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RT-23 Molodets
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The missile and rail-based missile complex – or BZhRK (<a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a>: БЖРК, Боевой Железнодорожный Ракетный Комплекс, lit. "<i>Combat Rail-based Missile Complex</i>") – were developed by the brothers <a href="/facts/Vladimir_Utkin/n6oHzqXd">Vladimir</a> and Alexei Utkin as chief engineers in <a href="/facts/Yuzhnoye_Design_Bureau/euSxfxsR">Yuzhnoye Design Bureau</a> and <a href="/facts/Design_Bureau_for_Special_Machine-Building/T3hyQJeD">Design Bureau for Special Machine-Building</a> respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> It was the culmination of a major Soviet effort to develop a <a href="/facts/Solid-propellant_rocket/RpgdYKIU">solid-propellant</a> ICBM with multiple basing modes which was initiated in 1969.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> As addition to the silo- and rail-based versions, a <a href="/facts/Transporter_erector_launcher/2J5WayFq">road-mobile</a> version was considered but eventually rejected.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The new missile was to replace the older <a href="/facts/Liquid-propellant_rocket/TAonrVDn">liquid-fueled</a> <a href="/facts/UR-100N/D9mDCMFp">UR-100N</a> which were entirely silo-based.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Its <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a> counterpart was the <a href="/facts/Peacekeeper_Rail_Garrison/uhgtLH4g">Peacekeeper Rail Garrison</a>, which was never deployed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>The missile was tested through the 1980s and was deployed in 1987.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> A typical <i>BZhRK</i> consisted of three modified <a href="/facts/M62_locomotive/CReoSYMs">M62-class</a> <a href="/facts/Locomotive/C9YV7wrQ">locomotives</a> (designated <i>DM62</i>; were not different in appearance)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> and seventeen railcars: a camouflaged <a href="/facts/Tank_car/ozApKzlM">tank</a> with <a href="/facts/Diesel_fuel/lm71xc19">diesel fuel</a> and <a href="/facts/Lubricants/9PXISDwU">lubricants</a> reserve, three 3-car autonomous launching modules (a launch support systems car, a car with an erectable RT-23 launcher and a launcher <a href="/facts/Missile_launch_control_center/VyU3hQ70">command post</a> car), a <a href="/facts/Regiment/cBBUAaKg">regiment</a> command post car, a <a href="/facts/Communications_system/5t3Ys2DI">communications systems</a> car, a main <a href="/facts/Diesel_generator/dR2LcP3I">diesel generator</a> car, a provision storage car with <a href="/facts/Refrigerator/TGb5ozLY">refrigerators</a> and water tanks, a <a href="/facts/Dining_car/zMwMCvQ8">dining car</a>, and two separate living compartment cars for <a href="/facts/Officer_(armed_forces)/FDFw2Bpd">officers</a> and <a href="/facts/Enlisted_rank/Nqf5l1kf">enlisted personnel</a>. All the railcars were camouflaged as either <a href="/facts/Refrigerated_van/EBywgtNo">refrigerated vans</a> or <a href="/facts/Passenger_car_(rail)/R5HDppQ6">passenger cars</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The lead locomotive was driven by three <a href="/facts/Russian_Railway_Troops/Aux5p35Q">Railway Troops</a> officers with good knowledge of a patrolling route, while the two others were operated by enlisted personnel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Train/0mkFQDg9">train</a> was able to cruise at speed of 80–120 km/h (50–75 mph)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> and launch the missiles at any point of the route<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> on any Soviet rail line, which was made possible by implementation of the special mechanism for <a href="/facts/Short_circuit/r09vaaeQ">short-circuiting</a> and diverting the <a href="/facts/Overhead_line/bfrXA9Em">overhead line</a> (<a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a>: ЗОКС).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Shortly after ejection by the powder pressure accumulator, at a height of 20–30 m, the missile would incline itself, so that the first-stage exhaust would not damage or overturn the railcar launcher, and then <a href="/facts/Rocket_engine/XT5gaFAb">ignite</a> the first-stage <a href="/facts/Rocket_engine/XT5gaFAb">engine</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The rail-based missile incorporated an inflatable <a href="/facts/Nose_cone/hnQJWnrr">nose cone</a> as a means of length reduction for accommodation in a refrigerator car,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> while the silo-based variant was equipped with a more robust folding nose cone, since it was expected to be operated in a much harsher <a href="/facts/First_strike_(nuclear_strategy)/pDvHGqxC">preemptive nuclear strike</a> environment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> In order to prevent damage to the <a href="/facts/Track_(rail_transport)/erncmXfX">railroad tracks</a> caused by high weight of the launching car with a missile (>200 tons),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> the special three-car coupling system was developed for the launching modules, allowing for even weight distribution between neighboring cars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> The missile train was able to function autonomously for up to 28 days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p><p>In order to evaluate <a href="/facts/Effects_of_nuclear_explosions/cReYEzPg">effects</a> of a nearby <a href="/facts/Nuclear_explosion/BtpfgcUg">nuclear explosion</a> on the missile complex, on 27 February 1991, in <a href="/facts/Plesetsk/cLBcKmvE">Plesetsk</a>, the "Sdvig" (<a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a>: Сдвиг, lit. "<a href="/facts/Shift_(disambiguation)/m7sjDpTD">Shift</a>") experiment was conducted, upon which a pile of 100,000 <a href="/facts/TM-57_mine/ytcoD1Q8">TM-57</a> <a href="/facts/Anti-tank_mine/vEq4of04">anti-tank mines</a> was detonated with the yield of 1,000 tons of <a href="/facts/TNT/sADUt6nC">TNT</a> at a distance of 850 and 450 meters from the two separate groups of railcar launching and command modules. The experiment showed that, despite moderate damage to the railcars, the complexes were still able to conduct simulated missile launches (the computer system of one of them required a reboot). The level of <a href="/facts/Acoustic_pressure/MgJAcp2I">acoustic pressure</a> in the command modules, however, "exceeded 150 <a href="/facts/Decibel/0LyxAPXh">dB</a>" and "would have resulted in a 20-minutes <a href="/facts/Hearing_loss/7C78RpMP">hearing loss</a>" for the personnel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> Prior to that, in 1988, at <a href="/facts/Semipalatinsk_Test_Site/WWDHCt0l">Semipalatinsk Test Site</a>, the rail-based complex took part in the "Siyanie" (<a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a>: Сияние, lit. "Shining") and "Groza" (<a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a>: Гроза, lit. "Thunderstorm") experiments, meant to evaluate its <a href="/facts/Electromagnetic_pulse/fBXSm3Hf">EMP</a> and <a href="/facts/Lightning/dLTuxz8n">lightning</a> protection effectiveness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p>According to <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">US Defense Department</a>, as of September 1991, production of the RT-23 had ended with approximately 90 missiles deployed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> Its production facilities were located in <a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a>, and after the <a href="/facts/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union/Fyn5jw3n">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, the production of the missile was halted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> The 46 silo-based missiles located in Ukraine were deactivated by mid-1996 and put into storage awaiting a decision on a feasible disposal method, while their warheads were sent to <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a> for dismantlement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> In 1998–2001, all Ukrainian RT-23 missiles were dismantled and 45 out of 46 RT-23 silos exploded, with one of them left intact for <a href="/facts/Strategic_missile_forces_museum_in_Ukraine/lf3nSTCE">exhibition</a> purposes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> A total of 46 missiles remained in service by April 1997 with the <a href="/facts/Strategic_Missile_Forces/HMEx2wvU">Strategic Missile Forces</a> (10 silo- and 36 rail-based).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> The remaining 10 silo-based missiles in Russia were deactivated and sent for dismantlement in 2001, and their silos were modified for <a href="/facts/RT-2PM2_Topol-M/Rnd1TMaC">Topol-M</a> complexes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> After 2000, the rail-based missiles were also gradually withdrawn from service, with the remaining 15 decommissioned in August 2005. In that same year, <a href="/facts/Nikolay_Solovtsov/r0WukKdH">Nikolay Solovtsov</a>, then commander of the Strategic Missile Forces, officially announced retirement of the RT-23 rail-based complex.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> The last RT-23 ICBM in Russia was eliminated in April 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p><p>Its successor, <a href="/facts/BZhRK_Barguzin/1WBtwtHF">BZhRK Barguzin</a>, was reportedly under development for the <a href="/facts/Strategic_Missile_Forces/HMEx2wvU">Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN)</a>, but in 2017 it was announced the project had been frozen due to insufficient funding.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="versions">Versions</h2> RT-23 versions comparison<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td scope="row">Service</td><td colspan="2">RT-23</td><td colspan="2">RT-23 UTTKh</td></tr><tr><td scope="row"><a href="/facts/GRAU/bEg9vPAq">GRAU</a></td><td>15Zh44</td><td>15Zh52</td><td>15Zh60</td><td>15Zh61</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">DIA</td><td>SS-24 PL-04 (R&D index)</td><td>SS-24 Mod 0</td><td>SS-24 Mod 2</td><td>SS-24 Mod 1</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">Bilateral</td><td></td><td>RS-22B</td><td>RS-22A</td><td>RS-22V</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">Design bureau</td><td colspan="4">SKB-586, NPO Yuzhynoy Acad. V. F. Utkin</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">Approved</td><td>23 July 1976</td><td>1 June 1979</td><td>9 August 1983</td><td>9 August 1983</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">Years of R&D</td><td>January 1969 – March 1977</td><td>November 1982 – 1987</td><td>1983–1989</td><td>1983–1989</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">First flight test</td><td>26 October 1982, failure; December 1982, success</td><td>April 1984</td><td>31 July 1986</td><td>27 February 1985</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">IOC</td><td>Canceled</td><td>19 August 1988</td><td>December 1988</td><td>December 1987</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">Deployment date</td><td>Canceled</td><td>November 1987</td><td>28 November 1989</td><td>28 November 1989</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">Type of warhead</td><td colspan="4">MIRV</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">Warheads</td><td colspan="4">10</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">Payload (t)</td><td colspan="4">4.05</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">Total length (mm)</td><td>23,300</td><td>23,400–23,800</td><td>18,800–23,400</td><td>23,300</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">Total length excl. warhead (mm)</td><td>18,800; 19,000</td><td>19,000</td><td>19,000</td><td>19,000</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">Missile diameter (mm)</td><td colspan="4">2,400</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">Launch mass (t)</td><td colspan="4">104.5</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">Operating range (km)</td><td>10,000</td><td>10,000–11,000</td><td>10,100-11,000</td><td>10,100–10,450</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">CEP (m)</td><td colspan="2">500</td><td colspan="2">150–250</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">Basing mode</td><td></td><td>Silo</td><td>Silo</td><td>Railroad</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="former-perators">Former оperators</h2> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a> The <a href="/facts/Strategic_Missile_Troops/HMEx2wvU">Strategic Missile Troops</a> were the only operators of the RT-23 until the breakup of the Soviet Union. Silo-based with <a href="/facts/46th_Rocket_Division/K3XDcgkd">46th Rocket Division</a> in <a href="/facts/Pervomaisk,_Mykolaiv_Oblast/x63mesUI">Pervomaisk</a> and <a href="/facts/27th_Guards_Rocket_Army/sUyotNXP">60th Rocket Division</a> in <a href="/facts/Tatishchevo_(air_base)/HvfhxeaP">Tatischevo</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> Rail-based with <a href="/facts/27th_Guards_Rocket_Army/sUyotNXP">10th Rocket Division</a> in <a href="/facts/Kostroma/BgP3qFyo">Kostroma</a> region, <a href="/facts/52nd_Rocket_Division/nCbbThof">52nd Rocket Division</a> in <a href="/facts/Zvyozdny,_Perm_Krai/l9wa6gqx">Zvyozdny</a>, <a href="/facts/Perm_Krai/UfvKrJgT">Perm</a> region, and <a href="/facts/33rd_Guards_Rocket_Army/a5GWMFmQ">36th Rocket Division</a> in <a href="/facts/Kedrovy,_Yemelyanovsky_District,_Krasnoyarsk_Krai/qVJU8qBH">Kedrovy</a>, <a href="/facts/Krasnoyarsk/DSzUhMVH">Krasnoyarsk</a> region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a> The <a href="/facts/Military_of_Ukraine/APFAIPAc">Armed Forces of Ukraine</a> inherited 46 silo-based RT-23 missiles stationed in <a href="/facts/Pervomaisk,_Mykolaiv_Oblast/x63mesUI">Pervomaisk</a> upon independence from the Soviet Union.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> <h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/BZhRK_Barguzin/1WBtwtHF">BZhRK Barguzin</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/DF-5/6DNNBznH">DF-5</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/DF-41/3Nxev20x">DF-41</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LGM-30_Minuteman/sG0t20v1">LGM-30 Minuteman</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Peacekeeper_Rail_Garrison/uhgtLH4g">Peacekeeper Rail Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/R-36_(missile)/ga1aBeDt">R-36 (missile)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/RS-24_Yars/pc7wI7uu">RS-24 Yars</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/RS-26_Rubezh/KfFuFAJY">RS-26 Rubezh</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/RS-28_Sarmat/FRuMckye">RS-28 Sarmat</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/RT-2PM_Topol/mxB1Qwsq">RT-2PM Topol</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/RT-2PM2_Topol-M/Rnd1TMaC">RT-2PM2 Topol-M</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Strategic_Missile_Forces/HMEx2wvU">Strategic Missile Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/UR-100N/D9mDCMFp">UR-100N</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hwasong-11A/8kGfNygw">Railway-borne Hwasong-11A (KN-23)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to RT-23 Molodets. <ul><li><a href="http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-18978275_ITM">Russian nuclear forces 2005 (Gated)</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/rt-23.htm">Global Security information</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.palba.cz/viewtopic.php?t=1893">SS-24 Scalpel – RT-23</a> (in Czech) – More photos</li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OPi7ulFNXU">БЖРК - Боевой Железнодорожный Ракетный Комплекс (YouTube)</a> (in Russian) - BZhRK archive footage</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"UTTKh" or "UTTH", i.e. "Improved tactical and technical characteristics". <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Inside a Soviet ICBM Silo". Air & Space/Smithsonian. Retrieved 11 December 2019. <a href="https://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/Inside-Soviet-ICBM-Silo-180968988/" target="_blank">https://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/Inside-Soviet-ICBM-Silo-180968988/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Боевой Железнодорожный Ракетный Комплекс (БЖРК)" (in Russian). bastion-opk.ru. Retrieved 5 December 2019. <a href="http://bastion-opk.ru/bgrk-molodec/" target="_blank">http://bastion-opk.ru/bgrk-molodec/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"RT-23 / SS-24 SCALPEL". Federation of American Scientists. 29 July 2000. Retrieved 5 December 2019. <a href="https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/icbm/rt-23.htm" target="_blank">https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/icbm/rt-23.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Ракеты на рельсы не встанут" (in Russian). rg.ru. 2 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2019. <a href="https://rg.ru/2017/12/02/razrabotka-boevyh-zheleznodorozhnyh-kompleksov-novogo-pokoleniia-prekrashchena.html" target="_blank">https://rg.ru/2017/12/02/razrabotka-boevyh-zheleznodorozhnyh-kompleksov-novogo-pokoleniia-prekrashchena.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Поезд-призрак особого назначения. Чем опасен ракетный комплекс "Баргузин"" (in Russian). RIA. 8 November 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019. <a href="https://ria.ru/20170828/1501204310.html" target="_blank">https://ria.ru/20170828/1501204310.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"RT-23 / SS-24 SCALPEL". Federation of American Scientists. 29 July 2000. Retrieved 5 December 2019. <a href="https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/icbm/rt-23.htm" target="_blank">https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/icbm/rt-23.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"RT-23 / SS-24 SCALPEL". Federation of American Scientists. 29 July 2000. Retrieved 5 December 2019. <a href="https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/icbm/rt-23.htm" target="_blank">https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/icbm/rt-23.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"RT-23 / SS-24 SCALPEL". Federation of American Scientists. 29 July 2000. Retrieved 5 December 2019. <a href="https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/icbm/rt-23.htm" target="_blank">https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/icbm/rt-23.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Peacekeeper Rail Garrison Car". af.mil. 10 April 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2019. <a href="https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/197554/peacekeeper-rail-garrison-car/" target="_blank">https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/197554/peacekeeper-rail-garrison-car/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"RT-23 / SS-24 SCALPEL". Federation of American Scientists. 29 July 2000. Retrieved 5 December 2019. <a href="https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/icbm/rt-23.htm" target="_blank">https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/icbm/rt-23.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Тепловоз М62" (in Russian). prolokomotiv.ru. Retrieved 5 December 2019. <a href="https://prolokomotiv.ru/teplovoz-modeli-m62-i-ego-modifikacii.html" target="_blank">https://prolokomotiv.ru/teplovoz-modeli-m62-i-ego-modifikacii.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Невидимка со "Скальпелем": почему США боялись ракетных поездов СССР" (in Russian). rg.ru. 20 October 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019. <a href="https://rg.ru/2019/10/20/nevidimka-so-skalpelem-pochemu-ssha-boialis-raketnyh-poezdov-sssr.html" target="_blank">https://rg.ru/2019/10/20/nevidimka-so-skalpelem-pochemu-ssha-boialis-raketnyh-poezdov-sssr.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Боевой Железнодорожный Ракетный Комплекс (БЖРК)" (in Russian). bastion-opk.ru. 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