J. K. Rowling

<h2 id="name">Name</h2>
Although she writes under the pen name J. K. Rowling, before her remarriage her name was Joanne Rowling with no middle name,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> nicknamed Jo.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> Staff at <a href="/facts/Bloomsbury_Publishing/TSWtV2Bl">Bloomsbury Publishing</a> suggested that she use two initials rather than her full name, anticipating that young boys – their target audience – would not want to read a book written by a woman.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> She chose K as the second initial, from her paternal grandmother Kathleen Rowling, and because of the ease of pronunciation of the two consecutive letters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> Following her 2001 remarriage,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> she has sometimes used the name Joanne Murray when conducting personal business.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>

<h2 id="life-and-career">Life and career</h2>
<h3>Early life and family</h3>

Joanne Rowling was born on 31 July 1965 in <a href="/facts/Yate/33yh642X">Yate</a>, Gloucestershire,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> to a middle-class family.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> Her parents Anne (<a href="/facts/N%25C3%25A9e/FctFJcbg">née</a> Volant) and Peter ("Pete") James Rowling had met the previous year on a train, sharing a trip from <a href="/facts/London_King%2527s_Cross_railway_station/I29gvQ8L">King's Cross station</a>, London, to their naval postings at <a href="/facts/Arbroath/HXytzzIM">Arbroath</a>, Scotland. Rowling's mother was with the <a href="/facts/Women%2527s_Royal_Naval_Service/3h86pI3S">Wrens</a> and her father with the <a href="/facts/Royal_Navy/Xdy8YCH7">Royal Navy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> Pete Rowling was the son of a <a href="/facts/Machine_tool/XPHaqz0p">machine-tool</a> setter who later opened a grocery shop.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Pete and Anne married on 14 March 1965<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> and settled in Yate,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> where Pete started work as an assembly-line production worker<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> and eventually worked his way into management as a <a href="/facts/Chartered_Engineer_(UK)/Fzsj9Qgk">chartered engineer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> Anne Rowling later worked as a science technician.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> Neither of Rowling's parents attended university.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> Rowling is two years older than her sister, Dianne.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> 
When she was four, Rowling's family moved to <a href="/facts/Winterbourne%2c_Gloucestershire/YJyxeyFK">Winterbourne, Gloucestershire</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> She began at St Michael's Church of England Primary School in Winterbourne when she was five.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> The Rowlings lived near a family called Potter – a name Rowling always liked.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> Rowling's mother liked to read and the family's homes were filled with books.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> Her father read <a href="/facts/The_Wind_in_the_Willows/qyM5lHhS">The Wind in the Willows</a> to his daughters,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> while her mother introduced them to the animals in <a href="/facts/Richard_Scarry/RKcAy2u3">Richard Scarry</a>'s books.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> Rowling's first attempt at writing, a story called "Rabbit" composed when she was six, was inspired by Scarry's creatures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a>
When Rowling was about nine, the family purchased the historic <a href="/facts/Church_Cottage%2c_Tutshill/h7xxojHJ">Church Cottage</a> in <a href="/facts/Tutshill/KvGfRQgU">Tutshill</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> In 1974, Rowling began attending the nearby Church of England School.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> Biographer Sean Smith describes her teacher as a "battleaxe"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> who "struck fear into the hearts of the children";<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> Rowling's teacher seated her in "dunces' row" after she performed poorly on an arithmetic test.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> In 1975, Rowling joined a <a href="/facts/Brownies_(Scouting)/8TkwaQpS">Brownies</a> pack. Its special events and parties, and the pack groups (Fairies, Pixies, Sprites, Elves, Gnomes and Imps) provided a magical world away from her stern teacher.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> When she was eleven<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> or twelve, she wrote a short story, "The Seven Cursed Diamonds".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> She later described herself during this period as "the epitome of a bookish child – short and squat, thick National Health glasses, living in a world of complete daydreams".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>

<h3>Secondary school and university</h3>

Rowling's secondary school was <a href="/facts/Wyedean_School_and_College/QSfBMaCr">Wyedean School and College</a>, a state school she began attending at the age of eleven<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> and where she was bullied.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> Rowling was inspired by her favourite teacher, Lucy Shepherd, who taught the importance of structure and precision in writing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> Smith describes her as "intelligent yet shy".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> Her teacher Dale Neuschwander was impressed by her imagination.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> When she was a young teenager, Rowling's great-aunt gave her <a href="/facts/Hons_and_Rebels/ebsuzRlp">Hons and Rebels</a>, the autobiography of the <a href="/facts/Civil_rights/DBK7m6s2">civil rights</a> activist <a href="/facts/Jessica_Mitford/tfRnGndv">Jessica Mitford</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> who became Rowling's heroine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a>
Anne had a strong influence on her daughter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> Early in Rowling's life, the support of her mother and sister instilled confidence and enthusiasm for storytelling.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> Anne was a creative and accomplished cook,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> who helped lead her daughters' Brownie activities,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> and took a job in the chemistry department at Wyedean while her daughters were there.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> <a href="/facts/John_Nettleship/WA2c89UA">John Nettleship</a>, the head of science at Wyedean, described Anne as "absolutely brilliant ... very imaginative".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> Anne was diagnosed with a "virulent strain" of <a href="/facts/Multiple_sclerosis/vghXl0IQ">multiple sclerosis</a> when she was 34<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> or 35 and Jo was 15.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> Rowling's home life was complicated by her mother's illness<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> and a strained relationship with her father.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> Rowling later said "home was a difficult place to be",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> and that her teenage years were unhappy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> In 2020, she wrote that her father would have preferred a son and described herself as having severe <a href="/facts/Obsessive%25E2%2580%2593compulsive_disorder/bIhDh4dz">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a> in her teens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> She began to smoke, took an interest in <a href="/facts/Alternative_rock/7xRALNsG">alternative rock</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> and adopted <a href="/facts/Siouxsie_Sioux/K1B7W8fv">Siouxsie Sioux</a>'s back-combed hair and black eyeliner.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> Sean Harris, her best friend in the <a href="/facts/Sixth_form/rbkHkeGh">Upper Sixth</a>, owned a turquoise <a href="/facts/Ford_Anglia/TEcbYThm">Ford Anglia</a> that provided an escape from her difficult home life and the means for Harris and Rowling to broaden their activities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a>
Living in a small town with pressures at home, Rowling became more interested in her schoolwork.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> Steve Eddy, her first secondary school English teacher, remembers her as "not exceptional" but "quite good at English".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> Rowling took <a href="/facts/A-level/2dDtme7x">A-levels</a> in English, French, and German, achieving two As and a B, and was named <a href="/facts/Head_Girl/dWa2BDYL">head girl</a> at Wyedean.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> She applied to <a href="/facts/Oxford_University/ExVVQL6V">Oxford University</a> in 1982 but was rejected.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> Biographers attribute her rejection to privilege, as she had attended a state school rather than a private one.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a>
Rowling always wanted to be a writer,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> but chose to study French and the classics at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Exeter/kKtzMCAM">University of Exeter</a> for practical reasons, influenced by her parents who thought job prospects would be better with evidence of <a href="/facts/Bilingualism/WgzhSW6h">bilingualism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> She later stated that Exeter was not initially what she expected ("to be among lots of similar people – thinking radical thoughts") but that she enjoyed herself after she met more people like her.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> She was an average student at Exeter, described by biographers as prioritising her social life over her studies, and lacking ambition and enthusiasm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> Rowling recalls doing little work at university, preferring to read <a href="/facts/Charles_Dickens/B54mQHJs">Dickens</a> and <a href="/facts/J._R._R._Tolkien/41HPhk5C">Tolkien</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> She earned a <a href="/facts/Bachelor_of_Arts/2pa1nwfR">BA</a> in French from Exeter,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a> graduating in 1987 after a year of study in Paris.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a>

<h3>Inspiration and mother's death</h3>
After university, Rowling moved to a flat in <a href="/facts/Clapham_Junction_(area)/MCfco6cE">Clapham Junction</a> with friends,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> and took a course to become a bilingual secretary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a> While she was working in <a href="/facts/Temporary_work/Hu0IUlDT">temporary jobs</a> in London, <a href="/facts/Amnesty_International/ouGBgSdS">Amnesty International</a> hired her to document human rights issues in French-speaking Africa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> She began writing adult novels while working as a temp, although they were never published.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a> In 1990, she planned to move with her boyfriend to <a href="/facts/Manchester/2Do01QHs">Manchester</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> and frequently took long train trips to visit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> In mid-1990, she was on a train delayed by four hours from Manchester to London,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> when the characters <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_(character)/qFjsqA6J">Harry Potter</a>, <a href="/facts/Ron_Weasley/eIf4s4a9">Ron Weasley</a>, and <a href="/facts/Hermione_Granger/wxFSWvM9">Hermione Granger</a> came plainly into her mind.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a> Having no pen or paper allowed her to fully explore the characters and their story in her imagination before she reached her flat and began to write.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a>
Rowling moved to Manchester around November 1990.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a> She described her time in Manchester, where she worked for the Chamber of Commerce<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a> and at <a href="/facts/Manchester_University/PwJzEj8h">Manchester University</a> in temp jobs,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a> as a "year of misery".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> Her mother died of multiple sclerosis on 30 December 1990.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a> At the time, Rowling was writing Harry Potter;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a> her mother's death heavily affected her writing<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a> and she later noted an "evident parallelism" between her writing about death and her life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a>
The pain of the loss of her mother was compounded when some personal effects her mother had left her were stolen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a> With the end of the relationship with her boyfriend, and "being made redundant from an office job in Manchester",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a> Rowling moved to <a href="/facts/Porto/wk5eA3zH">Porto</a>, Portugal, in November 1991 to teach night classes in English as a foreign language,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a> writing during the day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a>

<h3>Marriage, divorce and single parenthood</h3>

Five months after arriving in Porto, Rowling met the Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes in a bar and found that they shared an interest in <a href="/facts/Jane_Austen/MUV6Dh33">Jane Austen</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a> The relationship was troubled, but they married on 16 October 1992.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a> Their daughter Jessica Isabel Rowling Arantes (named after Jessica Mitford<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a>) was born on 27 July 1993 in Portugal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> By this time, Rowling had finished the first three chapters of <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%2527s_Stone/AFPaD6Y1">Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone</a> – almost as they were eventually published – and had drafted the rest of the novel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a>
Rowling experienced <a href="/facts/Domestic_violence/GcDSMDBe">domestic abuse</a> during her marriage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a> Arantes said in June 2020 that he had slapped her and did not regret it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> Rowling described the marriage as "short and catastrophic".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a> She says she was not allowed to have a house key and that her husband used the growing manuscript of her first book as a hostage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a> Rowling and Arantes separated on 17 November 1993 after Arantes threw her out of the house; she returned with the police to retrieve Jessica and her belongings and went into hiding for two weeks before she left Portugal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a> In late 1993, with a draft of Harry Potter in her suitcase,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a> Rowling moved with her daughter to <a href="/facts/Edinburgh/PcsoaK9h">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/facts/Scotland/VGwbbxB2">Scotland</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a> planning to stay with her sister until Christmas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a> Her biographer Sean Smith raises the question of why Rowling didn't stay with her father.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a> Rowling has spoken of an estrangement from her father;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a> Pete had married his secretary within two years of Anne's death,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a> and <a href="/facts/The_Scotsman/rRrTayYf">The Scotsman</a> reported that this caused a rift between his daughters and their father.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a> 
Rowling sought government assistance and got £69 (US$103) per week from <a href="/facts/Department_of_Social_Security_(United_Kingdom)/lSN1dQ7x">Social Security</a>; not wanting to burden her recently married sister, she moved to a flat that she described as mouse-ridden.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a> She later described her economic status as being as "poor as it is possible to be in modern Britain, without being homeless".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a> Seven years after graduating from university, she saw herself as a failure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a> <a href="/facts/Tison_Pugh/QAWDfenI">Tison Pugh</a> writes that the "grinding effects of poverty, coupled with her concern for providing for her daughter as a single parent, caused great hardship".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a> Her marriage had failed, and she was jobless with a dependent child, but she later described this as "liberating" her to focus on writing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a> She has said that "Jessica kept me going".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a> Her old school friend, Sean Harris, lent her £600 ($900), which allowed her to move to a flat in <a href="/facts/Leith/nYNB4WhC">Leith</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a> where she finished Philosopher's Stone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a>
Arantes arrived in Scotland in March 1994 seeking both Rowling and Jessica.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a> On 15 March 1994, Rowling sought an <a href="/facts/Interdicts_in_Scots_law/ytMQ7gQh">action of interdict</a> (order of restraint); the interdict was granted and Arantes returned to Portugal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a> Early in the year, Rowling began to experience a deep depression<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a> and sought medical help when she contemplated suicide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a> With nine months of therapy, her mental health gradually improved.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a> She filed for divorce on 10 August 1994;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a> the divorce was finalised on 26 June 1995.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a>
Rowling wanted to finish the book before enrolling on a teacher training course, fearing she might not be able to finish once she started the course.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a> She often wrote in cafés,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a> including Nicolson's, part-owned by her brother-in-law.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a> Secretarial work brought in £15 ($22.50) per week, but she would lose government benefits if she earned more.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a> In mid-1995, a friend gave her money that allowed her to come off benefits and enrol full-time in college.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a> Still needing money and expecting to make a living by teaching,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a> Rowling began a teacher training course in August 1995 at <a href="/facts/Moray_House_School_of_Education/jneWEyYd">Moray House School of Education</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a> after completing her first novel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a> She earned her teaching certificate in July 1996<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a> and began teaching at <a href="/facts/Leith_Academy/8U1oWoQX">Leith Academy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a> Rowling later said that writing the first Harry Potter book had saved her life and that her concerns about "love, loss, separation, death ... are reflected in the first book".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a>

<h3>Publishing Harry Potter</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter/61PjQmkT">Harry Potter</a>

Rowling completed <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%2527s_Stone/AFPaD6Y1">Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone</a> in June 1995.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a> The initial draft included an illustration of Harry by a fireplace, showing a lightning-shaped scar on his forehead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a> Following an enthusiastic report from an early reader,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a> <a href="/facts/Christopher_Little_Literary_Agency/8ckBvQUe">Christopher Little Literary Agency</a> agreed to represent Rowling. Her manuscript was submitted to twelve publishers, all of which rejected it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a> <a href="/facts/Barry_Cunningham_(publisher)/VEzDSokV">Barry Cunningham</a>, who ran the children's literature department at <a href="/facts/Bloomsbury_Publishing/TSWtV2Bl">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>, bought it,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a> after <a href="/facts/Nigel_Newton/GNo7wq0K">Nigel Newton</a>, who headed Bloomsbury at the time, saw his eight-year-old daughter finish one chapter and want to keep reading.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a> Rowling recalls Cunningham telling her, "You'll never make any money out of children's books, Jo."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a> Rowling was awarded a writer's grant by the <a href="/facts/Scottish_Arts_Council/qHC1cJlg">Scottish Arts Council</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a> to support her childcare costs and finances before Philosopher's Stone's publication, and to aid in writing the sequel, <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets/aLm9H991">Chamber of Secrets</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a> On 26 June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosopher's Stone with an initial <a href="/facts/Print_circulation/x4KR8wxG">print run</a> of 5,650 copies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a> Before Chamber of Secrets was published, Rowling had received £2,800 ($4,200) in royalties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a>
Philosopher's Stone introduces <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_(character)/qFjsqA6J">Harry Potter</a>. Harry is a <a href="/facts/Magician_(fantasy)/E1uhXts1">wizard</a> who lives with his non-magical relatives until his eleventh birthday, when he is invited to attend <a href="/facts/Hogwarts/6kjL3rT0">Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a> Rowling wrote six sequels, which follow Harry's adventures at Hogwarts with friends <a href="/facts/Hermione_Granger/wxFSWvM9">Hermione Granger</a> and <a href="/facts/Ron_Weasley/eIf4s4a9">Ron Weasley</a> and his attempts to defeat <a href="/facts/Lord_Voldemort/vkHKoLH2">Lord Voldemort</a>, who killed Harry's parents when he was a child.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a>

Rowling received the news that the US rights were being auctioned at the <a href="/facts/Bologna_Children%2527s_Book_Fair/Upa4dtBU">Bologna Children's Book Fair</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a> To her surprise and delight, <a href="/facts/Scholastic_Corporation/1NXaDwcz">Scholastic Corporation</a> bought the rights for $105,000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a> She bought a flat in Edinburgh with the money from the sale.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a> Arthur A. Levine, head of the <a href="/facts/Imprint_(trade_name)/77F1IVpF">imprint</a> at Scholastic, pushed for a name change. He wanted Harry Potter and the School of Magic; as a compromise Rowling suggested Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a> Sorcerer's Stone was released in the United States in September 1998.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a> It was not widely reviewed, but the reviews it received were generally positive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a> Sorcerer's Stone became a <a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">New York Times</a> bestseller by December.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a>
The next three books in the series were released in quick succession between 1998 and 2000: <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets/aLm9H991">Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets</a> (1998), <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban/7nIPGVN7">Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban</a> (1999), and <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire/H2lc9WBI">Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire</a> (2000), each selling millions of copies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a> When <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix/A4g4cn09">Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix</a> had not appeared by 2002, rumours circulated that Rowling was suffering <a href="/facts/Writer%2527s_block/vkxnS9kY">writer's block</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a> Rowling denied these rumours, stating the 896-page book took three years to write because of its length.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a> It was published in June 2003, selling millions of copies on the first day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a> <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince/HNr5Btcq">Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince</a> was released two years later in July 2005, again selling millions of copies on the first day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a> The series ended with <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows/LyKn8ofM">Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows</a>, published in July 2007.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a>

<h3>Films</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_(film_series)/uGTYywzC">Harry Potter (film series)</a>

In 1999, <a href="/facts/Warner_Bros./JRF3lhQ6">Warner Bros.</a> purchased film rights to the first two Harry Potter novels for a reported $1 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a> Rowling accepted the offer with the provision that the studio only produce Harry Potter films based on books she authored,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a> while retaining the right to final script approval,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a> and some control over merchandising.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a> <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%2527s_Stone_(film)/P5h7K3yP">Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone</a>, an adaptation of the first Harry Potter book, was released in November 2001.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a> <a href="/facts/Steve_Kloves/3v7SSbe2">Steve Kloves</a> wrote the screenplays for all but the fifth film,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a> with Rowling's assistance, ensuring that his scripts kept to the plots of the novels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a>
The film series concluded with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, which was adapted in two parts; <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%25E2%2580%2593_Part_1/QDTNvL02">part one</a> was released on 19 November 2010,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a> and <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%25E2%2580%2593_Part_2/WadcTEq1">part two</a> followed on 15 July 2011.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a>
Warner Bros. announced an expanded relationship with Rowling in 2013, including a planned series of films about her character Newt Scamander, fictitious author of <a href="/facts/Fantastic_Beasts_and_Where_to_Find_Them_(book)/KlEtBMvK">Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a> The <a href="/facts/Fantastic_Beasts_and_Where_to_Find_Them_(film)/6PsxNBHT">first film</a> of five, a prequel to the Harry Potter series, set roughly 70 years earlier, was released in November 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a> Rowling wrote the screenplay, which was released as a book.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a> <a href="/facts/Fantastic_Beasts%3a_The_Crimes_of_Grindelwald/bERLIkyS">Crimes of Grindelwald</a> was released in November 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a> <a href="/facts/Fantastic_Beasts%3a_The_Secrets_of_Dumbledore/35xMPscC">Secrets of Dumbledore</a> was released in April 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a> 
In November 2022, Variety reported that Warner Bros. Discovery was not actively planning to continue the film series or to develop any further films related to the Wizarding World franchise.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203">203</a>

<h3>Religion, wealth and remarriage</h3>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Religious_debates_over_the_Harry_Potter_series/1QaPHICX">Religious debates over the Harry Potter series</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_celebrities_by_net_worth/nn6T7jEq">List of celebrities by net worth</a>
By 1998, Rowling was portrayed in the media as a "penniless divorcee hitting the jackpot".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204">204</a> According to her biographer Sean Smith, the publicity became effective marketing for Harry Potter,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205">205</a> but her journey from living on benefits to wealth brought, along with fame, concerns from different groups about the books' portrayals of the occult and gender roles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206">206</a> Ultimately, Smith says that these concerns served to "enhance [her] public profile rather than damage it".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207">207</a>
Rowling identifies as a Christian.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208">208</a> Although she grew up next door to her church,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209">209</a> accounts of the family's church attendance differ.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210">210</a> She began attending a <a href="/facts/Church_of_Scotland/2bcCCbMP">Church of Scotland</a> congregation, where Jessica was christened, around the time she was writing Harry Potter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211">211</a> In a 2012 interview, she said she belonged to the <a href="/facts/Scottish_Episcopal_Church/bzapplj2">Scottish Episcopal Church</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212">212</a> Rowling has stated that she believes in God,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213">213</a> but has experienced doubt,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214">214</a> and that her struggles with faith play a part in her books.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215">215</a> She does not believe in magic or <a href="/facts/Witchcraft/kdbQwmBD">witchcraft</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216">216</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217">217</a>
Rowling married Neil Murray, a doctor, in 2001.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218">218</a> The couple intended to marry that July in the <a href="/facts/Galapagos/pQ7g2hdN">Galapagos</a>, but when this leaked to the press, they delayed their wedding and changed their holiday destination to <a href="/facts/Mauritius/lVUARna5">Mauritius</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219">219</a> After the UK <a href="/facts/Press_Complaints_Commission/tEbPz3NV">Press Complaints Commission</a> ruled that a magazine had breached Jessica's privacy when the eight-year-old was included in a photograph of the family taken during that trip,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220">220</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221">221</a> Murray and Rowling sought a more private and quiet place to live and work.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222">222</a> Rowling bought <a href="/facts/Killiechassie_House/YpcQQK6u">Killiechassie House</a> and its estate in <a href="/facts/Perthshire/5Y0mMycX">Perthshire</a>, Scotland,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223">223</a> and on 26 December 2001, the couple had a small, private wedding there, officiated by an Episcopalian priest who travelled from Edinburgh.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224">224</a> Their son, David Gordon Rowling Murray, was born in 2003,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225">225</a> and their daughter Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray in 2005.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226">226</a>
In 2004, Forbes named Rowling "the first billion-dollar author".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227">227</a> Rowling denied that she was a billionaire in a 2005 interview.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228">228</a> By 2012, Forbes concluded she was no longer a billionaire due to her charitable donations and high UK taxes, and it re-added her to its list of billionaires in 2025.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229">229</a> She was named the world's highest paid author by Forbes in 2008,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230">230</a> 2017<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231">231</a> and 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232">232</a> Her UK sales total in excess of £238 million, which made her the best-selling living author in Britain,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233">233</a> until 2025 when she was supplanted by <a href="/facts/Julia_Donaldson/xwPEwVTL">Julia Donaldson</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234">234</a> The 2021 <a href="/facts/Sunday_Times_Rich_List/L1V0zQkb">Sunday Times Rich List</a> estimated Rowling's fortune at £820 million, ranking her as the 196th-richest person in the UK,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235">235</a> and <a href="/facts/The_National_(Scotland)/5mEbcPHR">The National</a> reported her net worth in 2025 as £945 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236">236</a> As of 2020, she owns a £4.5 million <a href="/facts/Georgian_architecture/XS4mqhsc">Georgian</a> house in <a href="/facts/Kensington/lLlKcGIl">Kensington</a> and a £2 million home in Edinburgh,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237">237</a> where she lives with Murray and her two youngest children.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238">238</a>

<h3>Adult fiction and Robert Galbraith</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/The_Casual_Vacancy/6pgBXF0o">The Casual Vacancy</a>, <a href="/facts/The_Casual_Vacancy_(miniseries)/PLLam5nF">The Casual Vacancy (miniseries)</a>, <a href="/facts/Cormoran_Strike/WcIdRqXE">Cormoran Strike</a>, and <a href="/facts/Strike_(TV_series)/0rqDeMtN">Strike (TV series)</a>
In mid-2011, Rowling left Christopher Little Literary Agency and followed her agent <a href="/facts/Neil_Blair_(agent)/4za3QE9a">Neil Blair</a> to the Blair Partnership. He represented her for the publication of <a href="/facts/The_Casual_Vacancy/6pgBXF0o">The Casual Vacancy</a>, released in September 2012 by <a href="/facts/Little%2c_Brown_and_Company/aJ9JSCnn">Little, Brown and Company</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239">239</a> It was Rowling's first since Harry Potter ended, and her first book for adults.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240">240</a> A contemporary take on 19th-century British fiction about village life,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241">241</a> Casual Vacancy was promoted as a <a href="/facts/Black_comedy/HyjoJzFA">black comedy</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242">242</a> while the critic Ian Parker described it as a "rural <a href="/facts/Comedy_of_manners/nazXu0Tp">comedy of manners</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243">243</a> It was adapted to a <a href="/facts/Miniseries/J7KVThLr">miniseries</a> co-created by the <a href="/facts/BBC/qFateIz8">BBC</a> and <a href="/facts/HBO/gGSPvEEu">HBO</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244">244</a> 
Little, Brown and Company also published <a href="/facts/The_Cuckoo%2527s_Calling/X8j3JTTl">The Cuckoo's Calling</a>, the purported début novel of Robert Galbraith, in April 2013.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245">245</a> Telling the story of detective Cormoran Strike, a disabled veteran of the <a href="/facts/War_in_Afghanistan/FQnPvkC0">War in Afghanistan</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246">246</a> it initially sold 1,500 copies in hardback.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247">247</a> After an investigation prompted by discussion on <a href="/facts/Twitter/VWwDNGUm">Twitter</a>, the journalist Richard Brooks contacted Rowling's agent, who confirmed Galbraith was Rowling's pseudonym.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248">248</a> Rowling later said she enjoyed working as Robert Galbraith,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249">249</a> a name she took from <a href="/facts/Robert_F._Kennedy/e81C6SFf">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, a personal hero, and Ella Galbraith, a name she invented for herself in childhood.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250">250</a> After the revelation of her identity, sales of Cuckoo's Calling escalated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251">251</a>
Continuing the <a href="/facts/Cormoran_Strike/WcIdRqXE">Cormoran Strike</a> series of detective novels, <a href="/facts/The_Silkworm/RWSR3wGg">The Silkworm</a> was released in 2014;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252">252</a> <a href="/facts/Career_of_Evil/xlFG3Jrs">Career of Evil</a> in 2015;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253">253</a> <a href="/facts/Lethal_White/8M4I59BG">Lethal White</a> in 2018;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254">254</a> <a href="/facts/Troubled_Blood/Sw42zBPA">Troubled Blood</a> in 2020;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255">255</a> <a href="/facts/The_Ink_Black_Heart/1tcvtCWM">The Ink Black Heart</a> in 2022;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256">256</a> and <a href="/facts/The_Running_Grave/JKp6h1dj">The Running Grave</a> in 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257">257</a> In 2017, <a href="/facts/BBC_One/t4SaSm6X">BBC One</a> aired the first episode<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258">258</a> of the five-season series <a href="/facts/Strike_(TV_series)/0rqDeMtN">Strike</a>, a television adaptation of the Cormoran Strike novels starring <a href="/facts/Tom_Burke_(actor)/zodKa1Xx">Tom Burke</a> and <a href="/facts/Holliday_Grainger/w9JqcLDJ">Holliday Grainger</a>, with a sixth season being shot in 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259">259</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260">260</a> The series was picked up by HBO for distribution in the United States and Canada.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261">261</a>

<h3>Later Harry Potter works</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Pottermore/sR0Fh5D0">Pottermore</a> and <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Cursed_Child/t0lsbm58">Harry Potter and the Cursed Child</a>
For the material written for <a href="/facts/Comic_Relief/f6rcrKB0">Comic Relief</a> and other charities, see § Philanthropy.

Pottermore, a website with information and stories about characters in the Harry Potter universe, launched in 2011. On its release, Pottermore was rooted in the Harry Potter novels, tracing the series's story in an interactive format. Its brand was associated with Rowling: she introduced the site in a video as a shared media environment to which she and Harry Potter fans would contribute. The site was substantially revised in 2015 to resemble an encyclopedia of Harry Potter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262">262</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263">263</a>[undue weight? – discuss]
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child premiered in the <a href="/facts/West_End_theatre/dWqroVfz">West End</a> in May 2016<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264">264</a> and on <a href="/facts/Broadway_theatre/6USkK8x9">Broadway</a> in July.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265">265</a> At its London premiere, Rowling confirmed that she would not write any more Harry Potter books.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266">266</a> Rowling collaborated with writer <a href="/facts/Jack_Thorne/P03lM1XG">Jack Thorne</a> and director <a href="/facts/John_Tiffany/3tkykuzH">John Tiffany</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267">267</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268">268</a> Cursed Child's script was published as a book in July 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269">269</a> The play follows the friendship between Harry's son Albus and Scorpius Malfoy, <a href="/facts/Draco_Malfoy/gadApPR8">Draco Malfoy</a>'s son, at Hogwarts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270">270</a>
Announced in April 2023,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271">271</a> the <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_(TV_series)/aQUww4nm">Harry Potter television series</a> will begin in 2026,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272">272</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273">273</a> span ten years of production and feature a season dedicated to each of the seven <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_books/61PjQmkT">Harry Potter books</a>, with Rowling as <a href="/facts/Executive_producer_(television)/WSWXuFtj">executive producer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274">274</a>

<h3>Children's stories</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/The_Ickabog/AHQkUrU5">The Ickabog</a> and <a href="/facts/The_Christmas_Pig/hdgs1Nv3">The Christmas Pig</a>
The Ickabog was Rowling's first book aimed at children since Harry Potter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275">275</a> Ickabog is a monster that turns out to be real; a group of children find out the truth about the Ickabog and save the day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276">276</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277">277</a> Rowling released The Ickabog for free online in mid-2020, during the <a href="/facts/COVID-19_lockdown_in_the_United_Kingdom/3xXlNzdm">COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278">278</a> She began writing it in 2009 but set it aside to focus on other works including Casual Vacancy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279">279</a> Scholastic held a competition to select children's art for the print edition, which was published in the US and Canada on 10 November 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280">280</a> Profits went to charities focused on COVID-19 relief.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281">281</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282">282</a>
In The Christmas Pig, a young boy loses his favourite stuffed animal, a pig, and the Christmas Pig guides him through the fantastical Land of the Lost to retrieve it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283">283</a> The novel was published on 12 October 2021<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284">284</a> and became a bestseller in the UK<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285">285</a> and the US.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286">286</a>

<h2 id="influences">Influences</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_influences_and_analogues/1vrrGmEY">Harry Potter influences and analogues</a>

Rowling has named <a href="/facts/Jessica_Mitford/tfRnGndv">Jessica Mitford</a> as her greatest influence. She said Mitford had "been my heroine since I was 14 years old, when I overheard my formidable great-aunt discussing how Mitford had run away at the age of 19 to fight with the Reds in the <a href="/facts/Spanish_Civil_War/YykcMvC5">Spanish Civil War</a>", and that what inspired her about Mitford was that she was "incurably and instinctively rebellious, brave, adventurous, funny and irreverent, she liked nothing better than a good fight, preferably against a pompous and hypocritical target".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287">287</a> As a child, Rowling read <a href="/facts/C._S._Lewis/hELtVT9R">C. S. Lewis</a>'s <a href="/facts/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia/o4waLfS2">The Chronicles of Narnia</a>, <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_Goudge/w2YT6m1F">Elizabeth Goudge</a>'s <a href="/facts/The_Little_White_Horse/sEUC6oqJ">The Little White Horse</a>, <a href="/facts/Manxmouse/WqpeuN8P">Manxmouse</a> by <a href="/facts/Paul_Gallico/sIYwoYVL">Paul Gallico</a>, and books by <a href="/facts/E._Nesbit/obHvEm2K">E. Nesbit</a> and <a href="/facts/Noel_Streatfeild/yyD9No6x">Noel Streatfeild</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288">288</a> Rowling describes Jane Austen as her "favourite author of all time".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289">289</a>
Rowling acknowledges <a href="/facts/Homer/Xw8Ur53U">Homer</a>, <a href="/facts/Geoffrey_Chaucer/HR7rHQng">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>, and <a href="/facts/William_Shakespeare/ohI96JTv">William Shakespeare</a> as literary influences.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290">290</a> Scholars agree that Harry Potter is heavily influenced by the <a href="/facts/Children%2527s_fantasy/QQawq3wb">children's fantasy</a> of writers such as Lewis, Goudge, Nesbit, <a href="/facts/J._R._R._Tolkien/41HPhk5C">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, <a href="/facts/Ursula_K._Le_Guin/w9Au5pny">Ursula K. Le Guin</a>, and <a href="/facts/Diana_Wynne_Jones/2KoT7vNW">Diana Wynne Jones</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291">291</a> According to the critic Beatrice Groves, Harry Potter is also "rooted in the <a href="/facts/Western_canon/2skJ4h7f">Western literary tradition</a>", including the classics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292">292</a> Commentators also note similarities to the children's stories of <a href="/facts/Enid_Blyton/fRosTCuk">Enid Blyton</a> and <a href="/facts/Roald_Dahl/2Quq1kV5">Roald Dahl</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293">293</a> Rowling expresses admiration for Lewis, in whose writing battles between good and evil are also prominent, but rejects any connection with Dahl.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294">294</a>
Earlier works prominently featuring characters who learn to use magic include Le Guin's <a href="/facts/Earthsea/Myuc1kKG">Earthsea</a> series, in which a school of wizardry also appears, and the <a href="/facts/Chrestomanci/knTsrRzL">Chrestomanci</a> books by Jones.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295">295</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296">296</a> Rowling's setting of a "school of witchcraft and wizardry" departs from the still older tradition of protagonists as apprentices to magicians, exemplified by <a href="/facts/The_Sorcerer%2527s_Apprentice/bpoXD1w0">The Sorcerer's Apprentice</a>: yet this trope does appear in Harry Potter, when Harry receives individual instruction from <a href="/facts/Remus_Lupin/HfvFHwmg">Remus Lupin</a> and other teachers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297">297</a> Rowling also draws on the tradition of <a href="/facts/School_story/XeTmzB3H">stories set in boarding schools</a>, a major example of which is <a href="/facts/Thomas_Hughes/T7toGVBS">Thomas Hughes</a>'s 1857 volume <a href="/facts/Tom_Brown%2527s_School_Days/EQcxrQ55">Tom Brown's School Days</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298">298</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299">299</a>

<h2 id="style-and-themes">Style and themes</h2>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_series/61PjQmkT">Harry Potter series</a> 
<h3>Style and allusions</h3>
Rowling is known primarily as an author of <a href="/facts/Fantasy/gkujmhJg">fantasy</a> and <a href="/facts/Children%2527s_literature/ggVfDDVo">children's literature</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:300" href="#fn:300">300</a> Her writing in other genres, including <a href="/facts/Literary_fiction/Bm8lHN6y">literary fiction</a> and <a href="/facts/Murder_mystery/90QN5FtE">murder mystery</a>, has received less critical attention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:301" href="#fn:301">301</a> Rowling's most famous work, Harry Potter, has been defined as a <a href="/facts/Fairy_tale/ex3X7qku">fairy tale</a>, a <a href="/facts/Bildungsroman/Ay5A745R">Bildungsroman</a> and a boarding-school story.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:302" href="#fn:302">302</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:303" href="#fn:303">303</a> Her other writings have been described by Pugh as gritty contemporary fiction with historical influences (The Casual Vacancy) and <a href="/facts/Hardboiled/H1hELSgn">hardboiled</a> detective fiction (Cormoran Strike).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:304" href="#fn:304">304</a>
In Harry Potter, Rowling juxtaposes the extraordinary against the ordinary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:305" href="#fn:305">305</a> Her narrative features two worlds – the mundane and the fantastic – but it differs from typical <a href="/facts/Portal_fantasy/gkujmhJg">portal fantasy</a> in that its magical elements stay grounded in the everyday.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:306" href="#fn:306">306</a> Paintings move and talk; books bite readers; letters shout messages; and maps show live journeys,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:307" href="#fn:307">307</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:308" href="#fn:308">308</a> making the wizarding world "both exotic and cosily familiar" according to the scholar <a href="/facts/Catherine_Butler/lYwxxNjC">Catherine Butler</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:309" href="#fn:309">309</a> This blend of realistic and romantic elements extends to Rowling's characters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:310" href="#fn:310">310</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:311" href="#fn:311">311</a> Harry is ordinary and relatable, with down-to-earth features such as wearing broken glasses;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:312" href="#fn:312">312</a> these elements serve to highlight Harry when he is heroic, making him both an <a href="/facts/Everyman/6ykNqPpL">everyman</a> and a fairytale hero.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:313" href="#fn:313">313</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:314" href="#fn:314">314</a>
<a href="/facts/Arthurian/JDyRQ8gx">Arthurian</a>, Christian and fairytale motifs are frequently found in Rowling's writing. Harry's ability to draw the <a href="/facts/Sword_of_Gryffindor/SxyBcHGm">Sword of Gryffindor</a> from the <a href="/facts/Sorting_Hat/SxyBcHGm">Sorting Hat</a> resembles the Arthurian <a href="/facts/Excalibur/NSbI2cS0">sword in the stone</a> legend.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:315" href="#fn:315">315</a> His life with the Dursleys has been compared to <a href="/facts/Cinderella/jF8q6RHl">Cinderella</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:316" href="#fn:316">316</a> Like C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia, Harry Potter contains Christian symbolism and <a href="/facts/Allegory/RKXvafFK">allegory</a>. The series has been viewed as a Christian moral fable in the <a href="/facts/Psychomachia/lcabJ3YP">psychomachia</a> tradition, in which stand-ins for good and evil fight for supremacy over a person's soul.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:317" href="#fn:317">317</a> The critic of children's literature Joy Farmer sees parallels between Harry and <a href="/facts/Jesus_Christ/Hcd9hEzI">Jesus Christ</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:318" href="#fn:318">318</a> According to <a href="/facts/Maria_Nikolajeva/91JfS1T4">Maria Nikolajeva</a>, Christian imagery is particularly strong in the final scenes of the series: she writes that Harry dies in self-sacrifice and Voldemort delivers an <a href="/facts/Ecce_homo/6ILfaSwn">ecce homo</a> speech, after which Harry is <a href="/facts/Resurrection_of_Jesus/6oxjSUry">resurrected</a> and defeats his enemy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:319" href="#fn:319">319</a>

<h3>Themes</h3>
Death is Rowling's overarching theme in Harry Potter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:320" href="#fn:320">320</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:321" href="#fn:321">321</a> She later said that her literary creation of the <a href="/facts/Mirror_of_Erised/SxyBcHGm">Mirror of Erised</a> is about her mother's death.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:322" href="#fn:322">322</a> In the first book, when Harry looks into the mirror, he feels both joy and "a terrible sadness" at seeing his desire: his parents, alive and with him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:323" href="#fn:323">323</a> Confronting their loss is central to Harry's character arc and manifests in different ways through the series, such as in his struggles with <a href="/facts/Magical_creatures_in_Harry_Potter/YvA6Pv9J">Dementors</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:324" href="#fn:324">324</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:325" href="#fn:325">325</a> Other characters in Harry's life die; he even faces his own death in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:326" href="#fn:326">326</a> Soon after she started writing Philosopher's Stone, her mother died, and she said that "I really think from that moment on, death became a central, if not the central theme of the seven books".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:327" href="#fn:327">327</a> Rowling has described Harry as "the prism through which I view death", and further stated that "all of my characters are defined by their attitude to death and the possibility of death".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:328" href="#fn:328">328</a>
While Harry Potter can be viewed as a story about good versus evil, its moral divisions are not absolute.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:329" href="#fn:329">329</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:330" href="#fn:330">330</a> First impressions of characters are often misleading. Harry assumes in the first book that Quirrell is good because he opposes Snape, who appears malicious; in reality, their positions are reversed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:331" href="#fn:331">331</a> In Rowling's world, good and evil are choices rather than inherent attributes: second chances and redemption are key themes of the series.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:332" href="#fn:332">332</a>

<h2 id="reception">Reception</h2>
Rowling has enjoyed enormous commercial success as an author. Her Harry Potter series topped bestseller lists,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:333" href="#fn:333">333</a> spawned a <a href="/facts/Wizarding_World/aQUww4nm">global media franchise</a> including <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_(films)/uGTYywzC">films</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:334" href="#fn:334">334</a> and <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_(games)/vMyNhkEu">video games</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:335" href="#fn:335">335</a> and <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_in_translation/4uUrdwc7">had been translated</a> into 84 languages by 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:336" href="#fn:336">336</a> The first three Harry Potter books occupied the top three spots of <a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times_bestseller_list/6UYSsPpG">The New York Times bestseller list</a> for more than a year; they were then moved to a newly created children's list.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:337" href="#fn:337">337</a> The final four books each set records as the fastest-selling books in the UK or US,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:338" href="#fn:338">338</a> and the series as a whole had sold more than 600 million copies as of 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:339" href="#fn:339">339</a> Neither of Rowling's later works, <a href="/facts/The_Casual_Vacancy/6pgBXF0o">The Casual Vacancy</a> and the <a href="/facts/Cormoran_Strike/WcIdRqXE">Cormoran Strike</a> series, has been as successful,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:340" href="#fn:340">340</a> although Casual Vacancy was still a bestseller in the UK within weeks of its release.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:341" href="#fn:341">341</a> Harry Potter's popularity has been attributed to factors including the nostalgia evoked by the boarding-school story, the endearing nature of Rowling's characters, and the accessibility of her books to a variety of readers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:342" href="#fn:342">342</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:343" href="#fn:343">343</a> According to <a href="/facts/Julia_Eccleshare/DIkKocfQ">Julia Eccleshare</a>, the books are "neither too literary nor too popular, too difficult nor too easy, neither too young nor too old", and hence bridge traditional reading divides.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:344" href="#fn:344">344</a>
Critical response to Harry Potter has been more mixed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:345" href="#fn:345">345</a> <a href="/facts/Harold_Bloom/qgS4fgQR">Harold Bloom</a> regarded Rowling's prose as poor and her plots as conventional,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:346" href="#fn:346">346</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:347" href="#fn:347">347</a> while <a href="/facts/Jack_Zipes/sKDCAAFA">Jack Zipes</a> argues that the series would not be successful if it were not formulaic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:348" href="#fn:348">348</a> Zipes states that the early novels have the same plot: in each book, Harry escapes the Dursleys to visit Hogwarts, where he confronts Lord Voldemort and then heads back successful.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:349" href="#fn:349">349</a> Rowling's prose has been described as simple and not innovative; <a href="/facts/Ursula_K._Le_Guin/w9Au5pny">Le Guin</a>, like several other critics, considered it "stylistically ordinary".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:350" href="#fn:350">350</a> According to the novelist <a href="/facts/A._S._Byatt/qUyCyqpq">A. S. Byatt</a>, the books reflect a dumbed-down culture dominated by <a href="/facts/Soap_opera/oddx9g1n">soap operas</a> and <a href="/facts/Reality_television/B0RFLdsB">reality television</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:351" href="#fn:351">351</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:352" href="#fn:352">352</a> Thus, some critics argue, Harry Potter does not innovate on established literary forms; nor does it challenge readers' preconceived ideas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:353" href="#fn:353">353</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:354" href="#fn:354">354</a> Conversely, the scholar <a href="/facts/Philip_Nel/PC3uhted">Philip Nel</a> rejects such critiques as "snobbery" that reacts to the novels' popularity,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:355" href="#fn:355">355</a> whereas Mary Pharr argues that Harry Potter's conventionalism is the point: by amalgamating literary forms familiar to her readers, Rowling invites them to "ponder their own ideas".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:356" href="#fn:356">356</a> Other critics who see artistic merit in Rowling's writing include <a href="/facts/Marina_Warner/4rJUg58q">Marina Warner</a>, who views Harry Potter as part of an "alternative genealogy" of English literature that she traces from <a href="/facts/Edmund_Spenser/WJhL9A6W">Edmund Spenser</a> to <a href="/facts/Christina_Rossetti/xvGK1Sgy">Christina Rossetti</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:357" href="#fn:357">357</a> <a href="/facts/Michiko_Kakutani/vwnj1ybP">Michiko Kakutani</a> praises Rowling's fictional world and the darker tone of the series' later entries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:358" href="#fn:358">358</a>
Reception of Rowling's later works has varied among critics. The Casual Vacancy, her attempt at literary fiction, drew mixed reviews. Some critics praised its characterisation, while others stated that it would have been better if it had contained magic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:359" href="#fn:359">359</a> The Cormoran Strike series was more warmly received as a work of British detective fiction, even as some reviewers noted that its plots are occasionally contrived.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:360" href="#fn:360">360</a> Theatrical reviews of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child were highly positive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:361" href="#fn:361">361</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:362" href="#fn:362">362</a> Fans have been more critical of the play's use of <a href="/facts/Time_travel/3rmwahY9">time travel</a>, changes to characters' personalities, and perceived <a href="/facts/Queerbaiting/HbpH9XcA">queerbaiting</a> in Albus and Scorpius's relationship, leading some to question its connection to the Harry Potter canon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:363" href="#fn:363">363</a>

<h3>Gender and social division</h3>
Rowling's portrayal of women in Harry Potter has been described as complex and varied, but nonetheless conforming to stereotypical and <a href="/facts/Patriarchal/oTko9QfX">patriarchal</a> depictions of gender.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:364" href="#fn:364">364</a> Gender divides are ostensibly absent in the books: Hogwarts is <a href="/facts/Mixed-sex_education/TCNhIwrJ">coeducational</a> and women hold positions of power in wizarding society. However, this setting obscures the typecasting of female characters and the general depiction of conventional gender roles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:365" href="#fn:365">365</a> According to the scholars Elizabeth Heilman and Trevor Donaldson, the subordination of female characters goes further early in the series. The final three books "showcase richer roles and more powerful females": for instance, the series' "most matriarchal character", Molly Weasley, engages substantially in the final battle of Deathly Hallows, while other women are shown as leaders.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:366" href="#fn:366">366</a> Hermione Granger, in particular, becomes an active and independent character essential to the protagonists' battle against evil.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:367" href="#fn:367">367</a> Yet, even particularly capable female characters such as Hermione and <a href="/facts/Minerva_McGonagall/nYjU6VLe">Minerva McGonagall</a> are placed in supporting roles,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:368" href="#fn:368">368</a> and Hermione's status as a feminist model is debated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:369" href="#fn:369">369</a> Girls and women are frequently shown as emotional, defined by their appearance, and denied agency in family settings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:370" href="#fn:370">370</a>
The social hierarchies in Rowling's magical world have been a matter of debate among scholars and critics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:371" href="#fn:371">371</a> The primary antagonists of Harry Potter, Voldemort and his followers, believe blood purity is paramount, and that non-wizards, or "muggles", are subhuman.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:372" href="#fn:372">372</a> Their ideology of racial difference is depicted as unambiguously evil.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:373" href="#fn:373">373</a> However, the series cannot wholly reject racial division, according to several scholars, as it still depicts wizards as fundamentally superior to muggles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:374" href="#fn:374">374</a> Blake and Zipes argue that numerous examples of wizardly superiority are depicted as "natural and comfortable".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:375" href="#fn:375">375</a> Thus, according to Gupta, Harry Potter depicts superior races as having a moral obligation of tolerance and altruism towards lesser races, rather than explicitly depicting equality.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:376" href="#fn:376">376</a>
Rowling's depictions of the status of magical non-humans is similarly debated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:377" href="#fn:377">377</a> Discussing the slavery of <a href="/facts/House-elves/YvA6Pv9J">house-elves</a> within Harry Potter, scholars such as <a href="/facts/Brycchan_Carey/kCWHLabf">Brycchan Carey</a> have praised the books' <a href="/facts/Abolitionist/LDD5kEAc">abolitionist</a> sentiments, viewing Hermione's <a href="/facts/Society_for_the_Promotion_of_Elfish_Welfare/wxFSWvM9">Society for the Promotion of Elfish Welfare</a> as a model for younger readers' political engagement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:378" href="#fn:378">378</a> Other critics, including <a href="/facts/Farah_Mendlesohn/5pxzbod7">Farah Mendlesohn</a>, find the portrayal of house-elves extremely troublesome; they are written as happy in their slavery, and Hermione's efforts on their behalf are implied to be naïve.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:379" href="#fn:379">379</a> Pharr terms the house-elves a disharmonious element in the series, writing that Rowling leaves their fate hanging;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:380" href="#fn:380">380</a> at the end of Deathly Hallows, the elves remain enslaved and cheerful.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:381" href="#fn:381">381</a> More generally, the subordination of magical non-humans remains in place, unchanged by the defeat of Voldemort.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:382" href="#fn:382">382</a> Thus, scholars suggest, the series's message is essentially conservative; it sees no reason to transform social hierarchies, only being concerned with who holds positions of power.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:383" href="#fn:383">383</a>

<h3>Religious reactions</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Religious_debates_over_the_Harry_Potter_series/1QaPHICX">Religious debates over the Harry Potter series</a>
There have been <a href="/facts/Book_censorship/H18rtLX4">attempts to ban</a> Harry Potter around the world, especially in the United States,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:384" href="#fn:384">384</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:385" href="#fn:385">385</a> and in the <a href="/facts/Bible_Belt/2k9PVl3l">Bible Belt</a> in particular.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:386" href="#fn:386">386</a> The series topped the <a href="/facts/American_Library_Association/3jVtqULk">American Library Association</a>'s list of most challenged books in the first three years of its publication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:387" href="#fn:387">387</a> In the following years, parents in several US cities launched protests against teaching it in schools.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:388" href="#fn:388">388</a> Some Christian critics, particularly <a href="/facts/Evangelicalism/64I65VDK">Evangelical Christians</a>, have claimed that the novels promote witchcraft and harm children;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:389" href="#fn:389">389</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:390" href="#fn:390">390</a> similar opposition has been expressed to the film adaptations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:391" href="#fn:391">391</a> Criticism has taken two main forms: allegations that Harry Potter is a <a href="/facts/Paganism/JaWTHBtJ">pagan</a> text; and claims that it encourages children to oppose authority, derived mainly from Harry's rejection of the Dursleys, his guardians.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:392" href="#fn:392">392</a> The author and scholar Amanda Cockrell suggests that Harry Potter's popularity, and recent preoccupation with fantasy and the occult among Christian fundamentalists, explains why the series received particular opposition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:393" href="#fn:393">393</a> Some groups of <a href="/facts/Shia/JIQl7ooz">Shia</a> and <a href="/facts/Sunni/WYo0zeq0">Sunni</a> Muslims also argued that the series contained Satanic subtext, and it was banned in private schools in the <a href="/facts/United_Arab_Emirates/o1bEjgbR">United Arab Emirates</a> by its Ministry of Education and Youth, which stated it contradicted Islamic values.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:394" href="#fn:394">394</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:395" href="#fn:395">395</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:396" href="#fn:396">396</a>
The Harry Potter books also have a group of vocal religious supporters who believe that Harry Potter espouses Christian values, or that the Bible does not prohibit the forms of magic described in the series.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:397" href="#fn:397">397</a> Christian analyses of the series have argued that it embraces ideals of friendship, loyalty, courage, love, and the temptation of power.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:398" href="#fn:398">398</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:399" href="#fn:399">399</a> After the final volume was published, Rowling said she intentionally incorporated Christian themes, in particular the idea that love may hold power over death.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:400" href="#fn:400">400</a> According to Farmer, it is a profound misreading to think that Harry Potter promotes witchcraft.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:401" href="#fn:401">401</a> The scholar Em McAvan writes that evangelical objections to Harry Potter are superficial, based on the presence of magic in the books: they do not attempt to understand the moral messages in the series.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:402" href="#fn:402">402</a>

<h2 id="legacy">Legacy</h2>

Rowling's Harry Potter series has been credited with a resurgence in crossover fiction: children's literature with an adult appeal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:403" href="#fn:403">403</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:404" href="#fn:404">404</a> Crossovers were prevalent in 19th-century American and British fiction, but fell out of favour in the 20th century<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:405" href="#fn:405">405</a> and did not occur at the same scale.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:406" href="#fn:406">406</a> The post-Harry Potter crossover trend is associated with the fantasy genre.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:407" href="#fn:407">407</a> In the 1970s, children's books were generally <a href="/facts/Realism_(arts)/qn1xtzkf">realistic</a> as opposed to fantastic,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:408" href="#fn:408">408</a> while adult fantasy became popular because of the influence of <a href="/facts/The_Lord_of_the_Rings/aS5RH7YT">The Lord of the Rings</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:409" href="#fn:409">409</a> The next decade saw an increasing interest in grim, realist themes, with an outflow of fantasy readers and writers to adult works.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:410" href="#fn:410">410</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:411" href="#fn:411">411</a>
The commercial success of Harry Potter in 1997 reversed this trend.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:412" href="#fn:412">412</a> The scale of its growth had no precedent in the children's market: within four years, it occupied 28% of that field by revenue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:413" href="#fn:413">413</a> Children's literature rose in cultural status,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:414" href="#fn:414">414</a> and fantasy became a dominant genre.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:415" href="#fn:415">415</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:416" href="#fn:416">416</a> Older works of children's fantasy, including <a href="/facts/Diana_Wynne_Jones/2KoT7vNW">Diana Wynne Jones</a>'s <a href="/facts/Chrestomanci/knTsrRzL">Chrestomanci</a> series and <a href="/facts/Diane_Duane/M9tSlAtm">Diane Duane</a>'s <a href="/facts/Young_Wizards/dgz8UVoY">Young Wizards</a>, were reprinted and rose in popularity; some authors re-established their careers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:417" href="#fn:417">417</a> In the following decades, many Harry Potter imitators and subversive responses grew popular.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:418" href="#fn:418">418</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:419" href="#fn:419">419</a>
Rowling has been compared with <a href="/facts/Enid_Blyton/fRosTCuk">Enid Blyton</a>, who also wrote in simple language about groups of children and long held sway over the British children's market.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:420" href="#fn:420">420</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:421" href="#fn:421">421</a> She has also been described as an heir to <a href="/facts/Roald_Dahl/2Quq1kV5">Roald Dahl</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:422" href="#fn:422">422</a> Some critics view Harry Potter's rise, along with the concurrent success of <a href="/facts/Philip_Pullman/hBzM5ngk">Philip Pullman</a>'s <a href="/facts/His_Dark_Materials/U0hCFzSU">His Dark Materials</a>, as part of a broader shift in reading tastes: a rejection of literary fiction in favour of plot and adventure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:423" href="#fn:423">423</a> This is reflected in the BBC's 2003 "<a href="/facts/Big_Read/qmjdECbN">Big Read</a>" survey of the UK's favourite books, where Pullman and Rowling ranked at numbers 3 and 5, respectively, with very few British literary classics in the top 10.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:424" href="#fn:424">424</a>
Harry Potter's popularity led its publishers to plan elaborate releases and spawned a textual afterlife among fans and forgers. Beginning with the release of Prisoner of Azkaban on 8 July 1999 at 3:45 pm,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:425" href="#fn:425">425</a> its publishers coordinated selling the books at the same time globally, introduced security protocols to prevent premature purchases, and required booksellers to agree not to sell copies before the appointed time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:426" href="#fn:426">426</a> Driven by the growth of the internet, <a href="/facts/Fan_fiction/UqLA2xlj">fan fiction</a> about the series proliferated and has spawned a diverse community of readers and writers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:427" href="#fn:427">427</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:428" href="#fn:428">428</a> While Rowling has supported fan fiction, her statements about characters made after the books were published but not included in the books – for instance, that Harry and Hermione could have been a couple, and that Dumbledore was gay – have complicated her relationship with readers;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:429" href="#fn:429">429</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:430" href="#fn:430">430</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:431" href="#fn:431">431</a> according to scholars, this shows that modern readers feel a sense of ownership over the text that is independent of, and sometimes contradicts, <a href="/facts/Authorial_intent/AFbvDAsg">authorial intent</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:432" href="#fn:432">432</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:433" href="#fn:433">433</a>

<h2 id="legal-disputes">Legal disputes</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Legal_disputes_over_the_Harry_Potter_series/fsq8nB8g">Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series</a>
In the 1990s and 2000s, Rowling was both a plaintiff and defendant in lawsuits alleging <a href="/facts/Copyright_infringement/33JDsS5S">copyright infringement</a>. Nancy Stouffer sued Rowling in 1999, alleging that Harry Potter was based on stories she published in 1984.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:434" href="#fn:434">434</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:435" href="#fn:435">435</a> Rowling won in September 2002.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:436" href="#fn:436">436</a> <a href="/facts/Richard_Posner/cG6QWxnd">Richard Posner</a> describes Stouffer's suit as deeply flawed and notes that the court, finding she had used "forged and altered documents", assessed a $50,000 penalty against her.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:437" href="#fn:437">437</a>
With her literary agents and Warner Bros., Rowling has brought legal action against publishers and writers of Harry Potter knockoffs in several countries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:438" href="#fn:438">438</a> In the mid-2000s, Rowling and her publishers obtained a series of injunctions prohibiting sales or published reviews of her books before their official release dates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:439" href="#fn:439">439</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:440" href="#fn:440">440</a>
Beginning in 2001, after Rowling sold film rights to Warner Bros., the studio tried to take Harry Potter fan sites offline unless it determined that they were made by "authentic" fans for innocuous purposes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:441" href="#fn:441">441</a> In 2007, with Warner Bros., Rowling started proceedings to cease publication of a book based on content from a fan site called <a href="/facts/The_Harry_Potter_Lexicon/hGfYy0d9">The Harry Potter Lexicon</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:442" href="#fn:442">442</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:443" href="#fn:443">443</a> The court held that Lexicon was neither a <a href="/facts/Fair_use/mlSlfPcB">fair use</a> of Rowling's material nor a <a href="/facts/Derivative_work/nuXSQKLp">derivative work</a>, but it did not prevent the book from being published in a different form.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:444" href="#fn:444">444</a> Lexicon was published in 2009.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:445" href="#fn:445">445</a>

<h2 id="philanthropy">Philanthropy</h2>
Long interested in issues affecting women and children,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:446" href="#fn:446">446</a> Rowling established the Volant Charitable Trust in 2000, named after her mother<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:447" href="#fn:447">447</a> to address social deprivation in at-risk women, children and youth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:448" href="#fn:448">448</a> She was appointed president of One Parent Families (now <a href="/facts/Gingerbread_(charity)/22xcdcYF">Gingerbread</a>) in 2004,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:449" href="#fn:449">449</a> after becoming its first ambassador in 2000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:450" href="#fn:450">450</a> She collaborated with <a href="/facts/Sarah_Jane_Brown/Q4lk5Vd0">Sarah Brown</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:451" href="#fn:451">451</a> on a book of children's stories to benefit One Parent Families.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:452" href="#fn:452">452</a> Together with the <a href="/facts/Member_of_the_European_Parliament/rvxcGboD">MEP</a> <a href="/facts/Emma_Nicholson/jkkwVTLm">Emma Nicholson</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:453" href="#fn:453">453</a> Rowling founded the charity now known as <a href="/facts/Lumos_(charity)/8egWzKBX">Lumos</a> in 2005.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:454" href="#fn:454">454</a> Lumos has worked with orphanages in Ukraine, Romania, Haiti, and Colombia, and it had supported at least 280,000 children by 2025.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:455" href="#fn:455">455</a> She has donated several hundred thousand <a href="/facts/Pound_sterling/cGgjUJwv">pounds</a> to help women lawyers flee from the <a href="/facts/Taliban/VJC0WJlq">Taliban</a>'s control, helping hundreds of <a href="/facts/Afghanistan/v63Auu1C">Afghans</a> escape.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:456" href="#fn:456">456</a> During her advocacy in 2022 against the <a href="/facts/Gender_Recognition_Reform_(Scotland)_Bill/KbVdsjYY">Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:457" href="#fn:457">457</a> Rowling stated she had founded and would fund <a href="/facts/Beira%2527s_Place/QXl42pon">Beira's Place</a>, a women-only rape help centre that provides free support services to survivors of sexual violence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:458" href="#fn:458">458</a> The centre does not serve trans women.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:459" href="#fn:459">459</a> Rowling has donated to the group <a href="/facts/For_Women_Scotland/Rn3VtpBV">For Women Scotland</a>, which brought legal challenges leading to the UK Supreme Court case <a href="/facts/For_Women_Scotland_Ltd_v_The_Scottish_Ministers/0jPJFFv8">For Women Scotland Ltd v The Scottish Ministers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:460" href="#fn:460">460</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:461" href="#fn:461">461</a>
Rowling has made donations to support other medical causes. She named another institution after her mother in 2010, when she donated £10 million to found a <a href="/facts/Multiple_sclerosis/vghXl0IQ">multiple sclerosis</a> research centre at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Edinburgh/L69HscH9">University of Edinburgh</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:462" href="#fn:462">462</a> She gave an additional £15.3 million to the centre in 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:463" href="#fn:463">463</a> During the <a href="/facts/2012_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony/w5IYg5l8">2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony</a>, accompanied by an inflatable representation of <a href="/facts/Lord_Voldemort/vkHKoLH2">Lord Voldemort</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:464" href="#fn:464">464</a> she read from <a href="/facts/Peter_Pan/CY9KlH95">Peter Pan</a> as part of a tribute to the <a href="/facts/Great_Ormond_Street_Hospital_for_Children/KxFRxXFv">Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:465" href="#fn:465">465</a> To support <a href="/facts/COVID-19/YsUgvsaX">COVID-19</a> relief, she donated six-figure sums to both <a href="/facts/Khalsa_Aid/zkQYWEom">Khalsa Aid</a> and the <a href="/facts/British_Asian_Trust/tNdEHcCM">British Asian Trust</a> from royalties for The Ickabog.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:466" href="#fn:466">466</a>
Several publications in the Harry Potter universe have been sold for charitable purposes. Profits from <a href="/facts/Fantastic_Beasts_and_Where_to_Find_Them_(book)/KlEtBMvK">Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them</a> and <a href="/facts/Quidditch_Through_the_Ages/0sHLP0hl">Quidditch Through the Ages</a>, both published in 2001, went to <a href="/facts/Comic_Relief_(charity)/VRJPVDEz">Comic Relief</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:467" href="#fn:467">467</a> To support Children's Voice, later renamed Lumos, Rowling sold a deluxe copy of <a href="/facts/The_Tales_of_Beedle_the_Bard/WNGeE1CA">The Tales of Beedle the Bard</a> at auction in 2007. <a href="/facts/Amazon_(company)/YzUTUVE8">Amazon</a>'s £1.95 million purchase set a record for a contemporary literary work and for children's literature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:468" href="#fn:468">468</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:469" href="#fn:469">469</a> Rowling published the book and, in 2013, donated the proceeds of nearly £19 million (then about $30 million) to Lumos.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:470" href="#fn:470">470</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:471" href="#fn:471">471</a> Rowling and 12 other writers composed short pieces in 2008 to be sold to benefit Dyslexia Action and English <a href="/facts/PEN_International/2CeXvszq">PEN</a>. Rowling's contribution was an 800-word <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_prequel/c7tPtGq9">Harry Potter prequel</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:472" href="#fn:472">472</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:473" href="#fn:473">473</a> When the revelation that Rowling wrote The Cuckoo's Calling led to an increase in sales,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:474" href="#fn:474">474</a> she donated the royalties to <a href="/facts/ABF_The_Soldiers%2527_Charity/kXAQf9eD">ABF The Soldiers' Charity</a> (formerly the Army Benevolent Fund).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:475" href="#fn:475">475</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:476" href="#fn:476">476</a>
Rowling's charitable donations between 2005 and 2025 were estimated at over $200 million by Forbes,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:477" href="#fn:477">477</a> which also estimated she had donated $160 million before 2012.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:478" href="#fn:478">478</a> She was the second most generous UK donor in 2015 (following the singer <a href="/facts/Elton_John/DCPCRafW">Elton John</a>), giving about $14 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:479" href="#fn:479">479</a>

<h2 id="views">Views</h2>
Rowling was actively engaged on the internet before author webpages were common,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:480" href="#fn:480">480</a> and used Twitter to reach her Harry Potter fans and followers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:481" href="#fn:481">481</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:482" href="#fn:482">482</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:483" href="#fn:483">483</a> She often uses sarcasm in <a href="/facts/Twitter/VWwDNGUm">tweets</a> about her political opinions, sometimes generating controversy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:484" href="#fn:484">484</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:485" href="#fn:485">485</a>

<h3>Politics</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Political_views_of_J._K._Rowling/zxSgEw6U">Political views of J. K. Rowling</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/Politics_of_Harry_Potter/Goqg1FWB">Politics of Harry Potter</a>
In 2008, Rowling donated £1 million to the <a href="/facts/Labour_Party_(UK)/jr0wYRdF">Labour Party</a>, endorsed the Labour prime minister <a href="/facts/Gordon_Brown/kG8lHq8C">Gordon Brown</a> over his <a href="/facts/Conservative_Party_(UK)/0LPlRq1a">Conservative</a> challenger <a href="/facts/David_Cameron/0y643wQf">David Cameron</a>, and commended Labour's policies on child poverty.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:486" href="#fn:486">486</a> In June 2024, she wrote that she had a "poor opinion" of <a href="/facts/Keir_Starmer/rzH0yIHu">Keir Starmer</a> and that it would be hard for her to vote for Labour.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:487" href="#fn:487">487</a> When asked about the <a href="/facts/2008_United_States_presidential_election/GEIXYxXu">2008 United States presidential election</a>, she stated that "it is a pity that <a href="/facts/Hillary_Clinton/dPzm9ru4">Clinton</a> and <a href="/facts/Barack_Obama/76wUMgL1">Obama</a> have to be rivals because both are extraordinary."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:488" href="#fn:488">488</a>
In her "Single mother's manifesto" published in <a href="/facts/The_Times/5BwkodnX">The Times</a> in 2010, Rowling criticised the prime minister David Cameron's plan to offer married couples an annual tax credit. She thought that the proposal discriminated against single parents, whose interests the Conservative Party failed to consider.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:489" href="#fn:489">489</a> Rowling opposed the <a href="/facts/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum/1jyXspCs">2014 Scottish independence referendum</a>, and donated £1 million to the <a href="/facts/Better_Together_(campaign)/gUdoJ19e">Better Together</a> anti-independence campaign.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:490" href="#fn:490">490</a> She campaigned for the UK to stay in the <a href="/facts/European_Union/6GYcR8qM">European Union</a> in the <a href="/facts/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum/zHWHJCjx">2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum</a>. She defined herself as an internationalist, "the mongrel product of this European continent",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:491" href="#fn:491">491</a> and expressed concern that "racists and bigots" were directing parts of the Leave campaign.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:492" href="#fn:492">492</a>
She opposed Israeli prime minister <a href="/facts/Benjamin_Netanyahu/581DW7MB">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>, but refused to support a <a href="/facts/Boycotts_of_Israel/SxRsnDPg">cultural boycott of Israel</a> in 2015, believing that depriving Israel of shared culture would not dislodge him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:493" href="#fn:493">493</a> In 2015, Rowling joined 150 others in signing a letter published in The Guardian in favour of cultural engagement with Israel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:494" href="#fn:494">494</a>

<h3>Press</h3>
Rowling has a difficult relationship with the press and has tried to influence the type of coverage she receives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:495" href="#fn:495">495</a> She described herself in 2003 as "too thin-skinned".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:496" href="#fn:496">496</a> As of 2011, she had taken more than 50 actions against the press.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:497" href="#fn:497">497</a> Rowling dislikes the British tabloid the <a href="/facts/Daily_Mail/a4uUpVJG">Daily Mail</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:498" href="#fn:498">498</a> which she successfully sued in 2014 for libel about her time as a single mother.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:499" href="#fn:499">499</a>
The <a href="/facts/Leveson_Inquiry/LNlq3QGK">Leveson Inquiry</a> into the British press named Rowling as a "core participant" in 2011. She was one of many celebrities alleged to have been victims of <a href="/facts/Phone_hacking/ku7maxP2">phone hacking</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:500" href="#fn:500">500</a> The following year she criticised Cameron's decision not to implement all the inquiry's recommendations and supported the Hacked Off campaign, pushing for stricter media reform.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:501" href="#fn:501">501</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:502" href="#fn:502">502</a>

<h3>Transgender people</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Political_views_of_J._K._Rowling/zxSgEw6U">Political views of J. K. Rowling § Transgender people</a>
Rowling is a <a href="/facts/Gender-critical/LUSYBgXz">gender-critical</a> feminist<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:503" href="#fn:503">503</a> who believes that making it simpler for transgender people to legally transition could impinge on access to female-only spaces and legal protections for women.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:504" href="#fn:504">504</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:505" href="#fn:505">505</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:506" href="#fn:506">506</a> Her views are often described as transphobic or anti-trans,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:507" href="#fn:507">507</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:508" href="#fn:508">508</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:509" href="#fn:509">509</a> though Rowling disputes this.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:510" href="#fn:510">510</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:511" href="#fn:511">511</a> In 2024, <a href="/facts/Variety_(magazine)/38rXIaaG">Variety</a> wrote that Rowling had "made her campaign against trans identity the central focus of her online persona".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:512" href="#fn:512">512</a> 
Friction over Rowling's gender-critical writings surged in 2019 when she defended <a href="/facts/Maya_Forstater/WHc2gwfY">Maya Forstater</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:513" href="#fn:513">513</a> whose <a href="/facts/Forstater_v_Centre_for_Global_Development_Europe/SFlaLUfx">employment contract was not renewed</a> after she made gender-critical statements, which some considered anti-trans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:514" href="#fn:514">514</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:515" href="#fn:515">515</a> Rowling wrote that <a href="/facts/Transgender/LuADj6gz">transgender</a> people should live in "peace and security" but said she opposed "forc[ing] women out of their jobs for stating that sex is real".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:516" href="#fn:516">516</a> The tribunal found that Forstater had been discriminated against.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:517" href="#fn:517">517</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:518" href="#fn:518">518</a> According to Harry Potter scholar Lana Whited, in the next six months "Rowling herself fanned the flames as she became increasingly vocal".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:519" href="#fn:519">519</a> 
Rowling has opposed proposed <a href="/facts/Gender_self-identification/GhaeHYtb">gender self-recognition</a> law reforms<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:520" href="#fn:520">520</a> in the UK that would make it easier for trans people to change their legal gender.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:521" href="#fn:521">521</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:522" href="#fn:522">522</a> She also supported the gender-critical campaign group <a href="/facts/For_Women_Scotland/Rn3VtpBV">For Women Scotland</a> in the landmark UK Supreme Court case <a href="/facts/For_Women_Scotland_Ltd_v_The_Scottish_Ministers/0jPJFFv8">For Women Scotland Ltd v The Scottish Ministers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:523" href="#fn:523">523</a> According to media scholar Jennifer Duggan, Rowling has suggested on social media that children and <a href="/facts/Cisgender/rM0Yhqnc">cisgender</a> women are threatened by trans women and trans-positive messages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:524" href="#fn:524">524</a> Responding to an online op-ed that used the phrase "<a href="/facts/People_who_menstruate/7cv4HzLe">people who menstruate</a>", Rowling mocked the phrase<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:525" href="#fn:525">525</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:526" href="#fn:526">526</a> and tweeted that <a href="/facts/Women%2527s_rights/82YGpkAT">women's rights</a> and "lived reality" would be "erased" if "sex isn't real".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:527" href="#fn:527">527</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:528" href="#fn:528">528</a> Responding to <a href="/facts/Hate_Crime_and_Public_Order_(Scotland)_Act_2021/Gk66VmSY">a strengthening of hate crime law in Scotland</a> in April 2024, she tweeted a list of trans women, writing that they are "men, every last one of them" and challenging the police to arrest her.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:529" href="#fn:529">529</a>
Rowling denies that her views are transphobic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:530" href="#fn:530">530</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:531" href="#fn:531">531</a> Rowling's public expression of her views has prompted declarations of <a href="/facts/Transgender_rights_movement/ETESjCAG">support for transgender people</a> from the literary,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:532" href="#fn:532">532</a> music,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:533" href="#fn:533">533</a> theme park, and video gaming sectors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:534" href="#fn:534">534</a> as well as fuelling debates on <a href="/facts/Freedom_of_speech/jYakwGMP">freedom of speech</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:535" href="#fn:535">535</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:536" href="#fn:536">536</a> She has been the target of widespread condemnation for her comments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:537" href="#fn:537">537</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:538" href="#fn:538">538</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:539" href="#fn:539">539</a> This negative reaction has included insults and threats, including death threats.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:540" href="#fn:540">540</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:541" href="#fn:541">541</a> Criticism came from Harry Potter fansites, LGBT charities, leading actors of the Wizarding World,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:542" href="#fn:542">542</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:543" href="#fn:543">543</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:544" href="#fn:544">544</a> and <a href="/facts/Human_Rights_Campaign/S5ebYhLe">Human Rights Campaign</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:545" href="#fn:545">545</a> After <a href="/facts/Kerry_Kennedy/pfMf2QPR">Kerry Kennedy</a> expressed "profound disappointment" in her views, Rowling returned the <a href="/facts/Ripple_of_Hope_Award/zTJAbVTa">Ripple of Hope Award</a> given to her by the <a href="/facts/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights/wK9cIqmM">Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights</a> organisation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:546" href="#fn:546">546</a> Whited asserted in 2024 that Rowling's sometimes "flippant" and "simplistic understanding of gender identity" had left some transgender people feeling betrayed and permanently changed her "relationship not only with fans, readers, and scholars ... but also with her works themselves".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:547" href="#fn:547">547</a> Despite the controversy, Rowling's revenue has continued or grown from book and merchandise sales, movies, a play staged on Broadway and around the world, video games, and new and existing theme parks, with a new television series in development as of 2025.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:548" href="#fn:548">548</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:549" href="#fn:549">549</a>

<h2 id="awards-and-honours">Awards and honours</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_J._K._Rowling/jcySbzGf">List of awards and nominations received by J. K. Rowling</a>

Rowling's <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter/61PjQmkT">Harry Potter</a> series has won awards for general literature, children's literature, and <a href="/facts/Speculative_fiction/j9dUbo0d">speculative fiction</a>. It has earned multiple <a href="/facts/British_Book_Awards/PGSE6k8y">British Book Awards</a>, beginning with the <a href="/facts/National_Book_Awards_Children%2527s_Book_of_the_Year/DhVzGldK">Children's Book of the Year</a> for the first two volumes, <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%2527s_Stone/AFPaD6Y1">Philosopher's Stone</a> and <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets/aLm9H991">Chamber of Secrets</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:550" href="#fn:550">550</a> The third novel, <a href="/facts/Prisoner_of_Azkaban/7nIPGVN7">Prisoner of Azkaban</a>, was nominated for an adult award, the <a href="/facts/Whitbread_Book_of_the_Year/kIpH8K9f">Whitbread Book of the Year</a>, where it competed against the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize/3z1Y3oFL">Nobel Prize</a> laureate <a href="/facts/Seamus_Heaney/TYnGK5IP">Seamus Heaney</a>'s <a href="/facts/Beowulf%3a_A_New_Verse_Translation/PxT1BBgE">translation of Beowulf</a>. The award body gave Rowling the children's prize instead (worth half the cash amount), which some scholars felt exemplified a literary prejudice against children's books.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:551" href="#fn:551">551</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:552" href="#fn:552">552</a> She won the <a href="/facts/World_Science_Fiction_Convention/bLHakdlE">World Science Fiction Convention</a>'s <a href="/facts/Hugo_Award/E7VlgHeF">Hugo Award</a> for the fourth book, <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire/H2lc9WBI">Goblet of Fire</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:553" href="#fn:553">553</a> and the British Book Awards' adult prize – the Book of the Year – for the sixth novel, <a href="/facts/Half-Blood_Prince/HNr5Btcq">Half-Blood Prince</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:554" href="#fn:554">554</a>
Rowling was appointed <a href="/facts/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire/HlY9buuN">Officer of the Order of the British Empire</a> (OBE) in the <a href="/facts/2000_Birthday_Honours/nqnYSeeR">2000 Birthday Honours</a> for services to children's literature,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:555" href="#fn:555">555</a> and three years later received Spain's <a href="/facts/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards/CrffDz2I">Prince of Asturias Award for Concord</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:556" href="#fn:556">556</a> Following the conclusion of the Harry Potter series, she won the Outstanding Achievement Prize at the 2008 British Book Awards.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:557" href="#fn:557">557</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:558" href="#fn:558">558</a> The next year, she was awarded <a href="/facts/Chevalier_de_la_L%25C3%25A9gion_d%2527Honneur/XmLQTz71">Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur</a> by the French president <a href="/facts/Nicolas_Sarkozy/x6Sr6so3">Nicolas Sarkozy</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:559" href="#fn:559">559</a> and leading magazine editors named her the "Most Influential Woman in the UK" in 2010.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:560" href="#fn:560">560</a> In the <a href="/facts/2017_Birthday_Honours/p3cKXcJl">2017 Birthday Honours</a>, Rowling was appointed a <a href="/facts/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour/kFxw1bn3">Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour</a> (CH) for services to literature and philanthropy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:561" href="#fn:561">561</a> 
Many academic institutions have bestowed honorary degrees on Rowling,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:562" href="#fn:562">562</a> including her <a href="/facts/Alma_mater/gzkwVkrs">alma mater</a>, the <a href="/facts/University_of_Exeter/kKtzMCAM">University of Exeter</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:563" href="#fn:563">563</a> and <a href="/facts/Harvard_University/Lhy9L1cx">Harvard University</a>, where she spoke at the 2008 commencement ceremony.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:564" href="#fn:564">564</a> In 2002, Rowling was elected as a <a href="/facts/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Literature/kPaMqF3R">Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature</a> (FRSL)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:565" href="#fn:565">565</a> and awarded as an <a href="/facts/Honorary_Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh/6T9ftn3H">Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh</a> (HonFRSE).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:566" href="#fn:566">566</a> In 2011, she was recognised as a <a href="/facts/Fellow_of_the_Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Edinburgh/2muy7njc">Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh</a> (FRCPE).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:567" href="#fn:567">567</a>
Rowling shared the <a href="/facts/British_Academy_Film_Award/GszEPR7E">British Academy Film Award</a> (BAFTA) for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema with the cast and crew of the Harry Potter films in 2011.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:568" href="#fn:568">568</a> Her other awards include the 2017 <a href="/facts/Laurence_Olivier_Award/E5kWXxU3">Laurence Olivier Award</a> for Best New Play for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:569" href="#fn:569">569</a> and the 2021 British Book Awards' Crime and Thriller prize for the fifth volume of her <a href="/facts/Cormoran_Strike/WcIdRqXE">Cormoran Strike</a> series.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:570" href="#fn:570">570</a>

<h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2>
Publications by J.K. Rowling<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Target/type</th><th scope="col">Series/description</th><th scope="col">Title</th><th scope="col">Date</th><th scope="col">Ref.</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="19">Young adultfiction</th><th scope="row" rowspan="7">Harry Potter series</th><td>1. <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%2527s_Stone/AFPaD6Y1">Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone</a></td><td>26 Jun 1997</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:571" href="#fn:571">571</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:572" href="#fn:572">572</a></td></tr><tr><td>2. <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets/aLm9H991">Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets</a></td><td>2 Jul 1998</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:573" href="#fn:573">573</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:574" href="#fn:574">574</a></td></tr><tr><td>3. <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban/7nIPGVN7">Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban</a></td><td>8 Jul 1999</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:575" href="#fn:575">575</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:576" href="#fn:576">576</a></td></tr><tr><td>4. <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire/H2lc9WBI">Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire</a></td><td>8 Jul 2000</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:577" href="#fn:577">577</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:578" href="#fn:578">578</a></td></tr><tr><td>5. <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix/A4g4cn09">Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix</a></td><td>21 Jun 2003</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:579" href="#fn:579">579</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:580" href="#fn:580">580</a></td></tr><tr><td>6. <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince/HNr5Btcq">Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince</a></td><td>16 Jul 2005</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:581" href="#fn:581">581</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:582" href="#fn:582">582</a></td></tr><tr><td>7. <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows/LyKn8ofM">Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows</a></td><td>21 Jul 2007</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:583" href="#fn:583">583</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:584" href="#fn:584">584</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="9">Harry Potter–related books</th><td><a href="/facts/Fantastic_Beasts_and_Where_to_Find_Them_(book)/KlEtBMvK">Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them</a> (supplement to the Harry Potter series)</td><td>12 Mar 2001</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:585" href="#fn:585">585</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Quidditch_Through_the_Ages/0sHLP0hl">Quidditch Through the Ages</a> (supplement to the Harry Potter series)</td><td>12 Mar 2001</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:586" href="#fn:586">586</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_prequel/c7tPtGq9">Harry Potter prequel</a> (short story published in What's Your Story Postcard Collection)</td><td>1 Jul 2008</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:587" href="#fn:587">587</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:588" href="#fn:588">588</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/The_Tales_of_Beedle_the_Bard/WNGeE1CA">The Tales of Beedle the Bard</a> (supplement to the Harry Potter series)</td><td>4 Dec 2008</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:589" href="#fn:589">589</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Cursed_Child/t0lsbm58">Harry Potter and the Cursed Child</a> (story concept for play)</td><td>30 Jul 2016premiere</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:590" href="#fn:590">590</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:591" href="#fn:591">591</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Short_Stories_from_Hogwarts_of_Power%2c_Politics_and_Pesky_Poltergeists/kbTJXSfs">Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power, Politics and Pesky Poltergeists</a></td><td>6 Sep 2016</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:592" href="#fn:592">592</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Short_Stories_from_Hogwarts_of_Heroism%2c_Hardship_and_Dangerous_Hobbies/WNLP1TSh">Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies</a></td><td>6 Sep 2016</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:593" href="#fn:593">593</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Hogwarts%3a_An_Incomplete_and_Unreliable_Guide/f7NE6QY2">Hogwarts: An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide</a></td><td>6 Sep 2016</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:594" href="#fn:594">594</a></td></tr><tr><td>From the Wizarding Archive: Volumes 1 and 2</td><td>29 Aug 2024</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:595" href="#fn:595">595</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:596" href="#fn:596">596</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="3">Harry Potter–related original screenplays</th><td><a href="/facts/Fantastic_Beasts_and_Where_to_Find_Them_(film)/6PsxNBHT">Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them</a></td><td>18 Nov 2016</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:597" href="#fn:597">597</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fantastic_Beasts%3a_The_Crimes_of_Grindelwald/bERLIkyS">Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald</a></td><td>16 Nov 2018premiere</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:598" href="#fn:598">598</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fantastic_Beasts%3a_The_Secrets_of_Dumbledore/35xMPscC">Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore</a></td><td>15 Apr 2022</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:599" href="#fn:599">599</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="8">Adultfiction</th><th scope="row" rowspan="1"></th><td><a href="/facts/The_Casual_Vacancy/6pgBXF0o">The Casual Vacancy</a></td><td>27 Sep 2012</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:600" href="#fn:600">600</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="7">Cormoran Strike series (as Robert Galbraith)</th><td>1. <a href="/facts/The_Cuckoo%2527s_Calling/X8j3JTTl">The Cuckoo's Calling</a></td><td>18 Apr 2013</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:601" href="#fn:601">601</a></td></tr><tr><td>2. <a href="/facts/The_Silkworm/RWSR3wGg">The Silkworm</a></td><td>19 Jun 2014</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:602" href="#fn:602">602</a></td></tr><tr><td>3. <a href="/facts/Career_of_Evil/xlFG3Jrs">Career of Evil</a></td><td>20 Oct 2015</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:603" href="#fn:603">603</a></td></tr><tr><td>4. <a href="/facts/Lethal_White/8M4I59BG">Lethal White</a></td><td>18 Sep 2018</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:604" href="#fn:604">604</a></td></tr><tr><td>5. <a href="/facts/Troubled_Blood/Sw42zBPA">Troubled Blood</a></td><td>15 Sep 2020</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:605" href="#fn:605">605</a></td></tr><tr><td>6. <a href="/facts/The_Ink_Black_Heart/1tcvtCWM">The Ink Black Heart</a></td><td>30 Aug 2022</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:606" href="#fn:606">606</a></td></tr><tr><td>7. <a href="/facts/The_Running_Grave/JKp6h1dj">The Running Grave</a></td><td>26 Sep 2023</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:607" href="#fn:607">607</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2">Children'sfiction</th><th scope="row" rowspan="2"></th><td><a href="/facts/The_Ickabog/AHQkUrU5">The Ickabog</a></td><td>10 Nov 2020</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:608" href="#fn:608">608</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/The_Christmas_Pig/hdgs1Nv3">The Christmas Pig</a></td><td>12 Oct 2021</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:609" href="#fn:609">609</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="10">Non-fiction</th><th scope="row" rowspan="3">Books</th><td>Very Good Lives: The Fringe Benefits of Failure and Importance of Imagination, illustrated by Joel Holland, <a href="/facts/Sphere_Books/5llrxQN3">Sphere</a>.</td><td>14 Apr 2015</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:610" href="#fn:610">610</a></td></tr><tr><td>A Love Letter to Europe: an Outpouring of Love and Sadness from our Writers, Thinkers and Artists, <a href="/facts/Coronet_Books/ekG5fUc8">Coronet</a> (contributor).</td><td>31 Oct 2019</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:611" href="#fn:611">611</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/The_Women_Who_Wouldn%2527t_Wheesht/Nps1BTxN">The Women Who Wouldn't Wheesht</a>, <a href="/facts/Constable_%2526_Robinson/sKWLvVY6">Constable</a> (Contributor).</td><td>30 May 2024</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:612" href="#fn:612">612</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="7">Articles</th><td>"The first it girl: J. K. Rowling reviews Decca: the Letters by Jessica Mitford". Sussman, Peter Y., editor. <a href="/facts/The_Daily_Telegraph/aHa5nNw5">The Daily Telegraph</a>.</td><td>26 Nov 2006</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:613" href="#fn:613">613</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:614" href="#fn:614">614</a></td></tr><tr><td>"The fringe benefits of failure, and the importance of imagination". <a href="/facts/Harvard_Magazine/8I27f6Yy">Harvard Magazine</a>.</td><td>5 Jun 2008</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:615" href="#fn:615">615</a></td></tr><tr><td>"Gordon Brown – the 2009 Time 100". <a href="/facts/Time_(magazine)/N4FXc99l">Time</a> magazine.</td><td>30 Apr 2009</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:616" href="#fn:616">616</a></td></tr><tr><td>"The single mother's manifesto". <a href="/facts/The_Times/5BwkodnX">The Times</a>.</td><td>14 Apr 2010</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:617" href="#fn:617">617</a></td></tr><tr><td>"I feel duped and angry at David Cameron's reaction to Leveson". <a href="/facts/The_Guardian/H84wwJYM">The Guardian</a>.</td><td>30 Nov 2012</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:618" href="#fn:618">618</a></td></tr><tr><td>"Isn't it time we left orphanages to fairytales?" <a href="/facts/The_Guardian/H84wwJYM">The Guardian</a>.</td><td>17 Dec 2014</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:619" href="#fn:619">619</a></td></tr><tr><td>"Labour has dismissed women like me. I'll struggle to vote for it". <a href="/facts/The_Times/5BwkodnX">The Times</a>.</td><td>21 Jun 2024</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:620" href="#fn:620">620</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="4">Book</th><th scope="row" rowspan="4">Foreword/Introduction</th><td>Reynolds, Kim; Cooling, Wendy, project consultants. Families Just Like Us: The One Parent Families Good Book Guide. National Council for One Parent Families; Book Trust.</td><td>2000</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:621" href="#fn:621">621</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:622" href="#fn:622">622</a></td></tr><tr><td>McNeil, Gil; <a href="/facts/Sarah_Jane_Brown/Q4lk5Vd0">Brown, Sarah</a>, editors. Magic. Bloomsbury.</td><td>3 Jun 2002</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:623" href="#fn:623">623</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Gordon_Brown/kG8lHq8C">Brown, Gordon</a>. "Ending child poverty" in Moving Britain Forward. Selected Speeches 1997–2006. Bloomsbury.</td><td>25 Sep 2006</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:624" href="#fn:624">624</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:625" href="#fn:625">625</a></td></tr><tr><td>Anelli, Melissa. <a href="/facts/Harry%2c_A_History/fbml5vej">Harry, A History</a>. <a href="/facts/Pocket_Books/or7t8lrf">Pocket Books</a>.</td><td>4 Nov 2008</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:626" href="#fn:626">626</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="filmography">Filmography</h2>
<h3>Film</h3>
J. K. Rowling filmography<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" rowspan="2">Year</th><th scope="col" rowspan="2">Title</th><th scope="col" colspan="2">Credited as</th><th scope="col" rowspan="2">Notes</th><th scope="col" rowspan="2">Ref.</th></tr><tr><th>Screenwriter</th><th>Producer</th></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td><a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%25E2%2580%2593_Part_1/QDTNvL02">Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1</a></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td rowspan="2">Film based on <a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows/LyKn8ofM">Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows</a></td><td rowspan="2"><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:627" href="#fn:627">627</a></td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td><a href="/facts/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%25E2%2580%2593_Part_2/WadcTEq1">Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2</a></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td><a href="/facts/Fantastic_Beasts_and_Where_to_Find_Them_(film)/6PsxNBHT">Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them</a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td rowspan="3">Films inspired by the Harry Potter supplementary book <a href="/facts/Fantastic_Beasts_and_Where_to_Find_Them_(book)/KlEtBMvK">Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:628" href="#fn:628">628</a></td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td><a href="/facts/Fantastic_Beasts%3a_The_Crimes_of_Grindelwald/bERLIkyS">Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald</a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:629" href="#fn:629">629</a></td></tr><tr><td>2022</td><td><a href="/facts/Fantastic_Beasts%3a_The_Secrets_of_Dumbledore/35xMPscC">Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore</a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:630" href="#fn:630">630</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Television</h3>
J. K. Rowling filmography<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" rowspan="2">Year</th><th scope="col" rowspan="2">Title</th><th scope="col" colspan="2">Credited as</th><th scope="col" rowspan="2">Notes</th><th scope="col" rowspan="2">Ref.</th></tr><tr><th>Voice actress</th><th>Executive producer</th></tr><tr><td>2003</td><td><a href="/facts/The_Simpsons/2nvy6mx6">The Simpsons</a></td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Voice cameo in "<a href="/facts/The_Regina_Monologues/MAqg2Pn4">The Regina Monologues</a>"</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:631" href="#fn:631">631</a></td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td><a href="/facts/The_Casual_Vacancy_(miniseries)/PLLam5nF">The Casual Vacancy</a></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Television miniseries based on <a href="/facts/The_Casual_Vacancy/6pgBXF0o">The Casual Vacancy</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:632" href="#fn:632">632</a></td></tr><tr><td>2017–present</td><td><a href="/facts/Strike_(TV_series)/0rqDeMtN">Strike</a></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Television series based on <a href="/facts/Cormoran_Strike/WcIdRqXE">Cormoran Strike</a> novels</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:633" href="#fn:633">633</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="works-cited">Works cited</h2>
Books

<ul><li>Anatol, Giselle Liza, ed. (2003). <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313320675">Reading Harry Potter: Critical Essays</a>. <a href="/facts/Greenwood_Publishing_Group/PhJVxymB">Praeger Publishers</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-313-32067-5. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50774592">50774592</a>.
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Brycchan_Carey/kCWHLabf">Carey, Brycchan</a>. "<a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313320675">Hermione and the house-elves: the literary and historical contexts of J. K. Rowling's antislavery campaign</a>". In Anatol 2003.</li>
<li>Gallardo, Ximena; Smith, C. Jason. "<a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313320675">Cinderfella: J. K. Rowling's wily web of gender</a>". In Anatol 2003.</li>
<li>Ostry, Elaine. "<a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313320675">Accepting Mudbloods: the ambivalent social vision of J. K. Rowling's fairy tales</a>". In Anatol 2003.</li>
<li>Park, Julia. "<a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313320675">Class and socioeconomic identity in Harry Potter's England</a>". In Anatol 2003.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Veronica_Schanoes/k9F5oSr3">Schanoes, Veronica L.</a> "<a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313320675">Cruel heroes and treacherous texts: educating the reader in moral complexity and critical reading in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter books</a>". In Anatol 2003.</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Melissa_Anelli/8JPGGfhp">Anelli, Melissa</a> (2008). <a href="https://archive.org/details/harryhistorytrue0000anel">Harry, a History: The True Story of a Boy Wizard, His Fans, and Life inside the Harry Potter Phenomenon</a>. <a href="/facts/Pocket_Books/or7t8lrf">Pocket Books</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4165-5495-0. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/209699636">209699636</a>.</li>
<li>Baker, Charles Robert (2010). "J. K. Rowling (1965–)". In <a href="/facts/Jay_Parini/JEzaIGUH">Parini, Jay</a> (ed.). British Writers: Supplement XVI. <a href="/facts/Charles_Scribner%2527s_Sons/VRo5mFWQ">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>; <a href="/facts/Gale_(publisher)/kKSW05y4">Gale</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-684-31710-6. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/645653286">645653286</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Bethany_Barratt/TEXzMn6L">Barratt, Bethany</a> (2012). The Politics of Harry Potter. <a href="/facts/Palgrave_Macmillan/RsEUnRce">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137016546">10.1057/9781137016546</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-230-60899-3.</li>
<li>Beckett, Sandra L. (2008). Crossover Fiction: Global and Historical Perspectives. <a href="/facts/Routledge/aSwcES11">Routledge</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203893135">10.4324/9780203893135</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-203-89313-5.</li>
<li>Bell, Christopher, ed. (2012). Hermione Granger Saves the World: Essays on the Feminist Heroine of Hogwarts. <a href="/facts/McFarland_%2526_Company/UGcW6D1h">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7864-7137-9.
<ul><li>Bell, Christopher; Alexander, Julie. Introduction. In Bell 2012.</li>
<li>Berents, Helen. "Hermione Granger goes to war". In Bell 2012.</li></ul></li>
<li>Berberich, Christine, ed. (2015). The Bloomsbury Introduction to Popular Fiction. <a href="/facts/Bloomsbury_Publishing/TSWtV2Bl">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4411-5567-2.</li>
<li>Berndt, Katrin; Steveker, Lena, eds. (22 April 2016). Heroism in the Harry Potter Series. <a href="/facts/Routledge/aSwcES11">Routledge</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315586748">10.4324/9781315586748</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-317-12211-1.
<ul><li>Berberich, Christine. "Harry Potter and the idea of the gentleman as hero". In Berndt & Steveker 2016.</li>
<li>Hopkins, Lisa. "Harry and his peers: Rowling's web of allusions". In Berndt & Steveker 2016.</li>
<li>McEvoy, Kathleen. "Heroism at the margins". In Berndt & Steveker 2016.</li>
<li>Pharr, Mary. "A paradox: the Harry Potter series as both epic and postmodern". In Berndt & Steveker 2016.</li>
<li>Singer, Rita. "Harry Potter and the battle for the soul: the revival of the psychomachia in secular fiction". In Berndt & Steveker 2016.</li></ul></li>
<li>Blake, Andrew (2002). <a href="https://archive.org/details/irresistiblerise0000blak">The Irresistible Rise of Harry Potter</a>. <a href="/facts/Verso_Books/G3PYgypo">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-85984-666-1. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49594480">49594480</a>.</li>
<li>Brummitt, Cassie; Sellars, Kieran (1 December 2019). "'Friends? Always': queerbaiting, ambiguity, and erasure in Harry Potter and the Cursed Child". In Brennan, Joseph (ed.). Queerbaiting and Fandom: Teasing Fans through Homoerotic Possibilities. <a href="/facts/University_of_Iowa_Press/JXsmtly8">University of Iowa Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-60938-672-6. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1104912811">1104912811</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Catherine_Butler/lYwxxNjC">Butler, Catherine</a> (2012). "Modern children's fantasy". In <a href="/facts/Edward_James_(historian)/FHLj7Aj6">James, Edward</a>; <a href="/facts/Farah_Mendlesohn/5pxzbod7">Mendlesohn, Farah</a> (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Fantasy Literature. <a href="/facts/Cambridge_University_Press/fgEBSSRq">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL9780521429597">10.1017/CCOL9780521429597</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-42959-7.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Julia_Eccleshare/DIkKocfQ">Eccleshare, Julia</a> (2002). <a href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoharrypott0000eccl/">A Guide to the Harry Potter Novels</a>. <a href="/facts/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group/CXulDSkV">Continuum</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84714-418-8. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/229341237">229341237</a>.</li>
<li>Errington, Philip W. (2017). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ">J.K. Rowling: A Bibliography</a>. <a href="/facts/Bloomsbury_Publishing/TSWtV2Bl">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4742-9738-7.</li>
<li>Falconer, Rachel (21 October 2008). The Crossover Novel: Contemporary Children's Fiction and Its Adult Readership. <a href="/facts/Routledge/aSwcES11">Routledge</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203892176">10.4324/9780203892176</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-203-89217-6.</li>
<li>Falconer, Rachel (2010). "Young adult fiction and the crossover phenomenon". In Rudd, David (ed.). The Routledge Companion to Children's Literature. <a href="/facts/Routledge/aSwcES11">Routledge</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203889855">10.4324/9780203889855</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-203-88985-5. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220952112">220952112</a>.</li>
<li>Foerstel, Herbert N. (2002). <a href="https://archive.org/details/bannedinusarefer00foer">Banned in the U.S.A.: A Reference Guide to Book Censorship in Schools and Public Libraries</a>. <a href="/facts/Greenwood_Publishing_Group/PhJVxymB">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-313-00670-9. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51782946">51782946</a>.</li>
<li>Gibson, Marion (2007). <a href="https://archive.org/details/witchcraftmythsi0000gibs">Witchcraft Myths in American Culture</a>. <a href="/facts/Routledge/aSwcES11">Routledge</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203941980">10.4324/9780203941980</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-415-97977-1. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76261870">76261870</a>.</li>
<li>Grenby, M. O. (5 December 2016). "General introduction". In Briggs, Julia; Butts, Dennis (eds.). Popular Children's Literature in Britain. <a href="/facts/Routledge/aSwcES11">Routledge</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315246437">10.4324/9781315246437</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-351-91004-0.</li>
<li>Groves, Beatrice (14 June 2017). Literary Allusion in Harry Potter. <a href="/facts/Routledge/aSwcES11">Routledge</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315269337">10.4324/9781315269337</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-315-26933-7.</li>
<li>Guanio-Uluru, Lykke (2015). Ethics and Form in Fantasy Literature. <a href="/facts/Palgrave_Macmillan/RsEUnRce">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137469694">10.1057/9781137469694</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-349-56000-4.</li>
<li>Gunelius, Susan (2008). Harry Potter: The Story of a Global Business Phenomenon. <a href="/facts/Palgrave_Macmillan/RsEUnRce">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230594104">10.1057/9780230594104</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-230-59410-4.</li>
<li>Gupta, Suman (2009). Re-Reading Harry Potter (2nd ed.). <a href="/facts/Palgrave_Macmillan/RsEUnRce">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230279711">10.1057/9780230279711</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-230-21958-8.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Daniel_Hahn/BpLAdgTj">Hahn, Daniel</a> (2015). <a href="/facts/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Children%2527s_Literature/Csdexsbc">The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/facts/Oxford_University_Press/CYyTzzWG">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-174437-2. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/921452204">921452204</a>.</li>
<li>Heilman, Elizabeth E., ed. (7 August 2008). Critical Perspectives on Harry Potter (2nd ed.). <a href="/facts/Routledge/aSwcES11">Routledge</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203892817">10.4324/9780203892817</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-135-89154-1.
<ul><li>Alton, Anne Hiebert. "Playing the genre game: generic fusions of the Harry Potter series". In Heilman 2008.</li>
<li>Applebaum, Peter. "The great Snape debate". In Heilman 2008.</li>
<li>Ciaccio, Peter. "Harry Potter and Christian theology". In Heilman 2008.</li>
<li>Dendle, Peter. "Monsters, creatures, and pets at Hogwarts: animal stewardship in the world of Harry Potter". In Heilman 2008.</li>
<li>Heilman, Elizabeth E.; Donaldson, Trevor. "From sexist to (sort-of) feminist representations of gender in the Harry Potter series". In Heilman 2008.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Maria_Nikolajeva/91JfS1T4">Nikolajeva, Maria</a>. "Harry Potter and the secrets of children's literature". In Heilman 2008.</li>
<li>Taub, Deborah J.; Servaty-Seib, Heather L. "Controversial content: is Harry Potter harmful to children?". In Heilman 2008.</li></ul></li>
<li>Holmes, Tim (2015). Subediting and Production for Journalists: Print, Digital & Social (2nd ed.). <a href="/facts/Routledge/aSwcES11">Routledge</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203143544">10.4324/9780203143544</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-415-49200-3.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Henry_Jenkins/2jG3ANNw">Jenkins, Henry</a> (2006). <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780814742815">Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide</a>. <a href="/facts/New_York_University_Press/12gzb04e">New York University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-8147-4281-5. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64594290">64594290</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Connie_Ann_Kirk/K1HSpoKB">Kirk, Connie Ann</a> (2003). <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk">J.K. Rowling: A Biography</a>. <a href="/facts/Greenwood_Publishing_Group/PhJVxymB">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-313-32205-8. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49991592">49991592</a>.</li>
<li>Konchar Farr, Cecilia, ed. (2022). Open at the Close: Literary Essays on Harry Potter. <a href="/facts/University_Press_of_Mississippi/mfj1ePr4">University Press of Mississippi</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4968-3931-2.
<ul><li>Henderson, Tolonda. "<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2kqx0kz.19">A Coda: She-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named</a>". In Konchar Farr 2022.</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Michael_M._Levy/aVAzk09J">Levy, Michael</a>; <a href="/facts/Farah_Mendlesohn/5pxzbod7">Mendlesohn, Farah</a> (2016). <a href="/facts/Children%2527s_Fantasy_Literature%3a_An_Introduction/mzwdpj9h">Children's Fantasy Literature: An Introduction</a>. <a href="/facts/Cambridge_University_Press/fgEBSSRq">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139087421">10.1017/CBO9781139087421</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-107-01814-3.</li>
<li>Mamary, Anne J. M., ed. (22 December 2020). "Introduction". The Alchemical Harry Potter: Essays on Transfiguration in J. K. Rowling's Novels. <a href="/facts/McFarland_%2526_Company/UGcW6D1h">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4766-8134-4. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1155570319">1155570319</a>.</li>
<li>McAvan, Em (2012). "Harry Potter and the origins of the occult". In Hallett, Cynthia J.; Huey, Peggy J. (eds.). J. K. Rowling: Harry Potter. <a href="/facts/Palgrave_Macmillan/RsEUnRce">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-333-69345-2.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Farah_Mendlesohn/5pxzbod7">Mendlesohn, Farah</a>; <a href="/facts/Edward_James_(historian)/FHLj7Aj6">James, Edward</a> (2012). A Short History of Fantasy. Libri Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-907471-66-7. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857653620">857653620</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Philip_Nel/PC3uhted">Nel, Philip</a> (2001). <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingsharryp0000nelp">J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter Novels: A Reader's Guide</a>. <a href="/facts/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group/CXulDSkV">Continuum</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-8264-5232-9. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47050453">47050453</a>.</li>
<li>Pember, Don R.; Calvert, Clay (2007). <a href="https://archive.org/details/massmedialaw0000pemb">Mass Media Law</a>. <a href="/facts/McGraw_Hill_Education/oG8VpKJT">McGraw-Hill Higher Education</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-07-312685-2. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70910938">70910938</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Richard_Posner/cG6QWxnd">Posner, Richard A.</a> (2007). <a href="https://archive.org/details/littlebookofplag00posn">The Little Book of Plagiarism</a>. <a href="/facts/Pantheon_Books/esG4LTnr">Pantheon Books</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-375-42475-5. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70823133">70823133</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Tison_Pugh/QAWDfenI">Pugh, Tison</a> (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. <a href="/facts/University_of_South_Carolina_Press/8xfl24Yw">University of South Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv">10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-64336-088-1. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1142046769">1142046769</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225791872">225791872</a>.</li>
<li>Salter, Anastasia; Stanfill, Mel (16 October 2020). A Portrait of the Auteur as Fanboy: The Construction of Authorship in Transmedia Franchises. <a href="/facts/University_Press_of_Mississippi/mfj1ePr4">University Press of Mississippi</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4968-3051-7. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1178868864">1178868864</a>.</li>
<li>Schwirblat, Tatiana; Freberg, Karen; Freberg, Laura (2022). "Chapter 21: Cancel culture: a career vulture amongst influencers on social media". In Lipschultz, Jeremy Harris; Freberg, Karen; Luttrell, Regina (eds.). The Emerald Handbook of Computer-Mediated Communication and Social Media. <a href="/facts/Emerald_Group_Publishing/56TuuLpH">Emerald Publishing Limited</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F978-1-80071-597-420221021">10.1108/978-1-80071-597-420221021</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1800715981.</li>
<li>Smith, Sean (2002). <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9">J.K. Rowling: A Biography</a>. <a href="/facts/Random_House/NcR9r1F1">Arrow Books</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-09-944542-5. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51303518">51303518</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Brian_Stableford/JKPFVk5M">Stableford, Brian M.</a> (2009). The A to Z of Fantasy Literature. <a href="/facts/Scarecrow_Press/NJNX9xwH">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8108-6345-3. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1200815959">1200815959</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ted_Striphas/TsxST4BU">Striphas, Theodore G.</a> (2009). "Harry Potter and the culture of the copy". <a href="/facts/The_Late_Age_of_Print/42shdhxY">The Late Age of Print: Everyday Book Culture from Consumerism to Control</a>. <a href="/facts/Columbia_University_Press/5dVrKLey">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 141–174. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-231-14814-6. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/256532755">256532755</a>.</li>
<li>Sunderland, Jane; Dempster, Steven; Thistlethwaite, Joanne (31 March 2016). Children's Literacy Practices and Preferences. <a href="/facts/Routledge/aSwcES11">Routledge</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315732350">10.4324/9781315732350</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1317554738.</li>
<li>Thomas, Ebony Elizabeth (2019). The Dark Fantastic: Race and the Imagination from Harry Potter to the Hunger Games. <a href="/facts/New_York_University_Press/12gzb04e">New York University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4798-0065-0. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1104862747">1104862747</a>.</li>
<li>Westman, Karin E. (2006). <a href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195169218.001.0001/acref-9780195169218-e-0409">"Rowling, J. K."</a>. In Kastan, David Scott (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature. <a href="/facts/Oxford_University_Press/CYyTzzWG">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195169218.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195169218.001.0001</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-516921-8.</li>
<li>Westman, Karin E. (2011). "Blending genres and crossing audiences: and the future of literary fiction". In Vallone, Lynne; Mickenberg, Julia (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Children's Literature. <a href="/facts/Oxford_University_Press/CYyTzzWG">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195379785.013.0005">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195379785.013.0005</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-537978-5.</li>
<li>Whited, Lana A., ed. (2002). <a href="https://archive.org/details/ivorytowerharryp00unse">The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter: Perspectives on a Literary Phenomenon</a>. <a href="/facts/University_of_Missouri_Press/hGWLJyFh">University of Missouri Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8262-6330-8. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56424948">56424948</a>.
<ul><li>Doughty, Terri. "<a href="https://archive.org/details/ivorytowerharryp00unse">Locating Harry Potter in the 'Boys' Book' market</a>". In Whited 2002.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Farah_Mendlesohn/5pxzbod7">Mendlesohn, Farah</a>. "<a href="https://archive.org/details/ivorytowerharryp00unse">Crowning the king: Harry Potter and the construction of authority</a>". In Whited 2002.</li>
<li>Natov, Roni. "<a href="https://archive.org/details/ivorytowerharryp00unse">Harry Potter and the extraordinariness of the ordinary</a>". In Whited 2002.</li>
<li>Pinsent, Pat. "<a href="https://archive.org/details/ivorytowerharryp00unse">The education of a wizard: Harry Potter and his predecessors</a>". In Whited 2002.</li>
<li>Teare, Elizabeth. "<a href="https://archive.org/details/ivorytowerharryp00unse">Harry Potter and the technology of magic</a>". In Whited 2002.</li></ul></li>
<li>Whited, Lana A. (2015). "A survey of the critical reception of the Harry Potter series". In Grimes, M. Katherine; Whited, Lana A. (eds.). Critical Insights: The Harry Potter Series. <a href="/facts/Grey_House_Publishing/fNScarKF">Salem Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-61925-520-3. <a href="/facts/EBSCOhost_(identifier)/jx3nQB6j">EBSCOhost</a> <a href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=lkh&AN=108515151">108515151</a>.</li>
<li>Whited, Lana A., ed. (2024). The Ivory Tower, Harry Potter, and Beyond. <a href="/facts/University_of_Missouri_Press/hGWLJyFh">University of Missouri Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8262-2300-5.
<ul><li>Whited, Lana A. Introduction. In Whited (ed) 2024.</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jack_Zipes/sKDCAAFA">Zipes, Jack</a> (15 November 2013) [2002]. <a href="https://archive.org/details/sticksstonestrou00zipe">Sticks and Stones: The Troublesome Success of Children's Literature from Slovenly Peter to Harry Potter</a>. <a href="/facts/Routledge/aSwcES11">Routledge</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203700211">10.4324/9780203700211</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-203-70021-1.</li></ul>

Journal articles

<ul><li>Birch, Chellyce (2016). <a href="https://search.informit.org/doi/pdf/10.3316/informit.146673082180868">"Harry Potter and the Cursed Child"</a>. Limina. 22 (1): 96–97.</li>
<li>Brummitt, Cassie (2016). "Pottermore: transmedia storytelling and authorship in Harry Potter". <a href="/facts/The_Midwest_Quarterly/oaj4YdpS">The Midwest Quarterly</a>. 58 (1). <a href="/facts/ProQuest/yoBIhGBy">ProQuest</a> <a href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1832925509">1832925509</a>.</li>
<li>Cockrell, Amanda (February 2006). "Harry Potter and the witch hunters: a social context for the attacks on Harry Potter". The Journal of American Culture. 29 (6): 24–30. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1542-734X.2006.00272.x">10.1111/j.1542-734X.2006.00272.x</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1542-7331">1542-7331</a>.</li>
<li>Duggan, Jennifer (28 March 2021). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9132366">"Transformative readings: Harry Potter fan fiction, trans/queer reader response, and J. K. Rowling"</a>. <a href="/facts/Children%2527s_Literature_in_Education/cLd9hQPN">Children's Literature in Education</a>. 53 (2): 147–168. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10583-021-09446-9">10.1007/s10583-021-09446-9</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9132366">9132366</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35645426">35645426</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233661189">233661189</a>.</li>
<li>Eberhardt, Maeve (2017). "Gendered representations through speech: The case of the Harry Potter series". <a href="/facts/Language_and_Literature/J8yxSGYC">Language and Literature</a>. 26 (3): 227–246. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0963947017701851">10.1177/0963947017701851</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149129001">149129001</a>.</li>
<li>Farmer, Joy (2001). <a href="https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol23/iss2/6/">"The magician's niece: the kinship between J. K. Rowling and C. S. Lewis"</a>. <a href="/facts/Mythlore/vQA3wDaK">Mythlore</a>. 23 (2): 53–64. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26814627">26814627</a>.</li>
<li>Horne, Jackie C. (2010). "Harry and the other: answering the race question in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter". <a href="/facts/The_Lion_and_the_Unicorn_(journal)/rN9dlVjv">The Lion and the Unicorn</a>. 34 (1): 76–104. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Funi.0.0488">10.1353/uni.0.0488</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143738308">143738308</a>. <a href="/facts/ProQuest/yoBIhGBy">ProQuest</a> <a href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/221753179">221753179</a>.</li>
<li>McRobbie, Angela (3 May 2025). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F13675494251335555">"On phantasms of gender: A feminist cultural studies perspective"</a>. <a href="/facts/European_Journal_of_Cultural_Studies/MEr483rR">European Journal of Cultural Studies</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F13675494251335555">10.1177/13675494251335555</a>.</li>
<li>Molin, Peter C. (2015). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705162815/https://www.wlajournal.com/wlaarchive/27/Molin.pdf">"A 'phrase too cute to do our ugliness justice': portraying 'wounded warriors' in contemporary war fiction"</a> (PDF). <a href="/facts/War%2c_Literature_%2526_the_Arts/cBNbuef9">War, Literature & the Arts</a>. 27: 1–21. <a href="/facts/ProQuest/yoBIhGBy">ProQuest</a> <a href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1813553141">1813553141</a>. Archived from <a href="https://www.wlajournal.com/wlaarchive/27/Molin.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Philip_Nel/PC3uhted">Nel, Philip</a> (2005). "Is there a text in this advertising campaign?: literature, marketing, and Harry Potter". <a href="/facts/The_Lion_and_the_Unicorn_(journal)/rN9dlVjv">The Lion and the Unicorn</a>. 29 (2): 236–267. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Funi.2005.0031">10.1353/uni.2005.0031</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143828096">143828096</a>. <a href="/facts/ProQuest/yoBIhGBy">ProQuest</a> <a href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/221753999">221753999</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Madeleine_Pape/HRlu7RgA">Pape, Madeleine</a> (2022). <a href="https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5037&context=lcp">"Feminism, trans justice, and speech rights: a comparative perspective"</a>. <a href="/facts/Law_and_Contemporary_Problems/Kfx3KqfE">Law and Contemporary Problems</a>. 85 (1): 215–240. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</li>
<li>Pedersen, Sarah (2022). <a href="https://rgu-repository.worktribe.com/output/1375349">"'They've got an absolute army of women behind them': the formation of a women's cooperative constellation in contemporary Scotland"</a>. <a href="/facts/Scottish_Affairs/m083PR0B">Scottish Affairs</a>. 31 (1): 1–20. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fscot.2022.0394">10.3366/scot.2022.0394</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246762983">246762983</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Tison_Pugh/QAWDfenI">Pugh, Tison</a>; Wallace, David L. (Fall 2006). "Heteronormative heroism and queering the school story in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series". <a href="/facts/Children%2527s_Literature_Association_Quarterly/N6Q1QxI9">Children's Literature Association Quarterly</a>. 31 (3): 260–281. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fchq.2006.0053">10.1353/chq.2006.0053</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143508785">143508785</a>.</li>
<li>Quealy-Gainer, Kate (2020). "The Ickabog by J. K. Rowling (review)". <a href="/facts/The_Bulletin_of_the_Center_for_Children%2527s_Books/hD8xG2kl">The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books</a>. 74 (5): 231. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbcc.2020.0950">10.1353/bcc.2020.0950</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242633369">242633369</a>. <a href="/facts/Project_Muse/r9mAh4Rb">Project MUSE</a> <a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/776213">776213</a>.</li>
<li>Richards, Kitty (2017). <a href="https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1470&context=cjlpp">"An expressive theory of tax"</a>. <a href="/facts/Cornell_Journal_of_Law_and_Public_Policy/Q8wKDXrh">Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy</a>. 27 (2): 301–355.</li>
<li>Schwabach, Aaron (2009). <a href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/upitt70&i=393">"The Harry Potter Lexicon and the world of fandom: fan fiction, outsider works, and copyright"</a>. <a href="/facts/University_of_Pittsburgh_Law_Review/roMY6Y5K">University of Pittsburgh Law Review</a>. 70 (3): 387–434. <a href="/facts/SSRN_(identifier)/njd3WRzR">SSRN</a> <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1274293">1274293</a> – via <a href="/facts/HeinOnline/oQT7Aq23">HeinOnline</a>.</li>
<li>Suissa, Judith; Sullivan, Alice (February 2021). <a href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10125585/1/Suissa_1467-9752.12549.pdf">"The gender wars, academic freedom and education"</a> (PDF). <a href="/facts/Journal_of_Philosophy_of_Education/C97f47Dx">Journal of Philosophy of Education</a>. 55 (1): 55–82. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9752.12549">10.1111/1467-9752.12549</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233646159">233646159</a>.</li>
<li>Tosenberger, Catherine (2008). "Homosexuality at the online Hogwarts: Harry Potter slash fanfiction". <a href="/facts/Children%2527s_Literature_(journal)/oE5nffhr">Children's Literature</a>. 36: 185–207. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fchl.0.0017">10.1353/chl.0.0017</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143937185">143937185</a>.</li></ul>

Non-English news articles

<ul><li><a href="https://elpais.com/cultura/2003/09/10/actualidad/1063144801_850215.html">"J.K. Rowling, creadora de Harry Potter, Príncipe de Asturias de la Concordia"</a> [J.K. Rowling, creator of Harry Potter, Concord Prince of Asturias]. <a href="/facts/El_Pa%25C3%25ADs/2NFoKwxo">El País</a> (in Spanish). 10 September 2003. Retrieved 8 January 2022. La escritora británica J.K. Rowling ... ha obtenido este año el premio Príncipe de Asturias de la Concordia ... La Fundación Príncipe de Asturias ha destacado su labor para que los niños lean y ha alabado su literatura como 'vínculo entre continentes y generaciones'. El acta del jurado ... destaca además que sus libros promueven 'la imaginación como fuente de libertad al servicio del bien y la cooperación y la solidaridad entre las personas'. [British writer J.K. Rowling ... has won this year's Prince of Asturias Award for Concord ... The Prince of Asturias Foundation has highlighted her work towards children's reading and has praised her literature as 'a link between continents and generations'. The jury's record ... also highlights that her books promote 'imagination as a source of freedom at the service of good and cooperation and solidarity between people'.]</li>
<li>Cruz, Juan (8 February 2008). <a href="http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Ser/invisible/seria/elpepicul/20080208elpepicul_1/Tes">"'Ser invisible ... eso sería lo más'"</a> [Being invisible ... that would be the most]. <a href="/facts/El_Pa%25C3%25ADs/2NFoKwxo">El País</a> (in Spanish). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213020402/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Ser/invisible/seria/elpepicul/20080208elpepicul_1/Tes">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2021. Y de pronto alguien cercano se muere y entonces cae la bomba. Harry tiene un entendimiento precoz de la muerte, mucho antes de ese capítulo. Y eso tiene un evidente paralelismo con mi vida. ... Asuntos como el amor, la pérdida, la separación, la muerte ... Y todo eso queda reflejado en el primer libro. ... Me siento muy atraída por la religión, pero al mismo tiempo siento mucha incertidumbre. Vivo en un estado de flujo espiritual. Creo en la permanencia del alma. Y eso queda reflejado en el último libro. ... Quiero a un demócrata en la Casa Blanca. Y me parece una lástima que Clinton y Obama tengan que ser rivales porque ambos son extraordinarios. [And suddenly someone close [to you] dies and then a bomb drops. Harry has a precocious understanding of death, long before that chapter. And that has obvious parallels with my life. ... Issues like love, loss, separation, death ... And all of that is reflected in the first book. ... I feel very attracted to religion, but at the same time I feel a lot of uncertainty. I live in a state of spiritual flux. I believe in the permanence of the soul. And that is reflected in the last book. ... I want a Democrat in the White House. And I think it's a pity that Clinton and Obama have to be rivals because they are both extraordinary.]</li>
<li>Marsick, Laurent (3 February 2023). Abelard, Agathe (ed.). <a href="https://www.rtl.fr/culture/arts-spectacles/harry-potter-comment-j-k-rowling-est-elle-passee-de-l-ombre-a-la-lumiere-7900231706">"'Harry Potter': comment J.K. Rowling est-elle passée de l'ombre à la lumière?"</a> ['Harry Potter': how did J.K. Rowling go from the shadows to the light?] (in French). <a href="/facts/RTL_(French_radio)/kUKcIUNV">RTL</a>. Retrieved 15 February 2023. Traduits en 84 langues, les 7 romans d'Harry Potter se sont écoulés à plus de 600 millions d'exemplaires dans le monde. [Translated into 84 languages, the 7 Harry Potter novels have sold more than 600 million copies worldwide.]</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

<ul><li><a href="https://www.jkrowling.com">Official website</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/j-k-rowling">J. K. Rowling</a> at <a href="/facts/British_Council/zdz5k2sS">British Council</a>: Literature</li>
<li><a href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?6304">J. K. Rowling</a> at the <a href="/facts/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database/3pvkKL6m">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0746830/">J. K. Rowling</a> at <a href="/facts/IMDb_(identifier)/uWrqVYVy">IMDb</a></li>
<li><a href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL23919A">Works by J. K. Rowling</a> at <a href="/facts/Open_Library/A13NLNNh">Open Library</a> </li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Smith 2002, p. 241. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Kirk 2003, p. 76. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Kirk 2003, p. 12. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Kirk 2003, p. 76. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Smith 2002, p. 175. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Smith 2002, pp. 271–273. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"Judge rules against JK Rowling in privacy case". The Guardian. 7 August 2007. Retrieved 13 January 2022. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/07/pressandpublishing.privacy" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/07/pressandpublishing.privacy</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"About". JK Rowling. Retrieved 19 July 2024. <a href="https://www.jkrowling.com/about/" target="_blank">https://www.jkrowling.com/about/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Sources differ on the precise name of Rowling's place of birth. As of July 2024, Rowling's personal website said she was born at "Yate General Hospital near Bristol".[8] She has sometimes said she was born in Chipping Sodbury, which is near Yate.[9] Tison Pugh says she was born in Chipping Sodbury General Hospital.[10] The Scotsman lists Cottage Hospital in Chipping Sodbury.[11] Biographer Smith describes Chipping Sodbury as "Yate's elegant neighbor", and reproduces a birth certificate that says District Sodbury, but lists the hospital as Cottage Hospital, 240 Station Road, Yate.[12] According to Smith: "... the [BBC Television] documentary still erroneously claimed that Joanne was born in Chipping Sodbury. Yet despite the mistake, the good folk of Yate are pressing for some kind of plaque or feature in their town to record it as her place of birth."[13]
 <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Pugh 2020, p. 2. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Kirk 2003, p. 10. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Smith 2002, p. 2. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Pugh 2020, p. 2. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Biography". JK Rowling. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226220404/https://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/biography.cfm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071226220404/https://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/biography.cfm</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Smith 2002, p. 4. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Smith 2002, p. 2. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Smith 2002, pp. 8, 23, 72. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Smith 2002, pp. 53–54. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Smith 2002, p. 79. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Pugh 2020, p. 2. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"JK Rowling". Bloomsbury Publishing. Retrieved 13 August 2024. <a href="https://www.bloomsbury.com/ca/discover/harry-potter/jk-rowling/#" target="_blank">https://www.bloomsbury.com/ca/discover/harry-potter/jk-rowling/#</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"Biography". JK Rowling. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226220404/https://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/biography.cfm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071226220404/https://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/biography.cfm</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Smith 2002, pp. 7–8. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Pugh 2020, p. 2. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">St Michael's Primary School headmaster, Alfred Dunn, has been suggested as the inspiration for the Harry Potter headmaster Albus Dumbledore;[23] biographer Smith writes that Rowling's father, and other figures in her education, provide more likely examples.[24]
 <a href="/wiki/Albus_Dumbledore" target="_blank">/wiki/Albus_Dumbledore</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Smith 2002, pp. 22, 29, 109. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Rowling denies that her young playmate Ian Potter represents Harry.[25]
 <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Smith 2002, pp. 9–10, 39. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Smith 2002, p. 10. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Pugh 2020, p. 6. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Pugh 2020, p. 6. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Smith 2002, pp. 22, 25–27, 39. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Smith describes Tutshill as "staunchly middle class",[30] and Parker describes Church Cottage as a "handsome Gothic Revival cottage".[31] In 2020, it was reported that a company listing Rowling's husband, Neil Murray, as director had purchased Church Cottage and renovations were underway.[32] <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Smith 2002, p. 27. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Smith 2002, p. 28. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Smith 2002, pp. 27–30. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Smith 2002, pp. 28–30. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Pugh writes that "Rowling reportedly modeled the strict pedagogical style of Severus Snape after [Sylvia] Morgan's methods."[10] Kirk states that "Jo has admitted modeling Professor Snape on a few of her most memorable and least favorite people from her past, and she has said that Mrs. Morgan ... was definitely one of them."[37] According to Smith, "Aspects of Mrs Morgan's fearsome character are embodied in the Hogwarts' Potions master, Professor Severus Snape."[38]
 <a href="/wiki/Severus_Snape" target="_blank">/wiki/Severus_Snape</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Smith 2002, pp. 36–38. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Pugh 2020, p. 3. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Kirk 2003, p. 37. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Smith 2002, pp. 40–41. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Kirk 2003, p. 33. The years of British secondary school are equivalent to the United States grades of 6–12; Kirk compares them to the seven years of the books in the Harry Potter series. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Kirk 2003, p. 39. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Smith 2002, pp. 66–67. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Smith 2002, pp. 56–58. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Kirk 2003, p. 36. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Smith 2002, p. 61. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Smith 2002, pp. 55–56. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Smith 2002, p. 62. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Fraser, Lindsay (9 November 2002). "Harry and me". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609191643/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/harry-and-me-2461742" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210609191643/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/harry-and-me-2461742</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Pugh 2020, p. 2. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Smith 2002, pp. 12–13. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Smith 2002, pp. 16–17. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Smith compares the place meals held in the Rowling household[54] and the descriptions of food in The Little White Horse to the elaborate food prepared for Hogwarts pupils.[55]
 <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Smith 2002, p. 38. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Smith 2002, pp. 53–54. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">"The JK Rowling story". The Scotsman. 16 June 2003. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022. <a href="https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095" target="_blank">https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Kirk 2003, p. 40. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Smith 2002, pp. 71, 74. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Smith 2002, p. xii. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Pugh 2020, p. 4. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Smith 2002, p. 72. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Parker, Ian (24 September 2012). "Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2020. <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch" target="_blank">https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">"J.K. Rowling writes about her reasons for speaking out on sex and gender issues". JK Rowling. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020. <a href="https://www.jkrowling.com/opinions/j-k-rowling-writes-about-her-reasons-for-speaking-out-on-sex-and-gender-issues/" target="_blank">https://www.jkrowling.com/opinions/j-k-rowling-writes-about-her-reasons-for-speaking-out-on-sex-and-gender-issues/</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Kirk 2003, p. 40. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">"The JK Rowling story". The Scotsman. 16 June 2003. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022. <a href="https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095" target="_blank">https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Smith 2002, pp. 76–78. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Rowling later described Harris as her "getaway driver and foul weather friend"; his Anglia inspired a flying version that appeared in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as a symbol of escape and rescue.[64][65]
 <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets" target="_blank">/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Kirk 2003, p. 40. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">Parker, Ian (24 September 2012). "Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2020. <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch" target="_blank">https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Smith 2002, pp. 79–81. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Pugh 2020, p. 2. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">Smith 2002, pp. 80–81. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">Kirk 2003, p. 42. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">Smith 2002, p. 90. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Kirk 2003, p. 44. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">Fraser, Lindsay (9 November 2002). "Harry and me". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609191643/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/harry-and-me-2461742" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210609191643/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/harry-and-me-2461742</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Kirk 2003, pp. 44–45. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Smith 2002, pp. 89–90. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">Parker, Ian (24 September 2012). "Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2020. <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch" target="_blank">https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">Smith 2002, pp. 95–97. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Smith 2002, p. 97. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">Smith 2002, pp. 104–5 says Clapham; Kirk 2003, p. 49 says Clapham but p. 67 says Clapham Junction. Rowling tweeted in 2020 that she first put pen to paper in Clapham Junction. Minelle, Bethany (22 May 2020). "JK Rowling reveals Harry Potter's true birthplace: Clapham Junction". Sky News. Retrieved 17 January 2022. <a href="/wiki/Clapham" target="_blank">/wiki/Clapham</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">Pugh 2020, p. 2. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">Pugh 2020, pp. 2–3. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">"The JK Rowling story". The Scotsman. 16 June 2003. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022. <a href="https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095" target="_blank">https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">Kirk 2003, p. 51. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">"Biography". JK Rowling. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226220404/https://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/biography.cfm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071226220404/https://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/biography.cfm</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">Pugh 2020, p. 3. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Kirk 2003, pp. 66–67. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">Loer, Stephanie (18 October 1999). "All about Harry Potter from Quidditch to the future of the Sorting Hat". The Boston Globe. p. C7. ProQuest 405306485. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Boston_Globe</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Kirk 2003, pp. 66–67. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Fraser, Lindsay (9 November 2002). "Harry and me". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609191643/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/harry-and-me-2461742" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210609191643/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/harry-and-me-2461742</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">Pugh 2020, p. 3. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">Smith 2002, p. 108. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Smith 2002, p. 106. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">Smith 2002, pp. 109–110. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">Greig, Geordie (10 January 2006). "'There would be so much to tell her ...'". The Daily Telegraph. p. 25. ProQuest 321301864. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1507438/There-would-be-so-much-to-tell-her....html" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1507438/There-would-be-so-much-to-tell-her....html</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">Smith 2002, pp. 109–112. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">Cruz 2008. - Cruz, Juan (8 February 2008). "'Ser invisible ... eso sería lo más'" [Being invisible ... that would be the most]. El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2021. Y de pronto alguien cercano se muere y entonces cae la bomba. Harry tiene un entendimiento precoz de la muerte, mucho antes de ese capítulo. Y eso tiene un evidente paralelismo con mi vida. ... Asuntos como el amor, la pérdida, la separación, la muerte ... Y todo eso queda reflejado en el primer libro. ... Me siento muy atraída por la religión, pero al mismo tiempo siento mucha incertidumbre. Vivo en un estado de flujo espiritual. Creo en la permanencia del alma. Y eso queda reflejado en el último libro. ... Quiero a un demócrata en la Casa Blanca. Y me parece una lástima que Clinton y Obama tengan que ser rivales porque ambos son extraordinarios. [And suddenly someone close [to you] dies and then a bomb drops. Harry has a precocious understanding of death, long before that chapter. And that has obvious parallels with my life. ... Issues like love, loss, separation, death ... And all of that is reflected in the first book. ... I feel very attracted to religion, but at the same time I feel a lot of uncertainty. I live in a state of spiritual flux. I believe in the permanence of the soul. And that is reflected in the last book. ... I want a Democrat in the White House. And I think it's a pity that Clinton and Obama have to be rivals because they are both extraordinary.] <a href="http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Ser/invisible/seria/elpepicul/20080208elpepicul_1/Tes" target="_blank">http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Ser/invisible/seria/elpepicul/20080208elpepicul_1/Tes</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">Fraser, Lindsay (9 November 2002). "Harry and me". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609191643/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/harry-and-me-2461742" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210609191643/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/harry-and-me-2461742</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">Parker, Ian (24 September 2012). "Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2020. <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch" target="_blank">https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:104">Smith 2002, pp. 114–116. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">Parker, Ian (24 September 2012). "Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2020. <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch" target="_blank">https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:106">Smith 2002, pp. 121–122. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:107">Smith 2002, pp. 127–131. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:108">Pugh writes, "In a droll allusion to this ill-fated union, Professor Trelawney warns Lavender Brown, 'Incidentally, that thing you are dreading – it will happen on Friday the sixteenth of October'."[40]
 <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:109">Rowling says that Jessica was named after Mitford and a boy would have been named Harry; according to Smith (2002), Arantes says that Jessica was named after Jezebel from the Bible.[89]
 <a href="/wiki/Jezebel" target="_blank">/wiki/Jezebel</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:110">"The JK Rowling story". The Scotsman. 16 June 2003. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022. <a href="https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095" target="_blank">https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:111">Pugh 2020, p. 3. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:112">Kirk 2003, p. 70. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:113">"J.K. Rowling writes about her reasons for speaking out on sex and gender issues". JK Rowling. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020. <a href="https://www.jkrowling.com/opinions/j-k-rowling-writes-about-her-reasons-for-speaking-out-on-sex-and-gender-issues/" target="_blank">https://www.jkrowling.com/opinions/j-k-rowling-writes-about-her-reasons-for-speaking-out-on-sex-and-gender-issues/</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:114">Kirk 2003, p. 57: "Soon, by many eyewitness accounts and even some versions of Jorge's own story, domestic violence became a painful reality in Jo's life.". - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:115">"JK Rowling: Sun newspaper criticised by abuse charities for article on ex-husband". BBC News. 12 June 2020. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-53023543" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-53023543</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:116">Pugh 2020, p. 3. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:117">Rawlinson, Kevin (22 February 2023). "JK Rowling reveals abuse in past relationship". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 February 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/feb/22/jk-rowling-reveals-abuse-in-past-relationship" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/feb/22/jk-rowling-reveals-abuse-in-past-relationship</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:118">"The JK Rowling story". The Scotsman. 16 June 2003. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022. <a href="https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095" target="_blank">https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:119">Smith 2002, pp. 133–134. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:120">Parker, Ian (24 September 2012). "Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2020. <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch" target="_blank">https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:121">"About". JK Rowling. Retrieved 19 July 2024. <a href="https://www.jkrowling.com/about/" target="_blank">https://www.jkrowling.com/about/</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:122">Fraser, Lindsay (9 November 2002). "Harry and me". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609191643/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/harry-and-me-2461742" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210609191643/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/harry-and-me-2461742</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:123">Smith 2002, pp. 136–137. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:124">Parker, Ian (24 September 2012). "Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2020. <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch" target="_blank">https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:125">Pugh 2020, p. 4. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:126">Smith 2002, p. 136. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:127">"The JK Rowling story". The Scotsman. 16 June 2003. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022. <a href="https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095" target="_blank">https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:128">Smith 2002, pp. 138–139. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:129">Parker, Ian (24 September 2012). "Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2020. <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch" target="_blank">https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:130">Rowling, JK (June 2008). "JK Rowling: The fringe benefits of failure". TED. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. Failure & imagination <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430171632/http://www.ted.com/talks/jk_rowling_the_fringe_benefits_of_failure.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110430171632/http://www.ted.com/talks/jk_rowling_the_fringe_benefits_of_failure.html</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:131">Pugh 2020, p. 3. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:132">Rowling, JK (June 2008). "JK Rowling: The fringe benefits of failure". TED. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. Failure & imagination <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430171632/http://www.ted.com/talks/jk_rowling_the_fringe_benefits_of_failure.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110430171632/http://www.ted.com/talks/jk_rowling_the_fringe_benefits_of_failure.html</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:133">Smith 2002, p. 136. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:134">Smith 2002, p. 140. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:135">Smith 2002, p. 140. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:136">"The JK Rowling story". The Scotsman. 16 June 2003. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022. <a href="https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095" target="_blank">https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:137">Smith 2002, p. 141. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:138">"The JK Rowling story". The Scotsman. 16 June 2003. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022. <a href="https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095" target="_blank">https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:139">Smith 2002, p. 142. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:140">Kirk 2003, p. 60. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:141">Pugh 2020, p. 3. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:142">The depression inspired the Dementors – soul-sucking creatures introduced in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.[103]
 <a href="/wiki/Dementors" target="_blank">/wiki/Dementors</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:143">Kirk 2003, p. 60. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:144">Smith 2002, p. 144. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:145">Smith 2002, p. 150. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:146">Fraser, Lindsay (9 November 2002). "Harry and me". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609191643/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/harry-and-me-2461742" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210609191643/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/harry-and-me-2461742</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:147">Kirk 2003, pp. 55, 60. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:148">Smith 2002, pp. 144–146. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:149">Smith 2002, pp. 147–148. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:150">Smith 2002, p. 149. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:151">Smith 2002, p. 173. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:152">Smith 2002, pp. 148–149. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:153">Moray House was then part of Heriot-Watt University and later became part of the University of Edinburgh.[111] <a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" target="_blank">/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:154">Anelli 2008, p. 44. - Anelli, Melissa (2008). Harry, a History: The True Story of a Boy Wizard, His Fans, and Life inside the Harry Potter Phenomenon. Pocket Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-5495-0. OCLC 209699636. <a href="https://archive.org/details/harryhistorytrue0000anel" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/harryhistorytrue0000anel</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:155">Kirk 2003, p. 76. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:156">Smith 2002, p. 174. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:157">Cruz 2008. - Cruz, Juan (8 February 2008). "'Ser invisible ... eso sería lo más'" [Being invisible ... that would be the most]. El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2021. Y de pronto alguien cercano se muere y entonces cae la bomba. Harry tiene un entendimiento precoz de la muerte, mucho antes de ese capítulo. Y eso tiene un evidente paralelismo con mi vida. ... Asuntos como el amor, la pérdida, la separación, la muerte ... Y todo eso queda reflejado en el primer libro. ... Me siento muy atraída por la religión, pero al mismo tiempo siento mucha incertidumbre. Vivo en un estado de flujo espiritual. Creo en la permanencia del alma. Y eso queda reflejado en el último libro. ... Quiero a un demócrata en la Casa Blanca. Y me parece una lástima que Clinton y Obama tengan que ser rivales porque ambos son extraordinarios. [And suddenly someone close [to you] dies and then a bomb drops. Harry has a precocious understanding of death, long before that chapter. And that has obvious parallels with my life. ... Issues like love, loss, separation, death ... And all of that is reflected in the first book. ... I feel very attracted to religion, but at the same time I feel a lot of uncertainty. I live in a state of spiritual flux. I believe in the permanence of the soul. And that is reflected in the last book. ... I want a Democrat in the White House. And I think it's a pity that Clinton and Obama have to be rivals because they are both extraordinary.] <a href="http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Ser/invisible/seria/elpepicul/20080208elpepicul_1/Tes" target="_blank">http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Ser/invisible/seria/elpepicul/20080208elpepicul_1/Tes</a> <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:158">Anelli 2008, pp. 41, 47. - Anelli, Melissa (2008). Harry, a History: The True Story of a Boy Wizard, His Fans, and Life inside the Harry Potter Phenomenon. Pocket Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-5495-0. OCLC 209699636. <a href="https://archive.org/details/harryhistorytrue0000anel" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/harryhistorytrue0000anel</a> <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:159">Smith 2002, p. 152. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:160">Anelli 2008, p. 43. - Anelli, Melissa (2008). Harry, a History: The True Story of a Boy Wizard, His Fans, and Life inside the Harry Potter Phenomenon. Pocket Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-5495-0. OCLC 209699636. <a href="https://archive.org/details/harryhistorytrue0000anel" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/harryhistorytrue0000anel</a> <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:161">"The JK Rowling story". The Scotsman. 16 June 2003. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022. <a href="https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095" target="_blank">https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095</a> <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:162">Kirk 2003, p. 75. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:163">Pugh 2020, p. 3. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:163" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:164">Lawless, John (3 July 2005). "Revealed: The eight-year-old girl who saved Harry Potter". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929175706/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/6/story.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=10333960" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070929175706/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/6/story.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=10333960</a> <a href="#fnref:164" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:165">Smith 2002, p. 162. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:165" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:166">The Scottish Arts Council grant was after Rowling had a contract for publication of Philosopher's Stone but before it was published.[120]
 <a href="#fnref:166" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:167">Smith 2002, p. 176. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:167" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:168">Kirk 2003, pp. 62, 76, 119. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:168" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:169">Errington 2017, pp. 1–2, 7–8. - Errington, Philip W. (2017). J.K. Rowling: A Bibliography. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-9738-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:169" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:170">According to Errington, 500 hardbacks and 5,150 paperbacks "were published on the same date and neither has bibliographical priority". It was previously believed that the initial print run was 500 copies total, but this number is "woefully inaccurate".[123]
 <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:171">Smith 2002, pp. 187–188. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:171" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:172">Hahn 2015, pp. 264–266. - Hahn, Daniel (2015). The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-174437-2. OCLC 921452204. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/921452204" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/921452204</a> <a href="#fnref:172" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:173">Mamary 2020, pp. 1–3. - Mamary, Anne J. M., ed. (22 December 2020). "Introduction". The Alchemical Harry Potter: Essays on Transfiguration in J. K. Rowling's Novels. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-1-4766-8134-4. OCLC 1155570319. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1155570319" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1155570319</a> <a href="#fnref:173" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:174">Hahn 2015, pp. 264–266. - Hahn, Daniel (2015). The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-174437-2. OCLC 921452204. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/921452204" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/921452204</a> <a href="#fnref:174" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:175">Kirk 2003, p. 77. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:175" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:176">Eccleshare 2002, p. 13. - Eccleshare, Julia (2002). A Guide to the Harry Potter Novels. Continuum. ISBN 978-1-84714-418-8. OCLC 229341237. <a href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoharrypott0000eccl/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/guidetoharrypott0000eccl/</a> <a href="#fnref:176" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:177">Kirk 2003, p. 79. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:177" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:178">Anelli 2008, pp. 50, 58–59. - Anelli, Melissa (2008). Harry, a History: The True Story of a Boy Wizard, His Fans, and Life inside the Harry Potter Phenomenon. Pocket Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-5495-0. OCLC 209699636. <a href="https://archive.org/details/harryhistorytrue0000anel" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/harryhistorytrue0000anel</a> <a href="#fnref:178" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:179">"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone". Kirkus Reviews. 1 September 1998. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013. <a href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/jk-rowling/harry-potter-and-the-sorcerers-stone/" target="_blank">https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/jk-rowling/harry-potter-and-the-sorcerers-stone/</a> <a href="#fnref:179" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:180">Anelli 2008, pp. 60–61. - Anelli, Melissa (2008). Harry, a History: The True Story of a Boy Wizard, His Fans, and Life inside the Harry Potter Phenomenon. Pocket Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-5495-0. OCLC 209699636. <a href="https://archive.org/details/harryhistorytrue0000anel" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/harryhistorytrue0000anel</a> <a href="#fnref:180" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:181">Anelli 2008, p. 63. - Anelli, Melissa (2008). Harry, a History: The True Story of a Boy Wizard, His Fans, and Life inside the Harry Potter Phenomenon. Pocket Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-5495-0. OCLC 209699636. <a href="https://archive.org/details/harryhistorytrue0000anel" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/harryhistorytrue0000anel</a> <a href="#fnref:181" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:182">Whited 2002, p. 2. - Whited, Lana A., ed. (2002). The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter: Perspectives on a Literary Phenomenon. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-6330-8. OCLC 56424948. <a href="https://archive.org/details/ivorytowerharryp00unse" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/ivorytowerharryp00unse</a> <a href="#fnref:182" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:183">Whited 2002, p. 5. - Whited, Lana A., ed. (2002). The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter: Perspectives on a Literary Phenomenon. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-6330-8. OCLC 56424948. <a href="https://archive.org/details/ivorytowerharryp00unse" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/ivorytowerharryp00unse</a> <a href="#fnref:183" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:184">Rowling, J.K. (19 June 2003). "Inside 'Order of the Phoenix'" (Interview). Interviewed by Katie Couric. NBC News. Retrieved 19 July 2024. <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3080035" target="_blank">https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3080035</a> <a href="#fnref:184" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:185">Kirkpatrick, David D. (23 June 2003). "New 'Harry Potter' book sells 5 million on first day". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2022. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/23/us/new-harry-potter-book-sells-5-million-on-first-day.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/23/us/new-harry-potter-book-sells-5-million-on-first-day.html</a> <a href="#fnref:185" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:186">Wyatt, Edward (18 July 2005). "Harry Potter book sets record in first day". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2022. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/18/books/harry-potter-book-sets-record-in-first-day.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/18/books/harry-potter-book-sets-record-in-first-day.html</a> <a href="#fnref:186" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:187">Rich, Motoko (23 July 2007). "Harry Potter's popularity holds up in early sales". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 March 2008. Retrieved 31 January 2022. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/23/books/23potter.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/23/books/23potter.html</a> <a href="#fnref:187" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:188">Gunelius 2008, pp. 8, 37. - Gunelius, Susan (2008). Harry Potter: The Story of a Global Business Phenomenon. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9780230594104. ISBN 978-0-230-59410-4. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230594104" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230594104</a> <a href="#fnref:188" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:189">Smith 2002, p. 210. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:189" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:190">Anelli 2008, pp. 66–68. - Anelli, Melissa (2008). Harry, a History: The True Story of a Boy Wizard, His Fans, and Life inside the Harry Potter Phenomenon. Pocket Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-5495-0. OCLC 209699636. <a href="https://archive.org/details/harryhistorytrue0000anel" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/harryhistorytrue0000anel</a> <a href="#fnref:190" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:191">Kirk 2003, p. 94. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:191" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:192">Smith 2002, p. 210. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:192" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:193">Bradshaw, Peter (28 October 2021). "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone review – 20 years on, it's a nostalgic spectacular". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 January 2022. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bradshaw" target="_blank">/wiki/Peter_Bradshaw</a> <a href="#fnref:193" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:194">Lyall, Sarah (12 November 2010). "A screenwriter's Hogwarts decade". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2022. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/14/movies/14potter.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/14/movies/14potter.html</a> <a href="#fnref:194" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:195">Sragow, Michael (15 November 2001). "The wizard behind 'Harry'". The Baltimore Sun. p. 1E. ProQuest 406491574. <a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun</a> <a href="#fnref:195" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:196">Barnes, Brooks (21 November 2010). "'Harry Potter' has $330 million debut weekend". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2022. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/22/business/media/22potter.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/22/business/media/22potter.html</a> <a href="#fnref:196" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:197">Barnes, Brooks (17 July 2011). "Millions of Muggles propel Potter film at box office". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2022. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/18/movies/harry-potters-opening-weekend-breaks-box-office-records.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/18/movies/harry-potters-opening-weekend-breaks-box-office-records.html</a> <a href="#fnref:197" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:198">Cieply, Michael (12 September 2013). "Warner and J.K. Rowling Reach Wide-Ranging Deal". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 September 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2022. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/13/business/media/warner-jk-rowling-partnership-will-include-new-wizardry-film.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/13/business/media/warner-jk-rowling-partnership-will-include-new-wizardry-film.html</a> <a href="#fnref:198" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:199">"JK Rowling plans five Fantastic Beasts films". BBC News. 14 October 2016. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37651586" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37651586</a> <a href="#fnref:199" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:200">Cain, Sian (25 November 2016). "The screenplay of Fantastic Beasts is a rare miss for the wizarding world". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 January 2022. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/25/jk-rowling-fantastic-beasts-screenplay" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/25/jk-rowling-fantastic-beasts-screenplay</a> <a href="#fnref:200" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:201">Dargis, Manohla (8 November 2018). "'Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald' review: apocalypse too soon". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2022. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/08/movies/fantastic-beasts.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/08/movies/fantastic-beasts.html</a> <a href="#fnref:201" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:202">Crouch, Aaron (22 September 2021). "'Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore' sets new 2022 release date". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021. <a href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/fantastic-beasts-3-secrets-dumbledore-release-date-1235018522/" target="_blank">https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/fantastic-beasts-3-secrets-dumbledore-release-date-1235018522/</a> <a href="#fnref:202" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:203">Ridgely, Charlie (3 November 2022). "Fantastic Beasts 4 and 5, Harry Potter Spinoffs Reportedly Stalled at Warner Bros. Discovery". comicbook.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022. <a href="https://comicbook.com/movies/news/fantastic-beasts-sequels-harry-potter-movies-dead-warner-bros-discovery/" target="_blank">https://comicbook.com/movies/news/fantastic-beasts-sequels-harry-potter-movies-dead-warner-bros-discovery/</a> <a href="#fnref:203" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:204">Smith 2002, pp. 187–188. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:204" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:205">Smith 2002, pp. 187–188. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:205" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:206">Smith 2002, pp. 218–222. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:206" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:207">Smith 2002, p. 222. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:207" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:208">Nelson, Michael (31 January 2002). "Fantasia: The Gospel According to C.S. Lewis". The American Prospect. Retrieved 12 January 2022. <a href="https://prospect.org/api/content/3229353b-1de2-5f2d-89cf-1440fe7c9594/" target="_blank">https://prospect.org/api/content/3229353b-1de2-5f2d-89cf-1440fe7c9594/</a> <a href="#fnref:208" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:209">Smith 2002, pp. 25–27, 76. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:209" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:210">Smith writes that the Rowling sisters "never attended Sunday school or services",[159] and Parker writes that the other Rowling family members were not regular churchgoers, but that "Rowling regularly attended services in the church next door".[31]
 <a href="#fnref:210" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:211">Weeks, Linton (20 October 1999). "Charmed, I'm sure; the enchanting success story of Harry Potter's creator, J.K. Rowling". The Washington Post. p. C01. ProQuest 408532236. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Washington_Post</a> <a href="#fnref:211" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:212">Presenter: Mark Lawson (27 September 2012). "J. K. Rowling". Front Row. Event occurs at 17:45. BBC Radio 4. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2012. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01mx27g" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01mx27g</a> <a href="#fnref:212" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:213">Kirk 2003, p. 105. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:213" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:214">Hale, Mike (16 July 2009). "The woman behind the boy wizard". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2020. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/arts/television/16rowling.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/arts/television/16rowling.html</a> <a href="#fnref:214" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:215">Cruz 2008. - Cruz, Juan (8 February 2008). "'Ser invisible ... eso sería lo más'" [Being invisible ... that would be the most]. El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2021. Y de pronto alguien cercano se muere y entonces cae la bomba. Harry tiene un entendimiento precoz de la muerte, mucho antes de ese capítulo. Y eso tiene un evidente paralelismo con mi vida. ... Asuntos como el amor, la pérdida, la separación, la muerte ... Y todo eso queda reflejado en el primer libro. ... Me siento muy atraída por la religión, pero al mismo tiempo siento mucha incertidumbre. Vivo en un estado de flujo espiritual. Creo en la permanencia del alma. Y eso queda reflejado en el último libro. ... Quiero a un demócrata en la Casa Blanca. Y me parece una lástima que Clinton y Obama tengan que ser rivales porque ambos son extraordinarios. [And suddenly someone close [to you] dies and then a bomb drops. Harry has a precocious understanding of death, long before that chapter. And that has obvious parallels with my life. ... Issues like love, loss, separation, death ... And all of that is reflected in the first book. ... I feel very attracted to religion, but at the same time I feel a lot of uncertainty. I live in a state of spiritual flux. I believe in the permanence of the soul. And that is reflected in the last book. ... I want a Democrat in the White House. And I think it's a pity that Clinton and Obama have to be rivals because they are both extraordinary.] <a href="http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Ser/invisible/seria/elpepicul/20080208elpepicul_1/Tes" target="_blank">http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Ser/invisible/seria/elpepicul/20080208elpepicul_1/Tes</a> <a href="#fnref:215" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:216">Nelson, Michael (31 January 2002). "Fantasia: The Gospel According to C.S. Lewis". The American Prospect. Retrieved 12 January 2022. <a href="https://prospect.org/api/content/3229353b-1de2-5f2d-89cf-1440fe7c9594/" target="_blank">https://prospect.org/api/content/3229353b-1de2-5f2d-89cf-1440fe7c9594/</a> <a href="#fnref:216" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:217">Kirk 2003, p. 105. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:217" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:218">Smith 2002, pp. 271–273. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:218" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:219">Kirk 2003, p. 113. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk</a> <a href="#fnref:219" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:220">Holmes 2015, p. 203. - Holmes, Tim (2015). Subediting and Production for Journalists: Print, Digital & Social (2nd ed.). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203143544. ISBN 978-0-415-49200-3. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203143544" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203143544</a> <a href="#fnref:220" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:221">"Adjudicated complaints: J K Rowling". Press Complaints Commission. Retrieved 1 February 2022. <a href="http://www.pcc.org.uk/cases/adjudicated.html?article=MjA0NQ==" target="_blank">http://www.pcc.org.uk/cases/adjudicated.html?article=MjA0NQ==</a> <a href="#fnref:221" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:222">Smith 2002, pp. 261–262, 266–267. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:222" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:223">"Hogwarts hideaway for Potter author". The Scotsman. 22 November 2001. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2007. <a href="https://www.scotsman.com/news/hogwarts-hideaway-potter-author-2467790" target="_blank">https://www.scotsman.com/news/hogwarts-hideaway-potter-author-2467790</a> <a href="#fnref:223" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:224">Smith 2002, pp. 271–273. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:224" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:225">"Baby joy for JK Rowling". BBC News. 24 March 2003. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2010. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/2883095.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/2883095.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:225" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:226">"News: JKR gives birth to baby girl". JK Rowling. 25 January 2005. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112121859/http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/news_view.cfm?id=83" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120112121859/http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/news_view.cfm?id=83</a> <a href="#fnref:226" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:227">Watson, Julie; Kellner, Tomas (26 February 2004). "J.K. Rowling and the billion-dollar empire". Forbes. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2022. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/maserati/billionaires2004/cx_jw_0226rowlingbill04.html" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/maserati/billionaires2004/cx_jw_0226rowlingbill04.html</a> <a href="#fnref:227" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:228">Couric, Katie (18 July 2005). "J.K. Rowling, the author with the magic touch". NBC News. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2020. <a href="/wiki/Katie_Couric" target="_blank">/wiki/Katie_Couric</a> <a href="#fnref:228" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:229">Craig, Matt (30 May 2025). "J.K. Rowling Is A Billionaire—Again". Forbes. Retrieved 3 June 2025. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/mattcraig/2025/05/30/jk-rowling-is-a-billionaire-again/" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/mattcraig/2025/05/30/jk-rowling-is-a-billionaire-again/</a> <a href="#fnref:229" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:230">"Rowling 'makes £5 every second'". BBC News. 3 October 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2022. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7649962.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7649962.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:230" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:231">"JK Rowling named world's highest-earning author by Forbes". BBC News. 4 August 2017. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2017. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-40825498" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-40825498</a> <a href="#fnref:231" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:232">Cuccinello, Hayley C.; Shapiro, Ariel (20 December 2019). "Worlds highest-paid authors 2019: J.K. Rowling back on top with $92 million". Forbes. Retrieved 20 December 2020. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/hayleycuccinello/2019/12/20/worlds-highest-paid-authors-2019-rowling-patterson-obama/" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/hayleycuccinello/2019/12/20/worlds-highest-paid-authors-2019-rowling-patterson-obama/</a> <a href="#fnref:232" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:233">Farr, Emma-Victoria (3 October 2012). "J.K. Rowling: Casual Vacancy tops fiction charts". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/9584404/JK-Rowling-Casual-Vacancy-tops-fiction-charts.html" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/9584404/JK-Rowling-Casual-Vacancy-tops-fiction-charts.html</a> <a href="#fnref:233" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:234">McTaggart, India (17 January 2025). "JK Rowling knocked off top of British best-sellers list". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 18 January 2025. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2025/01/17/jk-rowling-knocked-off-top-british-author-spot/" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2025/01/17/jk-rowling-knocked-off-top-british-author-spot/</a> <a href="#fnref:234" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:235">"JK Rowling net worth – Sunday Times Rich List 2021". The Sunday Times. 21 May 2021. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022. <a href="https://www.thetimes.com/sunday-times-rich-list/profile/article/jk-rowling-net-worth-sunday-times-rich-list-695xd7kzn" target="_blank">https://www.thetimes.com/sunday-times-rich-list/profile/article/jk-rowling-net-worth-sunday-times-rich-list-695xd7kzn</a> <a href="#fnref:235" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:236">Garton-Crosbie, Abbi (25 May 2025). "JK Rowling to fund gender-critical women's cases against employers". The National. Retrieved 30 May 2025. <a href="https://www.thenational.scot/news/25190054.jk-rowling-fund-gender-critical-womens-cases-employers/" target="_blank">https://www.thenational.scot/news/25190054.jk-rowling-fund-gender-critical-womens-cases-employers/</a> <a href="#fnref:236" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:237">Hills, Megan C. (7 May 2020). "JK Rowling net worth 2020: How much the Harry Potter author earns and donates to charity". Evening Standard. Retrieved 12 January 2022. <a href="https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/celebrity/j-k-rowling-net-worth-harry-potter-author-billionaire-a4234706.html" target="_blank">https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/celebrity/j-k-rowling-net-worth-harry-potter-author-billionaire-a4234706.html</a> <a href="#fnref:237" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:238">"About". JK Rowling. Retrieved 19 July 2024. <a href="https://www.jkrowling.com/about/" target="_blank">https://www.jkrowling.com/about/</a> <a href="#fnref:238" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:239">"Review: 'The Casual Vacancy'". Publishers Weekly. 27 September 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2022. <a href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/54123-review-the-casual-vacancy.html" target="_blank">https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/54123-review-the-casual-vacancy.html</a> <a href="#fnref:239" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:240">"JK Rowling announces The Casual Vacancy as title of first book for adults". The Guardian. Press Association. 12 April 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2022. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/apr/12/jk-rowling-the-casual-vacancy" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/apr/12/jk-rowling-the-casual-vacancy</a> <a href="#fnref:240" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:241">Pugh 2020, pp. 114–115. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:241" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:242">Pugh 2020, p. 110. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:242" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:243">Parker, Ian (24 September 2012). "Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2020. <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch" target="_blank">https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch</a> <a href="#fnref:243" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:244">Frost, Vicky (28 January 2015). "Could the BBC/HBO adaptation of JK Rowling's The Casual Vacancy be an improvement on the book?". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 January 2022. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/jan/28/could-the-bbchbo-adaptation-of-jk-rowlings-the-casual-vacancy-be-an-improvement-on-the-book" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/jan/28/could-the-bbchbo-adaptation-of-jk-rowlings-the-casual-vacancy-be-an-improvement-on-the-book</a> <a href="#fnref:244" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:245">Brooks, Richard (14 July 2013). "Whodunnit? J. K. Rowling's secret life as a wizard crime writer revealed". The Sunday Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020. <a href="https://www.thetimes.com/culture/books/article/whodunnit-jk-rowlings-secret-life-as-wizard-crime-writer-revealed-35k8dfw5nmz" target="_blank">https://www.thetimes.com/culture/books/article/whodunnit-jk-rowlings-secret-life-as-wizard-crime-writer-revealed-35k8dfw5nmz</a> <a href="#fnref:245" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:246">Molin 2015, pp. 15–18. - Molin, Peter C. (2015). "A 'phrase too cute to do our ugliness justice': portraying 'wounded warriors' in contemporary war fiction" (PDF). War, Literature & the Arts. 27: 1–21. ProQuest 1813553141. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705162815/https://www.wlajournal.com/wlaarchive/27/Molin.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220705162815/https://www.wlajournal.com/wlaarchive/27/Molin.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:246" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:247">Lyall, Sarah (14 July 2013). "This detective novel's story doesn't add up". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2020. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/15/books/a-detective-storys-famous-author-is-unmasked.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/15/books/a-detective-storys-famous-author-is-unmasked.html</a> <a href="#fnref:247" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:248">Lyall, Sarah (14 July 2013). "This detective novel's story doesn't add up". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2020. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/15/books/a-detective-storys-famous-author-is-unmasked.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/15/books/a-detective-storys-famous-author-is-unmasked.html</a> <a href="#fnref:248" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:249">Watts, Robert (13 July 2013). "JK Rowling unmasked as author of acclaimed detective novel". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2020. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10178344/JK-Rowling-unmasked-as-author-of-acclaimed-detective-novel.html" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10178344/JK-Rowling-unmasked-as-author-of-acclaimed-detective-novel.html</a> <a href="#fnref:249" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:250">Pugh 2020, p. 116. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:250" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:275">"JK Rowling's The Ickabog child illustrators chosen for book". BBC News. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2022. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-54892322" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-54892322</a> <a href="#fnref:275" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:280">"J.K. Rowling's new children's book The Ickabog features illustrations from 9 Canadian kids". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 24 November 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2022. <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/books/j-k-rowling-s-new-children-s-book-the-ickabog-features-illustrations-from-9-canadian-kids-1.5814195" target="_blank">https://www.cbc.ca/books/j-k-rowling-s-new-children-s-book-the-ickabog-features-illustrations-from-9-canadian-kids-1.5814195</a> <a href="#fnref:280" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:284">"The Christmas Pig". Kirkus Reviews. 21 October 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022. <a href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/jk-rowling/the-christmas-pig/" target="_blank">https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/jk-rowling/the-christmas-pig/</a> <a href="#fnref:284" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:289">Hopkins 2016, p. 55. <a href="#fnref:289" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:291">Groves 2017, p. xii. - Groves, Beatrice (14 June 2017). Literary Allusion in Harry Potter. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315269337. ISBN 978-1-315-26933-7. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315269337" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315269337</a> <a href="#fnref:291" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:292">Groves 2017, pp. x, xii. - Groves, Beatrice (14 June 2017). Literary Allusion in Harry Potter. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315269337. ISBN 978-1-315-26933-7. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315269337" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315269337</a> <a href="#fnref:292" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:294">Pinsent 2002, p. 28. <a href="#fnref:294" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:295">Pinsent 2002, pp. 27–30. <a href="#fnref:295" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:296">Nikolajeva 2008, pp. 229–233. <a href="#fnref:296" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:297">Pinsent 2002, pp. 27–30. <a href="#fnref:297" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:298">Pinsent 2002, p. 27. <a href="#fnref:298" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:299">Alton 2008, pp. 211–214. <a href="#fnref:299" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:302">Pharr 2016, p. 10. <a href="#fnref:302" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:303">Alton 2008, p. 211. <a href="#fnref:303" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:304">Pugh 2020, pp. 114–116. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:304" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:308">Butler 2012, p. 234. - Butler, Catherine (2012). "Modern children's fantasy". In James, Edward; Mendlesohn, Farah (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Fantasy Literature. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CCOL9780521429597. ISBN 978-0-521-42959-7. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL9780521429597" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL9780521429597</a> <a href="#fnref:308" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:309">Butler 2012, p. 234. - Butler, Catherine (2012). "Modern children's fantasy". In James, Edward; Mendlesohn, Farah (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Fantasy Literature. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CCOL9780521429597. ISBN 978-0-521-42959-7. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL9780521429597" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL9780521429597</a> <a href="#fnref:309" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:310">Park 2003, p. 183. <a href="#fnref:310" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:311">Natov 2002, p. 130. <a href="#fnref:311" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:312">Nikolajeva 2008, p. 233. <a href="#fnref:312" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:313">Nikolajeva 2008, p. 233. <a href="#fnref:313" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:314">Ostry 2003, pp. 90, 97–98. <a href="#fnref:314" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:315">Alton 2008, p. 216. <a href="#fnref:315" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:316">Gallardo & Smith 2003, p. 195. <a href="#fnref:316" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:317">Singer 2016, pp. 26–27. <a href="#fnref:317" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:318">Farmer 2001, p. 58. - Farmer, Joy (2001). "The magician's niece: the kinship between J. K. Rowling and C. S. Lewis". Mythlore. 23 (2): 53–64. JSTOR 26814627. <a href="https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol23/iss2/6/" target="_blank">https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol23/iss2/6/</a> <a href="#fnref:318" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:319">Nikolajeva 2008, pp. 238–239. <a href="#fnref:319" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:320">Ciaccio 2008, pp. 39–40. <a href="#fnref:320" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:321">Groves 2017, pp. xxi–xxii, 135–136. - Groves, Beatrice (14 June 2017). Literary Allusion in Harry Potter. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315269337. ISBN 978-1-315-26933-7. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315269337" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315269337</a> <a href="#fnref:321" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:322">Smith 2002, p. 111. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9</a> <a href="#fnref:322" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:323">Natov 2002, pp. 134–136. <a href="#fnref:323" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:324">Natov 2002, pp. 134–136. <a href="#fnref:324" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:325">Taub & Servaty-Seib 2008, pp. 23–27. <a href="#fnref:325" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:326">Pharr 2016, pp. 20–21. <a href="#fnref:326" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:327">Groves 2017, p. 138. - Groves, Beatrice (14 June 2017). Literary Allusion in Harry Potter. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315269337. ISBN 978-1-315-26933-7. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315269337" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315269337</a> <a href="#fnref:327" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:328">Groves 2017, p. 135. - Groves, Beatrice (14 June 2017). Literary Allusion in Harry Potter. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315269337. ISBN 978-1-315-26933-7. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315269337" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315269337</a> <a href="#fnref:328" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:329">Schanoes 2003, pp. 131–132. <a href="#fnref:329" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:330">McEvoy 2016, p. 207. <a href="#fnref:330" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:331">Schanoes 2003, pp. 131–132. <a href="#fnref:331" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:332">Doughty 2002, pp. 247–249; McEvoy 2016, pp. 207, 211–213; Berberich 2016, p. 153. <a href="#fnref:332" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:333">Whited 2002, pp. 1–3. - Whited, Lana A., ed. (2002). The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter: Perspectives on a Literary Phenomenon. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-6330-8. OCLC 56424948. <a href="https://archive.org/details/ivorytowerharryp00unse" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/ivorytowerharryp00unse</a> <a href="#fnref:333" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:334">Pugh 2020, p. 4. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:334" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:335">Gupta 2009, p. 17. - Gupta, Suman (2009). Re-Reading Harry Potter (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9780230279711. ISBN 978-0-230-21958-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230279711" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230279711</a> <a href="#fnref:335" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:336">Marsick 2023. - Marsick, Laurent (3 February 2023). Abelard, Agathe (ed.). "'Harry Potter': comment J.K. Rowling est-elle passée de l'ombre à la lumière?" ['Harry Potter': how did J.K. Rowling go from the shadows to the light?] (in French). RTL. Retrieved 15 February 2023. Traduits en 84 langues, les 7 romans d'Harry Potter se sont écoulés à plus de 600 millions d'exemplaires dans le monde. [Translated into 84 languages, the 7 Harry Potter novels have sold more than 600 million copies worldwide.] <a href="https://www.rtl.fr/culture/arts-spectacles/harry-potter-comment-j-k-rowling-est-elle-passee-de-l-ombre-a-la-lumiere-7900231706" target="_blank">https://www.rtl.fr/culture/arts-spectacles/harry-potter-comment-j-k-rowling-est-elle-passee-de-l-ombre-a-la-lumiere-7900231706</a> <a href="#fnref:336" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:337">Anatol 2003, pp. ix–x. - Anatol, Giselle Liza, ed. (2003). Reading Harry Potter: Critical Essays. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-313-32067-5. OCLC 50774592. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313320675" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313320675</a> <a href="#fnref:337" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:338">Attributed to multiple sources – Goblet of Fire,[266] Order of the Phoenix,[267] Half-Blood Prince, and Deathly Hallows[268] <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire" target="_blank">/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire</a> <a href="#fnref:338" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:339">Marsick 2023. - Marsick, Laurent (3 February 2023). Abelard, Agathe (ed.). "'Harry Potter': comment J.K. Rowling est-elle passée de l'ombre à la lumière?" ['Harry Potter': how did J.K. Rowling go from the shadows to the light?] (in French). RTL. Retrieved 15 February 2023. Traduits en 84 langues, les 7 romans d'Harry Potter se sont écoulés à plus de 600 millions d'exemplaires dans le monde. [Translated into 84 languages, the 7 Harry Potter novels have sold more than 600 million copies worldwide.] <a href="https://www.rtl.fr/culture/arts-spectacles/harry-potter-comment-j-k-rowling-est-elle-passee-de-l-ombre-a-la-lumiere-7900231706" target="_blank">https://www.rtl.fr/culture/arts-spectacles/harry-potter-comment-j-k-rowling-est-elle-passee-de-l-ombre-a-la-lumiere-7900231706</a> <a href="#fnref:339" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:340">Pugh 2020, pp. 107–108, 122–123. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:340" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:341">Stone, Philip (9 October 2012). "Casual Vacancy keeps pole position". The Bookseller. Retrieved 10 January 2022. <a href="https://www.thebookseller.com/news/casual-vacancy-keeps-pole-position" target="_blank">https://www.thebookseller.com/news/casual-vacancy-keeps-pole-position</a> <a href="#fnref:341" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:342">Levy & Mendlesohn 2016, pp. 166, 168–169. - Levy, Michael; Mendlesohn, Farah (2016). Children's Fantasy Literature: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139087421. ISBN 978-1-107-01814-3. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139087421" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139087421</a> <a href="#fnref:342" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:343">Eccleshare 2002, pp. 106, 108. - Eccleshare, Julia (2002). A Guide to the Harry Potter Novels. Continuum. ISBN 978-1-84714-418-8. OCLC 229341237. <a href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoharrypott0000eccl/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/guidetoharrypott0000eccl/</a> <a href="#fnref:343" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:344">Eccleshare 2002, p. 106. - Eccleshare, Julia (2002). A Guide to the Harry Potter Novels. Continuum. ISBN 978-1-84714-418-8. OCLC 229341237. <a href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoharrypott0000eccl/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/guidetoharrypott0000eccl/</a> <a href="#fnref:344" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:345">Westman 2006, "The critical response". - Westman, Karin E. (2006). "Rowling, J. K.". In Kastan, David Scott (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195169218.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-516921-8. <a href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195169218.001.0001/acref-9780195169218-e-0409" target="_blank">https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195169218.001.0001/acref-9780195169218-e-0409</a> <a href="#fnref:345" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:346">Nel 2001, pp. 59–60. - Nel, Philip (2001). J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter Novels: A Reader's Guide. Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-5232-9. OCLC 47050453. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingsharryp0000nelp" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingsharryp0000nelp</a> <a href="#fnref:346" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:347">Bloom, Harold (11 July 2000). "Can 35 million book buyers be wrong? Yes". The Wall Street Journal. p. A26. ProQuest 1931451165. <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" target="_blank">/wiki/Harold_Bloom</a> <a href="#fnref:347" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:348">Teare 2002, pp. 332–333. <a href="#fnref:348" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:349">Zipes 2013, pp. 176–177. - Zipes, Jack (15 November 2013) [2002]. Sticks and Stones: The Troublesome Success of Children's Literature from Slovenly Peter to Harry Potter. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203700211. ISBN 978-0-203-70021-1. <a href="https://archive.org/details/sticksstonestrou00zipe" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/sticksstonestrou00zipe</a> <a href="#fnref:349" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:351">Pharr 2016, p. 10. <a href="#fnref:351" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:352">Byatt, A. S. (7 July 2003). "Harry Potter and the childish adult". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2022. <a href="/wiki/A._S._Byatt" target="_blank">/wiki/A._S._Byatt</a> <a href="#fnref:352" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:353">Pharr 2016, p. 10. <a href="#fnref:353" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:354">Hensher, Philip (25 January 2000). "Harry Potter, give me a break". The Independent. p. 1. ProQuest 311572655. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Hensher" target="_blank">/wiki/Philip_Hensher</a> <a href="#fnref:354" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:355">Nel 2001, pp. 59–60. - Nel, Philip (2001). J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter Novels: A Reader's Guide. Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-5232-9. OCLC 47050453. <a href="https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingsharryp0000nelp" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingsharryp0000nelp</a> <a href="#fnref:355" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:356">Pharr 2016, p. 15. <a href="#fnref:356" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:357">Westman 2006, "The critical response". - Westman, Karin E. (2006). "Rowling, J. K.". In Kastan, David Scott (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195169218.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-516921-8. <a href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195169218.001.0001/acref-9780195169218-e-0409" target="_blank">https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195169218.001.0001/acref-9780195169218-e-0409</a> <a href="#fnref:357" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:358">Whited 2015, pp. 64–65. - Whited, Lana A. (2015). "A survey of the critical reception of the Harry Potter series". In Grimes, M. Katherine; Whited, Lana A. (eds.). Critical Insights: The Harry Potter Series. Salem Press. ISBN 978-1-61925-520-3. EBSCOhost 108515151. <a href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=lkh&AN=108515151" target="_blank">http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=lkh&AN=108515151</a> <a href="#fnref:358" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:359">Pugh 2020, p. 115. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:359" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:360">Pugh 2020, pp. 122–123. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:360" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:361">Brummitt & Sellars 2019, pp. 108–111. - Brummitt, Cassie; Sellars, Kieran (1 December 2019). "'Friends? Always': queerbaiting, ambiguity, and erasure in Harry Potter and the Cursed Child". In Brennan, Joseph (ed.). Queerbaiting and Fandom: Teasing Fans through Homoerotic Possibilities. University of Iowa Press. ISBN 978-1-60938-672-6. OCLC 1104912811. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1104912811" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1104912811</a> <a href="#fnref:361" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:363">Pugh 2020, pp. 94–98. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:363" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:364">Heilman & Donaldson 2008, pp. 139–141; Pugh & Wallace 2006; Eberhardt 2017. <a href="#fnref:364" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:365">Pugh & Wallace 2006; Eccleshare 2002, pp. 84–87; Gallardo & Smith 2003, p. 191. - Pugh, Tison; Wallace, David L. (Fall 2006). "Heteronormative heroism and queering the school story in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series". Children's Literature Association Quarterly. 31 (3): 260–281. doi:10.1353/chq.2006.0053. S2CID 143508785. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fchq.2006.0053" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fchq.2006.0053</a> <a href="#fnref:365" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:366">Heilman & Donaldson 2008, pp. 139–141. <a href="#fnref:366" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:367">Berents 2012, pp. 144–149. <a href="#fnref:367" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:368">Heilman & Donaldson 2008, pp. 142–147. <a href="#fnref:368" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:369">Bell & Alexander 2012, pp. 1–8. <a href="#fnref:369" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:370">Pugh & Wallace 2006; Heilman & Donaldson 2008, pp. 149–155. - Pugh, Tison; Wallace, David L. (Fall 2006). "Heteronormative heroism and queering the school story in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series". Children's Literature Association Quarterly. 31 (3): 260–281. doi:10.1353/chq.2006.0053. S2CID 143508785. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fchq.2006.0053" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fchq.2006.0053</a> <a href="#fnref:370" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:374">Ostry 2003, pp. 95–98; Blake 2002, pp. 104–106; Gupta 2009, pp. 105–107; Mendlesohn 2002, pp. 176–177; Nikolajeva 2008, pp. 237–239. <a href="#fnref:374" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:375">Gupta 2009, pp. 105–107. - Gupta, Suman (2009). Re-Reading Harry Potter (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9780230279711. ISBN 978-0-230-21958-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230279711" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230279711</a> <a href="#fnref:375" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:376">Gupta 2009, pp. 108–110. - Gupta, Suman (2009). Re-Reading Harry Potter (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9780230279711. ISBN 978-0-230-21958-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230279711" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230279711</a> <a href="#fnref:376" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:377">Horne 2010, pp. 76–77. - Horne, Jackie C. (2010). "Harry and the other: answering the race question in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter". The Lion and the Unicorn. 34 (1): 76–104. doi:10.1353/uni.0.0488. S2CID 143738308. ProQuest 221753179. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Funi.0.0488" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1353%2Funi.0.0488</a> <a href="#fnref:377" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:378">Carey 2003, pp. 105–107, 114; Horne 2010, p. 76 <a href="#fnref:378" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:379">Mendlesohn 2002, pp. 178–181; Horne 2010, p. 81. <a href="#fnref:379" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:380">Pharr 2016, pp. 12–13. <a href="#fnref:380" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:381">Barratt 2012, p. 52. - Barratt, Bethany (2012). The Politics of Harry Potter. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9781137016546. ISBN 978-0-230-60899-3. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137016546" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137016546</a> <a href="#fnref:381" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:382">Dendle 2008, pp. 171–173; Horne 2010, pp. 96–97. <a href="#fnref:382" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:383">Ostry 2003, pp. 95–98; Applebaum 2008, pp. 92–93; Heilman & Donaldson 2008, pp. 140–142; Horne 2010, pp. 96–97; Mendlesohn 2002, pp. 180–182. <a href="#fnref:383" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:384">Gupta 2009, pp. 18–20. - Gupta, Suman (2009). Re-Reading Harry Potter (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9780230279711. ISBN 978-0-230-21958-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230279711" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230279711</a> <a href="#fnref:384" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:385">Cockrell 2006. - Cockrell, Amanda (February 2006). "Harry Potter and the witch hunters: a social context for the attacks on Harry Potter". The Journal of American Culture. 29 (6): 24–30. doi:10.1111/j.1542-734X.2006.00272.x. ISSN 1542-7331. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1542-734X.2006.00272.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1542-734X.2006.00272.x</a> <a href="#fnref:385" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:386">McAvan 2012, pp. 100–103. - McAvan, Em (2012). "Harry Potter and the origins of the occult". In Hallett, Cynthia J.; Huey, Peggy J. (eds.). J. K. Rowling: Harry Potter. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-69345-2. <a href="#fnref:386" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:387">Gupta 2009, p. 18. - Gupta, Suman (2009). Re-Reading Harry Potter (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9780230279711. ISBN 978-0-230-21958-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230279711" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230279711</a> <a href="#fnref:387" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:388">Foerstel 2002, pp. 180–188. - Foerstel, Herbert N. (2002). Banned in the U.S.A.: A Reference Guide to Book Censorship in Schools and Public Libraries. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-00670-9. OCLC 51782946. <a href="https://archive.org/details/bannedinusarefer00foer" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/bannedinusarefer00foer</a> <a href="#fnref:388" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:389">Whited 2002, pp. 3–4. - Whited, Lana A., ed. (2002). The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter: Perspectives on a Literary Phenomenon. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-6330-8. OCLC 56424948. <a href="https://archive.org/details/ivorytowerharryp00unse" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/ivorytowerharryp00unse</a> <a href="#fnref:389" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:390">Guanio-Uluru 2015, pp. 85–86. - Guanio-Uluru, Lykke (2015). Ethics and Form in Fantasy Literature. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9781137469694. ISBN 978-1-349-56000-4. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137469694" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137469694</a> <a href="#fnref:390" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:391">Gibson 2007, pp. 187–190. - Gibson, Marion (2007). Witchcraft Myths in American Culture. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203941980. ISBN 978-0-415-97977-1. OCLC 76261870. <a href="https://archive.org/details/witchcraftmythsi0000gibs" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/witchcraftmythsi0000gibs</a> <a href="#fnref:391" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:392">Gibson 2007, pp. 188–190. - Gibson, Marion (2007). Witchcraft Myths in American Culture. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203941980. ISBN 978-0-415-97977-1. OCLC 76261870. <a href="https://archive.org/details/witchcraftmythsi0000gibs" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/witchcraftmythsi0000gibs</a> <a href="#fnref:392" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:393">Cockrell 2006. - Cockrell, Amanda (February 2006). "Harry Potter and the witch hunters: a social context for the attacks on Harry Potter". The Journal of American Culture. 29 (6): 24–30. doi:10.1111/j.1542-734X.2006.00272.x. ISSN 1542-7331. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1542-734X.2006.00272.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1542-734X.2006.00272.x</a> <a href="#fnref:393" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:394">Guanio-Uluru 2015, p. 85. - Guanio-Uluru, Lykke (2015). Ethics and Form in Fantasy Literature. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9781137469694. ISBN 978-1-349-56000-4. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137469694" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137469694</a> <a href="#fnref:394" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:395">"Emirates ban Potter book". BBC News. 12 February 2002. Retrieved 23 February 2025. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1816012.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1816012.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:395" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:396">"Harry Potter expelled from UAE schools". The Guardian. 14 February 2002. Retrieved 23 February 2025. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/feb/14/news" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/feb/14/news</a> <a href="#fnref:396" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:397">Gibson 2007, pp. 192–193. - Gibson, Marion (2007). Witchcraft Myths in American Culture. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203941980. ISBN 978-0-415-97977-1. OCLC 76261870. <a href="https://archive.org/details/witchcraftmythsi0000gibs" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/witchcraftmythsi0000gibs</a> <a href="#fnref:397" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:398">Taub & Servaty-Seib 2008, pp. 15–17. <a href="#fnref:398" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:399">Ciaccio 2008, pp. 33–37. <a href="#fnref:399" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:400">Taub & Servaty-Seib 2008, pp. 15–17. <a href="#fnref:400" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:401">Farmer 2001, p. 53. - Farmer, Joy (2001). "The magician's niece: the kinship between J. K. Rowling and C. S. Lewis". Mythlore. 23 (2): 53–64. JSTOR 26814627. <a href="https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol23/iss2/6/" target="_blank">https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol23/iss2/6/</a> <a href="#fnref:401" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:402">McAvan 2012, pp. 100–103. - McAvan, Em (2012). "Harry Potter and the origins of the occult". In Hallett, Cynthia J.; Huey, Peggy J. (eds.). J. K. Rowling: Harry Potter. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-69345-2. <a href="#fnref:402" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:403">Beckett 2008, pp. 85, 111. - Beckett, Sandra L. (2008). Crossover Fiction: Global and Historical Perspectives. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203893135. ISBN 978-0-203-89313-5. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203893135" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203893135</a> <a href="#fnref:403" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:404">While noting the prevalent view that Harry Potter catalysed this change, the critic Rachel Falconer also credits socio-economic factors. In her view, Rowling's success is part of "a larger cultural change in contemporary Western society which accords greater weight and value to the signifier, the 'child', than in previous decades".[324] <a href="#fnref:404" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:405">Westman 2011, p. 104. - Westman, Karin E. (2011). "Blending genres and crossing audiences: and the future of literary fiction". In Vallone, Lynne; Mickenberg, Julia (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Children's Literature. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195379785.013.0005. ISBN 978-0-19-537978-5. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195379785.013.0005" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195379785.013.0005</a> <a href="#fnref:405" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:406">Beckett 2008, p. 111. - Beckett, Sandra L. (2008). Crossover Fiction: Global and Historical Perspectives. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203893135. ISBN 978-0-203-89313-5. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203893135" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203893135</a> <a href="#fnref:406" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:407">Beckett 2008, p. 135. - Beckett, Sandra L. (2008). Crossover Fiction: Global and Historical Perspectives. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203893135. ISBN 978-0-203-89313-5. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203893135" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203893135</a> <a href="#fnref:407" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:408">Eccleshare 2002, pp. 106–108. - Eccleshare, Julia (2002). A Guide to the Harry Potter Novels. Continuum. ISBN 978-1-84714-418-8. OCLC 229341237. <a href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoharrypott0000eccl/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/guidetoharrypott0000eccl/</a> <a href="#fnref:408" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:409">Stableford 2009, pp. xli, lx–lxi, 72. - Stableford, Brian M. (2009). The A to Z of Fantasy Literature. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6345-3. OCLC 1200815959. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1200815959" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1200815959</a> <a href="#fnref:409" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:410">Levy & Mendlesohn 2016, pp. 161–162. - Levy, Michael; Mendlesohn, Farah (2016). Children's Fantasy Literature: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139087421. ISBN 978-1-107-01814-3. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139087421" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139087421</a> <a href="#fnref:410" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:411">Stableford 2009, pp. 72–73. - Stableford, Brian M. (2009). The A to Z of Fantasy Literature. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6345-3. OCLC 1200815959. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1200815959" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1200815959</a> <a href="#fnref:411" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:412">Stableford 2009, p. 73. - Stableford, Brian M. (2009). The A to Z of Fantasy Literature. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6345-3. OCLC 1200815959. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1200815959" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1200815959</a> <a href="#fnref:412" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:413">Eccleshare 2002, pp. 108–109. - Eccleshare, Julia (2002). A Guide to the Harry Potter Novels. Continuum. ISBN 978-1-84714-418-8. OCLC 229341237. <a href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoharrypott0000eccl/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/guidetoharrypott0000eccl/</a> <a href="#fnref:413" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:414">Eccleshare 2002, pp. 105–106. - Eccleshare, Julia (2002). A Guide to the Harry Potter Novels. Continuum. ISBN 978-1-84714-418-8. OCLC 229341237. <a href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoharrypott0000eccl/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/guidetoharrypott0000eccl/</a> <a href="#fnref:414" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:415">Beckett 2008, p. 135. - Beckett, Sandra L. (2008). Crossover Fiction: Global and Historical Perspectives. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203893135. ISBN 978-0-203-89313-5. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203893135" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203893135</a> <a href="#fnref:415" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:416">Levy & Mendlesohn 2016, pp. 164–165. - Levy, Michael; Mendlesohn, Farah (2016). Children's Fantasy Literature: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139087421. ISBN 978-1-107-01814-3. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139087421" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139087421</a> <a href="#fnref:416" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:417">Levy & Mendlesohn 2016, p. 167. - Levy, Michael; Mendlesohn, Farah (2016). Children's Fantasy Literature: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139087421. ISBN 978-1-107-01814-3. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139087421" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139087421</a> <a href="#fnref:417" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:418">Levy & Mendlesohn 2016, pp. 168–170. - Levy, Michael; Mendlesohn, Farah (2016). Children's Fantasy Literature: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139087421. ISBN 978-1-107-01814-3. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139087421" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139087421</a> <a href="#fnref:418" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:419">Striphas 2009, pp. 158–159, 166–167. - Striphas, Theodore G. (2009). "Harry Potter and the culture of the copy". The Late Age of Print: Everyday Book Culture from Consumerism to Control. Columbia University Press. pp. 141–174. ISBN 978-0-231-14814-6. OCLC 256532755. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/256532755" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/256532755</a> <a href="#fnref:419" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:420">Mendlesohn & James 2012, p. 167. - Mendlesohn, Farah; James, Edward (2012). A Short History of Fantasy. Libri Publishing. ISBN 978-1-907471-66-7. OCLC 857653620. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857653620" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857653620</a> <a href="#fnref:420" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:421">Eccleshare 2002, pp. 33–35. - Eccleshare, Julia (2002). A Guide to the Harry Potter Novels. Continuum. ISBN 978-1-84714-418-8. OCLC 229341237. <a href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoharrypott0000eccl/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/guidetoharrypott0000eccl/</a> <a href="#fnref:421" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:422">Eccleshare 2002, pp. 10–12. - Eccleshare, Julia (2002). A Guide to the Harry Potter Novels. Continuum. ISBN 978-1-84714-418-8. OCLC 229341237. <a href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoharrypott0000eccl/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/guidetoharrypott0000eccl/</a> <a href="#fnref:422" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:423">Mendlesohn & James 2012, pp. 165, 171. - Mendlesohn, Farah; James, Edward (2012). A Short History of Fantasy. Libri Publishing. ISBN 978-1-907471-66-7. OCLC 857653620. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857653620" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857653620</a> <a href="#fnref:423" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:424">Mendlesohn & James 2012, p. 165. - Mendlesohn, Farah; James, Edward (2012). A Short History of Fantasy. Libri Publishing. ISBN 978-1-907471-66-7. OCLC 857653620. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857653620" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857653620</a> <a href="#fnref:424" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:425">Anelli 2008, p. 69. - Anelli, Melissa (2008). Harry, a History: The True Story of a Boy Wizard, His Fans, and Life inside the Harry Potter Phenomenon. Pocket Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-5495-0. OCLC 209699636. <a href="https://archive.org/details/harryhistorytrue0000anel" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/harryhistorytrue0000anel</a> <a href="#fnref:425" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:426">Striphas 2009, pp. 146–148. - Striphas, Theodore G. (2009). "Harry Potter and the culture of the copy". The Late Age of Print: Everyday Book Culture from Consumerism to Control. Columbia University Press. pp. 141–174. ISBN 978-0-231-14814-6. OCLC 256532755. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/256532755" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/256532755</a> <a href="#fnref:426" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:427">Gupta 2009, p. 217. - Gupta, Suman (2009). Re-Reading Harry Potter (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9780230279711. ISBN 978-0-230-21958-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230279711" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230279711</a> <a href="#fnref:427" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:428">Duggan 2021. - Duggan, Jennifer (28 March 2021). "Transformative readings: Harry Potter fan fiction, trans/queer reader response, and J. K. Rowling". Children's Literature in Education. 53 (2): 147–168. doi:10.1007/s10583-021-09446-9. PMC 9132366. PMID 35645426. S2CID 233661189. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9132366" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9132366</a> <a href="#fnref:428" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:429">Thomas 2019, pp. 154–155. - Thomas, Ebony Elizabeth (2019). The Dark Fantastic: Race and the Imagination from Harry Potter to the Hunger Games. New York University Press. ISBN 978-1-4798-0065-0. OCLC 1104862747. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1104862747" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1104862747</a> <a href="#fnref:429" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:430">Tosenberger 2008, pp. 196, 199. - Tosenberger, Catherine (2008). "Homosexuality at the online Hogwarts: Harry Potter slash fanfiction". Children's Literature. 36: 185–207. doi:10.1353/chl.0.0017. S2CID 143937185. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fchl.0.0017" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fchl.0.0017</a> <a href="#fnref:430" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:431">According to Pugh, she only announced Dumbledore's sexuality to her fans, but not in the books, thus "closeting this character for unexplained reasons".[350]
 <a href="#fnref:431" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:432">Thomas 2019, p. 155. - Thomas, Ebony Elizabeth (2019). The Dark Fantastic: Race and the Imagination from Harry Potter to the Hunger Games. New York University Press. ISBN 978-1-4798-0065-0. OCLC 1104862747. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1104862747" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1104862747</a> <a href="#fnref:432" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:433">Tosenberger 2008, pp. 202–203. - Tosenberger, Catherine (2008). "Homosexuality at the online Hogwarts: Harry Potter slash fanfiction". Children's Literature. 36: 185–207. doi:10.1353/chl.0.0017. S2CID 143937185. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fchl.0.0017" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fchl.0.0017</a> <a href="#fnref:433" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:434">Baker 2010, pp. 225–40. - Baker, Charles Robert (2010). "J. K. Rowling (1965–)". In Parini, Jay (ed.). British Writers: Supplement XVI. Charles Scribner's Sons; Gale. ISBN 978-0-684-31710-6. OCLC 645653286. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/645653286" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/645653286</a> <a href="#fnref:434" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:470">"Biography". JK Rowling. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2013. <a href="http://www.jkrowling.com/en_GB/#/about-jk-rowling" target="_blank">http://www.jkrowling.com/en_GB/#/about-jk-rowling</a> <a href="#fnref:470" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:471">"The season of giving – the millionaire donations that defined 2013". Spear's. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230120430/http://www.spearswms.com/spears-lists/lists/the-season-of-giving-the-millionaire-donations-that-defined-2013-4151578" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131230120430/http://www.spearswms.com/spears-lists/lists/the-season-of-giving-the-millionaire-donations-that-defined-2013-4151578</a> <a href="#fnref:471" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:472">Williams, Rachel (29 May 2008). "Rowling pens Potter prequel for charities". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 July 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2010. <a href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/harrypotter/story/0,,2282533,00.html" target="_blank">http://books.guardian.co.uk/harrypotter/story/0,,2282533,00.html</a> <a href="#fnref:472" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:473">The original Harry Potter prequel manuscript was stolen in 2017.[384]
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<li id="fn:474">Meikle, James (18 July 2013). "JK Rowling directs anger at lawyers after secret identity revealed". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2013. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/18/jk-rowling-anger-lawyers-secret-identity" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/18/jk-rowling-anger-lawyers-secret-identity</a> <a href="#fnref:474" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:475">Pugh 2020, pp. 5–6. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:475" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:477">Craig, Matt (30 May 2025). "J.K. Rowling Is A Billionaire—Again". Forbes. Retrieved 3 June 2025. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/mattcraig/2025/05/30/jk-rowling-is-a-billionaire-again/" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/mattcraig/2025/05/30/jk-rowling-is-a-billionaire-again/</a> <a href="#fnref:477" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:478">"J.K. Rowling: billionaire to millionaire". The New Zealand Herald. 12 March 2012. Archived from the original on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2013. <a href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/books/news/article.cfm?c_id=134&objectid=10791515" target="_blank">http://www.nzherald.co.nz/books/news/article.cfm?c_id=134&objectid=10791515</a> <a href="#fnref:478" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:479">"Elton John, JK Rowling top list of charitable UK celebrities in 2015". EFE News Service. 17 April 2016. ProQuest 1781399093. Harry Potter author, JK Rowling, allocated around $14 million for the benefit of two NGOs; the Lumos Foundation, which aims to end the institutionalizing of children by 2050, and the Volant Charitable Trust, which funds projects that alleviate social deprivation, as well as research into multiple sclerosis. <a href="/wiki/ProQuest" target="_blank">/wiki/ProQuest</a> <a href="#fnref:479" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:480">Salter & Stanfill 2020, pp. 41–42. - Salter, Anastasia; Stanfill, Mel (16 October 2020). A Portrait of the Auteur as Fanboy: The Construction of Authorship in Transmedia Franchises. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-4968-3051-7. OCLC 1178868864. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1178868864" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1178868864</a> <a href="#fnref:480" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:482">Salter & Stanfill 2020, p. 43. - Salter, Anastasia; Stanfill, Mel (16 October 2020). A Portrait of the Auteur as Fanboy: The Construction of Authorship in Transmedia Franchises. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-4968-3051-7. OCLC 1178868864. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1178868864" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1178868864</a> <a href="#fnref:482" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:483">Siad, Arnaud; Hodge, Nathan; Owoseje, Toyin (25 March 2022). "J.K. Rowling hits back at Putin after he likened Russia to her in rant against cancel culture". CNN. Retrieved 27 March 2022. <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/25/world/jk-rowling-putin-intl-scli-gbr/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/25/world/jk-rowling-putin-intl-scli-gbr/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:483" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:484">Pugh 2020, p. 7. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:484" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:485">Salter & Stanfill 2020, p. 58. - Salter, Anastasia; Stanfill, Mel (16 October 2020). A Portrait of the Auteur as Fanboy: The Construction of Authorship in Transmedia Franchises. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-4968-3051-7. OCLC 1178868864. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1178868864" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1178868864</a> <a href="#fnref:485" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:486">Leach, Ben (20 September 2008). "Harry Potter author JK Rowling gives £1 million to Labour". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080920115952/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/labour/3021309/Harry-Potter-author-JK-Rowling-gives-1-million-to-Labour.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080920115952/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/labour/3021309/Harry-Potter-author-JK-Rowling-gives-1-million-to-Labour.html</a> <a href="#fnref:486" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:487">Wheeler, Brian (22 June 2024). "JK Rowling accuses Labour of abandoning women". BBC News. Retrieved 24 July 2024. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cndd65k06x8o" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cndd65k06x8o</a> <a href="#fnref:487" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:488">Cruz 2008. - Cruz, Juan (8 February 2008). "'Ser invisible ... eso sería lo más'" [Being invisible ... that would be the most]. El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2021. Y de pronto alguien cercano se muere y entonces cae la bomba. Harry tiene un entendimiento precoz de la muerte, mucho antes de ese capítulo. Y eso tiene un evidente paralelismo con mi vida. ... Asuntos como el amor, la pérdida, la separación, la muerte ... Y todo eso queda reflejado en el primer libro. ... Me siento muy atraída por la religión, pero al mismo tiempo siento mucha incertidumbre. Vivo en un estado de flujo espiritual. Creo en la permanencia del alma. Y eso queda reflejado en el último libro. ... Quiero a un demócrata en la Casa Blanca. Y me parece una lástima que Clinton y Obama tengan que ser rivales porque ambos son extraordinarios. [And suddenly someone close [to you] dies and then a bomb drops. Harry has a precocious understanding of death, long before that chapter. And that has obvious parallels with my life. ... Issues like love, loss, separation, death ... And all of that is reflected in the first book. ... I feel very attracted to religion, but at the same time I feel a lot of uncertainty. I live in a state of spiritual flux. I believe in the permanence of the soul. And that is reflected in the last book. ... I want a Democrat in the White House. And I think it's a pity that Clinton and Obama have to be rivals because they are both extraordinary.] <a href="http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Ser/invisible/seria/elpepicul/20080208elpepicul_1/Tes" target="_blank">http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Ser/invisible/seria/elpepicul/20080208elpepicul_1/Tes</a> <a href="#fnref:488" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:489">Richards 2017, pp. 316–317. - Richards, Kitty (2017). "An expressive theory of tax". Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy. 27 (2): 301–355. <a href="https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1470&context=cjlpp" target="_blank">https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1470&context=cjlpp</a> <a href="#fnref:489" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:490">Carrell, Severin (11 June 2014). "JK Rowling donates £1m to Scotland's anti-independence campaign". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jun/11/jk-rowling-donates-scotland-anti-independence-campaign" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jun/11/jk-rowling-donates-scotland-anti-independence-campaign</a> <a href="#fnref:490" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:491">Pugh 2020, p. 6. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:491" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:492">O'Connor, Roisin (23 March 2019). "People's vote: Steve Coogan, Patrick Stewart and Delia Smith among famous faces marching for second Brexit referendum". The Independent. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2020. <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/eu-referendum-brexit-remain-who-do-celebrities-support-david-beckham-jk-rowling-a7094751.html" target="_blank">https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/eu-referendum-brexit-remain-who-do-celebrities-support-david-beckham-jk-rowling-a7094751.html</a> <a href="#fnref:492" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:493">Flood, Alison (27 October 2015). "JK Rowling explains refusal to join cultural boycott of Israel". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 January 2022. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/27/jk-rowling-explains-refusal-to-join-cultural-boycott-of-israel" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/27/jk-rowling-explains-refusal-to-join-cultural-boycott-of-israel</a> <a href="#fnref:493" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:494">"Israel needs cultural bridges, not boycotts – letter from JK Rowling, Simon Schama and others". The Guardian. 22 October 2015. Archived from the original on 22 October 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/22/israel-needs-cultural-bridges-not-boycotts-letter-from-jk-rowling-simon-schama-and-others" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/22/israel-needs-cultural-bridges-not-boycotts-letter-from-jk-rowling-simon-schama-and-others</a> <a href="#fnref:494" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:495">Salter & Stanfill 2020, p. 48. - Salter, Anastasia; Stanfill, Mel (16 October 2020). A Portrait of the Auteur as Fanboy: The Construction of Authorship in Transmedia Franchises. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-4968-3051-7. OCLC 1178868864. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1178868864" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1178868864</a> <a href="#fnref:495" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:496">Treneman, Ann (20 June 2003). "I'm not writing for the money: It's for me and out of loyalty to fans". The Times. ProQuest 318891545; Gale IF0501604890. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Times</a> <a href="#fnref:496" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:497">O'Carroll, Lisa; Halliday, Josh (24 November 2011). "Leveson inquiry: JK Rowling and Sienna Miller give evidence". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2012. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/nov/24/leveson-inquiry-jk-rowling-sienna-miller-live" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/nov/24/leveson-inquiry-jk-rowling-sienna-miller-live</a> <a href="#fnref:497" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:498">Lockerbie, Catherine (11 July 2000). "All aboard the Hogwarts express". The Scotsman. p. 2. ProQuest 326828580. <a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Scotsman</a> <a href="#fnref:498" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:499">"Daily Mail pays damages to JK Rowling". BBC News. 7 May 2014. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-27312080" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-27312080</a> <a href="#fnref:499" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:500">O'Carroll, Lisa (14 September 2011). "Leveson phone-hacking inquiry: JK Rowling among 'core participants'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2011. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/sep/14/leveson-phone-hacking-inquiry-jk-rowling" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/sep/14/leveson-phone-hacking-inquiry-jk-rowling</a> <a href="#fnref:500" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:501">Smith-Spark, Laura (1 December 2012). "Author J.K. Rowling feels 'duped' by Cameron over hacking inquiry". CNN. Retrieved 23 July 2024. <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2012/12/01/world/europe/uk-rowling-hacking-inquiry/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnn.com/2012/12/01/world/europe/uk-rowling-hacking-inquiry/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:501" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:502">Rowling, JK (30 November 2012). "I feel duped and angry at David Cameron's reaction to Leveson". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2012. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/30/jk-rowling-duped-angry-david-cameron-leveson" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/30/jk-rowling-duped-angry-david-cameron-leveson</a> <a href="#fnref:502" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:503">"Butler addresses the largely British phenomenon of the gender-critical feminists, including journalists (e.g. well-known lesbians like Julie Bindel) along with the world best-selling writer JK Rowling."[408] <a href="#fnref:503" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:504">Milne, Amber; Savage, Rachel (11 June 2020). "Explainer: J. K. Rowling and trans women in single-sex spaces: what's the furore?". Reuters. Retrieved 6 April 2021. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-lgbt-rowling-explainer-trfn-idUSKBN23I3AI" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-lgbt-rowling-explainer-trfn-idUSKBN23I3AI</a> <a href="#fnref:504" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:505">Brooks, Libby (11 June 2020). "Why is JK Rowling speaking out now on sex and gender debate?". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 January 2022. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/11/why-is-jk-rowling-speaking-out-now-on-sex-and-gender-debate" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/11/why-is-jk-rowling-speaking-out-now-on-sex-and-gender-debate</a> <a href="#fnref:505" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:506">Kottasová, Ivana; Andrew, Scottie (20 December 2019). "J.K. Rowling's 'transphobia' tweet row spotlights a fight between equality campaigners and radical feminists". CNN. Retrieved 5 May 2024. <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/20/uk/jk-rowling-transgender-explainer-intl-gbr/index.html" target="_blank">https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/20/uk/jk-rowling-transgender-explainer-intl-gbr/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:506" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:507">Rowley, Glenn (11 June 2020). "Artists fire back at J.K. Rowling's anti-trans remarks, share messages in support of the community". Billboard. Retrieved 7 April 2022. <a href="https://www.billboard.com/culture/pride/artists-fire-back-jk-rowling-anti-trans-remarks-9400386/" target="_blank">https://www.billboard.com/culture/pride/artists-fire-back-jk-rowling-anti-trans-remarks-9400386/</a> <a href="#fnref:507" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:508">Whited 2024, p. 7. "But in June 2020, Rowling's manifesto led some people to label her as a trans-exclusionary radical feminist (TERF), a term first used in 2008 that has more recently evolved as 'gender critical'.". <a href="#fnref:508" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:509">Schwirblat, Freberg & Freberg 2022, pp. 367–368. "This sparked a heated discussion within the Twitter community, one side buttressing Rowling's statements, and the other espousing her as a trans-exclusionary radical feminist (TERF)". - Schwirblat, Tatiana; Freberg, Karen; Freberg, Laura (2022). "Chapter 21: Cancel culture: a career vulture amongst influencers on social media". In Lipschultz, Jeremy Harris; Freberg, Karen; Luttrell, Regina (eds.). The Emerald Handbook of Computer-Mediated Communication and Social Media. Emerald Publishing Limited. doi:10.1108/978-1-80071-597-420221021. ISBN 978-1800715981. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F978-1-80071-597-420221021" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1108%2F978-1-80071-597-420221021</a> <a href="#fnref:509" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:510">"J.K. Rowling writes about her reasons for speaking out on sex and gender issues". JK Rowling. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020. <a href="https://www.jkrowling.com/opinions/j-k-rowling-writes-about-her-reasons-for-speaking-out-on-sex-and-gender-issues/" target="_blank">https://www.jkrowling.com/opinions/j-k-rowling-writes-about-her-reasons-for-speaking-out-on-sex-and-gender-issues/</a> <a href="#fnref:510" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:511">"JK Rowling dismisses backlash over trans comments: 'I don't care about my legacy'". BBC News. 22 February 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2024. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-64729304" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-64729304</a> <a href="#fnref:511" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:512">Vary, Adam B. (24 November 2024). "HBO says 'Harry Potter' series will 'benefit' from J.K. Rowling's involvement: she 'has the right to express her personal views'". Variety. Retrieved 14 January 2025. <a href="https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/harry-potter-hbo-series-jk-rowling-transphobia-1236215642/" target="_blank">https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/harry-potter-hbo-series-jk-rowling-transphobia-1236215642/</a> <a href="#fnref:512" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:513">Whited 2024, pp. 6–8. <a href="#fnref:513" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:514">Pugh 2020, p. 7. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:514" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:515">"Maya Forstater: Woman sacked over trans tweets loses tribunal". BBC News. 19 December 2019. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-50858919" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-50858919</a> <a href="#fnref:515" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:516">Stack, Liam (19 December 2019). "J.K. Rowling criticized after tweeting support for anti-transgender researcher". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/19/world/europe/jk-rowling-maya-forstater-transgender.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/19/world/europe/jk-rowling-maya-forstater-transgender.html</a> <a href="#fnref:516" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:517">"Maya Forstater: Woman discriminated against over trans tweets, tribunal rules". 6 July 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2025. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62061929" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62061929</a> <a href="#fnref:517" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:518">An appeals court ruled in 2021 that Forstater's gender-critical views were protected under the 2010 UK Equality Act after the original employment tribunal found they were not.[422][423][424] In July 2022, a new tribunal decision was published (Forstater v Center for Global Development Europe) ruling that Forstater had suffered direct discrimination from her employer.[425] <a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_2010" target="_blank">/wiki/Equality_Act_2010</a> <a href="#fnref:518" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:519">Whited 2024, p. 6. <a href="#fnref:519" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:520">The laws and proposed changes are the UK Gender Recognition Act 2004 and the Scotland Gender Recognition Reform Bill; related also are the UK Equality Act 2010[427][428][429] and the Scotland Gender Representation on Public Boards Act of 2018.[430] <a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_2004" target="_blank">/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_2004</a> <a href="#fnref:520" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:521">Whited 2024, p. 7. <a href="#fnref:521" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:522">"JK Rowling backs protest over Scottish gender bill". BBC News. 6 October 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2024. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-63162533" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-63162533</a> <a href="#fnref:522" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:523">Davies, Caroline (18 April 2025). "JK Rowling's journey from Harry Potter creator to gender-critical campaigner". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 June 2025. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/apr/18/jk-rowling-harry-potter-gender-critical-campaigner" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/apr/18/jk-rowling-harry-potter-gender-critical-campaigner</a> <a href="#fnref:523" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:524">Duggan 2021, p. 161. - Duggan, Jennifer (28 March 2021). "Transformative readings: Harry Potter fan fiction, trans/queer reader response, and J. K. Rowling". Children's Literature in Education. 53 (2): 147–168. doi:10.1007/s10583-021-09446-9. PMC 9132366. PMID 35645426. S2CID 233661189. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9132366" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9132366</a> <a href="#fnref:524" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:525">Gross, Jenny (7 June 2020). "Daniel Radcliffe criticizes J.K. Rowling's anti-transgender tweets". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2022. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/07/arts/Jk-Rowling-controversy.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/07/arts/Jk-Rowling-controversy.html</a> <a href="#fnref:525" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:526">Whited 2024, p. 6. <a href="#fnref:526" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:527">Duggan 2021, pp. 14–15. - Duggan, Jennifer (28 March 2021). "Transformative readings: Harry Potter fan fiction, trans/queer reader response, and J. K. Rowling". Children's Literature in Education. 53 (2): 147–168. doi:10.1007/s10583-021-09446-9. PMC 9132366. PMID 35645426. S2CID 233661189. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9132366" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9132366</a> <a href="#fnref:527" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:528">Pugh 2020, p. 7. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv</a> <a href="#fnref:528" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:529">Brooks, Libby (3 April 2024). "JK Rowling's posts on X will not be recorded as non-crime hate incident". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 May 2024. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/apr/03/jk-rowling-comments-scotland-non-crime-hate-incident" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/apr/03/jk-rowling-comments-scotland-non-crime-hate-incident</a> <a href="#fnref:529" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:530">"J.K. Rowling writes about her reasons for speaking out on sex and gender issues". JK Rowling. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020. <a href="https://www.jkrowling.com/opinions/j-k-rowling-writes-about-her-reasons-for-speaking-out-on-sex-and-gender-issues/" target="_blank">https://www.jkrowling.com/opinions/j-k-rowling-writes-about-her-reasons-for-speaking-out-on-sex-and-gender-issues/</a> <a href="#fnref:530" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:531">"JK Rowling dismisses backlash over trans comments: 'I don't care about my legacy'". BBC News. 22 February 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2024. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-64729304" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-64729304</a> <a href="#fnref:531" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:532">UK, US, Canada, Ireland: Flood, Alison (9 October 2020). "Stephen King, Margaret Atwood and Roxane Gay champion trans rights in open letter". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 April 2022. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/oct/09/stephen-king-margaret-atwood-roxane-gay-champion-trans-rights-open-letter-jk-rowling" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/oct/09/stephen-king-margaret-atwood-roxane-gay-champion-trans-rights-open-letter-jk-rowling</a> <a href="#fnref:532" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:533">Rowley, Glenn (11 June 2020). "Artists fire back at J.K. Rowling's anti-trans remarks, share messages in support of the community". Billboard. Retrieved 7 April 2022. <a href="https://www.billboard.com/culture/pride/artists-fire-back-jk-rowling-anti-trans-remarks-9400386/" target="_blank">https://www.billboard.com/culture/pride/artists-fire-back-jk-rowling-anti-trans-remarks-9400386/</a> <a href="#fnref:533" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:534">Culture sector:
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Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment president: Skrebels, Joe (1 October 2020). "WB Interactive president responds to ongoing debate over supporting JK Rowling". IGN. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
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<li id="fn:547">Whited 2024, pp. 6–7, 8–9. <a href="#fnref:547" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:553">"2001 Hugo Awards". The Hugo Awards. 26 July 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2022. <a href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2001-hugo-awards/" target="_blank">http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2001-hugo-awards/</a> <a href="#fnref:553" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:556">Asturias 2003. - "J.K. Rowling, creadora de Harry Potter, Príncipe de Asturias de la Concordia" [J.K. Rowling, creator of Harry Potter, Concord Prince of Asturias]. El País (in Spanish). 10 September 2003. Retrieved 8 January 2022. La escritora británica J.K. Rowling ... ha obtenido este año el premio Príncipe de Asturias de la Concordia ... La Fundación Príncipe de Asturias ha destacado su labor para que los niños lean y ha alabado su literatura como 'vínculo entre continentes y generaciones'. El acta del jurado ... destaca además que sus libros promueven 'la imaginación como fuente de libertad al servicio del bien y la cooperación y la solidaridad entre las personas'. [British writer J.K. Rowling ... has won this year's Prince of Asturias Award for Concord ... The Prince of Asturias Foundation has highlighted her work towards children's reading and has praised her literature as 'a link between continents and generations'. The jury's record ... also highlights that her books promote 'imagination as a source of freedom at the service of good and cooperation and solidarity between people'.] <a href="https://elpais.com/cultura/2003/09/10/actualidad/1063144801_850215.html" target="_blank">https://elpais.com/cultura/2003/09/10/actualidad/1063144801_850215.html</a> <a href="#fnref:556" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:583">"Harry Potter finale sales hit 11m". BBC News. 23 July 2007. Archived from the original on 28 November 2008. Retrieved 9 January 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081128201059/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6912529.stm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081128201059/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6912529.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:583" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:585">Errington 2017, p. 314. - Errington, Philip W. (2017). J.K. Rowling: A Bibliography. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-9738-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:585" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:586">Errington 2017, p. 336. - Errington, Philip W. (2017). J.K. Rowling: A Bibliography. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-9738-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:586" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:587">"Harry Potter prequel stolen in Birmingham burglary". BBC News. 12 May 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2022. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-39894187" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-39894187</a> <a href="#fnref:587" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:588">O'Toole, Kevin (12 May 2017). "One-of-a-kind handwritten Harry Potter prequel story stolen in burglary". ABC News10 Albany NY. Retrieved 9 January 2022. <a href="https://www.news10.com/news/one-of-a-kind-handwritten-harry-potter-prequel-story-stolen-in-burglary/" target="_blank">https://www.news10.com/news/one-of-a-kind-handwritten-harry-potter-prequel-story-stolen-in-burglary/</a> <a href="#fnref:588" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:589">Errington 2017, p. 530. - Errington, Philip W. (2017). J.K. Rowling: A Bibliography. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-9738-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:589" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:590">"Harry Potter author speaks to the BBC ahead of Cursed Child premier". BBC News. 30 July 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2022. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-36934297" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-36934297</a> <a href="#fnref:590" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:591">Errington 2017, p. 694. - Errington, Philip W. (2017). J.K. Rowling: A Bibliography. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-9738-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:591" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:592">Errington 2017, p. 630. - Errington, Philip W. (2017). J.K. Rowling: A Bibliography. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-9738-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:592" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:593">Errington 2017, p. 631. - Errington, Philip W. (2017). J.K. Rowling: A Bibliography. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-9738-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:593" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:594">Errington 2017, p. 629. - Errington, Philip W. (2017). J.K. Rowling: A Bibliography. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-9738-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:594" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:595">Spangler, Tom (20 August 2024). "J.K. Rowling's Articles About the Secrets of the Harry Potter Wizarding World to Be Available in Audio Format for First Time". Variety. Archived from the original on 20 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024. <a href="https://variety.com/2024/digital/news/jk-rowling-harry-potter-from-wizarding-world-archive-audible-1236112397/" target="_blank">https://variety.com/2024/digital/news/jk-rowling-harry-potter-from-wizarding-world-archive-audible-1236112397/</a> <a href="#fnref:595" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:596">"From the Wizarding Archive: a curated selection of Harry Potter lore – coming soon!". Wizarding World Digital. 10 July 2024. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024. <a href="https://www.wizardingworld.com/news/introducing-from-the-wizarding-archive" target="_blank">https://www.wizardingworld.com/news/introducing-from-the-wizarding-archive</a> <a href="#fnref:596" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:597">Errington 2017, p. 635. - Errington, Philip W. (2017). J.K. Rowling: A Bibliography. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-9738-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:597" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:598">"'Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald': On the red carpet for the Paris premiere". USA Today. 13 November 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2022. <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/life/movies/2018/11/09/fantastic-beasts-crimes-grindelwald-london-premiere/1936724002/" target="_blank">https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/life/movies/2018/11/09/fantastic-beasts-crimes-grindelwald-london-premiere/1936724002/</a> <a href="#fnref:598" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:599">Crouch, Aaron (22 September 2021). "'Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore' sets new 2022 release date". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021. <a href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/fantastic-beasts-3-secrets-dumbledore-release-date-1235018522/" target="_blank">https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/fantastic-beasts-3-secrets-dumbledore-release-date-1235018522/</a> <a href="#fnref:599" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:600">Errington 2017, p. 551. - Errington, Philip W. (2017). J.K. Rowling: A Bibliography. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-9738-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:600" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:601">Errington 2017, p. 574. - Errington, Philip W. (2017). J.K. Rowling: A Bibliography. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-9738-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:601" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:602">Errington 2017, p. 592. - Errington, Philip W. (2017). J.K. Rowling: A Bibliography. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-9738-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:602" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:603">Errington 2017, p. 618. - Errington, Philip W. (2017). J.K. Rowling: A Bibliography. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-9738-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:603" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:604">"Lethal White: JK Rowling reveals Strike release date". BBC News. 10 July 2018. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-44779006" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-44779006</a> <a href="#fnref:604" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:605">Kolirin, Lianne (15 September 2020). "JK Rowling's new book sparks fresh transgender rights row". CNN. Retrieved 10 January 2022. <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/15/entertainment/jk-rowling-troubled-blood-book-trans-gbr-scli-intl/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/15/entertainment/jk-rowling-troubled-blood-book-trans-gbr-scli-intl/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:605" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:606">Harrison, Ellie (30 August 2022). "JK Rowling's new book features woman who is killed after being accused of transphobia". The Independent. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220830210717/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/jk-rowling-ink-black-heart-transphobia-b2156085.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220830210717/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/jk-rowling-ink-black-heart-transphobia-b2156085.html</a> <a href="#fnref:606" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:607">Brown, Lauren (27 April 2023). "Sphere unveils new Robert Galbraith novel The Running Grave". The Bookseller. Archived from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427232005/https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/sphere-unveils-new-robert-galbraith-novel-the-running-grave" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230427232005/https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/sphere-unveils-new-robert-galbraith-novel-the-running-grave</a> <a href="#fnref:607" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:608">"J.K. Rowling's new children's book The Ickabog features illustrations from 9 Canadian kids". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 24 November 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2022. <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/books/j-k-rowling-s-new-children-s-book-the-ickabog-features-illustrations-from-9-canadian-kids-1.5814195" target="_blank">https://www.cbc.ca/books/j-k-rowling-s-new-children-s-book-the-ickabog-features-illustrations-from-9-canadian-kids-1.5814195</a> <a href="#fnref:608" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:609">"The Christmas Pig". Kirkus Reviews. 21 October 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022. <a href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/jk-rowling/the-christmas-pig/" target="_blank">https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/jk-rowling/the-christmas-pig/</a> <a href="#fnref:609" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:610">Errington 2017, pp. 609–611. - Errington, Philip W. (2017). J.K. Rowling: A Bibliography. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-9738-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:610" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:611">Chandler, Mark (23 September 2019). "Coronet to release Love Letter to Europe on Brexit deadline day". The Bookseller. Retrieved 6 January 2022. <a href="https://www.thebookseller.com/news/coronet-release-love-letter-europe-brexit-deadline-day-1086231" target="_blank">https://www.thebookseller.com/news/coronet-release-love-letter-europe-brexit-deadline-day-1086231</a> <a href="#fnref:611" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:612">Brown, Lauren (17 May 2024). "Constable to publish essays on Scottish women's campaign featuring J K Rowling". The Bookseller. Retrieved 9 May 2024. <a href="https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/constable-to-publish-essays-on-scottish-womens-campaign-featuring-j-k-rowling" target="_blank">https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/constable-to-publish-essays-on-scottish-womens-campaign-featuring-j-k-rowling</a> <a href="#fnref:612" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:613">Parker, Ian (24 September 2012). "Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2020. <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch" target="_blank">https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch</a> <a href="#fnref:613" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:614">Rowling, J.K. (26 November 2006). "The first it girl: J. K. Rowling reviews Decca: the Letters by Jessica Mitford". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 January 2022. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3656769/The-first-It-Girl.html" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3656769/The-first-It-Girl.html</a> <a href="#fnref:614" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:615">Rowling, J.K. (5 June 2008). "The fringe benefits of failure, and the importance of imagination". Harvard Magazine. Retrieved 9 January 2022. <a href="https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2008/06/the-fringe-benefits-failure-the-importance-imagination" target="_blank">https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2008/06/the-fringe-benefits-failure-the-importance-imagination</a> <a href="#fnref:615" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:616">Rowling, J.K. (30 April 2009). "Leaders & revolutionaries: Gordon Brown". Time magazine. Retrieved 9 January 2022. <a href="https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1894410_1893847_1894201,00.html" target="_blank">https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1894410_1893847_1894201,00.html</a> <a href="#fnref:616" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:617">Rowling, J. K. (14 April 2010). "The single mother's manifesto". The Times. Archived from the original on 23 April 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2020. <a href="https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/uk-travel/the-single-mothers-manifesto-zprmcjl7wss" target="_blank">https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/uk-travel/the-single-mothers-manifesto-zprmcjl7wss</a> <a href="#fnref:617" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:618">Rowling, JK (30 November 2012). "I feel duped and angry at David Cameron's reaction to Leveson". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2012. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/30/jk-rowling-duped-angry-david-cameron-leveson" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/30/jk-rowling-duped-angry-david-cameron-leveson</a> <a href="#fnref:618" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:619">Rowling, J.K. (17 December 2014). "Isn't it time we left orphanages to fairytales?". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 January 2022. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/17/jk-rowling-fairytale-orphanage-lumos" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/17/jk-rowling-fairytale-orphanage-lumos</a> <a href="#fnref:619" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:620">Rowling, J.K. (21 June 2024). "Labour has dismissed women like me. I'll struggle to vote for it". The Times. Retrieved 27 June 2024. <a href="https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/jk-rowling-labour-has-dismissed-women-like-me-ill-struggle-to-vote-for-it-rrgbcrkd6" target="_blank">https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/jk-rowling-labour-has-dismissed-women-like-me-ill-struggle-to-vote-for-it-rrgbcrkd6</a> <a href="#fnref:620" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:621">Errington 2017, pp. 669–670. - Errington, Philip W. (2017). J.K. Rowling: A Bibliography. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-9738-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:621" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:622">Nel 2005. - Nel, Philip (2005). "Is there a text in this advertising campaign?: literature, marketing, and Harry Potter". The Lion and the Unicorn. 29 (2): 236–267. doi:10.1353/uni.2005.0031. S2CID 143828096. ProQuest 221753999. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Funi.2005.0031" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1353%2Funi.2005.0031</a> <a href="#fnref:622" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:623">Errington 2017, pp. 671–672. - Errington, Philip W. (2017). J.K. Rowling: A Bibliography. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-9738-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:623" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:624">Parker, Ian (24 September 2012). "Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2020. <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch" target="_blank">https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch</a> <a href="#fnref:624" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:625">Errington 2017, p. 677. - Errington, Philip W. (2017). J.K. Rowling: A Bibliography. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-9738-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:625" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:626">Errington 2017, pp. 687–688. - Errington, Philip W. (2017). J.K. Rowling: A Bibliography. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-9738-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=e9AzDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:626" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:627">"Warner Bros. Pictures Worldwide Satellite Trailer Debut: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1" (Press release). Warner Bros. Pictures. Business Wire. 22 September 2010. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092506/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100920005538/en/Warner-Bros.-Pictures-Worldwide-Satellite-Trailer-Debut%C2%A0Harry" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092506/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100920005538/en/Warner-Bros.-Pictures-Worldwide-Satellite-Trailer-Debut%C2%A0Harry</a> <a href="#fnref:627" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:628">"Warner Bros. announces expanded creative partnership with J.K. Rowling" (Press release). Warner Bros. Pictures. Business Wire. 22 September 2010. Archived from the original on 15 September 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013. <a href="http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130912005870/en/Warner-Bros.-Announces-Expanded-Creative-Partnership-J.K." target="_blank">http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130912005870/en/Warner-Bros.-Announces-Expanded-Creative-Partnership-J.K.</a> <a href="#fnref:628" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:629">"A thrilling new adventure in J.K. Rowling's Wizarding World is underway" (Press release). Warner Bros. Pictures. Business Wire. 3 July 2017. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019. <a href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170702005032/en/Thrilling-New-Adventure-J.K.-Rowling%E2%80%99s-Wizarding-World" target="_blank">https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170702005032/en/Thrilling-New-Adventure-J.K.-Rowling%E2%80%99s-Wizarding-World</a> <a href="#fnref:629" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:630">Crouch, Aaron (22 September 2021). "'Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore' sets new 2022 release date". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021. <a href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/fantastic-beasts-3-secrets-dumbledore-release-date-1235018522/" target="_blank">https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/fantastic-beasts-3-secrets-dumbledore-release-date-1235018522/</a> <a href="#fnref:630" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:631">Strachan, Alex (23 November 2003). "It's a royal flush for Homer Simpson". Montreal Gazette. p. B8. ProQuest 434009213. <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Gazette" target="_blank">/wiki/Montreal_Gazette</a> <a href="#fnref:631" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:632">Goldberg, Lesley (23 April 2019). "J.K. Rowling, HBO, BBC team for 'Casual Vacancy' miniseries". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019. <a href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/jk-rowling-hbo-bbc-team-698313" target="_blank">https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/jk-rowling-hbo-bbc-team-698313</a> <a href="#fnref:632" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:633">Barraclough, Leo (2 November 2016). "Holliday Grainger to star in J.K. Rowling's 'Cormoran Strike' TV series (exclusive)". Variety. Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016. <a href="https://variety.com/2016/tv/global/holliday-grainger-jk-rowling-cormoran-strike-tv-series-1201906413/" target="_blank">https://variety.com/2016/tv/global/holliday-grainger-jk-rowling-cormoran-strike-tv-series-1201906413/</a> <a href="#fnref:633" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

J. K. Rowling open-in-new

J. K. Rowling