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Common moorhen
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<h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p>The common moorhen was <a href="/facts/Species_description/JyFpxSvJ">formally described</a> in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist <a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Carl Linnaeus</a> in the <a href="/facts/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae/8H6KJrLJ">tenth edition</a> of his <i><a href="/facts/Systema_Naturae/8o4rU1DD">Systema Naturae</a></i>. He placed it in the <a href="/facts/Genus/m8EFjSms">genus</a> <i><a href="/facts/Fulica_(genus)/P43o2AhN">Fulica</a></i> and coined the <a href="/facts/Binomial_nomenclature/jgBqAhPv">binomial name</a> <i>Fulica chloropus</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The common moorhen is now one of five extant species placed in the genus <i><a href="/facts/Gallinula/Q7qjopf1">Gallinula</a></i> that was introduced in 1760 by the French zoologist <a href="/facts/Mathurin_Jacques_Brisson/ASEbMg2c">Mathurin Jacques Brisson</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The genus name is from <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> <i>gallinula</i> meaning "little hen" or "little chicken". The specific epithet <i>chloropus</i> combines the <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek/LIK7NlUh">Ancient Greek</a> <i>khlōros</i> χλωρός meaning "green" and <i>pous</i> (πούς) meaning "foot".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>The closely related <a href="/facts/Common_gallinule/W3vt2WUH">common gallinule</a> <i>G. galeata</i> of the <a href="/facts/New_World/dzUuo3Xl">New World</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Tristan_moorhen/GmC5HW7F">tristan moorhen</a> <i>G. nesiotis</i> and <a href="/facts/Gough_moorhen/6zQXsRWa">gough moorhen</a> <i>G. comeri</i> of the <a href="/facts/Tristan_da_Cunha/GU6oyxTd">Tristan da Cunha</a> archipelago, formerly often regarded as conspecific, are now treated as a separate species by all the ornithological authorities,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> following the discovery of significant genetic differences in addition to differences in the structure of the red bill shield and vocal differences.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The final species in the genus, the <a href="/facts/Dusky_moorhen/2qAzgDG3">dusky moorhen</a> <i>G. tenebrosa</i> of <a href="/facts/Australasia/KCCr5pqh">Australasia</a>, has also been considered conspecific by some authors in the past.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>The name <i>mor-hen</i> has been recorded in <a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a> since the 13th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> The word <i>moor</i> here is in its old sense meaning <a href="/facts/Marsh/AG0WLJ2K">marsh</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> the species is not usually found in what is now called <a href="/facts/Moorland/S7kzNyQM">moorland</a>. Another old name, waterhen, is more descriptive of the bird's <a href="/facts/Habitat/zo1DN2gA">habitat</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> A "watercock" is not a male "waterhen" but the rail species <i><a href="/facts/Gallicrex_cinerea/fF3Rbzx2">Gallicrex cinerea</a></i>, not closely related to the common moorhen. "Water rail" usually refers to <i><a href="/facts/Rallus_aquaticus/VA3Lt4cH">Rallus aquaticus</a></i>, again not closely related. </p><p>Five <a href="/facts/Subspecies/4L9jFacF">subspecies</a> are currently accepted:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i>G. c. chloropus</i> (<a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Linnaeus</a>, 1758) – Europe and north Africa to Japan and southeast Asia</li> <li><i>G. c. meridionalis</i> (<a href="/facts/Christian_Ludwig_Brehm/a2GmWMaq">Brehm, CL</a>, 1831) – Africa south of the Sahara and <a href="/facts/Saint_Helena/bRtmw20h">Saint Helena</a> (tropical southeast Atlantic Ocean)</li> <li><i>G. c. pyrrhorrhoa</i> <a href="/facts/Alfred_Newton/xXQ3L4xH">Newton, A</a>, 1861 – <a href="/facts/Comoros/b6HkaTRQ">Comoros</a>, <a href="/facts/Madagascar/ez12IAcY">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/facts/R%25C3%25A9union/8088YvSY">Réunion</a> and <a href="/facts/Mauritius/lVUARna5">Mauritius</a> (west, central <a href="/facts/Mascarene_Islands/bMGYWQ9p">Mascarene Islands</a>)</li> <li><i>G. c. orientalis</i> <a href="/facts/Thomas_Horsfield/BaP4umPc">Horsfield</a>, 1821 – <a href="/facts/Granitic_Seychelles/P3Gn5yXa">Inner Islands</a> (northeast Seychelles), Andamans, <a href="/facts/Malay_Peninsula/BrBger2u">Malay Peninsula</a>, Greater and <a href="/facts/Lesser_Sunda_Islands/vDuK1jHb">Lesser Sunda Islands</a>, <a href="/facts/Sulawesi/BKg2WNej">Sulawesi</a> region and Philippines</li> <li><i>G. c. guami</i> <a href="/facts/Ernst_Hartert/9rnbQu50">Hartert, EJO</a>, 1917 – north <a href="/facts/Mariana_Islands/BNdPBDQg">Mariana Islands</a> and <a href="/facts/Guam/z77Ql3fM">Guam</a> (west <a href="/facts/Micronesia/xUf6LkMv">Micronesia</a>)</li></ul> <h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>The moorhen is a distinctive species, with predominantly black and brown plumage, with the exception of a white under-tail, white streaks on the flanks, yellow legs and a red <a href="/facts/Frontal_shield/hs76eAEV">frontal shield</a>. The bill is red with a yellow tip. The young are browner and lack the red shield. The frontal shield of the adult has a rounded top and fairly parallel sides; the tailward margin of the red unfeathered area is a smooth waving line. The <a href="/facts/Subspecies/4L9jFacF">subspecies</a> <i>G. c. meridionalis</i> is smaller than the <a href="/facts/Nominate_subspecies/4L9jFacF">nominate</a>, has slaty blue-grey upperwing <a href="/facts/Covert_feather/yF8VhdYA">coverts</a> and lacks the olive wash. Subspecies <i>G. c. orientalis</i> is similar to <i>G. c. meridionalis</i> but has a larger shield. Subspecies <i>G. c. pyrrhorrhoa</i> is darker than the nominate; subspecies <i>G. c. pyrrhorrhoa</i> has buff <a href="/facts/Glossary_of_bird_terms/6za1f5Im">undertail coverts</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> In the related <a href="/facts/Common_gallinule/W3vt2WUH">common gallinule</a> (<i>Gallinula galeata</i>) of the Americas, the frontal shield has a fairly straight top and is less wide towards the bill, giving a marked indentation to the back margin of the red area. </p><p>The common moorhen gives a wide range of gargling calls and will emit loud hisses when threatened.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> A midsized to large rail, it can range from 30 to 38 cm (12 to 15 in) in length and span 50 to 62 cm (20 to 24 in) across the wings. The body mass of this species can range from 192 to 500 g (6.8 to 17.6 oz).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="distribution-and-habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2> <p>This is a common breeding and resident bird in marsh environments, rivers, well-vegetated lakes and even in city parks. Populations in areas where the waters freeze, such as eastern Europe, <a href="/facts/Bird_migration/GvraPhgn">migrate</a> to more temperate climates. In China, common moorhen populations are largely resident south of the Yangtze River, whilst northern populations migrate in the winter; these populations show high genetic diversity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="behaviour">Behaviour</h2> <h3>Food and feeding</h3> <p>This species will consume a wide variety of vegetable material and small aquatic creatures. They forage beside or in the water, sometimes walking on lilypads or upending in the water to feed. They are often secretive, but can become tame in some areas. Despite loss of habitat in parts of its range, the common moorhen remains plentiful and widespread. </p> <h3>Breeding</h3> <p>The birds are territorial during breeding season, and will fight with other members of their species, as well as other water birds such as <a href="/facts/Duck/9JgpTDXg">ducks</a>, to drive them out of their territory. The nest is a basket built on the ground in dense vegetation. Laying starts in spring, between mid-March and mid-May in Northern hemisphere temperate regions. About 8 eggs are usually laid per female early in the season; a brood later in the year usually has only 5–8 or fewer eggs. Nests may be re-used by different females. Incubation lasts about three weeks. Both parents <a href="/facts/Incubate_(bird)/E6sRJBSn">incubate</a> and feed the young. These fledge after 40–50 days, become independent usually a few weeks thereafter, and may raise their first brood the next spring. When threatened, the young may cling to the parents' body, after which the adult birds fly away to safety, carrying their offspring with them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h3>Nest parasitism</h3> <p>Common moorhens are known to partake in both intraspecific and interspecific parasitism, meaning they will lay their eggs in the nests of other moorhens as well as other species. The frequency of the former increases when there are an insufficient number of nesting sites, while the causes for the latter are relatively unknown. There is no one specific species that is the target of their interspecific paratisism, as moorhen eggs have been discovered in the nests of <a href="/facts/Eurasian_coot/aptUFy4r">common coots</a>, <a href="/facts/Grey_partridge/zVx7HcCG">grey partridges</a>, mallards, and several other species. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="status-and-population">Status and population</h2> <p>On a global scale (all subspecies taken together) the common moorhen is as abundant, as its vernacular name implies. It is therefore considered a species of <a href="/facts/Least_Concern/8u7koV5r">Least Concern</a> by the <a href="/facts/IUCN/QwV8JXup">IUCN</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> However, small populations may be prone to <a href="/facts/Extinct/24p5NP2q">extinction</a>. The population of <a href="/facts/Palau/sYXMGPbX">Palau</a>, belonging to the widespread subspecies <i>G. c. orientalis</i> and locally known as <i>debar</i> (a generic term also used for <a href="/facts/Ducks/lNhVvTRH">ducks</a> and meaning roughly "waterfowl"), is very rare, and apparently the birds are hunted by locals. Most of the population on the <a href="/facts/Archipelago/50BeC9tl">archipelago</a> occurs on <a href="/facts/Angaur/yPXldhxf">Angaur</a> and <a href="/facts/Peleliu/ofsqPfmS">Peleliu</a>, while the species is probably already gone from <a href="/facts/Koror/zIXYaLwG">Koror</a>. In the <a href="/facts/Lake_Ngardok/DQugaDVc">Lake Ngardok</a> wetlands of <a href="/facts/Babeldaob/VMjgVg82">Babeldaob</a>, a few dozen still occur, but the total number of common moorhens on Palau is about in the same region as the Guam population: fewer than 100 adult birds (usually fewer than 50) have been encountered in any survey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>Other localised groups of common moorhen are starting to come under threat. The <a href="/facts/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds/8PXnQdxY">Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</a> in the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a> has the common moorhen classified as one of its 103 species whose conservation status is of moderate concern<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> due to its recent population decine. The number of breeding pairs has fallen to its lowest level in the UK since 1966<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> and has been protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981). </p><p>The common moorhen is one of the birds (the other is the <a href="/facts/Eurasian_coot/aptUFy4r">Eurasian coot</a>, <i>Fulica atra</i>) from which the <a href="/facts/Cyclocoelidae/HP8hjLl0">cyclocoelid</a> <a href="/facts/Flatworm/lvqbrb2V">flatworm</a> parasite <i>Cyclocoelum mutabile</i> was first described.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> The bird is also parasitised by the <a href="/facts/Moorhen_flea/1XvsaCCK">moorhen flea</a> <i>Dasypsyllus gallinulae</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="subspecies">Subspecies</h2> <p>Five <a href="/facts/Subspecies/4L9jFacF">subspecies</a> are today considered valid; several more have been described that are now considered <a href="/facts/Junior_synonym/BHLdox7E">junior synonyms</a>. Most are not very readily identifiable, as differences are subtle and often <a href="/facts/Cline_(biology)/e1h1SPrH">clinal</a>. Usually, the location of a sighting is the most reliable indication as to subspecies identification, but the migratory tendencies of the species make identifications based on location not completely reliable. In addition to the extant subspecies listed below, an undescribed form from the <a href="/facts/Early_Pleistocene/jPp2Cn7a">Early Pleistocene</a> is recorded from Dursunlu in <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="4">List of subspecies by date of description</th></tr><tr><th>Common andtrinomial names</th><th></th><th>Description</th><th>Range</th></tr><tr><td>Eurasian common moorhen<i>G. c. chloropus</i> (Linnaeus, 1758)Includes <i>G. c. correiana</i> and <i>G. c. indica</i>.</td><td></td><td>Wings and back blackish-olive</td><td>Ranges from Northwest Europe to North <a href="/facts/Africa/XkqQUP9s">Africa</a> and eastwards to Central <a href="/facts/Siberia/oaCoPEjF">Siberia</a> and from the humid regions of the <a href="/facts/Indian_Subcontinent/0XUWGXpx">Indian Subcontinent</a> and <a href="/facts/Southeast_Asia/VafwT517">Southeast Asia</a> eastwards to <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a>; also found the <a href="/facts/Canary_Islands/7lfpqymu">Canary</a>, <a href="/facts/Azores/yWF1EGs8">Azores</a>, <a href="/facts/Madeira/HRlYxvhe">Madeira</a>, and <a href="/facts/Cape_Verde_Islands/YCNhPVhE">Cape Verde</a> islands.</td></tr><tr><td>Indo-Pacific common moorhen<i>G. c. orientalis</i> (<a href="/facts/Thomas_Horsfield/BaP4umPc">Horsfield</a>, 1821)</td><td></td><td>Small, with slate grey upperwing coverts and large frontal shield.</td><td>Found in the <a href="/facts/Seychelles/Ub9we8XU">Seychelles</a>, <a href="/facts/Andaman_Islands/w2CR0mhH">Andaman Islands</a>, and South Malaysia through <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a>; also found in the <a href="/facts/Philippines/ARpmxXQV">Philippines</a> and <a href="/facts/Palau/sYXMGPbX">Palau</a>. The breeding population existing on <a href="/facts/Yap/1c8WxeXu">Yap</a> in <a href="/facts/Micronesia/xUf6LkMv">Micronesia</a> since the 1980s is probably of this subspecies, but might be of the rare <i>G. c. guami</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a>Population size: Perhaps a few 100s on Palau as of the early 2000s,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> less than 100 on Yap as of the early 2000s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>African common moorhen<i>G. c. meridionalis</i> (<a href="/facts/Christian_Ludwig_Brehm/a2GmWMaq">C. L. Brehm</a>, 1831)</td><td></td><td>Similar to <i>G. c. orientalis</i>, but the frontal shield is smaller.</td><td>Found in <a href="/facts/Sub-Saharan_Africa/p4u389aa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> and <a href="/facts/Saint_Helena/bRtmw20h">Saint Helena</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Madagascan common moorhen<i>G. c. pyrrhorrhoa</i> (<a href="/facts/Alfred_Newton/xXQ3L4xH">A. Newton</a>, 1861)</td><td></td><td>Similar to <i>G. c. meridionalis</i>, but the undertail coverts are buff.</td><td>Found on the islands of <a href="/facts/Madagascar/ez12IAcY">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/facts/R%25C3%25A9union/8088YvSY">Réunion</a>, <a href="/facts/Mauritius/lVUARna5">Mauritius</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Comoros/b6HkaTRQ">Comoros</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Mariana common moorhen<i>G. c. guami</i> (<a href="/facts/Ernst_Hartert/9rnbQu50">Hartert</a>, 1917)Called <i>pulattat</i> in <a href="/facts/Chamorro_language/VMD9JwSQ">Chamorro</a>.</td><td></td><td>Body plumage very dark.</td><td>Endemic to the Northern <a href="/facts/Mariana_Islands/BNdPBDQg">Mariana Islands</a>, but see also <i>G. c. orientalis</i> above.Population size: About 300 as of 2001.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="relationship-with-humans">Relationship with humans</h2> <p>Moorhens are very tolerant of, and even thrive in <a href="/facts/Anthropization/p90X4AAA">anthropized</a> habitats.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <h3>In history</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Abdul_Hamid_II/3AWvfqF4">Abdul hamid II</a>, the then-Sultan of the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman Empire</a>, was known to have a special interest in the Moorhen, which was found in almost all bodies of freshwater in the land which now constitutes Turkey. So much so that over fifty moorhens were recorded to have been kept and raised in the <a href="/facts/Y%25C4%25B1ld%25C4%25B1z_Palace/7BjUEXSC">Yildiz Palace</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="life-cycle">Life cycle</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gallinula chloropus. <a href="/facts/Wikispecies/b2GhA7Le">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i>Gallinula chloropus</i>. <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150718121430/http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/226.pdf">(Common) Moorhen species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds</a></li> <li><a href="https://ebird.org/species/commoo3">Explore Species: Eurasian Moorhen</a> at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Common_Gallinule/id">Common Gallinule Species Account</a> – Cornell Lab of Ornithology</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150225085558/http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i2190id.html">Common Moorhen Information - <i>Gallinula chloropus</i></a>[<i>usurped</i>] - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter</li> <li><a href="http://www.madeirabirds.com/moorhen">Madeira Birds – Moorhen breeding in Madeira Island</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141202060419/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/152_MoorhenGchloropus.pdf">Ageing and sexing (PDF; 5.7 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze</a></li> <li><a href="http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/62120190">BirdLife species factsheet for <i>Gallinula chloropus</i></a></li> <li><a href="https://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=Common+moorhen&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24">Common moorhen photo gallery</a> at VIREO (Drexel University)</li> <li><a href="http://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Gallinula-chloropus">Audio recordings of Common moorhen</a> on <a href="/facts/Xeno-canto/7kwnRzjl">Xeno-canto</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>BirdLife International (2019). "Gallinula chloropus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T62120190A155506651. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T62120190A155506651.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/62120190/155506651" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/62120190/155506651</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>BirdLife International (2019). "Gallinula chloropus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T62120190A155506651. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T62120190A155506651.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/62120190/155506651" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/62120190/155506651</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" target="_blank">/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/James_L._Peters" target="_blank">/wiki/James_L._Peters</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Flufftails, finfoots, rails, trumpeters, cranes, limpkin". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 14 August 2024. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" target="_blank">/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 170, 103. 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