Union Carbide

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
The Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation was formed on November 1, 1917, from the merger of the Union Carbide Company founded in 1898, the <a href="/facts/National_Carbon_Company/LM0X3UuT">National Carbon Company</a> founded in 1886, <a href="/facts/Linde_Air_Products_Factory/hqENmJlm">Linde Air Products Company</a>, a maker of liquid oxygen at <a href="/facts/Buffalo%2c_New_York/PVfdkYft">Buffalo</a> confiscated from <a href="/facts/Linde_plc/W0rvKuq4">Gesellschaft für Linde's Eismaschinen AG</a> under the <a href="/facts/Trading_with_the_Enemy_Act_of_1917/E59kxoBd">Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917</a>, and the Prest-O-Lite company, manufacturer of <a href="/facts/Calcium_carbide/4AxCfuLM">calcium carbide</a> in <a href="/facts/Indianapolis/r8BQof9G">Indianapolis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> In 1920, the company set up a chemicals division which manufactured <a href="/facts/Ethylene_glycol/stFz6CVe">ethylene glycol</a> for use as automotive <a href="/facts/Antifreeze/fcovU4az">antifreeze</a>. The company continued to acquire related chemical producers, including the <a href="/facts/Bakelite/aczWmxTx">Bakelite Corporation</a> in 1939. The company changed its name to "Union Carbide Corporation" in 1957 and was often referred to as Carbide. It operated <a href="/facts/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory/Elq84HKF">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> from 1947 to 1984.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>
During the <a href="/facts/Cold_War/spJdJQ3q">Cold War</a>, the company was active in the field of <a href="/facts/Rocket_propulsion/KmpMGU9u">rocket propulsion</a> <a href="/facts/Research_and_development/2h5UddUu">research and development</a> for <a href="/facts/Aerospace/T6kTLUyV">aerospace</a> and <a href="/facts/Guided_missile/C5VwQClz">guided missile</a> applications, particularly in the field of chemicals and plastics, <a href="/facts/Solid_rocket_motor/RpgdYKIU">solid rocket motors</a>, and <a href="/facts/Storable_liquid-fuel_rocket/TAonrVDn">storable liquid fuels</a>. R&D and engineering were conducted at the Technical Center in <a href="/facts/South_Charleston%2c_West_Virginia/3VpIGPKL">South Charleston, West Virginia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> The Aerospace Materials Department was part of the company's Carbon Products Division.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>
Ucar batteries was Carbide's industrial and consumer <a href="/facts/Carbon%25E2%2580%2593zinc_battery/MDC00Uuh">zinc chloride battery</a> business. The business, including <a href="/facts/Eveready_Battery_Company/Whzv0wWA">Eveready</a> and <a href="/facts/Energizer_Holdings/Rf40lj73">Energizer</a> <a href="/facts/Alkaline_battery/gL5XUWo4">alkaline batteries</a>, was sold to <a href="/facts/Ralston_Purina/mcq6pWw8">Ralston Purina</a> in 1986, following a hostile takeover attempt.
After the <a href="/facts/Bhopal_disaster/VqtcLwtY">Bhopal disaster</a>, Union Carbide was the subject of repeated takeover attempts. In order to pay off its debt, Carbide sold many of its most familiar brands such as Glad Trashbags and Eveready Batteries. Dow Chemical announced the purchase of Carbide in 1999 for $8.89 billion in stock.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> The deal was consummated in 2001 and valued at $11.6 billion.

<h2 id="hawks-nest-tunnel-disaster">Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_disaster/2hjwNwB7">Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster</a>
The Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster took place between 1927 and 1932 in a West Virginia tunnel project led by Union Carbide. During the construction of the tunnel, workers found the mineral <a href="/facts/Silica/A3WILp6J">silica</a> and were asked to mine it for use in electroprocessing steel. The workers were not given masks or breathing equipment to use while mining, despite best practices at the time. Due to silica dust exposure, many workers developed <a href="/facts/Silicosis/y4lIKbh2">silicosis</a>, a debilitating lung disease. According to a marker on site, there were 109 admitted deaths. A <a href="/facts/Congressional_hearing/HBba29yQ">congressional hearing</a> placed the death toll at 476,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> but a book published by epidemiologist Martin Cherniack, and as stated by the U.S. National Park Service, estimated the death toll to be 764, making it America's deadliest industrial disaster.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>

<h2 id="asbestos-mining-and-calidria-brand-fibers">Asbestos mining and 'Calidria' brand fibers</h2>
In the early 1960s, Union Carbide Corporation began mining a newly identified outcrop of chrysotile <a href="/facts/Asbestos/dEnjQyee">asbestos</a> fibers near King City and <a href="/facts/New_Idria%2c_California/B39rgIaS">New Idria, California</a>. These fibers were sold under the brand name "Calidria", a combination of "Cal" and "Idria", and sold in large quantities for a wide variety of purposes, including additives for joint compound or drywall accessory products.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Union Carbide sold the mine to its employees under the name KCAC ("King City Asbestos Mine") in the 1980s, but it only operated for a few more years.

<h2 id="1984-bhopal-disaster">1984 Bhopal disaster</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Bhopal_disaster/VqtcLwtY">Bhopal disaster</a>

<a href="/facts/Union_Carbide_India_Limited/Ds0vB7Xa">Union Carbide India Limited</a>, owned by Union Carbide (50.9%) and Indian investors (49.1%), operated a pesticide plant in <a href="/facts/Bhopal/es3U7wW8">Bhopal</a>, the capital of <a href="/facts/Madhya_Pradesh/h8GnUBv6">Madhya Pradesh</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> This plant was opened in 1969. The pesticides and herbicides they produced were created from a <a href="/facts/Insecticide/1xYL3MSD">insecticide</a> <a href="/facts/Carbaryl/nhUaldvc">carbaryl</a>, which is normally produced using a base chemical, <a href="/facts/Methyl_isocyanate/N9hgqxLe">methyl isocyanate</a> (MIC).
Initially this plant imported MIC, but in 1979 the company decided to manufacture the ingredients on their own. They built a MIC unit within the Bhopal plant. This plant was located next to a very densely populated neighbourhood, and heavily trafficked railway station. Locating it near this densely populated area was a direct violation of the 1975 Bhopal Development Plan. This development plan posed that hazardous industries such as the MIC plant be located in a different part of the city that was further away, and downwind, from more densely populated areas. According to one of the authors of the Bhopal Development Plan, "Union Carbide India Limited's" initial application for a permit was rejected, yet the company was able to gain approval from centralized governing authorities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> In 1982, Carbide's auditors had warned of a possible 'runaway reaction'.
Around midnight on 3 December 1984, gas was accidentally released from the plant, exposing more than 500,000 people to MIC and other chemicals. The <a href="/facts/Government_of_Madhya_Pradesh/ufQP7gDM">Government of Madhya Pradesh</a> confirmed a total of 16,000 deaths related to the gas release. It left an estimated 40,000 individuals permanently disabled, maimed, or suffering from serious illness, making it the <a href="/facts/List_of_accidents_and_disasters_by_death_toll/RztwrHFg">world's worst industrial disaster</a>.
Following the incident, organizations representing the victims in Bhopal filed a U.S. $10 billion injury claim against Union Carbide. Additionally, the <a href="/facts/Government_of_India/BIpETqjv">Government of India</a> filed its own $3.3 billion claim against the company. Union Carbide's response was an offer in the range of $300-$350 million. In 1989 the company paid $470 million to the Indian government as a final settlement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> 
Broken down, the total cost of the settlement to Union Carbide's expenses was 43 cents per share, an amount criticized by some for its comparison to the annual report post-settlement declaring earnings per share. In that 1988 report, Union Carbide claimed to have had its best year yet, citing a record $4.88 earnings per share (this figure included the 43 cents per share charge from the Bhopal settlement).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> 
After the settlement, Union Carbide’s parent company divested its entire stake in UCIL.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> Carbide insists the accident was an act of sabotage by a plant worker. The plant site has not yet been cleaned up. Hazardous chemicals can still be found in the now abandoned site.
<a href="/facts/Warren_Anderson_(American_businessman)/o4MM0gNf">Warren Anderson</a>, CEO at the time of the disaster, refused to answer to homicide charges and remained a fugitive from India's courts. The U.S. denied several extradition requests. Anderson died on 29 September 2014 in Florida. Seven UCC employees were convicted of criminal negligence in 2010 and fined $2,000 each.

<h2 id="1985-west-virginia-gas-leak">1985 West Virginia gas leak</h2>
The year after the Bhopal disaster, a faulty valve at the UC plant in <a href="/facts/Institute%2c_West_Virginia/wePvmryq">Institute, West Virginia</a> caused a large cloud of gas that injured six employees and caused almost 200 nearby residents to seek medical treatment for respiratory and skin irritation. Union Carbide blamed the leak of aldicarb oxime (made from MIC but does not contain any MIC itself), the main ingredient in the popular farm pesticide <a href="/facts/Temik/ymQpXkkU">Temik</a>, on a valve failure after a buildup of pressure in a storage tank containing 500 pounds of the chemical. A company spokesman insisted that the aldicarb oxime leak "never was a threat to the community."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>

<h2 id="union-carbide-in-australia">Union Carbide in Australia</h2>
Union Carbide's operations in Australia commenced in 1957, when it purchased the plant of the Australian-owned company Timbrol Ltd. The Timbrol factory was on the shore of <a href="/facts/Homebush_Bay/Djdb8Knr">Homebush Bay</a> in the <a href="/facts/Sydney/8TegRcwB">Sydney</a> suburb of <a href="/facts/Rhodes%2c_New_South_Wales/aAIJ74rP">Rhodes</a>. Homebush Bay is on the <a href="/facts/Parramatta_River/Yf3UDshu">Parramatta River</a> which flows into <a href="/facts/Sydney_Harbour/uFgAR2ne">Sydney Harbour</a>. Tibrol produced <a href="/facts/Phenol/ACJs5NIU">phenol</a>, the insecticides <a href="/facts/Chlorobenzene/9DBJYRet">chlorobenzene</a>/<a href="/facts/Chlorophenol/sAfJNJqD">chlorophenol</a>/<a href="/facts/Ddt/RfYXlCuF">DDT</a>, and the herbicides <a href="/facts/2%2c4-D/8nQt0CjC">2,4-D</a> and <a href="/facts/2%2c4%2c5-T/fpUfDhhq">2,4,5-T</a>. Union Carbide continued the production of the 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T until 1976 and chlorobenzene/chlorophenol/DDT until 1983. Union Carbide also commenced the production of <a href="/facts/Bisphenol_A/8AAPhAh0">bisphenol A</a> in 1960 and <a href="/facts/Phenol_formaldehyde/poc4M0JX">phenol formaldehyde</a> resins in 1964.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>: 9 
Union Carbide reclaimed land on neighboring properties by depositing spent lime and ash into the adjacent marshes in <a href="/facts/Homebush_Bay/Djdb8Knr">Homebush Bay</a>. This practice, which had been approved by the Maritime Services Board, ceased in 1970.
Union Carbide ceased operations in Australia in 1985.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> In 1987, the New South Wales Pollution Control Commission ordered Union Carbide to remediate the site. This work, which cost Union Carbide $30 million, was conducted between 1988 and 1993. The work involved excavation and encapsulation of the contaminated soil.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>
In 2004, the New South Wales Minister for Planning granted consent for additional remediation of the former Union Carbide site to proceed, including parts of Homebush Bay.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> Approximately 900,000 tons of soil were excavated from the site, 190,000 tons of soil from the adjacent Allied Feeds site, and approximately 50,000 tons of sediment from the bay. Remediation of the Allied Feeds Site was completed in August 2009, Homebush Bay sediments in August 2010, and the Union Carbide site in March 2011. The cost of the remediation work was $35M for the Allied Feeds site, and $100 million for Union Carbide site and Homebush Bay sediments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>

<h2 id="new-york-headquarters-building">New York headquarters building</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/270_Park_Avenue_(1960%25E2%2580%25932021)/XwFR9uog">270 Park Avenue (1960–2021)</a>
The former Union Carbide headquarters building, at <a href="/facts/270_Park_Avenue_(1960%25E2%2580%25932021)/XwFR9uog">270 Park Avenue</a> in New York City, was a 52-story modernist office building<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> designed by architectural firm <a href="/facts/Skidmore%2c_Owings_%2526_Merrill/nzd6KsqJ">Skidmore, Owings & Merrill</a> and completed in 1960.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> The company relocated its headquarters to <a href="/facts/Danbury%2c_Connecticut/9cYBAtQT">Danbury, Connecticut</a> in 1983, to a newly-built complex known as the <a href="/facts/The_Summit_at_Danbury/XMbJr5oL">Union Carbide Corporate Center</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> 270 Park Avenue later became the headquarters of <a href="/facts/JPMorgan_Chase/bVu3VBTV">JPMorgan Chase</a>. The building was demolished and replaced with a new 1,200-foot-tall (370 m) tower serving as the consolidated headquarters for JPMorgan Chase. At 700 feet (210 m) tall, the Union Carbide Building was the <a href="/facts/List_of_tallest_voluntarily_demolished_buildings/RyEeKK19">tallest building in the world ever voluntarily demolished</a> at the time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>

<h2 id="leadership">Leadership</h2>
<h3>President</h3>
<ol><li><a href="/facts/George_Owen_Knapp/wXzr2P9W">George O. Knapp</a>, 1917–1925</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jesse_Ricks/erIjzYnj">Jesse J. Ricks</a>, 1925–1941</li>
<li>Benjamin O'Shea, 1941–1944</li>
<li>Fred H. Haggerson, 1944–1952</li>
<li>Morse G. Dial, 1952–1958</li>
<li>Howard S. Bunn, 1958–1960</li>
<li>Birny Mason Jr., 1960–1966</li>
<li>Kenneth Rush, 1966–1969</li>
<li>F. Perry Wilson, 1969–1971</li>
<li>William S. Sneath, 1971–1976</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Warren_Anderson_(American_businessman)/o4MM0gNf">Warren M. Anderson</a>, 1976–1982</li>
<li>Alec Flamm, 1982–</li></ol>
<h3>Chairman of the Board</h3>
<ol><li>Fred H. Haggerson, 1951–1958</li>
<li>Morse G. Dial, 1958–1966</li>
<li>Birny Mason Jr., 1966–1971</li>
<li>F. Perry Wilson, 1971–1976</li>
<li>William S. Sneath, 1976–1982</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Warren_Anderson_(American_businessman)/o4MM0gNf">Warren M. Anderson</a>, 1982–1986</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Robert_D._Kennedy/wxetPe0J">Robert D. Kennedy</a>, 1986–</li></ol>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/BASF/cdtGr0TK">BASF</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/National_Carbon_Company/LM0X3UuT">National Carbon Company</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Carbide_%2526_Carbon_Building/58jpdNxS">Carbide & Carbon Building</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Union_Carbide_Corporate_Center/XMbJr5oL">Union Carbide Corporate Center</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.unioncarbide.com/">Official website</a></li>
<li><a href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=bmczbfVhfX0">Television Commercial</a></li>
<li><a href="https://bhopalgasdisaster.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/csir-report-on-scientific-studies-december-1985.pdf">CSIR Bhopal Disaster Report (1985)</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">History of DJIA, globalfinancialdata.com (Archived 2006-03-04 at archive.today). <a href="https://www.globalfinancialdata.com/articles/dow_jones.html" target="_blank">https://www.globalfinancialdata.com/articles/dow_jones.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Union Carbide Corporation, History (Archived 2008-07-18 at the Wayback Machine), accessed July 9, 2008. <a href="http://www.unioncarbide.com/history/index.htm" target="_blank">http://www.unioncarbide.com/history/index.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"The Prest-O-lite Story: Union Carbide Corporation, Linde Division" (PDF). Retrieved 3 April 2021. <a href="https://www.firstsuperspeedway.com/sites/default/files/Prest-O-Lite.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.firstsuperspeedway.com/sites/default/files/Prest-O-Lite.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Swords to Plowshares: A Short History of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (1943–1993)". Oak Ridge National Laboratory. April 8, 2006. Archived from the original on December 1, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201205140/http://www.ornl.gov/info/swords/swords.shtml" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121201205140/http://www.ornl.gov/info/swords/swords.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Oak Ridge". <a href="https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/oak-ridge/" target="_blank">https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/oak-ridge/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Union Carbide Expands Rocket Propulsion Activities. // Missiles and Rockets, June 4, 1962, v. 10, no. 23, p. 39. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/missilesrockets1011unse#page/n273/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/missilesrockets1011unse#page/n273/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">New Activities. // Missiles and Rockets, May 10, 1965, v. 16, no. 19, p. 41. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/missilesrockets1617unse#page/n85/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/missilesrockets1617unse#page/n85/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Warren, Susan (5 Aug 1999). "Dow Chemical to Acquire Union Carbide --- Deal, Valued at $8.89 Billion, Would Position Firm to Challenge DuPont". The Wall Street Journal: A3. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"Hawk's Nest Tunnel Disaster". West Virginia Department of Culture and History. Archived from the original on 2025-01-21. Retrieved 2008-11-25. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250121113628/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Forest_next_to_Hawks_Nest_Tunnel.jpg" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20250121113628/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Forest_next_to_Hawks_Nest_Tunnel.jpg</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Hammond, Lorne (October 1992). "The Hawk's Nest Incident: America's Worst Industrial Disaster. By Martin Cherniack". Environmental History Review. 16 (3): 97–98. doi:10.2307/3984757. JSTOR 3984757. Retrieved 11 August 2023. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/envihistrevi/article-abstract/16/3/97/756544?redirectedFrom=PDF" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/envihistrevi/article-abstract/16/3/97/756544?redirectedFrom=PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"The Hawk's Nest Tunnel Disaster: Summersville, WV". National Park Service. Retrieved 17 December 2019. <a href="https://www.nps.gov/neri/planyourvisit/the-hawks-nest-tunnel-disaster-summersville-wv.htm" target="_blank">https://www.nps.gov/neri/planyourvisit/the-hawks-nest-tunnel-disaster-summersville-wv.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">L.A. Times, "Case Hinges on Material Witness", Lisa Gurion, September 26, 2004 <a href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-sep-26-fi-carbide26-story.html" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-sep-26-fi-carbide26-story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">S. Tamer Cavusgil; Gary Knight; John R. Riesenberger; Hussain G. Rammal; Elizabeth L. Rose (2014). International Business. Pearson Australia. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-4860-1138-4. <a href="978-1-4860-1138-4" target="_blank">978-1-4860-1138-4</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Rajan, R. 1999. Bhopal: Vulnerability, Routinization, and the Chronic Disaster. In The Angry Earth Disaster in Anthropological Perspective. Smith and Hoffman, eds. New York: Routledge, pp. 257-277. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Rajan, Ravi. “Bhopal: Vulnerability, routinization, and the chronic disaster.” The Angry Earth, 1999, pp. 271–291, doi:10.4324/9780203821190-24.
 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Rajan, Ravi. “Bhopal: Vulnerability, routinization, and the chronic disaster.” The Angry Earth, 1999, pp. 271–291, doi:10.4324/9780203821190-24.
 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Rajan, Ravi. “Bhopal: Vulnerability, routinization, and the chronic disaster.” The Angry Earth, 1999, pp. 271–291, doi:10.4324/9780203821190-24.
 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Scores Hurt by Leaking Chemicals: Faulty Valve Cited at Union Carbide's West Virginia Plant". Los Angeles Times. 12 August 1985. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-08-12-mn-3942-story.html#:~:text=Union%20Carbide%20blamed%20the%20leak,500%20pounds%20of%20the%20chemical." target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-08-12-mn-3942-story.html#:~:text=Union%20Carbide%20blamed%20the%20leak,500%20pounds%20of%20the%20chemical.</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"Redevelopment and Remediation of the Rhodes Peninsula" (PDF). NSW Leglisative Council. Retrieved 26 June 2014. <a href="http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/committee.nsf/0/e74c6e72c3afda00ca256cf4000a804c/$FILE/RRRP6.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/committee.nsf/0/e74c6e72c3afda00ca256cf4000a804c/$FILE/RRRP6.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"Union Carbide Australia Ltd. (1950–1985)". National Library of Australia. Retrieved 21 June 2014. <a href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1475987" target="_blank">http://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1475987</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"Environmental Impact Statement - Remediation of the Lednez site, Rhodes and Homebush Bay" (PDF). Parsons Brinckerhoff. Retrieved 27 June 2014. <a href="http://www.rhodesremediation.com.au/files/downloads/Lednez/MAINEISREPORT.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rhodesremediation.com.au/files/downloads/Lednez/MAINEISREPORT.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"Assessment Report" (PDF). NSW Government - Department of Planning. Retrieved 29 June 2014. <a href="http://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/asp/pdf/da_437_12_2002_i_mod4_alliedfeeds_dg_asstreport.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/asp/pdf/da_437_12_2002_i_mod4_alliedfeeds_dg_asstreport.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"Former Lednez/Union Carbide Site & Homebush Bay Remediation". Thiess Services. Retrieved 29 June 2014. <a href="http://www.rhodesremediation.com.au/index.php?q=overview" target="_blank">http://www.rhodesremediation.com.au/index.php?q=overview</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"Former Allied Feeds Site Remediation". Theiss Services. Retrieved 13 July 2014. <a href="http://www.rhodesremediation.com.au/index.php?q=overview/allied_feeds" target="_blank">http://www.rhodesremediation.com.au/index.php?q=overview/allied_feeds</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Stern, Robert A. M.; Mellins, Thomas; Fishman, David (1995). New York 1960: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Second World War and the Bicentennial. New York: Monacelli Press. p. 353. ISBN 1-885254-02-4. OCLC 32159240. OL 1130718M. <a href="1-885254-02-4" target="_blank">1-885254-02-4</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">"Research Group Gets Space Here; Stanford Institute Leases Office at 270 Park Ave. – Other Rental Deals". The New York Times. May 26, 1960. Archived from the original on April 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1960/05/26/archives/research-group-gets-space-here-stanford-institute-leases-office-at.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1960/05/26/archives/research-group-gets-space-here-stanford-institute-leases-office-at.html</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Oser, Alan S. (September 30, 1981). "Real Estate; Hicksville Site of New Offices". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved April 23, 2022. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/30/business/real-estate-hicksville-site-of-new-offices.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/30/business/real-estate-hicksville-site-of-new-offices.html</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Bagli, Charles V. (February 21, 2018). "Out With the Old Building, in With the New for JPMorgan Chase". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 22, 2018. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/21/nyregion/jpmorgan-chase-headquarters.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/21/nyregion/jpmorgan-chase-headquarters.html</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Union Carbide open-in-new

Union Carbide