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Google Cloud Platform
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<h2 id="challenges">Challenges</h2> <p>Like other <a href="/facts/Cloud_computing/guhg0FGV">cloud computing</a> solutions, applications hosted on Google Cloud Platform are subject to the <a href="/facts/Fallacies_of_distributed_computing/8cWyyu3X">fallacies of distributed computing</a>, a series of misconceptions that can lead to significant issues in software development and deployment. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="products">Products</h2> <p>Google lists over 100 products under the Google Cloud brand. Some of the key services are listed below. </p><h3>Compute</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Google_App_Engine/DyPrUG6J">App Engine</a> – <a href="/facts/Platform_as_a_service/EDX8mcw4">Platform as a Service</a> to deploy applications developed with <a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a>, <a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a>, <a href="/facts/Node.js/FKzhV4Qa">Node.js</a>, <a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a>, <a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a>, <a href="/facts/.NET_Framework/J6QDAUhP">.Net</a>, <a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a> and <a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a> programming languages.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Google_Compute_Engine/tJDHgQke">Compute Engine</a> – <a href="/facts/Infrastructure_as_a_service/2d9IdAxE">Infrastructure as a Service</a> to run <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Windows/bwhAhuSL">Microsoft Windows</a> and <a href="/facts/Linux/9FvCKSTq">Linux</a> virtual machines.</li></ul> <ul><li>Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) or GKE <a href="/facts/On-premises_software/yGJvghTK">on-prem</a> offered as part of Anthos platform<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> – Containers as a Service based on <a href="/facts/Kubernetes/CI61Msu0">Kubernetes</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Cloud Functions – <a href="/facts/Function_as_a_service/EMfrQtfn">Functions as a Service</a> to run event-driven code written in Node.js, Java, Python, or Go.</li></ul> <ul><li>Cloud Run – Compute execution environment based on Knative.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Offered as Cloud Run (fully managed)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> or as Cloud Run for Anthos.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Currently supports GCP, AWS and VMware management.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Storage and databases</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Google_Cloud_Storage/UkHqfH2l">Cloud Storage</a> – <a href="/facts/Object_storage/NPHWJSW6">Object storage</a> with integrated edge caching to store <a href="/facts/Unstructured_data/HrYRs7wq">unstructured data</a>.</li> <li>Cloud SQL – <a href="/facts/Cloud_database/mp7QWz5y">Database as a Service</a> based on <a href="/facts/MySQL/QEEDNBDP">MySQL</a>, <a href="/facts/PostgreSQL/LHdXuHfl">PostgreSQL</a> and <a href="/facts/Microsoft_SQL_Server/eCdt2JBL">Microsoft SQL Server</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bigtable/xlXLKV0t">Cloud Bigtable</a> – Managed <a href="/facts/NoSQL/vvynRKfd">NoSQL</a> database service.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Spanner_(database)/TTFD4yJG">Cloud Spanner</a> – Horizontally scalable, strongly consistent, <a href="/facts/Relational_database_management_system/pEKGmJLy">relational database service</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Google_Cloud_Datastore/E2Rsn5U9">Cloud Datastore</a> – NoSQL database for web and mobile applications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>Persistent Disk – <a href="/facts/Block_(data_storage)/S3vT7c6N">Block storage</a> for Compute Engine virtual machines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>Cloud Memorystore – Managed in-memory data store based on <a href="/facts/Redis/UNphSYpD">Redis</a> and <a href="/facts/Memcached/m43x4fRg">Memcached</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>Local <a href="/facts/Solid-state_drive/aMHBy8gU">SSD</a>: High-performance, transient, local block storage.</li> <li>Filestore: High-performance file storage for Google Cloud users.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li>AlloyDB: Fully managed PostgreSQL database service.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Networking</h3> <ul><li>VPC – <a href="/facts/Virtual_private_cloud/tA6yha3f">Virtual Private Cloud</a> for managing the <a href="/facts/Software-defined_networking/MJGFxyoj">software defined network</a> of cloud resources.</li></ul> <ul><li>Cloud Load Balancing – Software-defined, managed service for <a href="/facts/Cloud_load_balancing/Ce4xt7sl">load balancing</a> the traffic.</li> <li>Cloud Armor – <a href="/facts/Web_application_firewall/Ve2CL1DI">Web application firewall</a> to protect workloads from <a href="/facts/Denial-of-service_attack/6nkoK02J">DDoS</a> attacks.</li> <li>Cloud CDN – <a href="/facts/Content_delivery_network/SVuID7jd">Content Delivery Network</a> based on Google's globally distributed edge points of presence.</li> <li>Cloud Interconnect – Service to connect a data center with Google Cloud Platform</li> <li>Cloud DNS – Managed, authoritative <a href="/facts/DNS_hosting/YQoxTPUy">DNS hosting</a> service running on the same infrastructure as Google.</li> <li>Network Service Tiers – Option to choose Premium vs Standard network tier for higher-performing network.</li></ul> <h3>Big data</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/BigQuery/4LbkbUoV">BigQuery</a> – Scalable, managed enterprise <a href="/facts/Data_warehouse/we5rblq9">data warehouse</a> for analytics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Google_Cloud_Dataflow/zqWWkQc5">Cloud Dataflow</a> – Managed service based on <a href="/facts/Apache_Beam/6ltJTUU8">Apache Beam</a> for stream and batch data processing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li>Cloud Data Fusion – A managed <a href="/facts/Extract%2c_transform%2c_load/WRaRgJL5">ETL</a> service based on the Open Source Cask Data Application Platform.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li>Dataproc – <a href="/facts/Big_data/XGtrVg4z">Big data</a> platform for running <a href="/facts/Apache_Hadoop/oUS1G2R7">Apache Hadoop</a> and <a href="/facts/Apache_Spark/rHQVfSBc">Apache Spark</a> jobs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li>Cloud Composer – Managed workflow orchestration service built on <a href="/facts/Apache_Airflow/TXhIowez">Apache Airflow</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li>Cloud Datalab – Tool for <a href="/facts/Data_exploration/0F5g9A7B">data exploration</a>, <a href="/facts/Analysis/heFlRrYd">analysis</a>, visualization and machine learning. This is a fully managed Jupyter Notebook service.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li>Cloud Dataprep – Data service based on <a href="/facts/Trifacta/LdyRT94G">Trifacta</a> to visually explore, clean, and prepare data for analysis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li>Cloud Pub/Sub – Scalable event ingestion service based on <a href="/facts/Message_queue/Kq7kX86w">message queues</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Looker_Studio/xhCn728u">Looker Studio</a> – <a href="/facts/Business_intelligence/ftThn7Wf">Business intelligence</a> tool to visualize data through dashboards and reports.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Looker_(company)/hXY3r0GI">Looker</a> – Business intelligence platform.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Cloud AI</h3> <ul><li>Cloud AutoML – Service to train and deploy custom machine learning models. As of September 2018, the service is in Beta.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li>Cloud <a href="/facts/Tensor_processing_unit/aVlg0LFF">TPU</a> – Accelerators used by Google to train machine learning models.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li> <li>Cloud Machine Learning Engine – Managed service for training and building machine learning models based on mainstream frameworks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li>Cloud Talent Solution (formerly Cloud Job Discovery) – Service based on Google's search and machine learning capabilities for the recruiting ecosystem.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li>Dialogflow Enterprise – Development environment based on Google's machine learning for building <a href="/facts/Natural-language_user_interface/TSsXHy2V">conversational interfaces</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li>Cloud Natural Language – Text analysis service based on Google <a href="/facts/Deep_learning/JLuwD3ea">Deep Learning</a> models.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li>Cloud Speech-to-Text – <a href="/facts/Speech_recognition/z7S7Pgk6">Speech to text</a> conversion service based on machine learning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li> <li>Cloud Text-to-Speech – <a href="/facts/Speech_synthesis/ceTczTv9">Text to speech</a> conversion service based on machine learning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li> <li>Cloud Translation API – Service to dynamically translate between thousands of available language pairs.</li> <li>Cloud Vision API – <a href="/facts/Image_analysis/woLB8cX7">Image analysis</a> service based on machine learning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></li> <li>Cloud Video Intelligence – <a href="/facts/Video_content_analysis/Me8oN2h6">Video analysis</a> service based on machine learning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Management tools</h3> <ul><li>Operations suite (formerly <a href="/facts/Stackdriver/8jLTvXhF">Stackdriver</a> ) – Monitoring, logging, tracing, and diagnostics for applications on Google Cloud Platform.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li> <li>Cloud Deployment Manager - Tool to deploy Google Cloud Platform resources defined in templates created in <a href="/facts/YAML/mAY10H2Y">YAML</a>, <a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a> or <a href="/facts/Jinja_(template_engine)/npSms5UJ">Jinja2</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></li> <li>Cloud Console – Web interface to manage Google Cloud Platform resources.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Google_cloud_shell/5S1FF7Sl">Cloud Shell</a> – Browser-based shell command-line access to manage Google Cloud Platform resources.</li> <li>Cloud Console Mobile App – <a href="/facts/Android_(operating_system)/nNyHb0xz">Android</a> and <a href="/facts/IOS/mK5cggH5">iOS</a> application to manage Google Cloud Platform resources.</li> <li>Cloud APIs – <a href="/facts/API/GMlN4vUr">APIs</a> to programmatically access Google Cloud Platform resources</li></ul> <h3>Identity and security</h3> <ul><li>Cloud Identity – <a href="/facts/Single_sign-on/qqqLoB8h">Single sign-on</a> (SSO) service based on <a href="/facts/SAML_2.0/SqVb9HtH">SAML 2.0</a> and <a href="/facts/OpenID/Vpx5mbcV">OpenID</a>.</li> <li>Cloud IAM – <a href="/facts/Identity_management/D4Ukft0T">Identity & Access Management</a> (IAM) service for defining policies based on <a href="/facts/Role-based_access_control/dPN1ohBE">role-based access control</a>.</li> <li>Cloud Identity-Aware Proxy – Service to control access to cloud applications running on Google Cloud Platform without using a <a href="/facts/Virtual_private_network/HX1WUQ3E">VPN</a>.</li> <li>Cloud Data Loss Prevention API – Service to automatically discover, classify, and redact sensitive data.</li> <li>Security Key Enforcement – <a href="/facts/Multi-factor_authentication/186gpx8R">Two-step verification</a> service based on a security key.</li> <li>Cloud Key Management Service – Cloud-hosted key management service integrated with IAM and audit logging.</li> <li>Cloud Resource Manager – Service to manage resources by project, folder, and organization based on the hierarchy.</li> <li>Cloud Security Command Center – Security and data risk platform for data and services running in Google Cloud Platform.</li> <li>Cloud Security Scanner – Automated <a href="/facts/Vulnerability_(computing)/jg0Gr71M">vulnerability scanning</a> service for applications deployed in App Engine.</li> <li>Access Transparency – Near real-time audit logs providing visibility to Google Cloud Platform administrators.</li> <li>VPC Service Controls – Service to manage security perimeters for sensitive data in Google Cloud Platform services.</li></ul> <h3>Internet of things (IoT)</h3> <ul><li>Cloud IoT Core – Secure device connection and management service for <a href="/facts/Internet_of_things/rwwGAxn3">Internet of Things</a>.</li> <li>Edge TPU – Purpose-built ASIC designed to run inference at the edge. As of September 2018, this product is in private beta.</li> <li>Cloud IoT Edge – Brings AI to the <a href="/facts/Edge_computing/4lqr8N6V">edge computing</a> layer.</li></ul> <h3>API platform</h3> <ul><li>Maps Platform – APIs for maps, routes, and places based on Google Maps.</li> <li>Apigee API Platform – Lifecycle management platform to design, secure, deploy, monitor, and scale APIs.</li> <li>API Monetization – Tool for API providers to create revenue models, reports, <a href="/facts/Payment_gateway/ow7GyLTt">payment gateways</a>, and developer portal integrations.</li> <li>Developer Portal – Self-service platform for developers to publish and manage APIs.</li> <li>API Analytics – Service to analyze API-driven programs through monitoring, measuring, and managing APIs.</li> <li>Apigee Sense – Enables API security by identifying and alerting administrators to suspicious API behaviors.</li> <li>Cloud Endpoints – An <a href="/facts/Nginx/AlTYUuTp">NGINX</a>-based proxy to deploy and manage APIs.</li> <li>Service Infrastructure – A set of foundational services for building Google Cloud products.</li></ul> <h2 id="regions-and-zones">Regions and zones</h2> <p>A region is a specific geographical location where users can deploy cloud resources. Each region is an independent geographic area that consists of zones. </p><p>A zone is a deployment area for Google Cloud Platform resources within a region. Zones should be considered a single failure domain within a region. Most regions have three zones. </p><p>As of Q1 2024, Google Cloud Platform is available in 40 regions and 121 zones. This is a list of those regions and zones:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p> GCP Regions & Zones<table><tbody><tr><th>Region Name</th><th>Launch Date</th><th>Location</th><th>Zones</th></tr><tr><td>us-west1</td><td>2016-Q3</td><td>The Dalles, Oregon, United States</td><td><ul><li>us-west1-a</li><li>us-west1-b</li><li>us-west1-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>us-west2</td><td>2018-Q3</td><td>Los Angeles, California, United States</td><td><ul><li>us-west2-a</li><li>us-west2-b</li><li>us-west2-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>us-west3</td><td>2020-Q1</td><td>Salt Lake City, Utah, United States</td><td><ul><li>us-west3-a</li><li>us-west3-b</li><li>us-west3-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>us-west4</td><td>2020-Q2</td><td>Las Vegas, Nevada, United States</td><td><ul><li>us-west4-a</li><li>us-west4-b</li><li>us-west4-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>us-central1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td>2009</td><td>Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States</td><td><ul><li>us-central1-a</li><li>us-central1-b</li><li>us-central1-c</li><li>us-central1-f</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>us-east1</td><td>2015-Q4</td><td>Moncks Corner, South Carolina, United States</td><td><ul><li>us-east1-b</li><li>us-east1-c</li><li>us-east1-d</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>us-east4</td><td>2017-Q2</td><td>Ashburn, Virginia, United States</td><td><ul><li>us-east4-a</li><li>us-east4-b</li><li>us-east4-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>us-east5</td><td>2022-Q2</td><td>Columbus, Ohio, United States</td><td><ul><li>us-east5-a</li><li>us-east5-b</li><li>us-east5-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>us-south1</td><td>2022-Q2</td><td>Dallas, Texas, United States</td><td><ul><li>us-south1-a</li><li>us-south1-b</li><li>us-south1-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>northamerica-northeast1</td><td>2018-Q1</td><td>Montréal, Canada</td><td><ul><li>northamerica-northeast1-a</li><li>northamerica-northeast1-b</li><li>northamerica-northeast1-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>northamerica-northeast2</td><td>2021-Q3</td><td>Toronto, Canada</td><td><ul><li>northamerica-northeast2-a</li><li>northamerica-northeast2-b</li><li>northamerica-northeast2-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>southamerica-east1</td><td>2017-Q3</td><td>São Paulo, Brazil</td><td><ul><li>southamerica-east1-a</li><li>southamerica-east1-b</li><li>southamerica-east1-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>southamerica-west1</td><td>2021-Q3</td><td>Santiago, Chile</td><td><ul><li>southamerica-west1-a</li><li>southamerica-west1-b</li><li>southamerica-west1-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>europe-west1</td><td></td><td>St. Ghislain, Belgium</td><td><ul><li>europe-west1-b</li><li>europe-west1-c</li><li>europe-west1-d</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>europe-west2</td><td>2017-Q2</td><td>London, UK</td><td><ul><li>europe-west2-a</li><li>europe-west2-b</li><li>europe-west2-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>europe-west3</td><td>2017-Q3</td><td>Frankfurt, Germany</td><td><ul><li>europe-west3-a</li><li>europe-west3-b</li><li>europe-west3-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>europe-west4</td><td>2018-Q1</td><td>Eemshaven, Netherlands</td><td><ul><li>europe-west4-a</li><li>europe-west4-b</li><li>europe-west4-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>europe-west6</td><td>2019-Q1</td><td>Zurich, Switzerland</td><td><ul><li>europe-west6-a</li><li>europe-west6-b</li><li>europe-west6-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>europe-west8</td><td>2022-Q2</td><td>Milan, Italy</td><td><ul><li>europe-west8-a</li><li>europe-west8-b</li><li>europe-west8-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>europe-west9</td><td>2022-Q2</td><td>Paris, France</td><td><ul><li>europe-west9-a</li><li>europe-west9-b</li><li>europe-west9-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>europe-west10</td><td>2023-Q3</td><td>Berlin, Germany</td><td><ul><li>europe-west10-a</li><li>europe-west10-b</li><li>europe-west10-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>europe-west12</td><td>2023-Q1</td><td>Turin, Italy</td><td><ul><li>europe-west12-a</li><li>europe-west12-b</li><li>europe-west12-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>europe-central2</td><td>2021-Q2</td><td>Warsaw, Poland</td><td><ul><li>europe-central2-a</li><li>europe-central2-b</li><li>europe-central2-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>europe-north1</td><td>2018-Q2</td><td>Hamina, Finland</td><td><ul><li>europe-north1-a</li><li>europe-north1-b</li><li>europe-north1-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>europe-southwest1</td><td>2022-Q2</td><td>Madrid, Spain</td><td><ul><li>europe-southwest1-a</li><li>europe-southwest1-b</li><li>europe-southwest1-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>me-west1</td><td>2022-Q4</td><td>Tel Aviv, Israel</td><td><ul><li>me-west1-a</li><li>me-west1-b</li><li>me-west1-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>me-central1</td><td>2023-Q2</td><td>Doha, Qatar</td><td><ul><li>me-central1-a</li><li>me-central1-b</li><li>me-central1-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>me-central2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td>2023-Q4</td><td>Dammam, Saudi Arabia</td><td><ul><li>me-central2-a</li><li>me-central2-b</li><li>me-central2-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>asia-south1</td><td>2017-Q4</td><td>Mumbai, India</td><td><ul><li>asia-south1-a</li><li>asia-south1-b</li><li>asia-south1-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>asia-south2</td><td>2021-Q2</td><td>Delhi, India</td><td><ul><li>asia-south2-a</li><li>asia-south2-b</li><li>asia-south2-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>asia-southeast1</td><td>2017-Q2</td><td>Jurong West, Singapore</td><td><ul><li>asia-southeast1-a</li><li>asia-southeast1-b</li><li>asia-southeast1-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>asia-southeast2</td><td>2020-Q2</td><td>Jakarta, Indonesia</td><td><ul><li>asia-southeast2-a</li><li>asia-southeast2-b</li><li>asia-southeast2-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>asia-east1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td>2013-Q4</td><td>Changhua County, Taiwan</td><td><ul><li>asia-east1-a</li><li>asia-east1-b</li><li>asia-east1-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>asia-east2</td><td>2018-Q3</td><td>Hong Kong</td><td><ul><li>asia-east2-a</li><li>asia-east2-b</li><li>asia-east2-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>asia-northeast1</td><td>2016-Q4</td><td>Tokyo, Japan</td><td><ul><li>asia-northeast1-a</li><li>asia-northeast1-b</li><li>asia-northeast1-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>asia-northeast2</td><td>2019-Q2</td><td>Osaka, Japan</td><td><ul><li>asia-northeast2-a</li><li>asia-northeast2-b</li><li>asia-northeast2-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>asia-northeast3</td><td>2020-Q1</td><td>Seoul, Korea</td><td><ul><li>asia-northeast3-a</li><li>asia-northeast3-b</li><li>asia-northeast3-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>australia-southeast1</td><td>2017-Q3</td><td>Sydney, Australia</td><td><ul><li>australia-southeast1-a</li><li>australia-southeast1-b</li><li>australia-southeast1-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>australia-southeast2</td><td>2021-Q2</td><td>Melbourne, Australia</td><td><ul><li>australia-southeast2-a</li><li>australia-southeast2-b</li><li>australia-southeast2-c</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>africa-south1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td>2024-Q1</td><td>Johannesburg, South Africa</td><td><ul><li>africa-south1-a</li><li>africa-south1-b</li><li>africa-south1-c</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="similarity-to-services-by-other-cloud-service-providers">Similarity to services by other cloud service providers</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Cloud-computing_comparison/fBvbzxwz">Cloud-computing comparison</a></p> <p>For those familiar with other notable cloud service providers, a comparison of similar services may be helpful in understanding Google Cloud Platform's offerings. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Google Cloud Platform</th><th><a href="/facts/Amazon_Web_Services/UFVN2796">Amazon Web Services</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></th><th><a href="/facts/Microsoft_Azure/CCnIHTHd">Microsoft Azure</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></th><th><a href="/facts/Oracle_Cloud/3VfYGGIB">Oracle Cloud</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></th></tr><tr><td>Google Compute Engine</td><td><a href="/facts/Amazon_EC2/2EMwnvlS">Amazon EC2</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Microsoft_Azure/CCnIHTHd">Azure Virtual Machines</a></td><td>Oracle Cloud Infra OCI</td></tr><tr><td>Google App Engine</td><td><a href="/facts/AWS_Elastic_Beanstalk/zLUShKy0">AWS Elastic Beanstalk</a></td><td>Azure App Services</td><td>Oracle Application Container</td></tr><tr><td>Google Kubernetes Engine</td><td>Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service</td><td>Azure Kubernetes Service</td><td>Oracle Kubernetes Service</td></tr><tr><td>Google Cloud Bigtable</td><td><a href="/facts/Amazon_DynamoDB/UPbk0ydN">Amazon DynamoDB</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Azure_Cosmos_DB/rCAusDul">Azure Cosmos DB</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Oracle_NoSQL_Database/p9gLC1V7">Oracle NoSQL Database</a></td></tr><tr><td>Google BigQuery</td><td><a href="/facts/Amazon_Redshift/uvPGNRfj">Amazon Redshift</a></td><td>Azure Synapse Analytics</td><td>Oracle Autonomous Data Warehouse</td></tr><tr><td>Google Cloud Functions</td><td><a href="/facts/AWS_Lambda/pj89DWk5">AWS Lambda</a></td><td>Azure Functions</td><td>Oracle Cloud Fn</td></tr><tr><td>Google Cloud Datastore</td><td><a href="/facts/Amazon_DynamoDB/UPbk0ydN">Amazon DynamoDB</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Azure_Cosmos_DB/rCAusDul">Azure Cosmos DB</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Oracle_NoSQL_Database/p9gLC1V7">Oracle NoSQL Database</a></td></tr><tr><td>Google Cloud Storage</td><td><a href="/facts/Amazon_S3/bqAXYCxq">Amazon S3</a></td><td>Azure Blob Storage</td><td>Oracle Cloud Storage OCI</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="timeline">Timeline</h2> <ul><li>April 2008 – Google App Engine announced in preview<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></li> <li>May 2010 – Google Cloud Storage launched<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></li> <li>May 2010 – Google BigQuery and Prediction API announced in preview<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></li> <li>October 2011 – Google Cloud SQL is announced in preview<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></li> <li>June 2012 – Google Compute Engine is launched in preview<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></li> <li>May 2013 – Google Compute Engine is released to GA<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></li> <li>August 2013 - Cloud Storage begins automatically encrypting each Storage object's data and <a href="/facts/Metadata/qt35z79C">metadata</a> under the 128-bit <a href="/facts/Advanced_Encryption_Standard/HdXGBY2Q">Advanced Encryption Standard</a> (AES-128), and each encryption key is itself encrypted with a regularly rotated set of master keys<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></li> <li>February 2014 – Google Cloud SQL becomes GA<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></li> <li>May 2014 – Stackdriver is acquired by Google<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></li> <li>June 2014 – Kubernetes is announced as an open source container manager<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></li> <li>June 2014 – Cloud Dataflow is announced in preview<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></li> <li>October 2014 – Google acquires Firebase<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></li> <li>November 2014 – Alpha release Google Kubernetes Engine (formerly Container Engine) is announced<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></li> <li>January 2015 – Google Cloud Monitoring based on Stackdriver goes into Beta<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></li> <li>March 2015 – Google Cloud Pub/Sub becomes available in Beta<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></li> <li>April 2015 – Google Cloud DNS becomes generally available<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></li> <li>April 2015 – Google Dataflow launched in beta<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></li> <li>July 2015 – Google releases v1 of Kubernetes; Hands it over to The Cloud Native Computing Foundation</li> <li>August 2015 – Google Cloud Dataflow, Google Cloud Pub/Sub, Google Kubernetes Engine, and Deployment Manager graduate to GA<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></li> <li>November 2015 – Bebop is acquired, and Diane Greene joins Google<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></li> <li>February 2016 – Google Cloud Functions becomes available in Alpha<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a></li> <li>September 2016 – Apigee, a provider of application programming interface (API) management company, is acquired by Google<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></li> <li>September 2016 – Stackdriver becomes generally available<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></li> <li>November 2016 – Qwiklabs, an EdTech company is acquired by Google<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></li> <li>February 2017 – Cloud Spanner, highly available, globally-distributed database is released into Beta<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></li> <li>March 2017 – Google acquires Kaggle, world's largest community of data scientists and machine learning enthusiasts<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a></li> <li>April 2017 – MIT professor <a href="/facts/Andrew_Sutherland_(mathematician)/Mz6VxQTR">Andrew Sutherland</a> breaks the record for the largest ever Compute Engine cluster with 220,000 cores on Preemptible VMs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></li> <li>May 2017 – Google Cloud IoT Core is launched in Beta<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></li> <li>November 2017 – Google Kubernetes Engine gets certified by the CNCF<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></li> <li>February 2018 – Google Cloud IoT Core becomes generally available<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></li> <li>February 2018 – Google announces its intent to acquire Xively<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></li> <li>February 2018 – Cloud TPUs, ML accelerators for Tensorflow, become available in Beta<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></li> <li>May 2018 – Google Cloud Memorystore becomes available in Beta<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></li> <li>April 2019 – Google Cloud Run (fully managed) Beta release<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></li> <li>April 2019 – Google Anthos announced<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></li> <li>November 2019 – Google Cloud Run (fully managed) General availability release<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a></li> <li>March 2020 – Due to the <a href="/facts/COVID-19_pandemic/0xTsh7Ut">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, Google Cloud postponed the online streaming version of its Google Cloud Next mega-conference, two weeks after it canceled the in-person version.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></li> <li>October 2020 – Google Cloud announced that it will become a block producer candidate for the EOS network and <a href="/facts/EOS.IO/jfmYaNbd">EOS.IO</a> protocol. Currently the top block producers are <a href="/facts/Cryptocurrency/Rg6JAS8y">cryptocurrency</a> exchanges like <a href="/facts/OKEx/Czu4qFPz">OKEx</a> and Binance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a></li> <li>February 2021 – Google Kubernetes Engine Autopilot introduced. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a></li> <li>May 2021 – Vertex AI announced at Google.io <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></li> <li>June 2021 – In 2021, Apple was Google Cloud's biggest customer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a></li> <li>April 2022 – MobiledgeX acquired and joins Google Cloud.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a></li> <li>March 2023 – Google brings <a href="/facts/Generative_AI/ykT3GGyT">generative AI</a> capabilities to Google Cloud.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a></li> <li>May 2024 Google Cloud partnered with <a href="/facts/Airtel/uw56Vd2L">Airtel</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="public-customers">Public Customers</h2> <p>Customers announced in 2023 include: <a href="/facts/Kingfisher_plc/q9QXyyQY">Kingfisher plc</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a> the <a href="/facts/Government_of_Kuwait/1IvJTNBs">Government of Kuwait</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Deutsche_B%25C3%25B6rse_Group/D2ThIXCv">Deutsche Börse Group</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Unity_Technologies/XYuT93af">Unity Technologies</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Uber/rHcJcp6S">Uber</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a> <a href="/facts/FanCode/WbEXvkuf">FanCode</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Mercedes-Benz/pGrJrQHC">Daimler</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Amazon_Web_Services/UFVN2796">Amazon Web Services</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Google_Workspace/emfwDelt">Google Workspace</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Heroku/yKTy97oV">Heroku</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/IBM_Cloud/1lxrwkMV">IBM Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Infrastructure_as_a_service/2d9IdAxE">Infrastructure as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jelastic/PInTrkaI">Jelastic</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Microsoft_Azure/CCnIHTHd">Microsoft Azure</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/OpenStack/bAfb8KVQ">OpenStack</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Oracle_Cloud/3VfYGGIB">Oracle Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Platform_as_a_service/EDX8mcw4">Platform as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cloud_database/mp7QWz5y">Cloud database</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Google_Fiber/zc5zQRnr">Google Fiber</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Google Cloud Platform. <ul><li><a href="https://cloud.google.com">Official website</a> </li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Google Cloud Products". Retrieved June 2, 2017. <a href="https://cloud.google.com/products/" target="_blank">https://cloud.google.com/products/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Verma, Abhishek; Pedrosa, Luis; Korupolu, Madhukar; Oppenheimer, David; Tune, Eric; Wilkes, John (April 17, 2015). "Large-scale cluster management at Google with Borg". Proceedings of the Tenth European Conference on Computer Systems. Article 18, sec. 2.1 (p. 1), sec. 6.1 (p. 11). doi:10.1145/2741948.2741964. ISBN 9781450332385. <a href="9781450332385" target="_blank">9781450332385</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Google Cloud Free Tier – Google Cloud Platform Free Tier". Google Cloud. <a href="https://cloud.google.com/free/docs/gcp-free-tier" target="_blank">https://cloud.google.com/free/docs/gcp-free-tier</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Google Doubles Down on Enterprise by Re-Branding Its Cloud". Fortune. Retrieved September 8, 2018. <a href="http://fortune.com/2016/09/29/ggoogle-cloud-branding-g-suite/" target="_blank">http://fortune.com/2016/09/29/ggoogle-cloud-branding-g-suite/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Introducing new commitments on the processing of service data for our cloud customers". <a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/identity-security/introducing-new-commitments-on-the-processing-of-service-data-for-our-cloud-customers" target="_blank">https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/identity-security/introducing-new-commitments-on-the-processing-of-service-data-for-our-cloud-customers</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Fundamentals of Software Architecture: An Engineering Approach. O'Reilly Media. 2020. ISBN 978-1492043454. <a href="978-1492043454" target="_blank">978-1492043454</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Making hybrid- and multi-cloud computing a reality". Google Cloud Blog. <a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/hybrid-cloud/new-platform-for-managing-applications-in-todays-multi-cloud-world/" target="_blank">https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/hybrid-cloud/new-platform-for-managing-applications-in-todays-multi-cloud-world/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Running Anthos on-premises". Google Cloud. <a href="https://cloud.google.com/gke-on-prem/" target="_blank">https://cloud.google.com/gke-on-prem/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Knative". Knative. <a href="https://knative.dev/" target="_blank">https://knative.dev/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Cloud Run". Google Cloud. <a href="https://cloud.google.com/run/" target="_blank">https://cloud.google.com/run/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Cloud Run". Google Cloud. <a href="https://cloud.google.com/run/" target="_blank">https://cloud.google.com/run/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Anthos technical overview". Google Cloud. December 16, 2020. Retrieved January 5, 2021. <a href="https://cloud.google.com/anthos/docs/concepts/overview" target="_blank">https://cloud.google.com/anthos/docs/concepts/overview</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"As the data rush continues Google opens up massive Bigtable database to all". Fortune. Retrieved April 28, 2022. <a href="https://fortune.com/2015/05/06/google-launches-bigtable-database/" target="_blank">https://fortune.com/2015/05/06/google-launches-bigtable-database/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Weinberger, Matt. "Google is turning a key technology into a weapon in its cloud war with Amazon and Microsoft". Business Insider. Retrieved April 28, 2022. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/google-launches-cloud-spanner-2017-2" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/google-launches-cloud-spanner-2017-2</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Gallagher, Sean (May 16, 2013). "Google wants your WordPress blog—and everything else—in its cloud". Ars Technica. Retrieved April 28, 2022. <a href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/05/google-wants-your-wordpress-blog-and-everything-else-in-its-cloud/" target="_blank">https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/05/google-wants-your-wordpress-blog-and-everything-else-in-its-cloud/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Google Cloud Platform Gets SSD Persistent Disks And HTTP Load Balancing". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 28, 2022. <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2014/06/16/google-cloud-platform-gets-ssd-persistent-disks-and-http-load-balancing/" target="_blank">https://techcrunch.com/2014/06/16/google-cloud-platform-gets-ssd-persistent-disks-and-http-load-balancing/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Condon, Stephanie. "Google rolls out Memorystore for Memcached in beta". ZDNet. Retrieved April 28, 2022. <a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-rolls-out-memorystore-for-memcached-in-beta/" target="_blank">https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-rolls-out-memorystore-for-memcached-in-beta/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Bednarz, Ann (June 29, 2018). "Google cloud storage gets a boost with managed NAS service". Network World. Retrieved April 28, 2022. <a href="https://www.networkworld.com/article/3284930/google-cloud-storage-gets-a-boost-with-managed-nas-service.html" target="_blank">https://www.networkworld.com/article/3284930/google-cloud-storage-gets-a-boost-with-managed-nas-service.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Lardinois, Frederic. "Google Cloud launches AlloyDB, a new fully managed PostgreSQL database service". TechCrunch. 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