simurghia</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194"><sup>194</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Longrich, Martill & Andres</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Late_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Late Cretaceous</a> (late <a href="/facts/Maastrichtian/xRBafamu">Maastrichtian</a>)</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Ouled_Abdoun_Basin/GBMswvqW">Ouled Abdoun Basin</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a></p></td><td><p>A member of the family <a href="/facts/Nyctosauridae/CDbAFqxE">Nyctosauridae</a>. The type species is <i>S. robusta</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Tethydraco/bKhQTBKl">Tethydraco</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195"><sup>195</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Longrich, Martill & Andres</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Late_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Late Cretaceous</a> (late <a href="/facts/Maastrichtian/xRBafamu">Maastrichtian</a>)</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Ouled_Abdoun_Basin/GBMswvqW">Ouled Abdoun Basin</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a></p></td><td><p>A pterosaur of uncertain phylogenetic placement, might be a member of the family <a href="/facts/Pteranodontidae/IoI2Pqwt">Pteranodontidae</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196"><sup>196</sup></a> or <a href="/facts/Azhdarchidae/km8IDnS4">Azhdarchidae</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197"><sup>197</sup></a> The type species is <i>T. regalis</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Vesperopterylus/cc4g2W12">Vesperopterylus</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198"><sup>198</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Lü <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Early_Cretaceous/5uWEJGYC">Early Cretaceous</a></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Jiufotang_Formation/wvju5wTF">Jiufotang Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a></p></td><td><p>A member of the family <a href="/facts/Anurognathidae/E4mXGF4R">Anurognathidae</a>. Genus includes new species <i>V. lamadongensis</i>. Announced in 2017; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2018.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Xericeps/AIpeeUrH">Xericeps</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199"><sup>199</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Martill <i>et al.</i></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Cretaceous/nwKtFtKx">Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/facts/Albian/faHcmHDC">Albian</a> or early <a href="/facts/Cenomanian/atR50Pe7">Cenomanian</a>)</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Kem_Kem_Beds/fGxXmQ3x">Kem Kem Beds</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a></p></td><td><p>A member of <a href="/facts/Azhdarchoidea/W72cQxog">Azhdarchoidea</a>. The type species is <i>X. curvirostris</i>. Announced in 2017; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2018.</p></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="other-archosaurs">Other archosaurs</h2> <h3>Research</h3> <ul><li>A study on the anatomy of <i><a href="/facts/Teleocrater/qkIqnxRv">Teleocrater</a> rhadinus</i> is published by <a href="/facts/Sterling_Nesbitt/XF7vSQvg">Nesbitt</a> <i>et al.</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200"><sup>200</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the phylogenetic relationships of <a href="/facts/Lagerpetidae/JHLVSK5g">lagerpetid</a> dinosauromorphs is published by Müller, Langer & Dias-da-Silva (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201"><sup>201</sup></a></li> <li>New specimen of <i><a href="/facts/Dromomeron/Y9htrkjJ">Dromomeron</a> romeri</i> (potentially representing the youngest known lagerpetid in North America, if not worldwide) is described from the Owl Rock Member of the <a href="/facts/Chinle_Formation/2KvoRmlW">Chinle Formation</a> (<a href="/facts/Arizona/6ayM3swJ">Arizona</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>) by Marsh (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202"><sup>202</sup></a></li> <li>A study on the phylogenetic relationships of <i><a href="/facts/Pisanosaurus/P8znNmqB">Pisanosaurus</a> mertii</i> is published by Agnolín & Rozadilla (2018), who interpret the taxon as a likely <a href="/facts/Silesauridae/2AeSXbrb">silesaurid</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203"><sup>203</sup></a></li> <li>Reevaluation of <i><a href="/facts/Caseosaurus/R3AvGK1l">Caseosaurus</a> crosbyensis</i> and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of the species is published by Baron & Williams (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204"><sup>204</sup></a></li> <li>Fossils of a member of the genus <i><a href="/facts/Smok_(archosaur)/mosvm618">Smok</a></i> of uncertain specific assignment are described from the Upper Triassic Marciszów site (southern <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a>) by Niedźwiedzki & Budziszewska-Karwowska (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205"><sup>205</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>New taxa</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Novelty</th><th>Status</th><th>Authors</th><th>Age</th><th>Unit</th><th>Location</th><th>Notes</th><th>Images</th></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Soumyasaurus/wlxWcXX6">Soumyasaurus</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206"><sup>206</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen. et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Valid</p></td><td><p>Sarıgül, Agnolín & <a href="/facts/Sankar_Chatterjee/K4Sx6JlW">Chatterjee</a></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Late_Triassic/TazKYWQN">Late Triassic</a></p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Tecovas_Formation/9m0hjgpG">Tecovas Formation</a></p></td><td><p> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>( <a href="/facts/Texas/B987WHF0">Texas</a>)</p></td><td><p>A member of <a href="/facts/Dinosauriformes/w2jCKAkU">Dinosauriformes</a>, probably a member of the family <a href="/facts/Silesauridae/2AeSXbrb">Silesauridae</a>. The type species is <i>S. aenigmaticus</i>.</p></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Robert J. Brocklehurst; Emma R. Schachner; William I. Sellers (2018). "Vertebral morphometrics and lung structure in non-avian dinosaurs". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (10): 180983. doi:10.1098/rsos.180983. PMC 6227937. PMID 30473845. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6227937" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6227937</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Gregory Paul (2019). "Comment on Brocklehurst et al.". Royal Society Open Science. 6 (2): Article ID 181872. Bibcode:2019RSOS....681872P. doi:10.1098/rsos.181872. PMC 6408402. PMID 30891298. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6408402" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6408402</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Armita R. Manafzadeh; Kevin Padian (2018). "ROM mapping of ligamentous constraints on avian hip mobility: implications for extinct ornithodirans". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 285 (1879): 20180727. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.0727. PMC 5998106. PMID 29794053. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5998106" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5998106</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Henry P. Tsai; Kevin M. Middleton; John R. Hutchinson; Casey M. Holliday (2018). "Hip joint articular soft tissues of non-dinosaurian Dinosauromorpha and early Dinosauria: evolutionary and biomechanical implications for Saurischia" (PDF). 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PMID 29910985. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6001717" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6001717</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Li, Zhiheng; Zhou, Zhonghe; Clarke, Julia A. (2018). "Convergent evolution of a mobile bony tongue in flighted dinosaurs and pterosaurs". PLOS ONE. 13 (6): e0198078. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1398078L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198078. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6010247. PMID 29924798. <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Zhonghe" target="_blank">/wiki/Zhou_Zhonghe</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Tariq Zouheir; Abdelkbir Hminna; Hendrik Klein; Abdelouahed Lagnaoui; Hafid Saber; Joerg W. Schneider (2018). "Unusual archosaur trackway and associated tetrapod ichnofauna from Irohalene member (Timezgadiouine formation, late Triassic, Carnian) of the Argana Basin, Western High Atlas, Morocco". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 32 (5): 589–601. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1513506. S2CID 91315646. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Martin Lockley; Rhett Burton; Lisa Grondel (2018). "A large assemblage of tetrapod tracks from the Cretaceous Naturita Formation, Cedar Canyon region, southwestern Utah". Cretaceous Research. 92: 108–121. Bibcode:2018CrRes..92..108L. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.08.003. S2CID 135147296. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Ashley L. Ferguson; David J. Varricchio; Alex J. Ferguson (2018). "Nest site taphonomy of colonial ground-nesting birds at Bowdoin National Wildlife Refuge, Montana". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 32 (7): 902–916. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1546699. S2CID 91578187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>María B. Von Baczko (2018). "Rediscovered cranial material of Venaticosuchus rusconii enables the first jaw biomechanics in Ornithosuchidae (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia)". Ameghiniana. 55 (4): 365–379. doi:10.5710/AMGH.19.03.2018.3170. hdl:11336/99976. S2CID 134536703. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Sterling J. Nesbitt; Michelle R. Stocker; William G. Parker; Thomas A. Wood; Christian A. Sidor; Kenneth D. Angielczyk (2018). "The braincase and endocast of Parringtonia gracilis, a Middle Triassic suchian (Archosaur: Pseudosuchia)". 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"Osteology of the first skull of Aetosauroides scagliai Casamiquela 1960 (Archosauria: Aetosauria) from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil (Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone) and its phylogenetic importance". PLOS ONE. 13 (8): e0201450. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1301450B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201450. PMC 6093665. PMID 30110362. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6093665" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6093665</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>M. Belen von Baczko; Jeremías R.A. Taborda; Julia Brenda Desojo (2018). "Paleoneuroanatomy of the aetosaur Neoaetosauroides engaeus (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) and its paleobiological implications among archosauriforms". PeerJ. 6: e5456. doi:10.7717/peerj.5456. PMC 6109373. 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