Sopwith 1½ Strutter

<h2 id="design-and-development">Design and development</h2>

In December 1914, the <a href="/facts/Sopwith_Aviation_Company/27cuCyMh">Sopwith Aviation Company</a> designed a small, two-seat biplane powered by an 80 hp (60 kW) <a href="/facts/Gnome_Engine_Company/fEw953z6">Gnome</a> <a href="/facts/Rotary_engine/QkxnRk0x">rotary engine</a>, which became known as the "Sigrist Bus" after <a href="/facts/Fred_Sigrist/2D15Qj64">Fred Sigrist</a>, the Sopwith works manager. The Sigrist Bus first flew on 5 June 1915 and although it set a new British altitude record on the day of its first flight, only one was built, serving as a company runabout.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>
The Sigrist Bus formed the basis for a new, larger, fighter aircraft, the Sopwith LCT (Land Clerget Tractor), designed by <a href="/facts/Herbert_Smith_(aircraft_designer)/xmK9sIuh">Herbert Smith</a> and powered by a 110 hp (82 kW) <a href="/facts/Clerget/1kUUz4BW">Clerget</a> engine. Like the Sigrist Bus, each of the upper wings (there was no true centre section) was connected to the <a href="/facts/Fuselage/vVXlHEE4">fuselage</a> by a pair of short (half) struts and a pair of longer struts, forming a "W" when viewed from the front; this giving rise to the aircraft's popular <a href="/facts/Nickname/o51t47pJ">nickname</a> of the 1+1⁄2 Strutter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> The first prototype was ready in mid-December 1915, undergoing official testing in January 1916.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>
The 1+1⁄2 Strutter was of conventional wire-braced, wood and fabric construction. The pilot and gunner sat in widely separated tandem cockpits, with the pilot in front, giving the gunner a good field of fire for his <a href="/facts/Lewis_gun/HpnxV8mD">Lewis gun</a>. The aircraft had a variable-incidence <a href="/facts/Tailplane/cBGTeTwM">tailplane</a> that could be adjusted by the pilot in flight and <a href="/facts/Air_brake_(aircraft)/1Fygm3me">airbrakes</a> under the lower wings to reduce landing distance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>

The Vickers-Challenger <a href="/facts/Synchronization_gear/NwpWDPW2">synchronisation gear</a> was put into production for the <a href="/facts/Royal_Flying_Corps/jM7cHmvR">Royal Flying Corps</a> (RFC) in December 1915 and in a few weeks, a similar order for the <a href="/facts/Synchronization_gear/NwpWDPW2">Scarff-Dibovski</a> gear was placed for the RNAS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> Early production 1+1⁄2 Strutters were fitted with one or the other of these gears for the fixed <a href="/facts/.303_British/14TNrCEH">.303</a>-in <a href="/facts/Vickers_machine_gun/VHQ6xtP5">Vickers machine gun</a>; due to a shortage of the new gears some early aircraft were built with only the observer's gun. Later aircraft were either fitted with the <a href="/facts/Synchronization_gear/NwpWDPW2">Ross</a> or the <a href="/facts/Synchronization_gear/NwpWDPW2">Sopwith-Kauper</a> gears.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> No early mechanical synchronisation gear was reliable and it was not uncommon for propellers to be damaged or shot away.
The <a href="/facts/Scarff_ring/bD07sfa3">Scarff ring</a> mounting was also new and production was at first slower than that of the aircraft requiring them. Various makeshift Lewis mountings as well as the older Nieuport ring mounting, were fitted to some early 1+1⁄2 Strutters as a stopgap.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> The two-seaters could carry four 25 lb (11 kg) bombs underwing, which could be replaced by two 65 lb (29 kg) bombs for anti-submarine patrols.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> From the beginning, a light bomber version was planned, with the observer's cockpit eliminated to allow more fuel and bombs to be carried in the manner of the <a href="/facts/Martinsyde_Elephant/qAtQVRJL">Martinsyde Elephant</a> and the <a href="/facts/Royal_Aircraft_Factory_B.E.12/PNL7fmEn">B.E.12</a>, with an internal bomb bay capable of carrying four 65 lb (29 kg) bombs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>

<h2 id="operational-history">Operational history</h2>
<h3>In British service</h3>
The prototype two seater flew in December 1915 and production deliveries started to reach the RNAS in February 1916.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> By the end of April, No. 5 Wing RNAS had a flight equipped with the new aircraft. The Sopwiths were used to escort the wing's <a href="/facts/Caudron_G.4/DJPBYAAD">Caudron G.4</a> and <a href="/facts/Breguet_Bre.4/YnvL7qly">Breguet Bre.4</a> bombers and for bombing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> The <a href="/facts/War_Office/7qVGsJCk">War Office</a> had ordered the type for the RFC in March but because Sopwith's production capacity was contracted to the navy, the RFC orders had to be placed with Ruston Proctor and <a href="/facts/Vickers/J83Cjckj">Vickers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> Sub-contract production from these manufacturers did not get into its stride until August. Since the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_the_Somme/rdoFxbAM">Battle of the Somme</a> was planned for the end of June and with the RFC having a shortage of modern aircraft, it was agreed that a number of Sopwiths would be transferred from one service to the other, allowing <a href="/facts/No._70_Squadron_RAF/k2papJau">70 Squadron</a> to reach the front by early July 1916 with Sopwith-built 1+1⁄2 Strutters, originally intended for the Navy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>

At first, 70 Squadron did very well with their new aircraft. The period of German <a href="/facts/Air_superiority/5NweGjhm">ascendency</a> known as the <a href="/facts/Fokker_scourge/Q7zz97z3">Fokker scourge</a> was over and the 1+1⁄2 Strutter's long range and excellent armament enabled offensive patrolling deep into German-held territory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> By the time <a href="/facts/No._45_Squadron_RAF/xWJ41ACN">45 Squadron</a> reached the front in October, the new <a href="/facts/Albatros_D.I/EEm24BJL">Albatros</a> fighters were arriving at the <a href="/facts/Jagdstaffel/BwzzQf93">Jagdstaffeln</a>. By January 1917, when <a href="/facts/No._43_Squadron_RAF/jPFM5yGp">43 Squadron</a> arrived in France, the 1+1⁄2 Strutter was outclassed as a fighter; a more powerful 130 hp (97 kW) Clerget 9B improved performance slightly but too late to reverse the situation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> It was still a useful long-range reconnaissance aircraft when it could be provided with adequate fighter escort but was one of the types to suffer severely during "<a href="/facts/Bloody_April/yHBSoGUF">Bloody April</a>", 43 squadron alone suffering 35 casualties, from an officer establishment of 32.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>
Like other early Sopwith types, the 1+1⁄2 Strutter was very lightly built and its structure did not stand up very well to arduous war service. It was far too stable to make a good <a href="/facts/Dogfighting/SDbuegPR">dogfighter</a> and the distance between the pilot and the observer's cockpits impeded their communication. The last operational 1+1⁄2 Strutters in the RFC were replaced by <a href="/facts/Sopwith_Camel/rYuV9UfQ">Sopwith Camels</a> in late October 1917.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>
The type's long range and stability were good qualities for a home defence fighter and it served with <a href="/facts/No._37_Squadron_RAF/pclPlQQ1">37</a>, <a href="/facts/No._44_Squadron_RAF/2YXtvyoA">44</a> and <a href="/facts/No._78_Squadron_RAF/br4pCzfv">78</a> squadrons. Most of the 1+1⁄2 Strutters supplied to home defence units had been built as two-seaters but many were converted locally to single-seaters to improve performance. Some of these single-seaters were similar to the bomber variant but others were of a different type, known (like similarly adapted Sopwith Camels) as the Sopwith Comic. The cockpit was moved back behind the wings and one or two Lewis guns, either mounted on <a href="/facts/Foster_mounting/bVMfUQpK">Foster mountings</a> or fixed to fire upwards, outside the arc of the propeller, replaced the synchronised Vickers.
The RNAS used most of their 1+1⁄2 Strutters as bombers (in the Aegean and Macedonia as well as in France) and as shipboard aircraft, where it was known as the Ship's Strutter and flew from <a href="/facts/Aircraft_carrier/90vrSN0V">aircraft carriers</a>, other warships of the <a href="/facts/Royal_Navy/Xdy8YCH7">Royal Navy</a>, and the battlecruiser <a href="/facts/HMAS_Australia_(1911)/NsInQcEH">HMAS Australia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> It had been planned to use them on the <a href="/facts/Tondern_raid/KJECeS2F">Tondern raid</a>, but Sopwith Camels were used instead. The RNAS and the RFC (and after April 1918 the <a href="/facts/Royal_Air_Force/P10CbL5H">Royal Air Force</a> [RAF]) used the type as a trainer after it had been withdrawn from operational service and like the <a href="/facts/Sopwith_Pup/zbdNSvE5">Sopwith Pup</a>, it proved a popular personal aircraft for senior officers.

<h3>In French service</h3>

The largest user of the Sopwith was actually the French Aéronautique Militaire. By May 1916 it was obvious that the <a href="/facts/Pusher_configuration/IqFuf7MJ">pusher</a> <a href="/facts/Farman_Aviation_Works/hEQ28rbQ">Farman</a> and <a href="/facts/Soci%25C3%25A9t%25C3%25A9_Anonyme_des_Ateliers_d%2527Aviation_Louis_Breguet/aVTsMakm">Breguet</a> bombers and reconnaissance aircraft were obsolete and with the failure of their <a href="/facts/Tractor_configuration/qKkCrIDj">tractor</a> aircraft replacements, particularly the <a href="/facts/Nieuport_14/km1pNCvE">Nieuport 14</a>, the Sopwith was ordered in large numbers from French manufacturers in three versions, the SOP. 1A.2 (two-seat reconnaissance), SOP. 1B.2 (two-seat bomber) and SOP. 1B.1 (single-seat bomber).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> While in French service, they equipped a large portion of the French bomber and artillery-observation squadrons and carried out many bombing attacks against industrial and military targets, including the German front lines. It was not as successful against fighters, suffering substantial casualties and downing fewer enemy aircraft than either the aircraft used before it or after. With the belated introduction of the <a href="/facts/Breguet_14/vJARgSHv">Breguet 14 A.2 and B.2</a>, the last of the Sopwiths were withdrawn from operational service in early 1918 although they would continue in service with training units until after the end of the war.

<h3>In other foreign service</h3>

Three Belgian squadrons also flew French-built Sopwiths, and surplus French Sopwiths were used by several countries postwar. During the war, several 1+1⁄2 Strutters that were interned after landing in the Netherlands were purchased for the Dutch Luchvaart Afdeeling. Over 100 1+1⁄2 Strutters were also built in Russia by <a href="/facts/Dux_Factory/rSqSI8SD">Duks</a> and Lebedev,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> supplemented by large numbers delivered directly from Britain and France. The 1+1⁄2 Strutter remained in large scale use by both the Soviet forces and <a href="/facts/White_movement/lAGgYPBE">White Russians</a> during the <a href="/facts/Russian_Civil_War/MLfkI67n">Russian Civil War</a> and <a href="/facts/Polish-Soviet_war/qSYxdmcs">Polish-Soviet war</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> Three were captured during this war and used by the Poles in 1919–1920.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> Other captured ones were used by Baltic states.
The American Expeditionary Force purchased 384 two-seat Strutter observation aircraft and 130 single-seat bombers from France in 1917–18.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> While mainly used for training, they were used operationally by the <a href="/facts/90th_Fighter_Squadron/zsltGa7n">90th Aero Squadron</a> as an interim measure, due to a shortage of later types.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> The <a href="/facts/U.S._Navy/xYK0fUou">U.S. Navy</a> used a number of the two-seat Sopwiths, along with <a href="/facts/Nieuport_28/DukCxEFT">Nieuport 28s</a> and <a href="/facts/Hanriot_HD.1/wxrRT423">Hanriot HD.1s</a> and <a href="/facts/Hanriot_HD.2/T229kayP">2s</a> as ships' aircraft in the early postwar years, testing the use of aircraft from platforms mounted on the turrets of battleships. The 1+1⁄2 Strutter also served with the <a href="/facts/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Force/DFfgDLwm">Imperial Japanese Army Air Force</a> – some examples serving in the Japanese expeditionary force in Siberia during 1918. Around 1,500 1+1⁄2 Strutters were built for the Royal Flying Corps and the <a href="/facts/Royal_Naval_Air_Service/SNATPNh0">Royal Naval Air Service</a> and between 4,200 and 4,500 were built in <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>.

<h2 id="variants-and-designations">Variants and designations</h2>
Sopwith Land Clerget Tractor (or Sopwith LCT)
Sopwith company designation.
Sopwith Type 9400
<a href="/facts/British_Admiralty/wqcXukJs">Admiralty</a> designation for two seater, number from serial of last aircraft in first batch ordered.
Sopwith Type 9700
<a href="/facts/British_Admiralty/wqcXukJs">Admiralty</a> designation for single- seater bomber, number likewise assigned.
Sopwith Two seater
<a href="/facts/Royal_Flying_Corps/jM7cHmvR">RFC</a> designation.
Sopwith 1+1⁄2 Strutter
Unofficial name due to configuration of struts, also used by US Navy.
Sopwith Comic
Single seat home defence fighter
Ship(s) Strutter
Shipboard version
SOP. 1
French built version.
SOP. 1A.2 two-seat reconnaissance aircraft<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a>
SOP. 1B.1 single-seat bomber<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>
SOP. 1B.2 two-seat bomber<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>
SOP. 1E.2 two-seat trainer
LeO 1
Lioré et Olivier licence-built version.
So-shiki Model 1
Japanese licence-built bomber version.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>
So-Shiki Model 2
Japanese licence-built LeO 1 reconnaissance version.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a>
<h2 id="operators">Operators</h2>
<h3>Military</h3>

<a href="/facts/Afghanistan/v63Auu1C">Afghanistan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Afghanistan_Air_Force/ucBgaBPX">Afghanistan Air Force</a> received a single aircraft from the Soviet Union in September 1921, which remained in existence until at least December 1924.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Australian_Flying_Corps/aGcuK6jx">Australian Flying Corps</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/No._2_Squadron_RAAF/85sycyDI">No. 2 Squadron AFC</a> operated one aircraft for training only.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/No._4_Squadron_RAAF/MN1T54p7">No. 4 Squadron AFC</a> used Strutters for training.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/No._6_Squadron_RAAF/CGW8WFSx">No. 6 (Training) Squadron AFC</a> in the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Belgian_Air_Force/ktfQq6e1">Aviation Militaire Belge</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>
<ul><li>2ème Escadrille</li>
<li>3ème Escadrille</li>
<li>4ème Escadrille</li>
<li>6ème Escadrille</li></ul></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a>
<ul><li>Escola de Aviação Militar used three aircraft for liaison and army co-operation duties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Czechoslovakia/9A6Kzmr0">Czechoslovakia</a>
<a href="/facts/Czechoslovak_Legion/rDvkW9WK">Czechoslovak Legion</a> used four SOP 1 A.2 delivered by the French Aviation Mission in Russia, and at least one Strutter captured from bolsheviks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>
 <a href="/facts/Estonia/PVjB16TI">Estonia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Estonian_Air_Force/r4jKc3my">Estonian Air Force</a> operated a single ex-Soviet aircraft.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/History_of_the_Arm%25C3%25A9e_de_l%2527Air_(1909-1942)/yensrJ4U">Aéronautique Militaire</a> – A total of 72 <a href="/facts/Squadron_(aviation)/T9fKSuHj">Escadrilles</a> equipped either wholly or partly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/A%25C3%25A9ronavale/CyucJrpY">Aéronautique Navale</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Greece/lqHw8bTB">Greece</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Hellenic_Navy/2L3DyrSm">Hellenic Navy</a> – Six aircraft used in the <a href="/facts/Asia_Minor_Campaign/rrXBjRo7">Asia Minor Campaign</a> against Turkey, 1918–21.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service/DFfgDLwm">Imperial Japanese Army Air Service</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Latvia/y2PSa8lx">Latvia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Latvian_Air_Force/QV9oIH8y">Latvian Air Force</a> operated four ex-Soviet aircraft.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Aizsargi/JPtb9rJQ">Aizsargi</a></li></ul>

<a href="/facts/Lithuania/dApVjLWW">Lithuania</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Lithuanian_Air_Force/n5Xjb92u">Lithuanian Air Force</a> operated a single ex-Soviet aircraft that landed behind Lithuanian lines during the <a href="/facts/Lithuanian%25E2%2580%2593Soviet_War/oDEpgRFB">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> Two others may also have been operated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Mexican_Air_Force/2fjqDhx7">Arma de Aviación Militar</a> operated one example (<a href="/facts/TNCA/3UdIaqBS">TNCA</a> registration 1-S-68) from c1920–1924.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Netherlands/y8xn5stT">Netherlands</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Netherlands_Air_Force/ucC7edHw">Luchtvaart Afdeling</a> used five 1+1⁄2 Strutters that forced landed in neutral the Netherlands and were interned and subsequently purchased.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Polish_Air_Force/xB3twrJL">Polish Air Force</a> operated three aircraft captured from the Soviets in 1919–1920.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Romania/yolzk5cN">Romania</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Romanian_Air_Corps/PKlavQR6">Romanian Air Corps</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Grupul_1_Aeronautic/sLEtPA0W">Grupul 1 Aviație</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Grupul_2_Aeronautic/2cRy2Ujf">Grupul 2 Aviație</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a></li>
<li>Grupul 3 Aviație<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/5th_Aviation_Group/DQSWRQlY">Grupul 5 Aviație</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a></li></ul></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Imperial_Russian_Air_Force/BQ7VaPYY">Imperial Russian Air Force</a> and <a href="/facts/White_movement/lAGgYPBE">White Russian</a> forces</li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Soviet_Air_Force/9UwGvVhU">Soviet Air Force</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a>
A single aircraft acquired from Russia in 1918.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a>

 <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Royal_Flying_Corps/jM7cHmvR">Royal Flying Corps</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/No._37_Squadron_RAF/pclPlQQ1">No. 37 Squadron RFC</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/No._39_Squadron_RAF/tUSf4f00">No. 39 Squadron RFC</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/No._43_Squadron_RAF/jPFM5yGp">No. 43 Squadron RFC</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/No._44_Squadron_RAF/2YXtvyoA">No. 44 Squadron RFC</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/No._45_Squadron_RAF/xWJ41ACN">No. 45 Squadron RFC</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/No._46_Squadron_RAF/sTbhnC91">No. 46 Squadron RFC</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/No._70_Squadron_RAF/k2papJau">No. 70 Squadron RFC</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/No._78_Squadron_RAF/br4pCzfv">No. 78 Squadron RFC</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/No._143_Squadron_RAF/llwwDLqL">No. 143 Squadron RFC</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Royal_Naval_Air_Service/SNATPNh0">Royal Naval Air Service</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/No._202_Squadron_RAF/SUG63ebH">No. 2 (Naval) Squadron</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/No._205_Squadron_RAF/m2w6GClg">No. 5 (Naval) Squadron</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/No._208_Squadron_RAF/SlAoJ3ev">No. 8 (Naval) Squadron</a></li></ul></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Aviation_Section%2c_U.S._Signal_Corps/f0UVt2pR">Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Air_Service/uEeTtmEs">United States Army Air Service</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/88th_Aero_Squadron/Y2M2UCUB">88th Aero Squadron</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/90th_Aero_Squadron/2bzSdc5E">90th Aero Squadron</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/99th_Aero_Squadron/XFeMQz83">99th Aero Squadron</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/United_States_Navy/xYK0fUou">United States Navy</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a></li></ul>
<h3>Civil</h3>
 <a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a>
Two aircraft registered in 1928. R-105 (later LV-BAA) and R-106 (later LV-CAA). One of these two preserved in Florida.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a>

 <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>
55 aircraft on French civil register in 1922.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a>

 <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a>
At least seven aircraft registered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a>

 <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a>
Possibly one aircraft from Switzerland in 1926.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a>

 <a href="/facts/Switzerland/LcGuxeTe">Switzerland</a>
Two aircraft, CH-53 registered 9 April 1921, cancelled 9 October 1923. CH-67 registered 5 December 1923, cancelled December 1926 as sold to <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a>

 <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>
One civil registered aircraft, G-EAVB.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a>

<h2 id="survivors">Survivors</h2>

Original Sopwith 1+1⁄2 Strutter aircraft are preserved at the following locations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a>

Belgium
<ul><li>S-88 – On static display at the <a href="/facts/Royal_Museum_of_the_Armed_Forces_and_of_Military_History/PPVQnpPP">Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and of Military History</a> in <a href="/facts/Brussels/tNzHrQYP">Brussels</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a></li></ul>
Canada
<ul><li>Replica (C-FSOP) – Airworthy at The Great War Flying Museum in <a href="/facts/Caledon%2c_Ontario/UTetu9Pz">Caledon, Ontario</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a></li></ul>
France
<ul><li>556 – Sop.1A.2 on static display at the <a href="/facts/Mus%25C3%25A9e_de_l%2527Air_et_de_l%2527Espace/eUKmKxWm">Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace</a> in <a href="/facts/Paris%2c_%25C3%258Ele-de-France/DrNHpwnA">Paris, Île-de-France</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a></li>
<li>2897 – Sop.1B.2 airworthy at the Memorial Flight Association in <a href="/facts/La_Fert%25C3%25A9-Alais/DFdMjnVH">La Ferté-Alais, Île-de-France</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a></li></ul>
New Zealand
<ul><li>Unknown – Under restoration at The Vintage Aviator Limited in <a href="/facts/Masterton/JAjI4Xfy">Masterton, Wellington</a>. It was previously owned by Fantasy of Flight in <a href="/facts/Polk_City%2c_Florida/au9EInJg">Polk City, Florida</a>, and was operated by Argentina before that.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a></li></ul>
United Kingdom
<ul><li>Airworthy replica (G-CMDN) – built using original plans by the Aviation Preservation Society of Scotland at Congalton Gardens, <a href="/facts/North_Berwick/GQ8wPlWz">North Berwick</a>, East Lothian, EH39 5JP.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a> First flew in September 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="specifications-112-strutter--two-seater-130-hp-clerget">Specifications (1+1⁄2 Strutter – two seater, 130 hp Clerget)</h2>

Data from British Aeroplanes 1914–18<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a>General characteristics
<ul><li>Crew: 2</li>
<li>Length: 25 ft 3 in (7.70 m)</li>
<li>Wingspan: 33 ft 6 in (10.21 m)</li>
<li>Height: 10 ft 3 in (3.12 m)</li>
<li>Wing area: 346 sq ft (32.1 m2)</li>
<li>Empty weight: 1,305 lb (592 kg)</li>
<li>Gross weight: 2,149 lb (975 kg)</li>
<li>Max takeoff weight: 2,154 lb (977 kg)</li>
<li>Powerplant: 1 × <a href="/facts/Clerget_9B/MYa15Cpw">Clerget 9B</a> 9-cylinder air-cooled rotary piston engine, 130 hp (97 kW)</li>
<li>Propellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller</li></ul>
Performance

<ul><li>Maximum speed: 100 mph (160 km/h, 87 kn) at 6,500 ft (1,981 m)</li>
<li>Endurance: 3 hours 45 minutes</li>
<li>Service ceiling: 15,500 ft (4,700 m)</li>
<li>Time to altitude: 6,500 ft (1,981 m) in 9 minutes 10 seconds</li></ul>
Armament

<ul><li>Guns: ** 1 × <a href="/facts/.303_British/14TNrCEH">.303</a> in (7.7 mm) forward-firing <a href="/facts/Synchronization_gear/NwpWDPW2">synchronised</a> <a href="/facts/Vickers_machine_gun/VHQ6xtP5">Vickers machine gun</a>
<ul><li>1 × .303 in (7.7 mm) <a href="/facts/Lewis_gun/HpnxV8mD">Lewis gun</a> in observer's cockpit</li></ul></li>
<li>Bombs: Up to 130 lb (60 kg) bombs</li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>

Related development

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Sopwith_Pup/zbdNSvE5">Sopwith Pup</a></li></ul>
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Dorand_AR/PwypLMGx">Dorand AR</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Nieuport_14/km1pNCvE">Nieuport 14</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Royal_Aircraft_Factory_R.E.8/WaN3zafR">Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.8</a></li></ul>

Related lists

<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Flying_Corps/rmqzLFxe">List of aircraft of the Royal Flying Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Naval_Air_Service/Nk7wJbR6">List of aircraft of the Royal Naval Air Service</a></li></ul>

<h3>Notes</h3>

<h3>Bibliography</h3>
<ul><li>Andersson, Lennart. "Turbulent Origins: The First 30 Years of Aviation in Afghanistan". <a href="/facts/Air_Enthusiast/nwFyK41v">Air Enthusiast</a>, No 105, May/June 2003, pp. 19–27. ISSN 0143-5450.</li>
<li>Bruce, J.M. <a href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1956/1956%20-%201390.html">"The Sopwith 1½ Strutter: Historic Military Aircraft No. 14 Part I."</a> <a href="/facts/Flight_International/puw0u5sf">Flight</a>, 28 September 1956, pp. 542–546.</li>
<li>Bruce, J.M. <a href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1956/1956%20-%201434.html">"The Sopwith 1½ Strutter: Historic Military Aircraft No. 14 Part II."</a> <a href="/facts/Flight_International/puw0u5sf">Flight</a>, 5 October 1956, pp. 586–591.</li>
<li>Bruce J.M. British Aeroplanes 1914–18. London: Putnam, 1957.</li>
<li>Bruce, J.M. The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing). London: Putnam, 1982. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-370-30084-X.</li>
<li>Bruce, J.M. Sopwith 1½ Strutter: Windsock Datafile 34. Berkhampstead, UK: Albatros Productions, Second edition, 1998. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-948414-42-1.</li>
<li>Bruce, J.M. Sopwith 1½ Strutter: Volume 2: Windsock Datafile 80. Berkhampstead, UK: Albatros Productions, 2000. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-902207-22-X.</li>
<li>Flores, Santiago A. "Skywriters: Mexican Strutter". Aeroplane, Vol. 38, No. 5, Issue No 445, May 2009, p. 94. London: IPC. ISSN 0143-7240.</li>
<li>Gerdessen, F. "Estonian Air Power 1918–1945". <a href="/facts/Air_Enthusiast/nwFyK41v">Air Enthusiast</a>, No. 18, April – July 1982, pp. 61–76. ISSN 0143-5450.</li>
<li>Herris, Jack and Pearson, Bob Aircraft of World War I. London: Amber Books, 2010: <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-906626-65-5.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Philip_Jarrett/2BIxJPk7">Jarrett, Philip</a>. "Database:The Sopwith 1½ Strutter". Aeroplane, Vol. 37, No, 12, Issue No 440, December 2009, pp. 55–70. London:IPC. ISSN 0143-7240.</li>
<li>King, H.F. Sopwith Aircraft 1912–1920 London: Putnam, 1981. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-370-30050-5.</li>
<li>Klaauw, Bart van der (March–April 1999). "Unexpected Windfalls: Accidentally or Deliberately, More than 100 Aircraft 'arrived' in Dutch Territory During the Great War". Air Enthusiast (80): 54–59. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450">0143-5450</a>.</li>
<li>Kopański, Tomasz Jan. Samoloty brytyjskie w lotnictwie polskim 1918–1930 (British aircraft in the Polish air force 1918–1930)(in Polish). Warsaw: Bellona, 2001. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 83-11-09315-6.</li>
<li>Lake, Jon. The Great Book of Bombers: The World's Most Important Bombers from World War I to the Present Day. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company, 2002. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7603-1347-4.</li>
<li>Méchin, David (November 2012). "Grands raids au cœur de l'Allemande en 1916: Le petit Sopwith attaque Munich". Le Fana de l'Aviation (in French). No. 516. pp. 32–39.</li>
<li>Méchin, David (November 2022). "Le Sopwith 1½ "Strutter": Une histoire française". Le Fana de l'Aviation (in French). No. 636. pp. 54–65.</li>
<li>Morareau, Lucien (February 1990). "Histoire de l'Aviation Embarquée en France: La 4eme Flotille, de la reconnaissance au bombardement". Le Fana de l'Aviation (in French). No. 243. pp. 14–17, 19–21.</li>
<li>Swanborough, F.G. and Peter Bowers. United States Military Aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam, 1963.</li>
<li>Swanborough Gordon and Peter Bowers. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. London: Putnam, Second edition 1976. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-370-10054-9.</li>
<li>Taylor, John W.R. "Sopwith 1½ Strutter". Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the Present. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-425-03633-2.</li>
<li>Thetford, Owen. British Naval Aircraft since 1912. London: Putnam, Fourth edition 1978. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-370-30021-1.</li>
<li>Visatkas, C. "The Annals of Lithuanian Aviation". <a href="/facts/Air_Enthusiast/nwFyK41v">Air Enthusiast</a>, Number Twenty-nine, November 1985 – February 1986, pp. 61–66. Bromley, UK:Fine Scroll. ISSN 0143-5450.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sopwith 1½ Strutter.

<ul><li><a href="http://wio.ru/ww1a/sopw112.htm">Sopwith Strutter in Russia</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Lake 2002, p. 40. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Bruce 1982, p. 499. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Jarrett 2009, p. 56. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Lake 2002, p. 40. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Jarrett 2009, p. 56. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Bruce 28 September 1956, p. 544. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Bruce 1982, p. 499. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Jarrett 2009, pp. 56, 8. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Bruce 28 September 1956, p. 543. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Bruce 5 October 1956, p. 586. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Bruce 1957, p. 542. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Bruce 1957, pp. 542–543. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Jarrett 2009, p. 59. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Jarrett 2009, p. 59. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Bruce 2000, p. 6. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Bruce 28 September 1956, p. 544. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Bruce 28 September 1956, p. 545. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Thetford 1978, p. 292. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Bruce 1982, p. 500. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Bruce 1982, pp. 501, 503. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Bruce 5 October 1956, p. 587. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Bruce 1982, p. 504. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Bruce 5 October 1956, p. 588. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Herris and Pearson 2010, p. 51. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Bruce 5 October 1956, p. 588. <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">"Sopwith 1½ Strutter". Sea Power Centre, Australia. Retrieved 15 March 2025. <a href="https://seapower.navy.gov.au/history/units/sopwith-1-12-strutter" target="_blank">https://seapower.navy.gov.au/history/units/sopwith-1-12-strutter</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Bruce 2000, pp. 10–11. <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Bruce 5 October 1956, p. 590. <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Jarrett 2009, p. 60. <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Jarrett 2009, p. 66. <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Kopański 2001, pp. 73–78. <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Swanborough and Bowers 1963, p. 560. <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Bruce 5 October 1956, p. 590. <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Bruce 2000, pp. 10–11. <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Bruce 5 October 1956, p. 590. <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Bruce 2000, pp. 10–11. <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Bruce 5 October 1956, p. 590. <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Bruce 2000, pp. 10–11. <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Bruce 5 October 1956, p. 590. <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Jarrett 2009, p. 65. <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Jarrett 2009, p. 65. <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Andersson Air Enthusiast May/June 2003, p. 26. <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Jarrett 2009, p. 65. <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Jarrett 2009, p. 65. <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Čejka, Zdeněk (November 1999). "Českoslovenští letci a Sopwith 1 1/2 Strutter". Historie a plastikové modelářství. IX (11): 18–20. ISSN 1210-1427. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Gerdessen 1982, pp. 64, 76. <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Jarrett 2009, p. 64. <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Morareau 1990, p. 16 <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Jarrett 2009, p. 65. <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Bruce 5 October 1956, p. 590. <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Jarrett 2009, pp. 65–66. <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Humberstone, Richard. Latvian Air Force 1918–1940. London: Blue Rider Publishing, 2000, ISBN 1-902851-04-8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Vistakas 1985, p. 61. <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Jarrett 2009, p. 66. <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Flores Aeroplane, May 2010, p. 94. <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Jarrett 2009, p. 66. <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Kopański 2001, pp. 73–78. <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Bruce 5 October 1956, p. 590. <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Antoniu, Dan (2014). Illustrated History of Romanian Aeronautics. p. 54. ISBN 978-973-0-17209-6. <a href="978-973-0-17209-6" target="_blank">978-973-0-17209-6</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Antoniu, Dan (2014). Illustrated History of Romanian Aeronautics. p. 54. ISBN 978-973-0-17209-6. <a href="978-973-0-17209-6" target="_blank">978-973-0-17209-6</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Antoniu, Dan (2014). Illustrated History of Romanian Aeronautics. p. 54. ISBN 978-973-0-17209-6. <a href="978-973-0-17209-6" target="_blank">978-973-0-17209-6</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Avram, Valeriu; Armă, Alexandru (2018). Aeronautica română în Războiul de Întregire națională 1916-1919 (in Romanian). Editura Vremea. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-973-645-853-8. <a href="978-973-645-853-8" target="_blank">978-973-645-853-8</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Jarrett 2009, p. 66. <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Bruce 1982, p. 508. <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p. 495. <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Jarrett 2009, p. 60. <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Jarrett 2009, p. 60. <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Jarrett 2009, p. 60. <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Jarrett 2009, p. 60. <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Jarrett 2009, p. 60. <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">Jarrett 2009, p. 60. <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Jarrett 2009, p.70. <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Brackx, Daniel (16 October 2014). "Sopwith 1 1/2 Strutter". Belgian Wings. Retrieved 18 May 2017. <a href="http://www.belgian-wings.be/Webpages/Navigator/Photos/MilltaryPics/ww1_precurseurs/Sopwith%20Strutter/Sopwith%20Strutter%20Frontpage.html" target="_blank">http://www.belgian-wings.be/Webpages/Navigator/Photos/MilltaryPics/ww1_precurseurs/Sopwith%20Strutter/Sopwith%20Strutter%20Frontpage.html</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">"Sopwith 1-1/2 Strutter". The Great War Flying Museum. 25 November 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2018. <a href="http://greatwarflyingmuseum.org/the-aircraft/sopwith-1-12-strutter" target="_blank">http://greatwarflyingmuseum.org/the-aircraft/sopwith-1-12-strutter</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">"Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Aircraft Details [C-FSOP]". Transport Canada. Retrieved 20 May 2018. <a href="http://wwwapps.tc.gc.ca/saf-sec-sur/2/ccarcs-riacc/ADet.aspx?id=502916&rfr=RchSimp.aspx" target="_blank">http://wwwapps.tc.gc.ca/saf-sec-sur/2/ccarcs-riacc/ADet.aspx?id=502916&rfr=RchSimp.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">"Airframe Dossier – Sopwith 1 1/2 Strutter, c/n 556". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 18 May 2017. <a href="http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=3962" target="_blank">http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=3962</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">"Sopwith 1 1/2 Strutter 1 B 2". Memorial Flight. Memorial Flight Association. Retrieved 18 May 2017. <a href="http://memorial.flight.free.fr/Strutteruk.html" target="_blank">http://memorial.flight.free.fr/Strutteruk.html</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">"Immatriculation des aéronefs [F-AZNM]" (in French). Retrieved 18 May 2017. <a href="http://www.immat.aviation-civile.gouv.fr/immat/servlet/aeronef_detail.html?CTRL_ID=10287977_33a71ed9&CTX=1orYV5Gv-PNjGlKauuBR2iQpj00LpSW0HQc5sOIvrT6biBaXXSsXDON051zh1mnPWqGC00aO02cnlOMH6OMDqRt9900bqQ79bSsXlR6HuS3z00000000CTmW0000G00000NG01aHFKrz9H7Do015gONPXBcnXRcSkIMvqPMTbSXBYeAJtWOSu0W01IG05Tc5iTMLuSW0GQc5sOIviOMvdBavrRM9bSeQibHqBbE2B0W00U70008bhU000" target="_blank">http://www.immat.aviation-civile.gouv.fr/immat/servlet/aeronef_detail.html?CTRL_ID=10287977_33a71ed9&CTX=1orYV5Gv-PNjGlKauuBR2iQpj00LpSW0HQc5sOIvrT6biBaXXSsXDON051zh1mnPWqGC00aO02cnlOMH6OMDqRt9900bqQ79bSsXlR6HuS3z00000000CTmW0000G00000NG01aHFKrz9H7Do015gONPXBcnXRcSkIMvqPMTbSXBYeAJtWOSu0W01IG05Tc5iTMLuSW0GQc5sOIviOMvdBavrRM9bSeQibHqBbE2B0W00U70008bhU000</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">"Rare Sopwith for New Zealand." Aeroplance Monthly, April 2011, p. 6. <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Weeks, Kermit (24 January 2012). "Oh my God! . . . What a Great Trip Down Under!". Fantasy of Flight. Fantasy of Flight. Retrieved 18 May 2017. <a href="http://www.fantasyofflight.com/collection/kermit-weeks/oh-my-god-what-a-great-trip-down-under" target="_blank">http://www.fantasyofflight.com/collection/kermit-weeks/oh-my-god-what-a-great-trip-down-under</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">"APSS SOPWITH 1½ STRUTTER". Aviation Preservation Society of Scotland. Retrieved 18 May 2017. <a href="http://www.strutteraviation.com" target="_blank">http://www.strutteraviation.com</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">"Aviation Preservation Society of Scotland Building a Flying Sopwith 1½ Strutter Replica". Warbirds News. Warbirds News. 25 August 2013. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313042912/http://www.warbirdsnews.com/warbird-restorations/aviation-preservation-society-scotland-building-flying-sopwith-1%C2%BD-strutter-replica.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160313042912/http://www.warbirdsnews.com/warbird-restorations/aviation-preservation-society-scotland-building-flying-sopwith-1%C2%BD-strutter-replica.html</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Sophie's first hop 4th September and first flight 17th September (video). Mike Harper. 24 November 2024 – via YouTube. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8OgnmLoY0R4" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8OgnmLoY0R4</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">Bruce 1957, pp. 549–550. <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Sopwith 1½ Strutter open-in-new

Sopwith 1½ Strutter