Jaish-e-Mohammed

<h2 id="origins">Origins</h2>
Pakistan's <a href="/facts/Inter-Services_Intelligence/fvkwo04J">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> (ISI) is said to have created Jaish-e-Mohammed by working with several <a href="/facts/Deobandi/amIAQIgM">Deobandi</a> Islamic jihadis associated with <a href="/facts/Harkat-ul-Mujahideen/4tzsflHy">Harkat-ul-Mujahideen</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> By the late 1990s, states <a href="/facts/Ahmed_Rashid/ztVI3VWG">Ahmed Rashid</a>, the <a href="/facts/Pakistani_military/KrR6tTG3">Pakistani military</a> justified <a href="/facts/Jihad/DerLM18J">jihad</a> in Kashmir as a legitimate part of its foreign policy. Harkat had been set up in mid-1990s with ISI support to carry out "spectacular acts of terrorism". The United States declared it an Islamic jihadist group in 1998 and bombed its training camps in Afghanistan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>
In December 1999, Harkat Islamic jihadis hijacked the <a href="/facts/Indian_Airlines_Flight_814/KV8l2WRn">Indian Airlines Flight 814</a> scheduled to fly from <a href="/facts/Kathmandu/0346ho1j">Kathmandu</a> to <a href="/facts/Delhi/Xa6CKgnf">Delhi</a>, and diverted it to <a href="/facts/Kandahar/5SWQAh9I">Kandahar</a>, where they were looked after by the Afghan <a href="/facts/Taliban/VJC0WJlq">Taliban</a> and the Pakistani officials stationed at the airport. After they slit the throat of a passenger, the Indian government agreed to their demands and released <a href="/facts/Maulana_Masood_Azhar/zkbfHmeG">Maulana Masood Azhar</a>, <a href="/facts/Ahmed_Omar_Saeed_Sheikh/c4FuI3K8">Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh</a> and <a href="/facts/Mushtaq_Ahmed_Zargar/PrLA1Kab">Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar</a>, three Harkat operatives previously imprisoned in India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> The released prisoners were escorted to Pakistan by the ISI,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> and Masood Azhar was chosen to head the new group Jaish-e-Mohammed. The ISI is said to have paraded him on a victory tour through Pakistan to raise money for the new organisation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> Some analysts argue that ISI built up the JeM to counter the growing power of <a href="/facts/Lashkar-e-Taiba/DeHCQG3z">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a> (LeT).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> Many analysts believed that around 1999, Pakistan's <a href="/facts/Inter-Services_Intelligence/fvkwo04J">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> (ISI) used JeM to fight in Kashmir and other places, and continues to provide it backing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> Although the JeM has been officially banned in Pakistan since 2002, it continues to openly operate several facilities in the country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a>
Azhar's leadership is said to be nominal. The group has a largely decentralised structure. JeM's membership, drawn from the former members of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, was allied to the Taliban in Afghanistan and <a href="/facts/Al_Qaeda/CIQSk3D7">Al Qaeda</a>. The members had shared the Al Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan and carried loyalty to Al Qaeda.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> A majority of the members of Harkat are said to have followed Azhar into the newly founded group, leaving Harkat under-funded and under-supported.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a>

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
<h3>2000–2001</h3>
On 20 April 2000, JeM carried out the first suicide bombing in Kashmir, exploding a bomb in an Indian army barracks. Five Indian soldiers were killed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a>

 
 
Following the <a href="/facts/September_11_attacks/PfWQcQNx">September 11 attacks</a> in the United States, the <a href="/facts/Pervez_Musharraf/D6hhCwqL">Musharraf government</a> joined the United States in the <a href="/facts/War_on_Terror/CTGl4eto">War on Terror</a>, assuming that the move would give it a free hand in supporting militancy in Kashmir.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> In October 2001, JeM carried out a <a href="/facts/2001_Jammu_and_Kashmir_legislative_assembly_car_bombing/S9dwF6G5">bombing near the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly</a>, killing 38 people and claiming responsibility for it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> In December 2001, JeM and LeT militants launched a <a href="/facts/Fidayeen/NRpTysz8">fidayeen</a> attack on the <a href="/facts/2001_Indian_Parliament_attack/XA0KreS4">Indian Parliament</a> waging a battle with the security personnel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> Eight security personnel and a gardener were killed, but the attack was foiled. JeM claimed responsibility for the attack, but removed the announcement a day later under pressure from the ISI.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> The Indian Government accused the LeT and JeM of being involved in the attack. Subsequently, four JeM members were caught by Indian authorities and put on trial. All four were found guilty of playing various roles in the incident. One of the accused, <a href="/facts/Afzal_Guru/b1GhTDxK">Afzal Guru</a>, was sentenced to death.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a>
Security specialist <a href="/facts/Bruce_Riedel/A2Q1RM1w">Bruce Riedel</a> comments that even by the standards of modern terrorism, this was an extraordinary attack. If the Prime Minister or a senior party leader of India was killed in the attack, India would have been forced to retaliate militarily.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> In the event, India called the terror attack an "attack on democracy" and began <a href="/facts/2001_India_Pakistan_standoff/bYCXdItK">large-scale troop mobilisation</a> at the India-Pakistan border, launching the largest war games in fifteen years. Pakistan retaliated by launching its own war games, moving troops from the Afghan border to the Indian border. The United States, annoyed with the dilution of the War on Terror as well as the threat of an Indo-Pakistani war, delivered an ultimatum to Musharraf, asking him to make "a clear statement to the world that he intends to crack down on terror". Pushed to a corner, Musharraf announced on 12 January 2002 that no organisation would be allowed to indulge in terrorism in the name of Kashmir. He declared a ban on five extremist groups including the JeM. Hundreds of militants were rounded up, states Ahmed Rashid, giving rise to severe hostility and derision from them. However, by March 2002, all the arrested militants were freed and curbs on them were quietly lifted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> Financial and intelligence inputs to JeM were resumed. Masood Azhar was released under a court order.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a>

<h3>Bans, revolts and split</h3>
Earlier in 2001, when the group anticipated that the US State Department would declare it a foreign Islamic jihadist organisation, it renamed itself Tehrik-ul-Furqan and transferred its assets to low-profile supporters. JeM was declared a foreign Islamic jihadist organisation by the United Nations in October 2001 and by the US in December 2001.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a>
In response to the January 2002 ban by Pakistan, JeM changed its name to Khuddam ul-Islam. Khuddam was also banned in 2003, after which it re-branded itself as a charity called Al-Rehmat Trust through which they are accused of raising funds for their activities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a>
By this time, the JeM had split into two groups, due to conflicts among the members. Three JeM commanders, Abdul Jabbar, Maulana Umar Farooq and Abdullah Shah Mazhar, left the group and formed Jamaat ul-Furqan. The remaining group that stayed with Masood Azhar used the name Khuddam ul-Islam.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a>
The rank and file of the JeM were angered by Musharraf's U-turn in joining the War on Terror. By staying loyal to the Pakistani state, Masood Azhar lost majority support in the JeM Supreme Council, who demanded his resignation. Particularly influential among the rebels was Maulana Abdul Jabbar, whose faction led a jihad against what they called the "slave" government of Pakistan and the US influence upon it. They were supported by Al Qaeda, and joined by members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, <a href="/facts/Lashkar-e-Jhangvi/7Q631Dhc">Lashkar-e-Jhangvi</a> and Harkatul Mujahideen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a>
From March to September 2002, the rebels carried out suicide missions on Pakistani officials in cities like Islamabad, Karachi, Murree, Taxila and Bahawalpur. After the fall of the Taliban government, the JeM activists returning from Afghanistan attacked Christian churches, Shia mosques and diplomatic missions inside Pakistan. The ISI demanded Masood Azhar to rein in the rank-and-file. However he had lost control over them. He maintained that they were already expelled from the organisation and the state should arrest them. In fact, most of the factions remained within the JeM and competed with the parent organisation for authority and resources. Some rebellious factions gathered around Abdul Jabbar who launched Jamaat-ul-Furqan in late 2002. The rebel factions were supported by "rogue" members of the ISI.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a>
In November 2003, the Musharraf government banned the renamed Khuddam ul-Islam as well as Jamaat-ul-Furqan. Then the rebels carried out two assassination attempts on President Musharraf himself, on 14 December and 25 December 2003. There was evidence of Pakistan military members providing logistical support for the attempts. The explosives used in the bombings were traced to an Al Qaeda camp in South Waziristan. Masood Azhar too had publicly called for the assassination of Musharraf.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a>
Eventually, the government cracked down on the rogue elements in the military and intelligence establishments. More than a hundred members were apprehended and dismissed, with some members being sentenced to death. However, the majority of the militant infrastructure was left intact. Azhar's group, which had fallen into relative obscurity by 2004, was allowed to rebuild itself after the problematic portions of the leadership were purged.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> The rebellious factions eventually realigned themselves with <a href="/facts/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan/7DTetBA7">Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan</a> (Pakistani Taliban) in 2007.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a>

<h3>Revival</h3>
Masood Azhar stayed loyal to the Pakistani state after 2004. Pakistan in turn protected his group despite the official bans. The group continued to grow in <a href="/facts/Bahawalpur/YQfLNU5L">Bahawalpur</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> In 2009, it was reported to have built a large 6.5 acre walled complex in Bahawalpur, along with a swimming pool and a stable for a dozen horses, which could be used for training militants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> <a href="/facts/India_Today/KNhojvvI">India Today</a> later revealed that the complex has been branded as 'Jamia Masjid Subhan Allah' and that it was 8 km. away from the headquarters of Pakistan Army's <a href="/facts/XXXI_Corps_(Pakistan)/n8lTaM3q">31 Corps</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> In the centre of the city, the group runs an "imposing" madrassa, attended by hundreds of children every year. In 2008, the organisation held a massive three-day rally in the city, with its own armed security guards posted at all the entrances to the city centre. The police were conspicuous by their absence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a>
Masood Azhar kept a low profile for several years until he resurfaced in 2014, giving fiery speeches calling for more attacks on India and the United States. He boasted of having 300 suicide attackers at his command and threatened to kill <a href="/facts/Narendra_Modi/bVn4fGGz">Narendra Modi</a> if he were to become the Prime Minister.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a>
<a href="/facts/Bruce_Riedel/A2Q1RM1w">Bruce Riedel</a> connects the revival of JeM to the return to office of Prime Minister <a href="/facts/Nawaz_Sharif/4f8ecboB">Nawaz Sharif</a>, who had long advocated a 'détente' with India. The developing links between him and the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, especially following the latter's visit to Lahore on the Christmas Day in 2015, angered the group.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a>

<h3>2016</h3>
A week after Narendra Modi's visit, in January 2016, the group launched an attack on the <a href="/facts/2016_Pathankot_attack/YymwCn14">Pathankot air base</a> in which seven security personnel were killed. This was immediately followed by an attack on the Indian consulate in <a href="/facts/Mazar-i-Sharif/IKXduF4P">Mazar-i-Sharif</a> in Afghanistan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a>
Both India and Pakistan condemned the attack and stayed on course with their peace process. Pakistan has also followed on the leads provided by India and carried out raids on the offices of JeM. It announced the formation of a joint investigation team with India to investigate the attack.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> It was also announced that Masood Azhar was taken into "protective custody".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> However, JeM issued a statement denying that anybody had been arrested.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a>
In April 2016, the JeM chief Masood Azhar was said to be free but "within reach, if needed". According to <a href="/facts/Riaz_Hussain_Pirzada/73EyP9AS">Riaz Hussain Pirzada</a>, the <a href="/facts/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan/UWXYFunH">Member of National Assembly</a> from Bahawalpur, the "breeding grounds" still remained and the madrassas were still being financed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> According to an official, Nawaz Sharif ordered the Counterterrorism Department to crack down on the organisation but, in a high-level meeting, the army chief General <a href="/facts/Raheel_Sharif/d9I68Ktw">Raheel Sharif</a> pressured the Prime Minister to hand over the crackdown to the Army, after which "no one knows what happened".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> <a href="/facts/Dawn_(newspaper)/JGYqrWkk">Dawn</a> reported the Punjab Chief Minister <a href="/facts/Shahbaz_Sharif/UoYYgcr6">Shahbaz Sharif</a> as saying that, whenever civilian authorities took action against certain groups, the security establishment worked behind the scenes to set them free. The government however denied the accuracy of the report.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a>
Following the onset of the <a href="/facts/2016_Kashmir_unrest/Cx4hshmu">2016 Kashmir unrest</a> in Indian Jammu and Kashmir, all the jihadi groups in Pakistan held rallies in major cities like <a href="/facts/Lahore/cjHrUPaD">Lahore</a>. The JeM was seen openly raising funds for jihad.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a>
In September 2016, jihadi militants <a href="/facts/2016_Uri_attack/0MYbPWVq">attacked the Indian brigade headquarters</a> in <a href="/facts/Uri,_Jammu_and_Kashmir/KGkK02bt">Uri</a>, close to the <a href="/facts/Line_of_Control/ApKNJfnx">Line of Control</a> in Jammu and Kashmir. The attack resulted in the death of 19 soldiers, described as the deadliest attack in over two decades. India suspected JeM for the attack. It also made its feelings felt with heavy rhetoric, the Indian Home Minister calling Pakistan a "terrorist state" and noting that the perpetrators were "highly trained, heavily armed, and specially equipped". Pakistan denied involvement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a>
India then launched a diplomatic offensive, trying to isolate Pakistan in the world community. On 28 September, it declared that it had carried out "<a href="/facts/2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike/oA4leKJb">surgical strikes</a>" on alleged JeM camps in Pakistani-administered Kashmir. The claim was however denied by Pakistan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a>

<h3>2019</h3>
On 14 February 2019, Jaish-e-Mohammed carried out and claimed responsibility <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> for a <a href="/facts/2019_Pulwama_attack/6rmG0NPD">suicide attack in Lathpora</a> near <a href="/facts/Awantipora/LnWzsspt">Awantipora</a> in Kashmir's Pulwama District on a convoy of security forces, killing least 40 Indian personnel. A bus carrying 39 Central Reserve Police Force personnel was rammed by a car carrying 350 kg of explosives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a>
On 26 February 2019, 12 <a href="/facts/Indian_Air_Force/XbNJ5qcp">Indian Air Force</a> <a href="/facts/Mirage_2000/qBkVyEJv">Mirage 2000</a> jets crossed the Line of Control, and dropped precision-guided bombs on an alleged Jaish-e-Mohammed training camp in <a href="/facts/Balakot/kCoSFBtt">Balakot</a>, a town in the Khyber province of <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a> The Pakistani government denied that any damage had been caused by the bombs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a> In the process, Pakistan shot down an Indian aircraft, capturing its pilot and releasing him back to the Indian government as a peace gesture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a>
On 27 August 2019, two members of a nomadic community were killed by terrorists believed to be members of Jaish-e-Mohammed in the higher reaches of Tral in south Kashmir after they were abducted from their temporary shelter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a>

<h3>2021</h3>
After the Taliban seizure of Afghanistan, many JeM cadres were released, the JeM and Taliban have held meetings and the JeM has been assured of all support in carrying out its activities in India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a> The Hindustan Times reported on Oct 27, 2021 that JeM's leader Masood Azhar met w/ Taliban leaders including Mullah Baradar in Khandar in late August 2021 seeking their help in the Kashmir fight.

<h2 id="ideology-and-goals">Ideology and goals</h2>
The declared objective of the JeM is to liberate Kashmir and merge it with Pakistan. However, it projects Kashmir as a "gateway" to the entire India, whose Muslims are also deemed to be in need of liberation. After liberating Kashmir, it aims to carry its jihad to other parts of India, with an intent to drive Hindus and other non-Muslims from the <a href="/facts/Indian_subcontinent/0XUWGXpx">Indian subcontinent</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a>
JeM aims to drive the United States and Western forces from Afghanistan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a> The JeM leader Masood Azhar is reported to have said in a speech in <a href="/facts/Karachi/pz65ABkw">Karachi</a>:

<blockquote>Marry for jihad, give birth for jihad and earn money only for jihad till the cruelty of America and India ends.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a></blockquote>
In late 2002, Christians were targeted across Pakistan and the gunmen belonging to JeM were caught for the acts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> Some members have attacked members of the Pakistani state and western targets inside Pakistan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a> Jewish American journalist <a href="/facts/Daniel_Pearl/KuKkFF0j">Daniel Pearl</a> was abducted and murdered by <a href="/facts/Ahmed_Omar_Sheikh/c4FuI3K8">Ahmed Omar Sheikh</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a>

<h2 id="organisation">Organisation</h2>
<h3>Leadership</h3>
JeM's founder and leader (emir) is Maulana Masood Azhar, who had earlier been a leader of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. Having trained at the same religious seminary (<a href="/facts/Jamia_Uloom-ul-Islamia/8XEwwQYK">Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia</a> in Karachi) as the Taliban founder <a href="/facts/Mullah_Omar/6uXCAHSN">Mullah Omar</a>, he had long-standing connections to Taliban and Al Qaeda.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a> He had fought in Afghanistan and set up Harkat affiliates in Chechnya, Central Asia and Somalia. He was reputed to have taught the Somalis how to shoot down American <a href="/facts/Sikorsky_UH-60_Black_Hawk/xXhJqFjq">Black Hawk</a> helicopters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a> He was regarded as a close associate of <a href="/facts/Osama_bin_Laden/BPGsesb9">Osama bin Laden</a>, when he was sent to Britain for fund raising in the early 1990s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a> In 1994, Azhar went to Indian-administered Kashmir on a "mission" and got arrested by Indian security forces. Reportedly, Osama bin Laden wanted Azhar freed and ordered Al Qaeda to arrange the hijacking that led to his release. Subsequently, Azhar was lionized in Pakistan and promoted by the ISI as the leader of the new group Jaish-e-Mohammed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> Azhar was specially designated as a "global Islamic terrorist" by the <a href="/facts/United_States_Treasury_Department/lDmua740">United States Treasury Department</a> in 2010.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a>
JeM is run by Azhar's family like a family enterprise.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a> Masood Azhar's brother, <a href="/facts/Abdul_Rauf_Asghar/dGBzwnnh">Abdul Rauf Asghar</a>, is a senior leader of JeM and its intelligence coordinator. He was one of the hijackers of the flight IC 814 and served as the "acting leader" of JeM in Masood Azhar's absence in 2007. Since 2008, he has been involved with organising suicide attacks in India, including the <a href="/facts/2016_Pathankot_attack/YymwCn14">2016 Pathankot attack</a>, where he was found to have directed the militants via telephone. Abdul Rauf Asghar has also been designated as a "global terrorists" by the United States Treasury Department.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> In 2023, one of its commanders, Shahid Latif, was mysteriously assassinated in a mosque in Daska, <a href="/facts/Sialkot/MtG7t1gG">Sialkot</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a>

<h3>Membership</h3>
The launch of JeM in Karachi in 2000 was attended by 10,000 armed followers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a> The majority of the early membership was drawn from Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a> Having fought in Afghanistan alongside the Taliban and Al Qaeda, these members carried loyalty to those organisations and enmity towards the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a>
Approximately three-quarters of JeM's membership is drawn from Punjab in Pakistan, from <a href="/facts/Multan_District/oXkaxJW9">Multan</a>, <a href="/facts/Bahawalpur_District/c7wqsdbW">Bahawalpur</a> and <a href="/facts/Rahim_Yar_Khan_District/z3FgI1TN">Rahim Yar Khan</a> districts. This region being the main ethnic origin of the Pakistani military corps, ISI believed that the shared ethnicity would make the JeM aligned to the military's strategic goals. There are also a large number of Afghans and Arabs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a> Several western militants of Pakistani origin have also joined the organisation. Prominent among them are <a href="/facts/Rashid_Rauf/bTIXeg66">Rashid Rauf</a>, who was involved with a <a href="/facts/2006_transatlantic_aircraft_plot/UfeQ3qvc">2006 plot to blow up transatlantic airliners</a>, <a href="/facts/Shehzad_Tanweer/cF40K87x">Shehzad Tanweer</a>, who was involved with the <a href="/facts/7_July_2005_London_bombings/FQloc3bg">2005 London Underground bombings</a>, and <a href="/facts/Ahmed_Omar_Sheikh/c4FuI3K8">Ahmed Omar Sheikh</a>, convicted of murdering <a href="/facts/Daniel_Pearl/KuKkFF0j">Daniel Pearl</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a>
Following the split in 2002, the majority of the original fighters left the parent organisation and joined renegade groups. When the organisation was revived by 2009, JeM was believed to have between one and two thousand fighters and several thousand supporting personnel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a> Masood Azhar claimed to have 300 suicide attackers at his command.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a>

<h3>Infrastructure</h3>
JeM originally operated training camps in Afghanistan, jointly with the other militant groups. After the fall of the Taliban government, it relocated them to <a href="/facts/Balakot/kCoSFBtt">Balakot</a> and <a href="/facts/Peshawar/fTlsFmgE">Peshawar</a> in <a href="/facts/Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa/A5IKDXIH">Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa</a> and <a href="/facts/Muzaffarabad/90zG6KQ5">Muzaffarabad</a> in <a href="/facts/Azad_Jammu_and_Kashmir/WSsgCgRd">Pakistan-administered Kashmir</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a> By 2009, it developed a new headquarters in <a href="/facts/Bahawalpur/YQfLNU5L">Bahawalpur</a> in <a href="/facts/Punjab,_Pakistan/ppTkKUTS">Pakistani Punjab</a>, 420 miles south of <a href="/facts/Islamabad/3xUNDt3g">Islamabad</a>. These include a madrassa in the centre of the city and a 6.5 acre walled complex that serves as a training facility, including water training and horse back riding. Bahawalpur also serves as a <a href="/facts/Rest_and_recuperation/HEsjsBXz">rest and recuperation</a> facility for jihadists fighting in Afghanistan, away from the areas of <a href="/facts/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan/vTbTTEaK">US drone attacks</a>. It is also close to the bases of other militant groups with which JeM is believed to have operational ties: <a href="/facts/Lashkar-e-Taiba/DeHCQG3z">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a> in <a href="/facts/Muridke/IInT54Nj">Muridke</a>, <a href="/facts/Sipah-e-Sahaba/9WGxkx8x">Sipah-e-Sahaba</a> in <a href="/facts/Gojra/53Ddon1h">Gojra</a>, and <a href="/facts/Lashkar-e-Jhangvi/7Q631Dhc">Lashkar-e-Jhangvi</a> also based in Punjab. There are at least 500–1000 other madrassas in Bahawalpur, most of which teach a violent version of Islam to children.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a>

<h3>Publications</h3>
Like other jihadi outfits in the country, JeM distills its ideology through the print media, its publications including the weekly Al-Qalam in Urdu and English, monthly Ayeshatul Binat in Urdu for women and weekly Musalman Bachy for children.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a> Other E-publications are made on telegram channels usually stating their successes in their operations against the Indian Army and publishing statements of the leadership of the organization<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a>

<h3>Links to other organisations</h3>
When JeM started, it had strong ties to the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, sharing their training camps in Afghanistan, and exchanging intelligence, training and coordination.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a> Bruce Riedel suggests that the <a href="/facts/2001_Indian_Parliament_attack/XA0KreS4">2001 Indian Parliament attack</a> was possibly a "payback" to Al-Qaeda for its earlier help in getting Masood Azhar released. With the Indian reaction to the attack, Pakistan was forced to move its forces from the Afghan border to the Indian border, relieving pressure on Al-Qaeda.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a>
Most of the JeM members with loyalties to the Taliban left to join renegade groups in 2002. However, Masood Azhar's group was noticed recruiting fighters for the Afghan jihad in 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a> In 2010, Pakistan's Interior minister <a href="/facts/Rehman_Malik/0pvCqP1R">Rehman Malik</a> stated that the JeM, along with <a href="/facts/Lashkar-e-Jhangvi/7Q631Dhc">Lashkar-e-Jhangvi</a> and <a href="/facts/Sipah-e-Sahaba_Pakistan/9WGxkx8x">Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan</a>, were allied to the Taliban and Al-Qaeda.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a> Within South Punjab, the JeM is closely allied to Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and Sipah-e-Sahaba. Scholars Abou Zahab and Roy state that the three organisations appear to be "the same party" focusing on different sectors of activity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a>
JeM continues to have links to its ancestor, Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. In addition, the group has operational ties to Lashkar-e-Taiba, which it employed in launching the 2001 Indian Parliament attack.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a> It joined the ISI-sponsored <a href="/facts/United_Jihad_Council/4N0rCdUE">United Jihad Council</a>, an umbrella organisation of 13–16 militant organisations that fight in Indian-administered Kashmir.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a>
Khuddam ul-Islam is a militant splinter group of the Jaish-e-Mohammed. It is a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the <a href="/facts/Terrorism_Act_2000/kQMckdlc">Terrorism Act 2000</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a> and said to be politically aligned with <a href="/facts/Maulana_Fazal-ur-Rehman/cYdgow9a">Maulana Fazal-ur-Rehman</a>'s faction of <a href="/facts/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Islam/3H9tUmRf">Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a> Some sources believe that Khuddam ul-Islam is simply a restructuring of JeM and that the group is under the command of Mufti <a href="/facts/Abdul_Rauf_Asghar/dGBzwnnh">Abdul Rauf Asghar</a>, the younger brother of JeM's founder, <a href="/facts/Maulana_Masood_Azhar/zkbfHmeG">Maulana Masood Azhar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a>

<h2 id="al-akhtar-trust">Al-Akhtar Trust</h2>
Before being designated as a terrorist organization, Jaish-e-Mohammed established the Al-Akhtar Trust (<a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: ثقة الأختر, <a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Arabic/A760zaoa">romanized</a>: Thiqat alʼkhtr) in Pakistan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a> The group mostly funded Al-Qaeda and the Taliban and its associates with food, water, and clothing for orphans of "martyrs".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a> The organization also funded terrorism in Iraq before being designated as a terrorist organization funder by the United States on October 14, 2003.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a>

<h2 id="notable-attacks">Notable attacks</h2>
<ul><li>The group, in co-ordination with <a href="/facts/Lashkar-e-Taiba/DeHCQG3z">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a>, has been implicated in the <a href="/facts/2001_Indian_Parliament_attack/XA0KreS4">2001 Indian Parliament attack</a> in New Delhi.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a></li>
<li>It has been suspected in the murder of American journalist <a href="/facts/Daniel_Pearl/KuKkFF0j">Daniel Pearl</a> in Karachi.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a></li>
<li>Rahul Gandhi kidnap plot was a failed plot of this militant group to kidnap a prominent Indian political personality in lieu of 42 militant imprisoned in India. Several newspapers reported that the political personality was <a href="/facts/Rahul_Gandhi/Vl8lHu94">Rahul Gandhi</a>, scion of the India's <a href="/facts/Nehru%E2%80%93Gandhi_family/2ex9xAPz">Nehru-Gandhi political dynasty</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a> The three Pakistani nationals were arrested namely Mohammed Abid alias Fateh from <a href="/facts/Lahore/cjHrUPaD">Lahore</a>, Yusuf alias Faisal of <a href="/facts/Multan/7k0pEI4j">Multan</a> and Mirza Rashid Beg alias Raja Kajafi of <a href="/facts/Sialkot/MtG7t1gG">Sialkot</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a></li>
<li>An <a href="/facts/Informant/TUMMRnHR">informant</a>, posing as a member of Jaish-e-Mohammed, helped police to arrest four people allegedly plotting to bomb a New York City synagogue as well as to shoot <a href="/facts/FIM-92_Stinger/7MT2jU1M">Stinger</a> missiles at military aircraft in the United States. The arrest of the four took place in May 2009. One of the four, by the name of James Cromitie, allegedly expressed the desire to join Jaish-e-Mohammed. This expression allegedly took place approximately a year prior to this arrest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a></li>
<li>In January 2016, members of the group were suspected of carrying out the <a href="/facts/2016_Pathankot_attack/YymwCn14">Pathankot attack</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a></li>
<li>In September 2016, the group was accused of carrying out <a href="/facts/2016_Uri_attack/0MYbPWVq">an attack</a> over an army camp at Uri, Kashmir.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a></li>
<li>On 14 February 2019, a suicide bomber of the group, Adil Ahmad Dar, carried out a <a href="/facts/2019_Pulwama_attack/6rmG0NPD">suicide bombing attack</a> on a convoy of security vehicles near <a href="/facts/Pulwama/5jALbE8L">Pulwama, Jammu & Kashmir</a> and killed at least 40 <a href="/facts/Central_Reserve_Police_Force/B13fXdcQ">CRPF</a> personnel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_Deobandi_organisations/lyabmjpG">List of Deobandi organisations</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/2009_detention_of_Americans_by_Pakistan/2kzS6xFl">2009 detention of Americans by Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir/lu2JQYwY">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Abdul_Rauf_Asghar/dGBzwnnh">Abdul Rauf Asghar</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Khuddam_ul-Islam/h2aAdWeU">Khuddam ul-Islam</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="general-bibliography">General bibliography</h2>
<ul><li>Abou Zahab, Mariam; <a href="/facts/Olivier_Roy_(professor)/utxU0Bps">Roy, Olivier</a> (2004) [First published in French in 2002], <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3VLN26d9Gx8C&pg=PA29">Islamist Networks: The Afghan-Pakistan Connection</a>, translated by King, John, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-85065-704-0</li>
<li>Bowen, Innes (2014), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9FonDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA105">Medina in Birmingham, Najaf in Brent: Inside British Islam</a>, Hurst, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84904-529-2</li>
<li>Cronin, Audrey Kurth; Aden, Huda; Frost, Adam; Jones, Benjamin (6 February 2004), <a href="https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL32223.pdf">"Foreign Terrorist Organizations"</a> (PDF), CRS Report for Congress, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service: 40–43, retrieved 2 December 2012</li>
<li><a href="/facts/C._Christine_Fair/11rGWrVj">Fair, C. Christine</a> (2014), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=szaTAwAAQBAJ">Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War</a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-989271-6</li>
<li>Gregory, Shaun (2007), "The ISI and the War on Terrorism", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 30 (12): 1013–1031, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10576100701670862">10.1080/10576100701670862</a>, <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1057-610X">1057-610X</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71331428">71331428</a></li>
<li>Gunaratna, Rohan; Kam, Stefanie (2016), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3XQDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA230">Handbook of Terrorism in the Asia–Pacific</a>, World Scientific, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-78326-997-6</li>
<li>Honawar, Rohit (November 2005), <a href="https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/100232/IPCS-Special-Report-04.pdf">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a> (PDF), New Delhi: Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, retrieved 11 October 2016</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Christophe_Jaffrelot/mk8dvIlL">Jaffrelot, Christophe</a> (2015), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA520">The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience</a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-023518-5</li>
<li>Majidyar, Ahmad (June 2010), <a href="https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/02-MEO-June-2010-g.pdf">Could the Taliban Take Over Pakistan's Punjab Province?</a> (PDF), American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, retrieved 16 October 2016</li>
<li>Moj, Muhammad (2015), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mbm2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98">The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies</a>, Anthem Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-78308-389-3</li>
<li>Moore, John (2001). <a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/target/etc/modern.html">"The Evolution of Islamic Terrorism: An Overview"</a>. Frontline: Target America. PBS Online and WGBH/Frontline. Retrieved 2 December 2009.</li>
<li>Popovic, Milos (2015), "The Perils of Weak Organization: Explaining Loyalty and Defection of Militant Organizations Toward Pakistan", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38 (11): 919–937, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2015.1063838">10.1080/1057610X.2015.1063838</a>, <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1057-610X">1057-610X</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:108668097">108668097</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ahmed_Rashid/ztVI3VWG">Rashid, Ahmed</a> (2012), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUE2SuQ-eMC">Descent into Chaos: How the War Against Islamic Extremism is Being Lost in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia</a>, Penguin Books Limited, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-14-191909-6</li>
<li>Riedel, Bruce O. (2012), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ULgk7_oWB1EC">Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad</a>, Brookings Institution Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8157-2274-8</li>
<li><a href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm">"Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) Factsheet"</a>. <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_State/WsB5FMBT">United States Department of State</a>. 11 October 2005.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit (19 March 2020). "The Terrorist Who Got Away". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2021. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/magazine/masood-azhar-jaish.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/magazine/masood-azhar-jaish.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Jaffrelot, The Pakistan Paradox (2015), p. 520: "as soon as he was freed, Masood Azhar was back in Pakistan where he founded a new jihadist movement, Jaish-e-Mohammed, which became one of the jihadist groups the ISI used in Kashmir and elsewhere." - Jaffrelot, Christophe (2015), The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-023518-5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA520" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA520</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Cronin et al., Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) (2004), pp. 40–43 - Cronin, Audrey Kurth; Aden, Huda; Frost, Adam; Jones, Benjamin (6 February 2004), "Foreign Terrorist Organizations" (PDF), CRS Report for Congress, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service: 40–43, retrieved 2 December 2012 <a href="https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL32223.pdf" target="_blank">https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL32223.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Cronin et al., Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) (2004), p. 40: "The JEM is a Pakistan-based, militant Islamic group founded by Maulana Masood Azhar in March 2000." - Cronin, Audrey Kurth; Aden, Huda; Frost, Adam; Jones, Benjamin (6 February 2004), "Foreign Terrorist Organizations" (PDF), CRS Report for Congress, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service: 40–43, retrieved 2 December 2012 <a href="https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL32223.pdf" target="_blank">https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL32223.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Moj, Deoband Madrassah Movement (2015), p. 98: "Deobandis like Masood Azhar, a graduate of Jamia Binouria who later set up a jihadist outfit named Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM) in 2000, reportedly at the behest of Pakistan's military establishment." - Moj, Muhammad (2015), The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies, Anthem Press, ISBN 978-1-78308-389-3 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mbm2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=mbm2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Jaish-e-Mohammad: A profile". BBC News. 6 February 2002. Archived from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2009. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1804228.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1804228.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"Attack May Spoil Kashmir Summit". SpaceWar.com. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2015. <a href="http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Attack_May_Spoil_Kashmir_Summit.html" target="_blank">http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Attack_May_Spoil_Kashmir_Summit.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Moj, Deoband Madrassah Movement (2015), p. 98: "In addition to guerilla activities in Kashmir, JeM kept close ties with the Taliban as well as al-Qaeda in Afghanistan." - Moj, Muhammad (2015), The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies, Anthem Press, ISBN 978-1-78308-389-3 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mbm2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=mbm2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization (2015), pp. 921, 925, 926. - Popovic, Milos (2015), "The Perils of Weak Organization: Explaining Loyalty and Defection of Militant Organizations Toward Pakistan", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38 (11): 919–937, doi:10.1080/1057610X.2015.1063838, ISSN 1057-610X, S2CID 108668097 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2015.1063838" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2015.1063838</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Riedel, Deadly Embrace (2012): "The answer is JeM's friend and ally, Osama bin Laden's al Qaeda." (p. 69) "Or as Pakistan's interior minister Rehman Malik has put it, "They—Lashkar-e-Janghvi, the Sipah-e-Sohaba Pakistan, and Jaish-e-Mohammad—are allies of the Taliban and al Qaeda" and do indeed pursue many of the same goals." (p. 100) - Riedel, Bruce O. (2012), Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad, Brookings Institution Press, ISBN 978-0-8157-2274-8 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ULgk7_oWB1EC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ULgk7_oWB1EC</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Moj, Deoband Madrassah Movement (2015), p. 98: "Deobandis like Masood Azhar, a graduate of Jamia Binouria who later set up a jihadist outfit named Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM) in 2000, reportedly at the behest of Pakistan's military establishment." - Moj, Muhammad (2015), The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies, Anthem Press, ISBN 978-1-78308-389-3 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mbm2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=mbm2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Rashid, Descent into Chaos (2012), Glossary: "Jaish-e-Mohammed— ... militant group... formed in 2000 by the ISI and Maulana Masud Azhar in the aftermath of the hijacking of an Air India plane to Kandahar." - Rashid, Ahmed (2012), Descent into Chaos: How the War Against Islamic Extremism is Being Lost in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia, Penguin Books Limited, ISBN 978-0-14-191909-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUE2SuQ-eMC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUE2SuQ-eMC</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Riedel, Deadly Embrace (2012), p. 69: "the ISI-supported, if not created, Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM) terror organization." - Riedel, Bruce O. (2012), Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad, Brookings Institution Press, ISBN 978-0-8157-2274-8 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ULgk7_oWB1EC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ULgk7_oWB1EC</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">C. Christine Fair (12 January 2016), "Bringing back the Dead: Why Pakistan Used the Jaishe-Mohammad to Attack an Indian Airbase", Huffington Post, This interpretation of the attack as 'peace spoiler' misses the strategic element of the ISI's revival of Jaish-e-Mohammad... <a href="/wiki/C._Christine_Fair" target="_blank">/wiki/C._Christine_Fair</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Bruce Riedel (5 January 2016). "Blame Pakistani Spy Service for Attack on Indian Air Force Base". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2016.: "His group is technically illegal in Pakistan but enjoys the continuing patronage of the ISI." <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Riedel" target="_blank">/wiki/Bruce_Riedel</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Riedel, Deadly Embrace (2012), p. 70: "But the ban was only a formality; neither organization [LeT and JeM] was seriously disrupted or dismantled. Hardly touched by the crackdown, LeT was spared the most." - Riedel, Bruce O. (2012), Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad, Brookings Institution Press, ISBN 978-0-8157-2274-8 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ULgk7_oWB1EC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ULgk7_oWB1EC</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Majidyar, Could Taliban take over Punjab? (2010), p. 3: "Pakistani jails have revolving doors, and even high-profile detainees like JeM leader Maulana Masood Azhar and LeT chief Hafiz Muhammad Saeed were soon free men. Banned organizations resurfaced under new names or as charities..." - Majidyar, Ahmad (June 2010), Could the Taliban Take Over Pakistan's Punjab Province? (PDF), American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, retrieved 16 October 2016 <a href="https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/02-MEO-June-2010-g.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/02-MEO-June-2010-g.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Gregory, The ISI and the War on Terrorism (2007), pp. 1022–1023: "However, most of those arrested were subsequently released without any charges and the separatist/Islamic Jihadis groups, such as the ISI creations Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed, have been permitted to re-form, some of them under different names." - Gregory, Shaun (2007), "The ISI and the War on Terrorism", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 30 (12): 1013–1031, doi:10.1080/10576100701670862, ISSN 1057-610X, S2CID 71331428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10576100701670862" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10576100701670862</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Shah, Saeed (13 September 2009). "Terror group builds big base under Pakistani officials' noses". McClatchy newspapers. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2016. <a href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article24554758.html" target="_blank">http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article24554758.html</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">JeM's Azhar lives freely in Pakistan, govt never detained him: Report Archived 5 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Hindustan Times, 26 April 2016. <a href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/world/pakistan-didn-t-detain-masood-azhar-after-pathankot-attack-report/story-QlXZi7xMlPtaPNF1ZVg1NJ.html" target="_blank">http://www.hindustantimes.com/world/pakistan-didn-t-detain-masood-azhar-after-pathankot-attack-report/story-QlXZi7xMlPtaPNF1ZVg1NJ.html</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:28">"pathankot terror attack case" (PDF). National Investigation Agency. <a href="https://www.nia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/CasesPdfDoc/Chargesheet_of_Pathankot_case_for_website-3.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/CasesPdfDoc/Chargesheet_of_Pathankot_case_for_website-3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">C. Christine Fair (12 January 2016), "Bringing back the Dead: Why Pakistan Used the Jaishe-Mohammad to Attack an Indian Airbase", Huffington Post, This interpretation of the attack as 'peace spoiler' misses the strategic element of the ISI's revival of Jaish-e-Mohammad... <a href="/wiki/C._Christine_Fair" target="_blank">/wiki/C._Christine_Fair</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Bruce Riedel (5 January 2016). "Blame Pakistani Spy Service for Attack on Indian Air Force Base". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2016.: "His group is technically illegal in Pakistan but enjoys the continuing patronage of the ISI." <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Riedel" target="_blank">/wiki/Bruce_Riedel</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">"Pakistan arrests Jaish members in connection with India air base attack". Dawn. 13 January 2016. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2016. <a href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1232709" target="_blank">http://www.dawn.com/news/1232709</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:34">"India will 'completely isolate' Pakistan". BBC News. 15 February 2019. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2021. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47249133" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47249133</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Gurung, Shaurya Karanbir (20 February 2019). "What happened at Pulwama and history of terror attacks on convoys". The Economic Times. India. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021. <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/what-happened-at-pulwama-and-history-of-terror-attacks-on-convoys/articleshow/68019194.cms" target="_blank">https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/what-happened-at-pulwama-and-history-of-terror-attacks-on-convoys/articleshow/68019194.cms</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">C. Christine Fair, Bringing back the Dead: Why Pakistan Used the Jaishe-Mohammad to Attack an Indian Airbase, Huffington Post, 12 January 2016. <a href="/wiki/C._Christine_Fair" target="_blank">/wiki/C._Christine_Fair</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Bruce Riedel (5 January 2016). "Blame Pakistani Spy Service for Attack on Indian Air Force Base". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2016. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Riedel" target="_blank">/wiki/Bruce_Riedel</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Rashid, Descent into Chaos (2012): "formed in 2000 by ISI and Maulana Masud Azhar in the aftermath of the hijacking of an Air India plane to Kandahar" - Rashid, Ahmed (2012), Descent into Chaos: How the War Against Islamic Extremism is Being Lost in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia, Penguin Books Limited, ISBN 978-0-14-191909-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUE2SuQ-eMC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUE2SuQ-eMC</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Rashid, Descent into Chaos (2012), Chapter 6. - Rashid, Ahmed (2012), Descent into Chaos: How the War Against Islamic Extremism is Being Lost in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia, Penguin Books Limited, ISBN 978-0-14-191909-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUE2SuQ-eMC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUE2SuQ-eMC</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Jaffrelot, The Pakistan Paradox (2015), p. 520. - Jaffrelot, Christophe (2015), The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-023518-5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA520" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA520</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">C. Christine Fair, Bringing back the Dead: Why Pakistan Used the Jaishe-Mohammad to Attack an Indian Airbase, Huffington Post, 12 January 2016. <a href="/wiki/C._Christine_Fair" target="_blank">/wiki/C._Christine_Fair</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Barzilai, Yaniv (2014), 102 Days of War: How Osama bin Laden, al Qaeda & the Taliban Survived 2001, Potomac Books, Inc., p. 97, ISBN 978-1-61234-533-8 <a href="978-1-61234-533-8" target="_blank">978-1-61234-533-8</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization (2015), p. 926. - Popovic, Milos (2015), "The Perils of Weak Organization: Explaining Loyalty and Defection of Militant Organizations Toward Pakistan", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38 (11): 919–937, doi:10.1080/1057610X.2015.1063838, ISSN 1057-610X, S2CID 108668097 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2015.1063838" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2015.1063838</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Jaffrelot, The Pakistan Paradox (2015), p. 520. - Jaffrelot, Christophe (2015), The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-023518-5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA520" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA520</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Moj, Deoband Madrassah Movement (2015), p. 98. - Moj, Muhammad (2015), The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies, Anthem Press, ISBN 978-1-78308-389-3 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mbm2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=mbm2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">C. Christine Fair, Bringing back the Dead: Why Pakistan Used the Jaishe-Mohammad to Attack an Indian Airbase, Huffington Post, 12 January 2016. <a href="/wiki/C._Christine_Fair" target="_blank">/wiki/C._Christine_Fair</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Shah, Saeed (13 September 2009). "Terror group builds big base under Pakistani officials' noses". McClatchy newspapers. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2016. <a href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article24554758.html" target="_blank">http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article24554758.html</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization (2015), pp. 921, 925, 926. - Popovic, Milos (2015), "The Perils of Weak Organization: Explaining Loyalty and Defection of Militant Organizations Toward Pakistan", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38 (11): 919–937, doi:10.1080/1057610X.2015.1063838, ISSN 1057-610X, S2CID 108668097 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2015.1063838" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2015.1063838</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Cronin et al., Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) (2004), pp. 40–43 - Cronin, Audrey Kurth; Aden, Huda; Frost, Adam; Jones, Benjamin (6 February 2004), "Foreign Terrorist Organizations" (PDF), CRS Report for Congress, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service: 40–43, retrieved 2 December 2012 <a href="https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL32223.pdf" target="_blank">https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL32223.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Sanskar Shrivastava (10 March 2011). "JeM top commander killed in encounter in Kashmir". World Reporter. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2011. <a href="http://www.theworldreporter.com/2011/03/jem-top-commander-killed-in-encounter.html" target="_blank">http://www.theworldreporter.com/2011/03/jem-top-commander-killed-in-encounter.html</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Cronin et al., Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) (2004), pp. 40–43 - Cronin, Audrey Kurth; Aden, Huda; Frost, Adam; Jones, Benjamin (6 February 2004), "Foreign Terrorist Organizations" (PDF), CRS Report for Congress, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service: 40–43, retrieved 2 December 2012 <a href="https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL32223.pdf" target="_blank">https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL32223.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Raman, B. (2001). "Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM)—A Backgrounder". South Asia Analysis Group. Archived from the original on 16 June 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100616015345/http://southasiaanalysis.org//papers4/paper332.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100616015345/http://southasiaanalysis.org//papers4/paper332.html</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Rashid, Descent into Chaos (2012), Chapter 6. - Rashid, Ahmed (2012), Descent into Chaos: How the War Against Islamic Extremism is Being Lost in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia, Penguin Books Limited, ISBN 978-0-14-191909-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUE2SuQ-eMC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUE2SuQ-eMC</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Rashid, Descent into Chaos (2012), Chapter 6. - Rashid, Ahmed (2012), Descent into Chaos: How the War Against Islamic Extremism is Being Lost in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia, Penguin Books Limited, ISBN 978-0-14-191909-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUE2SuQ-eMC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUE2SuQ-eMC</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Militants attack Kashmir assembly Archived 7 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 1 October 2001 <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1574225.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1574225.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:57">Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization (2015), p. 926. - Popovic, Milos (2015), "The Perils of Weak Organization: Explaining Loyalty and Defection of Militant Organizations Toward Pakistan", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38 (11): 919–937, doi:10.1080/1057610X.2015.1063838, ISSN 1057-610X, S2CID 108668097 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2015.1063838" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2015.1063838</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">4 convicted in attack[usurped]. The Hindu, 17 December 2002, Retrieved 8 September 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111094828/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/12/17/stories/2002121705260100.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090111094828/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/12/17/stories/2002121705260100.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Riedel, Deadly Embrace (2012), p. 69. - Riedel, Bruce O. (2012), Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad, Brookings Institution Press, ISBN 978-0-8157-2274-8 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ULgk7_oWB1EC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ULgk7_oWB1EC</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Rashid, Descent into Chaos (2012), Chapter 6. - Rashid, Ahmed (2012), Descent into Chaos: How the War Against Islamic Extremism is Being Lost in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia, Penguin Books Limited, ISBN 978-0-14-191909-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUE2SuQ-eMC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUE2SuQ-eMC</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization (2015), p. 927. - Popovic, Milos (2015), "The Perils of Weak Organization: Explaining Loyalty and Defection of Militant Organizations Toward Pakistan", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38 (11): 919–937, doi:10.1080/1057610X.2015.1063838, ISSN 1057-610X, S2CID 108668097 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2015.1063838" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2015.1063838</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:104">Quoted in Rashid, Descent into Chaos (2012), Chapter 6; See also Innes, Inside British Islam (2014), Chapter 1 - Rashid, Ahmed (2012), Descent into Chaos: How the War Against Islamic Extremism is Being Lost in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia, Penguin Books Limited, ISBN 978-0-14-191909-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUE2SuQ-eMC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUE2SuQ-eMC</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">Rashid, Descent into Chaos (2012), Chapter 8. - Rashid, Ahmed (2012), Descent into Chaos: How the War Against Islamic Extremism is Being Lost in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia, Penguin Books Limited, ISBN 978-0-14-191909-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUE2SuQ-eMC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUE2SuQ-eMC</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:106">Gunaratna & Kam, Handbook of Terrorism (2016), p. 229. - Gunaratna, Rohan; Kam, Stefanie (2016), Handbook of Terrorism in the Asia–Pacific, World Scientific, ISBN 978-1-78326-997-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3XQDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA230" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3XQDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA230</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:107">Rashid, Descent into Chaos (2012), Chapter 8. - Rashid, Ahmed (2012), Descent into Chaos: How the War Against Islamic Extremism is Being Lost in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia, Penguin Books Limited, ISBN 978-0-14-191909-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUE2SuQ-eMC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUE2SuQ-eMC</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:109">Rashid, Descent into Chaos (2012), Chapter 6. - Rashid, Ahmed (2012), Descent into Chaos: How the War Against Islamic Extremism is Being Lost in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia, Penguin Books Limited, ISBN 978-0-14-191909-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUE2SuQ-eMC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUE2SuQ-eMC</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:134">Riedel, Deadly Embrace (2012): "The answer is JeM's friend and ally, Osama bin Laden's al Qaeda." (p. 69) "Or as Pakistan's interior minister Rehman Malik has put it, "They—Lashkar-e-Janghvi, the Sipah-e-Sohaba Pakistan, and Jaish-e-Mohammad—are allies of the Taliban and al Qaeda" and do indeed pursue many of the same goals." (p. 100) - Riedel, Bruce O. (2012), Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad, Brookings Institution Press, ISBN 978-0-8157-2274-8 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ULgk7_oWB1EC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ULgk7_oWB1EC</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:162">"Jaish terrorists attack CRPF convoy in Kashmir, kill at least 40 personnel". The Times of India. 14 February 2019. Archived from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2019. <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/36-crpf-jawans-martyred-in-ied-blast-in-jks-pulwama/articleshow/67992189.cms" target="_blank">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/36-crpf-jawans-martyred-in-ied-blast-in-jks-pulwama/articleshow/67992189.cms</a> <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

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