Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
List of Russian inventors
open-in-new
<h2 id="alphabetical-list">Alphabetical list</h2> <h3>A</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Bruno_Abakanowicz/C0AIH3M1">Bruno Abakanowicz</a> (1852–1900) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>(<a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a>/<a href="/facts/Lithuania/dApVjLWW">Lithuania</a> origin)</td><td><a href="/facts/Integraph/8jFP9tCX">Integraph</a>, <a href="/facts/Spirograph/c6p3lTSo">spirograph</a>, parabolagraph<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Valerian_Abakovsky/SJ2T6uom">Valerian Abakovsky</a> (1895–1921) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Latvia/y2PSa8lx">Latvia</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Aerowagon/qvtdBSMA">aerowagon</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vitaly_Abalakov/41cgTqme">Vitaly Abalakov</a> (1906–1986) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Spring-loaded_camming_device/XLEL76Hl">camming devices</a>, <a href="/facts/Abalakov_thread/DvtqTV6B">Abalakov thread</a> (V-thread) gearless ice climbing anchor<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Evgeny_Abramyan/C8lhQr7h">Evgeny Abramyan</a> (1930–2014) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a> <a href="/facts/Georgia_(country)/ccBF8bBE">Georgia</a></td><td>halyard for the first <a href="/facts/Extra-vehicular_activity/udj91j1E">extra-vehicular activity</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vsevolod_Abramovich/Wwh1dFzb">Vsevolod Abramovich</a> (1890–1913) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Abramovich_Flyer/Qv6ahScJ">Abramovich Flyer</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Hovannes_Adamian/1WrCuRcI">Hovannes Adamian</a> (1879–1932) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> (<a href="/facts/Armenia/t3GQx9sU">Armenia</a>/<a href="/facts/Azerbaijan/Ho5joRTJ">Azerbaijan</a>/<a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a>)</td><td>tricolor principle of the <a href="/facts/Color_television/Un5dDuF7">color television</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Franz_Aepinus/krYHps7I">Franz Aepinus</a> (1724–1802) <a href="/facts/Holy_Roman_Empire/6mdobnXN">Holy Roman Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Achromatic_lens/6R4A63JY">achromatic</a> <a href="/facts/Microscope/ldJp0CI3">microscope</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Georgy_Adelson-Velsky/1CpLURAR">Georgy Adelson-Velsky</a> (1922–2014) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a> <a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israel</a></td><td>AVL tree datastructure, <a href="/facts/Kaissa/9N0fYVkM">Kaissa</a> (the first <a href="/facts/World_Computer_Chess_Champion/zTIr2lGu">World Computer Chess Champion</a>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Anatoly_Petrovich_Alexandrov/GCt3Tuyk">Anatoly Alexandrov</a> (1903–1994) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td>anti-<a href="/facts/Naval_mine/jo9uVY9U">mine</a> demagnetising of ships, <a href="/facts/Nuclear_marine_propulsion/gVcaF3kF">naval nuclear reactors</a> (including one for the first <a href="/facts/Nuclear_icebreaker/WGqKE0Fk">nuclear icebreaker</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Alexandre_Alexeieff/LkCyFeva">Alexandre Alexeieff</a> (1901–1982) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Pinscreen/QSWQyJ74">pinscreen</a> animation (with his wife <a href="/facts/Claire_Parker/WITFqBLs">Claire Parker</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Rostislav_Alexeyev/gwjktztw">Rostislav Alexeyev</a> (1916–1980) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ekranoplan/NoE8NteE">ekranoplan</a>, Soviet high-speed <a href="/facts/Hydrofoil/snHVfw8F">hydrofoils</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Zhores_Alferov/yFa87kgp">Zhores Alferov</a> (1930–2019) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td>heterotransistor (with <a href="/facts/Herbert_Kroemer/YysaWXUy">Herbert Kroemer</a>), continuous-wave-operating <a href="/facts/Diode_laser/TjHzJteV">diode laser</a> (with <a href="/facts/Dmitri_Z._Garbuzov/VxAwFP1b">Dmitri Garbuzov</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Genrich_Altshuller/FRbehS7B">Genrich Altshuller</a> (1926–1998) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td><a href="/facts/TRIZ/6Lw9YjMK">TRIZ</a> ("The Theory of Solving Inventor's Problems")<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vasily_Vasilievich_Andreyev/umQNjT1G">Vasily Andreyev</a>(1861–1918) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td>standard <a href="/facts/Balalaika/fs4r4VEo">balalaika</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Oleg_Antonov_(aircraft_designer)/6BxRksq4">Oleg Antonov</a>(1906–1984) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Antonov/AAC4wqrH">An</a>-series aircraft, including <a href="/facts/Antonov_A-40/TJ0t9Xwg">Antonov A-40</a> <a href="/facts/Winged_tank/yaLxvtqo">winged tank</a> and <a href="/facts/Antonov_An-124/TcEvHRQP">Antonov An-124</a> (the largest serial <a href="/facts/Cargo_aircraft/5UTxmPsn">cargo aircraft</a>, later modified to world's largest <a href="/facts/Fixed-wing_aircraft/0DQQP2rB">fixed-wing aircraft</a> <a href="/facts/Antonov_An-225/J3znmW7G">Antonov An-225</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Lev_Artsimovich/cNXcKJ8S">Lev Artsimovich</a> (1909–1973) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td>first <a href="/facts/Tokamak/kDtb8Bsw">tokamak</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>B</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Georgy_Babakin/yfYKA1ru">Georgy Babakin</a> (1914–1971) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td>first <a href="/facts/Soft_landing_(rocketry)/bGzfxvSJ">soft landing</a> <a href="/facts/Space_vehicle/aVPHlm59">space vehicle</a> (<a href="/facts/Luna_9/ENLwgErJ">Luna 9</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Boris_Babayan/c24Y3oxX">Boris Babayan</a> (born 1933) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Elbrus_(computer)/cFAIaDlB">Elbrus computer</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vladimir_Baranov-Rossine/dqWyFyXq">Vladimir Baranov-Rossine</a> (1888–1944) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>(<a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a>)(self-portrait)</td><td><a href="/facts/Optophonic_Piano/WQJtRAn1">Optophonic Piano</a>, <a href="/facts/Pointillist/xJpIABkD">pointillist</a> or <a href="/facts/Motion_camouflage/LGqff5yY">dynamic military camouflage</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vladimir_Barmin/V8mY1ckE">Vladimir Barmin</a> (1909–1993) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td>first rocket <a href="/facts/Launch_complex/6ePPb2ac">launch complex</a> (<a href="/facts/Baikonur_Cosmodrome/sk16LwcH">Baikonur</a> spaceport)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Nikolay_Basov/oGkeuIvx">Nikolay Basov</a> (1922–2001) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td>co-inventor of <a href="/facts/Laser/jk6PTvvT">laser</a> and <a href="/facts/Maser/yqdMpoDv">maser</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ernest_Beaux/onqRrewk">Ernest Beaux</a> (1881–1961) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Chanel_No._5/bQtzLxV2">Chanel No. 5</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vladimir_Bekhterev/5IN21yKh">Vladimir Bekhterev</a>(1857–1927) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Bekhterev%25E2%2580%2599s_Mixture/Sj2XMQ8L">Bekhterev’s Mixture</a> (a medicine with a sedative effect)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Nikolay_Benardos/cHDGTALr">Nikolay Benardos</a>(1842–1905) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Arc_welding/SFDgoY2g">arc welding</a> (specifically <a href="/facts/Carbon_arc_welding/e4gaRaMy">carbon arc welding</a>, the first arc welding method)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Aleksandr_Bereznyak/ShDcu3x7">Aleksandr Bereznyak</a> (1912–1974) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a>(left on photo)</td><td>first <a href="/facts/Rocket-powered_aircraft/9TWhnCTq">rocket-powered</a> fighter aircraft, <a href="/facts/Bereznyak-Isayev_BI-1/83hgwEVg">BI-1</a> (together with <a href="/facts/Aleksei_Mihailovich_Isaev/pueb3vzM">Isaev</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Georgy_Beriev/BhQpSbIy">Georgy Beriev</a> (1903–1979) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a>(<a href="/facts/Georgian_people/dq2Sd3Cw">Georgian</a> origin)</td><td><a href="/facts/Beriev/ejw5Cm4M">Be</a>-series <a href="/facts/Amphibious_aircraft/W8vkvF5g">amphibious aircraft</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Fyodor_Blinov/aI2JYsya">Fyodor Blinov</a>(1827–1902) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td>first <a href="/facts/Tracked_vehicle/Kdn9EBLN">tracked vehicle</a> (a <a href="/facts/Wagon/RUVs11Yb">wagon</a> on <a href="/facts/Continuous_track/Kdn9EBLN">continuous tracks</a>), steam-powered <a href="/facts/Continuous_track/Kdn9EBLN">caterpillar</a> <a href="/facts/Tractor/gNc7kb4a">tractor</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Sam_Born/sKqCdI65">Sam Born</a> (1891–1959) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Lollipop/FuINq0rc">lollipop</a>-making machine<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/George_de_Bothezat/MeqftpFD">Georgy Bothezat</a>(1882–1940) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Quadcopter/H7LfJwxD">quadrotor helicopter</a> (<a href="/facts/De_Bothezat_helicopter/6uW5DAPF">The <i>Flying Octopus</i></a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Sergey_Brin/EjAXlo26">Sergey Brin</a> (born 1973) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td><td>with <a href="/facts/Larry_Page/EwJeHSJ5">Larry Page</a>, invented <a href="/facts/Google_Search/LFnCogKt">Google web search engine</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Mikhail_Britnev/8bLQG4kv">Mikhail Britnev</a> (1822–1889) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td>first <a href="/facts/Metal/PT8hNX6R">metal</a>-<a href="/facts/Ship_hull/hY6LxATt">hull</a> <a href="/facts/Icebreaker/jMGLK96X">icebreaker</a> (<i><a href="/facts/Pilot_(icebreaker)/XhzJdHI4">Pilot</a></i>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Nikolay_Brusentsov/IokdT6P6">Nikolay Brusentsov</a> (1925–2014) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ternary_computer/tU1DI6wo">ternary computer</a> (<i><a href="/facts/Setun/rjVWw7bY">Setun</a></i>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Gersh_Budker/a2mpWsrb">Gersh Budker</a> (1918–1977) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Electron_cooling/J06xtdfF">electron cooling</a>, co-inventor of <a href="/facts/Collider/j6wTDohV">collider</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Aleksandr_Butlerov/9UJap9H0">Aleksandr Butlerov</a> (1828–1886) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hexamine/jnFrmG81">hexamine</a>, <a href="/facts/Formaldehyde/Ck8RLfqk">formaldehyde</a>, <a href="/facts/Formose_reaction/gy05d3a7">formose reaction</a> (the synthesis of <a href="/facts/Sugar/jb5KXRHT">sugar</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>C</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vladimir_Chelomey/WlzNEcl2">Vladimir Chelomey</a> (1914–1984) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td>first <a href="/facts/Space_station/2HtaLbDH">space station</a> (<a href="/facts/Salyut_program/2hcw9vX2">Salyut 1</a>), further space stations of <a href="/facts/Salyut/2hcw9vX2">Salyut</a> series, <a href="/facts/Proton_(rocket)/susmVN0U">Proton</a> rocket (<a href="/facts/Comparison_of_heavy_lift_launch_systems/lSEHGfUx">the most used</a> <a href="/facts/Heavy_Lift_Launch_Vehicle/IUfQAwcI">heavy lift</a> <a href="/facts/Launch_system/g1GCGFJB">launch system</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Pavel_Cherenkov/q7bCFUTU">Pavel Cherenkov</a> (1904–1990) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cherenkov_detector/ef5z6j24">Cherenkov detector</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Evgeniy_Chertovsky/7TwT70rU">Evgeniy Chertovsky</a> (1902–?) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Pressure_suit/a6mcTfNE">pressure suit</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Alexander_Chizhevsky/pXlwsDJm">Alexander Chizhevsky</a> (1897–1964) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Air_ionizer/VKp8pkzb">air ionizer</a> (<i>Chizhevsky's chandelier</i>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Andrey_Chokhov/NRTC5nE8">Andrey Chokhov</a> (c. 1545–1629) <a href="/facts/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow/fruKhcvB">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a> <a href="/facts/Tsardom_of_Russia/m0scLsSq">Tsardom of Russia</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tsar_Cannon/lW5g7n10">Tsar Cannon</a>, the <a href="/facts/List_of_the_largest_cannon_by_caliber/a5g0CnWq">largest bombard by caliber</a> but inoperative<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>D</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vasily_Degtyaryov/6mmh8Q6Y">Vasily Degtyaryov</a>(1880–1949) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td>first self-loading <a href="/facts/Carbine/CVNgf8j2">carbine</a>, <a href="/facts/Degtyarev_plant/cbthlRQ9">Degtyaryov</a>-series firearms, co-developer of <a href="/facts/Fedorov_Avtomat/cmM9Px5L">Fedorov Avtomat</a> (the first self-loading rifle)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Akinfiy_Demidov/MFBrsGFD">Akinfiy Demidov</a> (1678–1745) <a href="/facts/Tsardom_of_Russia/m0scLsSq">Tsardom of Russia</a> <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td>co-developer of <a href="/facts/Rebar/qm27fUbk">rebar</a>, <a href="/facts/Cast_iron/lASt55k2">cast iron</a> <a href="/facts/Cupola/qJUe2ckH">cupola</a>, <a href="/facts/Lightning_rod/pvq7TFQU">lightning rod</a> (all found in the <a href="/facts/Leaning_Tower_of_Nevyansk/gAXjQ0F7">Leaning Tower of Nevyansk</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Yuri_Nikolaevich_Denisyuk/j16nwfjw">Yuri Denisyuk</a> (1927–2006) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td>3D <a href="/facts/Holography/4J1gW0M6">holography</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Aleksandr_Dianin/yQDdAXUX">Aleksandr Dianin</a> (1851–1918) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Bisphenol_A/8AAPhAh0">Bisphenol A</a>, <a href="/facts/Dianin%2527s_compound/1FlfyjnI">Dianin's compound</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Mikhail_Dolivo-Dobrovolsky/18l78crm">Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky</a> (1862–1919) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> (<a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a>, <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Three-phase_electric_power/YXY3bQCx">three-phase electric power</a> (first <a href="/facts/Three-phase/YXY3bQCx">3-phase</a> <a href="/facts/Hydroelectric_power_plant/zEeJIK2B">hydroelectric power plant</a>, 3-phase <a href="/facts/Electrical_generator/5sATsUGX">electrical generator</a>, 3-phase <a href="/facts/Electrical_motor/ArD7BGDa">motor</a> and 3-phase <a href="/facts/Transformer/EYYfXWrF">transformer</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Nikolay_Dollezhal/bVwYVWIB">Nikolay Dollezhal</a> (1899–2000) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td><i>AM-1</i> reactor for the <a href="/facts/Obninsk_Nuclear_Power_Plant/ocl5EDod">first nuclear power plant</a> and other <a href="/facts/RBMK/nFbFDLCf">RBMK</a>-type reactors, <a href="/facts/Pressurized_water_reactor/2hSL4Hv0">pressurized water reactor</a> (<a href="/facts/VVER/M6CLenLq">VVER</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Alexey_Dushkin/bWotpeYu">Alexey Dushkin</a> (1904–1977) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Deep_column_station/zWoLLFln">deep column station</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>E</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ivan_Elmanov/gmJIIXtb">Ivan Elmanov</a> <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td>first <a href="/facts/Monorail/Mf8po5Vh">monorail</a> (the so-called "Road on Pillars" near <a href="/facts/Moscow/XUU6VkdY">Moscow</a>, with horse-drawn carriages)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>F</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Peter_Carl_Faberg%25C3%25A9/X4Vqe3zx">Peter Carl Fabergé</a> (1846–1920) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Faberg%25C3%25A9_Egg/BShyRP8a">Fabergé Eggs</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Nicolas_Florine/Y9AnCW3G">Nicolas Florine</a> (1891–1972) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a>(born in <a href="/facts/Georgia_(country)/ccBF8bBE">Georgia</a>)</td><td>first <a href="/facts/Tandem_rotor/GNICLRzJ">tandem rotor</a> <a href="/facts/Helicopter/chQF7H55">helicopter</a> to fly freely<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ivan_Fyodorov_(printer)/vSeEJYgC">Ivan Fyodorov</a> (c. 1510–1583) <a href="/facts/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow/fruKhcvB">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a> <a href="/facts/Tsardom_of_Russia/m0scLsSq">Tsardom of Russia</a> <a href="/facts/Polish%25E2%2580%2593Lithuanian_Commonwealth/Tt0zAlQD">Poland-Lithuania</a></td><td>invented <a href="/facts/Barrel_(firearms)/bPyBmQek">multibarreled</a> <a href="/facts/Mortar_(weapon)/2vs8xEBx">mortar</a>, introduced <a href="/facts/Printing/ta4QpeDE">printing</a> in <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Svyatoslav_Fyodorov/NNwj2p9h">Svyatoslav Fyodorov</a> (1927–2000) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Radial_keratotomy/gs5dACJT">radial keratotomy</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vladimir_Grigoryevich_Fyodorov/RK03oodD">Vladimir Fyodorov</a> (1874–1966) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Fedorov_Avtomat/cmM9Px5L">Fedorov Avtomat</a> (first self-loading <a href="/facts/Battle_rifle/E9EEJGBM">battle rifle</a>, arguably the first <a href="/facts/Assault_rifle/H2DXHauQ">assault rifle</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>G</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Yakov_Modestovich_Gakkel/HNAkcbHc">Yakov Modestovich Gakkel</a>(1874–1945) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td>first Russian-made aircraft and <a href="/facts/Diesel_locomotive/RvJF30q2">diesel locomotives</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Boris_Borisovich_Galitzine/KFhbGtHA">Boris Borisovich Galitzine</a>(1862–1916) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Electromagnetism/oAkmALHT">electromagnetic</a> <a href="/facts/Seismograph/CCc9vwqf">seismograph</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Dmitri_Z._Garbuzov/VxAwFP1b">Dmitri Garbuzov</a> (1940–2006) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td><td>continuous-wave-operating <a href="/facts/Laser_diode/TjHzJteV">diode lasers</a> (together with <a href="/facts/Zhores_Alferov/yFa87kgp">Zhores Alferov</a>), high-power diode lasers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Georgy_Gause/dMHzw4kF">Georgy Gause</a>(1910–1986) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Gramicidin_S/WTPUgl3s">gramicidin S</a>, <a href="/facts/Neomycin/rcK7U59h">neomycin</a>, <a href="/facts/Lincomycin/e2B9jmUu">lincomycin</a> and other <a href="/facts/Antibiotics/sF1kIfxg">antibiotics</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/E._K._Gauzen/xg8Ldf54">E. K. Gauzen</a> <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Three_bolt_equipment/2VNnI7bp">three bolt equipment</a> (early <a href="/facts/Standard_diving_dress/2VNnI7bp">diving costume</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Andre_Geim/qWjCXzWT">Andrey Geim</a> (born 1958) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Graphene/QDGUBaPt">graphene</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Nestor_Genko/ITdkNBRD">Nestor Genko</a> (1839–1904) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Genko%2527s_Forest_Belt/SrVS3BFE">Genko's Forest Belt</a> (the first large-scale <a href="/facts/Windbreak/Qyynpea8">windbreak</a> system)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Valentyn_Glushko/Y5tpRcXj">Valentyn Glushko</a> (1908–1989) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hypergolic_propellant/p0Goa3rn">hypergolic propellant</a>, <a href="/facts/Electrically_powered_spacecraft_propulsion/8Qja4u8h">electric propulsion</a>, Soviet <a href="/facts/Rocket_engine/XT5gaFAb">rocket engines</a> (including world's most powerful <a href="/facts/Liquid-fuel_rocket/TAonrVDn">liquid-fuel</a> <a href="/facts/Rocket_engine/XT5gaFAb">rocket engine</a> <a href="/facts/RD-170_(rocket_engine)/DVefcXeK">RD-170</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Leonid_Gobyato/axNr1kbR">Leonid Gobyato</a> (1875–1915) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td>first modern man-portable <a href="/facts/Mortar_(weapon)/2vs8xEBx">mortar</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Igor_Gorynin/VpChSgzo">Igor Gorynin</a> (1926–2015) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Weldable/XUXsot6m">weldable</a> <a href="/facts/Titanium/53ArnDoy">titanium</a> alloys, high strength <a href="/facts/Aluminium/7wmR8jYE">aluminium</a> alloys, <a href="/facts/Radiation_hardening/nB4Wbctl">radiation-hardened</a> steels<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Boris_Grabovsky/eRzX1t3e">Boris Grabovsky</a> (1901–1966) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cathode/tqdlGayU">cathode</a> commutator, an early electronic TV pickup tube<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Mikhail_Gurevich_(aircraft_designer)/0DQCotDg">Mikhail Gurevich</a> (1893–1976) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a>(left on photo)</td><td><a href="/facts/MiG/KTGxSXL1">MiG</a>-series fighter aircraft, including world's <a href="/facts/List_of_most_produced_aircraft/6t42zpre">most produced</a> <a href="/facts/Jet_aircraft/esXNnbbg">jet aircraft</a> <a href="/facts/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-15/UmfVFcSQ">MiG-15</a> and most produced <a href="/facts/Supersonic_aircraft/Spue1MRH">supersonic aircraft</a> <a href="/facts/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21/AJT2EjY5">MiG-21</a> (together with <a href="/facts/Artem_Mikoyan/v8fUDv4t">Artem Mikoyan</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>H</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Waldemar_Haffkine/oSCWPnrr">Waldemar Haffkine</a> (1860–1930) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Switzerland/LcGuxeTe">Switzerland</a></td><td>developed and used first vaccines against <a href="/facts/Cholera/rk8JfWEp">cholera</a> and <a href="/facts/Bubonic_plague/N9dCQ3EP">bubonic plague</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>I</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Gavriil_Abramovich_Ilizarov/gHrQX6w5">Gavriil Ilizarov</a> (1921–1992) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ilizarov_apparatus/22cETQqJ">Ilizarov apparatus</a>, <a href="/facts/External_fixation/HxvcEujn">external fixation</a>, <a href="/facts/Distraction_osteogenesis/8UfzVRPz">distraction osteogenesis</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Sergey_Ilyushin/pY35BJjC">Sergey Ilyushin</a> (1894–1977) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ilyushin/h3uf17kd">Il</a>-series fighter aircraft, including <a href="/facts/Ilyushin_Il-2/tlXmUzJf">Ilyushin Il-2</a> bomber (the <a href="/facts/List_of_most_produced_aircraft/6t42zpre">most produced military aircraft in history</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Aleksei_Mihailovich_Isaev/pueb3vzM">Aleksei Isaev</a> (1908–1971) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a>(second left on photo)</td><td>first <a href="/facts/Rocket-powered_aircraft/9TWhnCTq">rocket-powered</a> fighter aircraft, <a href="/facts/Bereznyak-Isayev_BI-1/83hgwEVg">BI-1</a> (together with <a href="/facts/Alexander_Bereznyak/ShDcu3x7">Bereznyak</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Isidore_(inventor)/v9lhyutq">Isidore</a> <a href="/facts/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow/fruKhcvB">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Vodka/49G9hEo8">Russian vodka</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vladislav_Ivanov_(physicist)/dllDhLIX">Vladislav Ivanov</a> (1936–2007) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td>Pioneer of <a href="/facts/Magnetic_resonance_imaging/Vh9yG9qq">Magnetic resonance imaging</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>J</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Moritz_von_Jacobi/eYTfnSQh">Boris Jacobi</a> (1801–1874) <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Prussia/x796l7vx">Prussia</a> <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Electrotyping/5TjpXUSb">electrotyping</a> (an application of <a href="/facts/Electroplating/HbKf0SBb">electroplating</a> to <a href="/facts/Typography/byx4sANl">typography</a>), <a href="/facts/Electric_boat/ND6RkfYa">electric boat</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>K</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Mikhail_Kalashnikov/cof37Xke">Mikhail Kalashnikov</a> (1919–2013) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td><a href="/facts/AK-47/LQ2T2SM5">AK-47</a> and <a href="/facts/AK-74/bvJJlxI0">AK-74</a> assault rifles (produced more than all other types of assault rifles combined)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Nikolay_Kamov/SEod6mxm">Nikolay Kamov</a> (1902–1973) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td>armored military <a href="/facts/Autogyro/UF2Xz0LQ">autogyro</a>, <a href="/facts/Kamov/5FRhqW32">Ka</a>-series <a href="/facts/Coaxial_rotor/wj34vBUg">coaxial rotor</a> <a href="/facts/Helicopter/chQF7H55">helicopters</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Pyotr_Kapitsa/xhHdzHBd">Pyotr Kapitsa</a> (1894–1984) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a>(left on portrait by <a href="/facts/Boris_Kustodiev/acd5tQj2">Boris Kustodiev</a>, with <a href="/facts/Nikolay_Semyonov/UdoIYqfj">Nikolay Semyonov</a> right)</td><td>first ultrastrong <a href="/facts/Magnetic_field/Ta8Ev588">magnetic field</a> creating techniques, basic <a href="/facts/Low-temperature_physics/cw7dHAkp">low-temperature physics</a> inventions<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Georgii_Karpechenko/jfQAJJs3">Georgii Karpechenko</a> (1899–1941) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Rabbage/pmeeKqEk">rabbage</a> (the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Eugene_Kaspersky/T6wqA6MT">Eugene Kaspersky</a> (born 1965) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kaspersky_Anti-Virus/WFcWXMqa">Kaspersky Anti-Virus</a>, <a href="/facts/Kaspersky_Internet_Security/K1pPc4kT">Kaspersky Internet Security</a>, <a href="/facts/Kaspersky_Mobile_Security/WWX97cMP">Kaspersky Mobile Security</a> anti-virus products<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Adolphe_K%25C3%25A9gresse/U6vF2oTj">Adolphe Kégresse</a> (1879–1943) France <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/K%25C3%25A9gresse_track/DnEXhDMv">Kégresse track</a> (first <a href="/facts/Half-track/LTMQubz1">half-track</a> and first <a href="/facts/Off-road_vehicle/0zk1cMvo">off-road vehicle</a> with <a href="/facts/Continuous_track/Kdn9EBLN">continuous track</a>), <a href="/facts/Dual-clutch_transmission/XdXMvLK5">dual-clutch transmission</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Alexander_Kemurdzhian/4fFtVaur">Alexander Kemurdzhian</a> (1921–2003) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td>first space exploration <a href="/facts/Rover_(space_exploration)/Qo7y32Cz">rover</a> (<a href="/facts/Lunokhod_programme/84XPm3gV">Lunokhod</a>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Yulii_Khariton/dYpGd1n0">Yulii Khariton</a> (1904–1996) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td>chief designer of the <a href="/facts/Soviet_atomic_bomb/b5kFJIPY">Soviet atomic bomb</a>, co-developer of the <a href="/facts/Tsar_Bomba/qbjpPwN2">Tsar Bomba</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Anatoly_Kharlampiyev/pr8pGFgx">Anatoly Kharlampiyev</a> (1906–1979) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Sambo_(martial_art)/9PdVSzPR">Sambo (martial art)</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Konstantin_Khrenov/Rxw9pLPd">Konstantin Khrenov</a> (1894–1984) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Underwater_welding/aKySNKtE">underwater welding</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Nikolai_Kibalchich/HaVlh1GP">Nikolai Kibalchich</a> (1853–1881) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Rocket/b6j4keIl">pioneer of rocketry</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Semyon_Davidovich_Kirlian/AqR3GT3f">Semyon Kirlian</a> (1898–1978) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kirlian_photography/exPh7gkV">Kirlian photography</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Konstantin_Konstantinov/zaVlxYHh">Konstantin Konstantinov</a> (1817/19–1871) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td>device for measuring flight speed of <a href="/facts/Projectile/kaDpG3N7">projectiles</a>, <a href="/facts/Ballistics/3WHTox0u">ballistic</a> <a href="/facts/Rocket/b6j4keIl">rocket</a> <a href="/facts/Pendulum/D2hQXwlI">pendulum</a>, <a href="/facts/Launch_pad/6ePPb2ac">launch pad</a>, rocket-making machine<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Sergei_Korolev/JolDYmYC">Sergei Korolev</a> (1907–1966) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td>first successful <a href="/facts/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile/0vKnj2Y7">intercontinental ballistic missile</a> (<a href="/facts/R-7_Semyorka/g7Qm3GbS">R-7 Semyorka</a>), <a href="/facts/R-7_(rocket_family)/G4HrfbkB">R-7 rocket family</a>, <a href="/facts/Sputnik/GQ5KLlNC">Sputniks</a> (including the <a href="/facts/Sputnik_1/GQ5KLlNC">first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite</a>), <a href="/facts/Vostok_programme/8RL5f2GI">Vostok programme</a> (including the <a href="/facts/Vostok_1/447q95TW">first human spaceflight</a>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Nikolai_Korotkov/hXwDTjFR">Nikolai Korotkov</a> (1874–1920) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td>auscultatory technique for <a href="/facts/Blood_pressure/VtqqSM2J">blood pressure</a> measurement</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Semyon_Korsakov/jCXcrDS7">Semyon Korsakov</a> (1787–1853) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Punched_card/44WsPulQ">punched card</a> for information storage</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Mikhail_Koshkin/HjjFl4lU">Mikhail Koshkin</a> (1898–1940) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/T-34/RMVveHkb">T-34</a> medium tank, the most produced tank of World War II<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ognjeslav_Kostovi%25C4%2587_Stepanovi%25C4%2587/kvjw8Hzj">Ogneslav Stepanovich Kostovich</a>(1851–1916) <a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a> <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td>arborite (high-strength <a href="/facts/Plywood/eM5WFvER">plywood</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Gleb_Kotelnikov/Up9ooVKq">Gleb Kotelnikov</a> (1872–1944) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Knapsack_parachute/598qrAdg">knapsack parachute</a>, <a href="/facts/Drogue_parachute/tjfpn1Ls">drogue parachute</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Aleksey_Krylov/3bycuHw2">Aleksey Krylov</a> (1863–1945) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Gyroscope/UjXGsfMq">gyroscopic</a> <a href="/facts/Damping_ratio/UW3RsjEd">damping</a> of ships</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ivan_Kulibin/5Az7GHEw">Ivan Kulibin</a> (1735–1818) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td>egg-shaped clock, <a href="/facts/Candle/3d0EwvR6">candle</a> <a href="/facts/Searchlight/Gprkyush">searchlight</a>, <a href="/facts/Elevator/ug3nh0o8">elevator</a> using screw mechanisms, <i><a href="/facts/Self-rolling_carriage/I1IsH8IK">self-rolling carriage</a></i> (for the first time featuring a <a href="/facts/Flywheel/x6yw1efR">flywheel</a>, <a href="/facts/Brake/p8751fV6">brake</a>, <a href="/facts/Gear_box/eoNqAufN">gear box</a>, and <a href="/facts/Bearing_(mechanical)/Tb8HmHWt">bearing</a>), an early <a href="/facts/Optical_telegraph/qN21KL5V">optical telegraph</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Igor_Kurchatov/4CpFvwoj">Igor Kurchatov</a> (1903–1960) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td>first <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_plant/IJj5pJUn">nuclear power plant</a>, first <a href="/facts/Nuclear_reactor/8xqjIbge">nuclear reactors</a> for <a href="/facts/Submarine/6fhcAKHV">submarines</a> and <a href="/facts/Nuclear_marine_propulsion/gVcaF3kF">surface ships</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>L</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Dmitry_Lachinov/Enf2pJyE">Dmitry Lachinov</a> (1842–1902) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mercury_(element)/WlxfoHva">mercury</a> <a href="/facts/Pump/UtMn3Btt">pump</a>, <a href="/facts/Economizer/snQPwxGp">economizer</a> for electricity consumption, <a href="/facts/Insulator_(electrical)/SfSXkrh5">electrical insulation</a> tester, <a href="/facts/Optical/p0vq4S1T">optical</a> <a href="/facts/Dynamometer/IcDW7VUg">dynamometer</a>, <a href="/facts/Photometer/M2mxg4VS">photometer</a>, <a href="/facts/Electrolysis/pU75nCDI">electrolyser</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Semyon_Lavochkin/GLp4hw7I">Semyon Lavochkin</a> (1900–1960) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Lavochkin/6HJuruvw">La</a>-series aircraft, the first operational <a href="/facts/Surface-to-air_missile/2qEW5P07">surface-to-air missile</a> <a href="/facts/S-25_Berkut/RB6JzKjp">S-25 Berkut</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Nikolai_Lebedenko/GyXMRcNF">Nikolai Lebedenko</a> <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tsar_Tank/fYxVYNz0">Tsar Tank</a>, the largest <a href="/facts/Armored_vehicle/vz5Js71F">armored vehicle</a> in history<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Sergei_Vasiljevich_Lebedev/My28I0A5">Sergei Lebedev</a> (1874–1934) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td>commercially viable <a href="/facts/Synthetic_rubber/58Fq4XYx">synthetic rubber</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Lisitsyns/hHL9yVg5">Lisitsyns</a>,Ivan Fyodorovichand his brotherNazar Fyodorovich <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td>Russian <a href="/facts/Samovar/akXwfweg">samovar</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Alexander_Lodygin/Wrb2L7Uq">Alexander Lodygin</a> (1847–1923) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Electrical_filament/31frjg0A">electrical filament</a>, <a href="/facts/Incandescent_light_bulb/31frjg0A">incandescent light bulb</a> with tungsten filament</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Mikhail_Lomonosov/8Hdq5JEm">Mikhail Lomonosov</a> (1711–1765) <a href="/facts/Tsardom_of_Russia/m0scLsSq">Tsardom of Russia</a> <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Night_vision_bat-goggles/tm6ToQgg">night vision telescope</a>, <a href="/facts/Off-axis_reflecting_telescope/5Y4aXFvF">off-axis reflecting telescope</a>, <a href="/facts/Coaxial_rotor/wj34vBUg">coaxial rotor</a>, original Russian <a href="/facts/Hard-paste_porcelain/mKlXrBAl">hard-paste porcelain</a> (together with <a href="/facts/Dmitry_Ivanovich_Vinogradov/EuBXjkoB">Dmitry Vinogradov</a>), re-discovery of <a href="/facts/Smalt/cXeqBUl8">smalt</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Yury_Lomonosov/vePyg0JU">Yury Lomonosov</a>(1876–1952) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a></td><td>first successful mainline <a href="/facts/Diesel_locomotive/RvJF30q2">diesel locomotive</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Aleksandr_Loran/gJJVbd6C">Aleksandr Loran</a> (1849 – after 1911) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Fire_fighting_foam/fnhESF0V">fire fighting foam</a>, <a href="/facts/Fire_extinguisher/Lh96vD2x">foam extinguisher</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Oleg_Losev/UJx3JCle">Oleg Losev</a> (1903–1942) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Light-emitting_diode/gE8x4MDb">light-emitting diode</a>, <a href="/facts/Crystadine/tJLc6HF6">crystadine</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Gleb_Lozino-Lozinskiy/0n0y7Hdr">Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy</a> (1909–2001) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Buran_(spacecraft)/s0nNfe61">Buran (spacecraft)</a>, <a href="/facts/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105/FMA1N3qN">Spiral project</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Arkhip_Mikhailovich_Lyulka/y8qveVQX">Arkhip Lyulka</a> (1908–1984) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td>first double jet <a href="/facts/Turbofan/x8XWVw19">turbofan</a> engine, <a href="/facts/Lyulka/hff4cnf0">other</a> Soviet <a href="/facts/Aircraft_engine/XJo2Bd2e">aircraft engines</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>M</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Alexander_Alexeyevich_Makarov/3NoJjxkm">Aleksandr Makarov</a> (born 1966) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a> <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Orbitrap/hDohPK1t">orbitrap</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Stepan_Makarov/8trrRozC">Stepan Makarov</a> (1849–1904) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Icebreaker_Yermak/5M6WTfhy">Icebreaker Yermak</a>, the first true <a href="/facts/Icebreaker/jMGLK96X">icebreaker</a> able to ride over and crush <a href="/facts/Pack_ice/DLeUDwYg">pack ice</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Nestor_Makhno/75srVs8H">Nestor Makhno</a> (1888–1934) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>(<a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Tachanka/YfqtCwyf">tachanka</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Victor_Makeev/h7h7jnYN">Victor Makeev</a> (1924–1985) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td>first intercontinental <a href="/facts/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missile/AypqGmQ9">submarine-launched ballistic missile</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Dmitri_Dmitrievich_Maksutov/VgIjmAqc">Dmitri Maksutov</a> (1896–1964) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Maksutov_telescope/305dJR33">Maksutov telescope</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Sergey_Malyutin/NP08vbc2">Sergey Malyutin</a>(1859–1937) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a>(self-portrait)</td><td><a href="/facts/Matryoshka_doll/ASCqmLEC">matryoshka doll</a> (together with craftsman <a href="/facts/Vasily_Zvyozdochkin/gJoG7vW9">Vasily Zvyozdochkin</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Boris_Aleksandrovich_Mamyrin/KgldcD6B">Boris Mamyrin</a>(1919–2007) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Reflectron/FkUWgrrz">reflectron</a> (<a href="/facts/Ion/3bePpDna">ion</a> mirror)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ilya_Ilyich_Mechnikov/GeLMnBvl">Ilya Mechnikov</a> (1845–1916) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Probiotics/gQNAN6ly">probiotics</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Dmitri_Mendeleev/xdouRrx8">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> (1834–1907) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Periodic_table/umdGIfUb">Periodic table</a>, a type of <a href="/facts/Pycnometer/ySquGd2x">pycnometer</a>, <a href="/facts/Pyrocollodion/4E8hKzcu">pyrocollodion</a>, co-developer of <a href="/facts/Icebreaker_Yermak/5M6WTfhy">Icebreaker Yermak</a>, also credited with determining the ideal <a href="/facts/Vodka/49G9hEo8">vodka</a> proof as 38% (later rounded to 40%)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Artem_Mikoyan/v8fUDv4t">Artem Mikoyan</a> (1905–1970) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a>(<a href="/facts/Armenia/t3GQx9sU">Armenia</a>) (right on photo)</td><td><a href="/facts/MiG/KTGxSXL1">MiG</a>-series fighter aircraft, including world's <a href="/facts/List_of_most_produced_aircraft/6t42zpre">most produced</a> <a href="/facts/Jet_aircraft/esXNnbbg">jet aircraft</a> <a href="/facts/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-15/UmfVFcSQ">MiG-15</a> and most produced <a href="/facts/Supersonic_aircraft/Spue1MRH">supersonic aircraft</a> <a href="/facts/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21/AJT2EjY5">MiG-21</a> (together with <a href="/facts/Mikhail_Gurevich_(aircraft_designer)/0DQCotDg">Mikhail Gurevich</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Alexander_Mikulin/YmpCjCF9">Alexander Mikulin</a> (1895–1985) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mikulin_AM-34/NLPH2gAH">Mikulin AM-34</a> and other Soviet <a href="/facts/Aircraft_engine/XJo2Bd2e">aircraft engines</a>, co-developer of the <a href="/facts/Tsar_Tank/fYxVYNz0">Tsar Tank</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Mikhail_Mil/UcKW83U7">Mikhail Mil</a> (1909–1970) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mil_Moscow_Helicopter_Plant/DTx5CCum">Mi</a>-series <a href="/facts/Helicopter/chQF7H55">helicopter</a> aircraft, including <a href="/facts/Mil_Mi-8/LmhRy60L">Mil Mi-8</a> (the world's <a href="/facts/List_of_most_produced_aircraft/6t42zpre">most-produced helicopter</a>) and <a href="/facts/Mil_Mi-12/hUmHlws5">Mil Mi-12</a> (the world's largest helicopter)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Pavel_Molchanov/z414xnHL">Pavel Molchanov</a>(1893–1941) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Radiosonde/NRNr47JN">radiosonde</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Alexander_Alexandrovich_Morozov/fWXV0TcX">Alexander Morozov</a>(1904–1979) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/T-54%2f55/pIJQEp3W">T-54/55</a> (the most produced tank in history), co-developer of <a href="/facts/T-34/RMVveHkb">T-34</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Sergei_Ivanovich_Mosin/a08dEbQl">Sergei Mosin</a> (1849–1902) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mosin%25E2%2580%2593Nagant/uhbto5xT">Mosin–Nagant</a> rifle, one of the most produced ever</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Motorins/bGrRbkQb">Motorins</a>,Ivan Feodorovich(1660s – 1735)and his son Mikhail Ivanovich(?–1750) <a href="/facts/Tsardom_of_Russia/m0scLsSq">Tsardom of Russia</a> <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tsar_Bell/a0EKvIDd">Tsar Bell</a>, the <a href="/facts/List_of_heaviest_bells/V0nG8LhX">largest bell in the world</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vera_Mukhina/1vnyq11Y">Vera Mukhina</a>(1889–1953) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Welded_sculpture/FuBtxMIP">welded sculpture</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Yevgeny_Murzin/1XzoUC1l">Yevgeny Murzin</a>(1914–1970) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/ANS_synthesizer/DqHGprQY">ANS synthesizer</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>N</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Alexander_Nadiradze/qqwRtM8v">Alexander Nadiradze</a>(1914–1987) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a>(born in <a href="/facts/Georgia_(country)/ccBF8bBE">Georgia</a>)</td><td>First meteorological missile "M1-Meteo". First mobile <a href="/facts/ICBM/0vKnj2Y7">ICBM</a> (<a href="/facts/RT-21_Temp_2S/LWozsEIQ">RT-21 Temp 2S</a>), also <a href="/facts/RSD-10_Pioneer/wf9qylRD">RSD-10 Pioneer</a> and (<a href="/facts/RT-2PM_Topol/mxB1Qwsq">RT-2PM Topol</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Andrey_Nartov/rq7UsrXo">Andrey Nartov</a> (1683–1756) <a href="/facts/Tsardom_of_Russia/m0scLsSq">Tsardom of Russia</a> <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td>first <a href="/facts/Lathe/FjF9FYLR">lathe</a> with a mechanic <a href="/facts/Tool_bit/mlovCbAr">cutting tool</a>-supporting <a href="/facts/Lathe_carriage/4rmQIQ7J">carriage</a> and a set of <a href="/facts/Gear/9KVHRfUR">gears</a>, fast-fire <a href="/facts/Artillery_battery/lf2pfXQv">battery</a> on a rotating disc, <a href="/facts/Screw_(simple_machine)/XaAYkMWn">screw</a> mechanism for changing the <a href="/facts/Artillery/GLpMYG9o">artillery</a> fire angle, <a href="/facts/Gauge_(bore_diameter)/4uN6v9Jw">gauge</a>-<a href="/facts/Boring_(manufacturing)/0c9ILUn4">boring</a> lathe for <a href="/facts/Cannon/IH7VkIpm">cannon</a>-making, early <a href="/facts/Telescopic_sight/P174A0vB">telescopic sight</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Sergey_Nepobedimiy/pVcsCENA">Sergey Nepobedimiy</a> (1921–2014) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td>first supersonic <a href="/facts/Anti-tank_guided_missile/I3C5D1CS">anti-tank guided missile</a> <i>Sturm</i>, other Soviet <a href="/facts/Rocket_weapon/yTtyeLsj">rocket weaponry</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Nikolai_Nikitin/wHY8E5Rj">Nikolai Nikitin</a> (1907–1973) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Prestressed_concrete/0fFlgCju">prestressed concrete</a> with <a href="/facts/Wire_rope/9z4b9SYB">wire ropes</a> structure (<a href="/facts/Ostankino_Tower/hgSfqAfb">Ostankino Tower</a>, <i><a href="/facts/The_Motherland_Calls/auHnlbHw">The Motherland Calls</a></i>), <i>Nikitin-Travush 4000</i> project (precursor to <i><a href="/facts/X-Seed_4000/VT24qNYw">X-Seed 4000</a></i>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ludvig_Nobel/9FqSLu57">Ludvig Nobel</a> (1831–1888) <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a> <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td>first successful <a href="/facts/Oil_tanker/WHUhISVB">oil tanker</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Konstantin_Novoselov/lUm4JtV0">Konstantin Novoselov</a> (born 1974) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a> <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Graphene/QDGUBaPt">graphene</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a> (youngest Nobel Laureate since 1973)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>O</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Wilgott_Theophil_Odhner/suyEP8rq">Theophil Wilgodt Odhner</a> (1845–1903) <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a> <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td>the <a href="/facts/Odhner_Arithmometer/vEfE2UpA">Odhner Arithmometer</a> (a <a href="/facts/Calculator/eeLfRS8L">mechanical</a> <a href="/facts/Pinwheel_calculator/8tL2J6Be">pinwheel calculator</a>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Lucien_Olivier/XsnteCAT">Lucien Olivier</a> (1838–1883) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a>(<a href="/facts/Belgians/xSmHFHch">Belgian</a> or <a href="/facts/French_people/984axQ8y">French</a> origin)</td><td><a href="/facts/Russian_salad/fCF6LsM5">Russian salad</a> (Olivier salad)</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>P</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Alexey_Pajitnov/JJVdI5GG">Alexey Pajitnov</a> (born 1956) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tetris/djLfTK0n">Tetris</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ivan_Pavlov/z0csSjkm">Ivan Pavlov</a> (1849–1936) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Classical_conditioning/ddtohoz3">classical conditioning</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vasily_Vladimirovich_Petrov/U7Gm7Unh">Vasily Petrov</a> (1761–1834) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td>continuous <a href="/facts/Electric_arc/1hUPPAG0">electric arc</a>, <a href="/facts/Arc_welding/SFDgoY2g">arc welding</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Nikolay_Ivanovich_Pirogov/cWW8UUGT">Nikolay Pirogov</a> (1810–1881) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td>early use of <a href="/facts/Diethyl_ether/Ep20vEdj">ether</a> as <a href="/facts/Anaesthetic/0xG7I2ou">anaesthetic</a>, first <a href="/facts/Anaesthesia/b3MKVn8E">anaesthesia</a> in a field operation, various kinds of surgical operations</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Fyodor_Pirotsky/4Qv9uBUB">Fyodor Pirotsky</a> (1845–1898) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Electric_tram/gSaKExyR">electric tram</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ivan_Plotnikov/9urRcVby">Ivan Plotnikov</a> (1902–1995) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kirza/VE7vf8QU">kirza</a> leather<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Nikolai_Nikolaevich_Polikarpov/yW9xXxP3">Nikolai Polikarpov</a> (1892–1944) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Polikarpov/BylzjFkf">Po</a>-series aircraft, including <a href="/facts/Polikarpov_Po-2/U7s39tDz">Polikarpov Po-2</a> <i><a href="/facts/Polikarpov_Po-2/U7s39tDz">Kukuruznik</a></i> (world's <a href="/facts/List_of_most_produced_aircraft/6t42zpre">most produced biplane</a>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ivan_Polzunov/uBKxMLtu">Ivan Polzunov</a> (1728–1766) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td>first two-cylinder <a href="/facts/Steam_engine/f7hN8vzm">steam engine</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Mikhail_Pomortsev/kH4XmG77">Mikhail Pomortsev</a> (1851–1916) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Nephoscope/gsHIkXCG">nephoscope</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov/PHL2ICUP">Alexander Popov</a> (1859–1906) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td>built an early <a href="/facts/Radio_receiver/5olDTxkg">radio receiver</a> in the form of a <a href="/facts/Lightning_detector/N7gjaLtH">lightning detector</a>, eastern European countries claim he is the "inventor of <a href="/facts/Radio/XFr909M2">radio</a>"</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Nikolay_Popov/AaR0ahql">Nikolay Popov</a>(1931–2008) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td>first fully <a href="/facts/Gas_turbine/JJJNwXrG">gas turbine</a> main battle tank (<a href="/facts/T-80/G1MEC5nN">T-80</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Aleksandr_Porokhovschikov/DsR5tqE4">Aleksandr Porokhovschikov</a> (1892 – c. 1942) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Vezdekhod/uHNPoUnR">Vezdekhod</a> (the first prototype <a href="/facts/Tank/CwQLRQsy">tank</a>, or <a href="/facts/Tankette/Ar1F86EI">tankette</a>, and the first <a href="/facts/Continuous_track/Kdn9EBLN">continuous track</a> <a href="/facts/Amphibious_ATV/KMPtfccj">amphibious ATV</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Alexander_Procofieff_de_Seversky/AQPj2rRl">Alexander Procofieff de Seversky</a> (1894–1974) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ionocraft/KUcl5DTQ">ionocraft</a>, first <a href="/facts/Gyroscope/UjXGsfMq">gyroscopically</a> stabilized bombsight, also developed <a href="/facts/Air-to-air_refueling/VMV3xXlW">air-to-air refueling</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Alexander_Prokhorov/XdHaCBYA">Alexander Prokhorov</a> (1916–2002) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td>co-inventor of <a href="/facts/Laser/jk6PTvvT">laser</a> and <a href="/facts/Maser/yqdMpoDv">maser</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Petro_Prokopovych/cSQ83zuL">Petro Prokopovych</a> (1775–1850) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a>(<a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Frame_(beehive)/FU0kabJ9">beehive frame</a>, <a href="/facts/Queen_excluder/g6Kg0egp">queen excluder</a> and other <a href="/facts/Beekeeping/7mewsgqp">beekeeping</a> novelties</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky/tSKx6ram">Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky</a> (1863–1944) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a></td><td>early <a href="/facts/Colour_photography/dqwVRGcn">colour photography</a> method based on three colour channels, also colour <a href="/facts/Slide_projector/b2N84a91">film slides</a> and colour <a href="/facts/Motion_pictures/wM3b9Kk3">motion pictures</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>R</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Leonid_Ramzin/qteqHAwU">Leonid Ramzin</a>(1887–1948) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td>straight-flow <a href="/facts/Boiler/uPqTq0I6">boiler</a> (Ramzin boiler)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Peter_I_of_Russia/plNUAaWM">Peter I of Russia</a> (<a href="/facts/Romanov_Dynasty/bcQ0S7jM">Romanov</a>) (1672–1725)<a href="/facts/Tsardom_of_Russia/m0scLsSq">Tsardom of Russia</a> <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Decimal_currency/94cUnaD6">decimal currency</a>, <a href="/facts/Yacht_club/sBkg9U9C">yacht club</a>, <a href="/facts/Sounding_line/GjtKqKxa">sounding line</a> with separating <a href="/facts/Plumb-bob/eA2XJ6bp">plummet</a> (<a href="/facts/Deep-sea_exploration/nzvSuv6p">sounding weight probe</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ida_Rosenthal/kvj3cqrF">Ida Rosenthal</a> (1886–1973) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>(born in <a href="/facts/Belarus/vweHwgob">Belarus</a>, <a href="/facts/Jewish_people/T9Y4wE6A">Jewish</a> descent)</td><td>modern <a href="/facts/Brassiere/t9Bsnf08">brassiere</a> (<a href="/facts/Maidenform/HbUJv4RD">Maidenform</a>), the standard of <a href="/facts/Bra_sizing/uydFvBYw">cup sizes</a>, <a href="/facts/Nursing_bra/M0bVCUAs">nursing bra</a>, full-figured bra, the first seamed uplift bra (all with her husband William)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Boris_Rosing/LDIe1Pu2">Boris Rosing</a> (1869–1933) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/CRT_television/8moTsqhB">CRT television</a> (first <a href="/facts/Television/X4YG5nT1">TV</a> system using <a href="/facts/Cathode_ray_tube/8NVGx5C7">cathode ray tube</a> on the receiving side)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Eugene_Roshal/ySMp7CoT">Eugene Roshal</a> (born 1972) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td><a href="/facts/FAR_Manager/oowTjWe4">FAR</a> file manager, <a href="/facts/RAR_(file_format)/cgHI6gnw">RAR</a> <a href="/facts/File_format/qrXbwJaH">file format</a>, <a href="/facts/WinRAR/74MRE7H6">WinRAR</a> <a href="/facts/File_archiver/ER6mjCCy">file archiver</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>S</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Alexander_Sablukov/1QBa5YMY">Alexander Sablukov</a> (1783–1857) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Centrifugal_fan/5oplEh9E">centrifugal fan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Andrei_Sakharov/fryrhYEK">Andrei Sakharov</a> (1921–1989) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Explosively_pumped_flux_compression_generator/uEq7thDb">explosively pumped flux compression generator</a>, co-developer of the <a href="/facts/Tsar_Bomb/qbjpPwN2">Tsar Bomb</a>, co-developer of <a href="/facts/Tokamak/kDtb8Bsw">tokamak</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Franz_San_Galli/l5wc3z63">Franz San Galli</a>(1824–1908) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a>(<a href="/facts/Italian_people/dsdUeJ1n">Italian</a> and <a href="/facts/German_people/F7mBCrJ4">German</a> descent, born in <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Radiator/W592jFf2">radiator</a>, modern <a href="/facts/Central_heating/GsYBDLmn">central heating</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Pavel_Schilling/cYS68aan">Pavel Schilling</a> (1780–1836) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> (<a href="/facts/Estonia/PVjB16TI">Estonia</a>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Shielded_cable/BqyI4KSu">shielded cable</a>, <a href="/facts/Naval_mine/jo9uVY9U">electric mine</a> and <a href="/facts/Electromagnetic_telegraph/yrFhbvM8">electromagnetic telegraph</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Guy_Severin/MsxPxXo0">Guy Severin</a> (1926–2008) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Extra-vehicular_activity/udj91j1E">extra-vehicular activity</a> supporting system<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Leonty_Shamshurenkov/U6UedbBY">Leonty Shamshurenkov</a> (1687–1758) <a href="/facts/Tsardom_of_Russia/m0scLsSq">Tsardom of Russia</a> <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td>a device for lifting the <a href="/facts/Tsar_Bell/a0EKvIDd">Tsar Bell</a>, the first <a href="/facts/Self-propelling_carriage/I1IsH8IK">self-propelling carriage</a> (a precursor to both <a href="/facts/Bicycle/nxBVrlBF">bicycle</a> and <a href="/facts/Automobile/I1IsH8IK">automobile</a>), projects of an original <a href="/facts/Odometer/SQ0cGdcy">odometer</a> and self-propelling <a href="/facts/Sledge/llktnpSX">sledge</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Pyotr_Shilovsky/IddAp5KR">Pyotr Shilovsky</a> (1871 – after 1924) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Gyrocar/KpGpt6dU">gyrocar</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vladimir_Shukhov/7x9k2s88">Vladimir Shukhov</a> (1853–1939) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cracking_(chemistry)/EBLtwW4g">thermal cracking</a> (<a href="/facts/Shukhov_cracking_process/T8BW0z6W">Shukhov cracking process</a>), <a href="/facts/Thin-shell_structure/16anWhxb">thin-shell structure</a>, <a href="/facts/Tensile_structure/MUlT2xgs">tensile structure</a>, <a href="/facts/Hyperboloid_structure/xVfUDnhV">hyperboloid structure</a>, <a href="/facts/Gridshell/csk1P7n5">gridshell</a>, modern <a href="/facts/Pipeline_transport/gEmKcFhD">oil pipeline</a>, cylindric <a href="/facts/Oil_depot/8xqIeRjU">oil depot</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Peter_Ivanovich_Shuvalov/6k3sBYgh">Pyotr Shuvalov</a>(1711–1762) <a href="/facts/Tsardom_of_Russia/m0scLsSq">Tsardom of Russia</a> <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td>invented <a href="/facts/Canister_shot/bSNMT2NC">canister shot</a> mortar, introduced <a href="/facts/Licorne/MXaAt0za">licorne</a> into wide usage</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Igor_Sikorsky/pSr0lV7v">Igor Sikorsky</a> (1889–1972) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td><td>first four-engine <a href="/facts/Fixed-wing_aircraft/0DQQP2rB">fixed-wing aircraft</a> (<a href="/facts/Russky_Vityaz/FVmANmTq">Russky Vityaz</a>), first <a href="/facts/Airliner/mhhg0xRy">airliner</a> and purpose-designed <a href="/facts/Bomber/YKEYbswu">bomber</a> (<a href="/facts/Sikorsky_Ilya_Muromets/FoqBaVaP">Ilya Muromets</a>), modern <a href="/facts/Helicopter/chQF7H55">helicopter</a>, <a href="/facts/Igor_Sikorsky/pSr0lV7v">Sikorsky</a>-series helicopters</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vladimir_Simonov_(engineer)/VVbJHKv3">Vladimir Simonov</a> (1935–2020) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td><a href="/facts/APS_Underwater_Assault_Rifle/eQpGmNv9">APS Underwater Assault Rifle</a>, <a href="/facts/SPP-1_underwater_pistol/QVnyIMfC">SPP-1 underwater pistol</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Nikolay_Slavyanov/20E7cVSy">Nikolay Slavyanov</a> (1854–1897) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Shielded_metal_arc_welding/DHSg8UGJ">shielded metal arc welding</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Alexander_Smakula/WjC76p1K">Alexander Smakula</a> (1900–1983) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>(<a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Anti-reflective_coating/BN2xVy4k">anti-reflective coating</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Yefim_Smolin/fJDP4fzW">Yefim Smolin</a> <a href="/facts/Tsardom_of_Russia/m0scLsSq">Tsardom of Russia</a> <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Table-glass/MurfUPLl">table-glass</a> (<i>stakan granyonyi</i>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Igor_Spassky/EguQpKVp">Igor Spassky</a> (1926–2024) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Sea_Launch/7LbLz348">Sea Launch</a> platform and over 200 <a href="/facts/Nuclear_submarine/EwB3jEwd">nuclear submarines</a>, including the world's largest submarines of <i><a href="/facts/Typhoon_class_submarine/MHylcfrk">Typhoon</a></i> class</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ladislas_Starevich/c1VSQbTS">Ladislas Starevich</a> (1882–1965) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>(<a href="/facts/Polish_people/SgzNqHKq">Polish</a> descent)</td><td><a href="/facts/Puppet_animation/A3RY2bbk">puppet animation</a>, <a href="/facts/Live-action%2fanimated_film/mwHEGuys">live-action/animated film</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Boris_Stechkin/X9XkNcJb">Boris Stechkin</a> (1891–1969) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td>co-developer of <a href="/facts/Sikorsky_Ilya_Muromets/FoqBaVaP">Sikorsky Ilya Muromets</a> and <a href="/facts/Nikolai_Lebedenko/GyXMRcNF">Lebedenko</a>'s <a href="/facts/Tsar_Tank/fYxVYNz0">Tsar Tank</a>, developer of many Soviet <a href="/facts/Heat_engine/t1gq4r5d">heat</a> and <a href="/facts/Aircraft_engine/XJo2Bd2e">aircraft engines</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Aleksandr_Stoletov/9BgD5uRC">Aleksandr Stoletov</a> (1839–1896) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td>first <a href="/facts/Solar_cell/3L814UCC">solar cell</a> based on the outer <a href="/facts/Photoelectric_effect/gIDcdm5U">photoelectric effect</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Pavel_Sukhoi/zSctxjp9">Pavel Sukhoi</a> (1895–1975) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Sukhoi/uVDI2HrK">Su</a>-series fighter aircraft</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Andrei_Sychra/7gaBWJsM">Andrei Sychra</a> (1773/76–1850) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a>(born in <a href="/facts/Lithuania/dApVjLWW">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/facts/Czech_people/PsqFMBxp">Czech</a> ancestry)</td><td><a href="/facts/Russian_guitar/5QwlMm1M">Russian seven-string guitar</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vladimir_Syromyatnikov/b7rPYvJc">Vladimir Syromyatnikov</a> (1933–2006) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Androgynous_Peripheral_Attach_System/YPAHJVN6">Androgynous Peripheral Attach System</a> and other <a href="/facts/Spacecraft/YQqQaUw0">spacecraft</a> docking mechanisms</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>T</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Andrey_Ternovskiy/v5bSgog5">Andrey Ternovskiy</a> (born 1992) <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td>creator of <a href="/facts/Chatroulette/v5bSgog5">Chatroulette</a>, the first random webcam chat website</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/L%25C3%25A9on_Theremin/hLrsbHh2">Léon Theremin</a> (1896–1993) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Theremin/qygjqB7S">theremin</a>, <a href="/facts/Burglar_alarm/btzrpRr9">burglar alarm</a>, <a href="/facts/Terpsitone/mQUPjjCC">terpsitone</a>, <a href="/facts/Rhythmicon/dz3Nxc5J">Rhythmicon</a> (first <a href="/facts/Drum_machine/ltR2xFt3">drum machine</a>), The <a href="/facts/Thing_(listening_device)/VT7KeJG0">Thing (listening device)</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Andrey_Nikolayevich_Tikhonov/SorhnM9z">Andrey Tikhonov</a> (1906–1993) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Magnetotellurics/jES123eu">magnetotellurics</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Mikhail_Tikhonravov/xkwQz8EG">Mikhail Tikhonravov</a> (1900–1974) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td>co-developer of <a href="/facts/Sputnik_1/GQ5KLlNC">Sputnik 1</a> (the first artificial satellite) together with <a href="/facts/Sergey_Korolyov/JolDYmYC">Korolyov</a> and <a href="/facts/Mstislav_Keldysh/cWBJUGvp">Keldysh</a>, designer of further <a href="/facts/Sputnik/GQ5KLlNC">Sputniks</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Gavriil_Adrianovich_Tikhov/G6nDogAT">Gavriil Tikhov</a> (1875–1960) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td>feathering <a href="/facts/Spectrograph/BjshQbA8">spectrograph</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Fedor_Tokarev/QW4DQ08e">Fedor Tokarev</a> (1871–1968) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/TT-33/VxFAlmBB">TT-33</a> semiautomatic handgun and <a href="/facts/SVT-40/IBfNFcVU">SVT-40</a> self-loading rifle (main Soviet guns of <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky/s2n3Nb6A">Konstantin Tsiolkovsky</a>, (1857–1935) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Spaceflight/zPrnATzo">spaceflight</a> (theory principles that led to numerous inventions, derived the <a href="/facts/Tsiolkovsky_rocket_equation/S4HGsd56">Tsiolkovsky rocket equation</a>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Mikhail_Tsvet/Hm4oIlCT">Mikhail Tsvet</a> (1872–1919) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Chromatography/2FrvPjNV">chromatography</a> (specifically <a href="/facts/Adsorption_chromatography/2FrvPjNV">adsorption chromatography</a>, the first chromatography method)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Alexei_Tupolev/tVFhKFqp">Alexei Tupolev</a> (1925–2001) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td>the <a href="/facts/Tupolev_Tu-144/1pFjI2rg">Tupolev Tu-144</a> (first <a href="/facts/Supersonic/D3VpzmlC">supersonic</a> passenger jet)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Andrei_Tupolev/1WvjVqpu">Andrei Tupolev</a> (1888–1972) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Turboprop/t7c8rkCx">turboprop</a> powered long-range airliner (<a href="/facts/Tupolev_Tu-114/mAHgQQH4">Tupolev Tu-114</a>), <a href="/facts/Turboprop/t7c8rkCx">turboprop</a> strategic bomber (<a href="/facts/Tupolev_Tu-95/NT30UYG8">Tupolev Tu-95</a>)</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>U</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vladimir_Utkin/n6oHzqXd">Vladimir Utkin</a>(1923–2000) <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Railcar/8WCtLGNc">railcar</a>-<a href="/facts/Rocket_launch/b6j4keIl">launched</a> <a href="/facts/ICBM/0vKnj2Y7">ICBM</a> (<a href="/facts/RT-23_Molodets/hSBw3hlo">RT-23 Molodets</a>), other Soviet rockets<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>V</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vladimir_Sergeyevich_Vakhmistrov/3DnQ9jGh">Vladimir Vakhmistrov</a>(1897–1972) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td>first bomber with a <a href="/facts/Parasite_aircraft/33bTefjN">parasite aircraft</a> (<a href="/facts/Zveno_project/LzbLI5oX">Zveno project</a>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Viktor_Vasnetsov/EwVGKzmy">Viktor Vasnetsov</a> (1848–1926) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Budenovka/yEKhXxp1">budenovka</a> military hat</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vladimir_Veksler/pRtRUSYt">Vladimir Veksler</a> (1907–1966) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Synchrophasotron/IqHnwTza">synchrophasotron</a>, co-inventor of <a href="/facts/Synchrotron/J1oWBgbU">synchrotron</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>W</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Paul_Walden/XYX7s8y1">Paul Walden</a>(1863–1957) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a> (born in <a href="/facts/Latvia/y2PSa8lx">Latvia</a>, <a href="/facts/Baltic_German/zjwxu4lK">Baltic German</a> descent)</td><td><a href="/facts/Walden_inversion/6p72etqF">Walden inversion</a>, <a href="/facts/Ethylammonium_nitrate/bAd1e8uN">Ethylammonium nitrate</a> (the first room temperature <a href="/facts/Ionic_liquid/Ypse8taj">ionic liquid</a>)</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Y</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Pavel_Yablochkov/Vz51VAuz">Pavel Yablochkov</a> (1847–1894) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Yablochkov_candle/ypnHky3E">Yablochkov candle</a> (first commercially viable electric carbon <a href="/facts/Arc_lamp/1y99ep6E">arc lamp</a>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Alexander_Sergeyevich_Yakovlev/U2SoX42C">Alexander Yakovlev</a> (1906–1989) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Yakovlev/t5bEhaqf">Yak</a>-series aircraft, including <a href="/facts/Yakovlev_Yak-40/h1tFPDHD">Yakovlev Yak-40</a> (the first <a href="/facts/Regional_jet/YQAjyNdf">regional jet</a>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vladimir_Yourkevitch/pSdbcGnz">Vladimir Yourkevitch</a> (1885–1964) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td><td>modern ship <a href="/facts/Hull_(watercraft)/hY6LxATt">hull</a> design</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Sergei_Yudin_(surgeon)/05IvvUAg">Sergei Yudin</a> (1891–1954) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cadaveric_blood/jNHJmMdK">cadaveric blood transfusion</a> and other medical operations<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Z</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Person</th><th>Inventions</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/L._L._Zamenhof/VJUzQv3j">Ludwik Łazarz Zamenhof</a> (1859–1917) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a>(<a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Esperanto/5cWPoLuM">Esperanto</a> language</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Yevgeny_Zavoisky/wb6qBcla">Yevgeny Zavoisky</a> (1907–1976) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/EPR_spectroscopy/TDHV8c9e">EPR spectroscopy</a>, co-developer of <a href="/facts/NMR_spectroscopy/SFKgdthI">NMR spectroscopy</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Nikolay_Zelinsky/SpNkMRd6">Nikolay Zelinsky</a> (1861–1953) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td>the first effective filtering <a href="/facts/Activated_charcoal/YAbaXCcb">activated charcoal</a> <a href="/facts/Gas_mask/1I8Y1wSs">gas mask</a> in the world</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Nikolay_Yegorovich_Zhukovsky/avfrPXSs">Nikolai Zhukovsky</a> (1847–1921) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic/W9pC4bK6">Russian SFSR</a></td><td>an early <a href="/facts/Wind_tunnel/yNFbccXQ">wind tunnel</a>, co-developer of the <a href="/facts/Tsar_Tank/fYxVYNz0">Tsar Tank</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vladimir_Zworykin/K617CjfI">Vladimir Zvorykin</a> (1889–1982) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td><td>pioneer of television technology <a href="/facts/Iconoscope/JdFK1DLF">Iconoscope</a>, <a href="/facts/Kinescope/g29UsGLE">kinescope</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vasily_Zvyozdochkin/gJoG7vW9">Vasily Zvyozdochkin</a>(1876–1956) <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Matryoshka_doll/ASCqmLEC">matryoshka doll</a> (together with painter <a href="/facts/Sergey_Malyutin/NP08vbc2">Sergey Malyutin</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_Russian_scientists/xhN8WpKN">List of Russian scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Russian_culture/yyNgyMKe">Russian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Timeline_of_Russian_inventions_and_technology_records/we2y02ha">Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Bruno Abdank-Abakanowicz (1886). Les intégraphes (in French). Paris: Gauthier-Villars. <a href="http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/B1551.01" target="_blank">http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/B1551.01</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Invention of the Aerowagon". What Poll?. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129150101/http://www.whatpoll.com/inventors-killed-by-their-own-inventions" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160129150101/http://www.whatpoll.com/inventors-killed-by-their-own-inventions</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Mechanical Advantage". Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="http://www.bigwalls.net/climb/mechadv/index.html" target="_blank">http://www.bigwalls.net/climb/mechadv/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"404. Page Not Found". Archived from the original on 2 July 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2016. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100702160235/http://www.needlesports.com/catalogue/content.aspx?con_id=ca1dfee1-4224-4679-a772-9cc30119a921" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100702160235/http://www.needlesports.com/catalogue/content.aspx?con_id=ca1dfee1-4224-4679-a772-9cc30119a921</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Адамян Ованес Абгарович, Great Soviet Encyclopedia <a href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article127617.html" target="_blank">http://bse.sci-lib.com/article127617.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Alexandrov's biography (in Russian) <a href="http://www.biografija.ru/show_bio.aspx?id=2031" target="_blank">http://www.biografija.ru/show_bio.aspx?id=2031</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Alexandrov's biography Archived 3 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/nauka_i_tehnika/fizika/ALEKSANDROV_ANATOLI_PETROVICH.html" target="_blank">http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/nauka_i_tehnika/fizika/ALEKSANDROV_ANATOLI_PETROVICH.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1995). Cartoons: One Hundred Years of Cinema Animation. Paris, France: Indiana University Press. ISBN 2-910027-75-9 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Biography of Alexeev Archived 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.att-nn.com/ENGL/85yaers.htm" target="_blank">http://www.att-nn.com/ENGL/85yaers.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Low Orbit Helium Assisted Navigator; Lohan; Iss; Nasa; Google; purity, Brexit threatens Cornish pasty's racial; home, Grim-faced 'naut Malenchenko prepares to return; $1m+, One entire US spook base: Yours for. "In search of the Caspian Sea Monster". The Register. Retrieved 23 October 2016. {{cite web}}: |last5= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) <a href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/22/caspian_sea_monster/" target="_blank">https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/22/caspian_sea_monster/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 – Information for the Public <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2000/public.html" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2000/public.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Zhores I. Alferov - Biographical". Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2000/alferov-autobio.html" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2000/alferov-autobio.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Altshuller's biography (in Russian) <a href="http://www.altshuller.ru/biography/" target="_blank">http://www.altshuller.ru/biography/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Vasily Andreyev Archived 4 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine article on the city site of Bezhetsk (in Russian) <a href="http://bezh.asobezh.ru/bezechane/andreev.htm" target="_blank">http://bezh.asobezh.ru/bezechane/andreev.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>History of balalaika (in Russian) <a href="http://www.stringsandkeys.com/rus/history.HTML" target="_blank">http://www.stringsandkeys.com/rus/history.HTML</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Antonov's biographyArchived 22 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090522212624/http://www.antonov.com/about/jubilee/biography.xml" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090522212624/http://www.antonov.com/about/jubilee/biography.xml</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Artsimovich's biography (in Russian) <a href="http://www.peoples.ru/science/physics/arcimovich/" target="_blank">http://www.peoples.ru/science/physics/arcimovich/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Babakin's Biography (in Russian) <a href="http://www.space.hobby.ru/babakin.html" target="_blank">http://www.space.hobby.ru/babakin.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Biography". 24 December 2012. Archived from the original on 8 August 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100808022152/http://www.baranoffrossine.com/museum/biography/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100808022152/http://www.baranoffrossine.com/museum/biography/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Barmin's biography (in Russian) <a href="http://wwii-soldat.narod.ru/LEGEND/ARTICLES/barmin_vp.htm" target="_blank">http://wwii-soldat.narod.ru/LEGEND/ARTICLES/barmin_vp.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Basov Nikolay Gennadiyevich[usurped] <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100926022159/http://i-lasers.com/basov.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100926022159/http://i-lasers.com/basov.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Ernest Beaux, Perfumer -- From 'Bouquet of Napoleon' to 'Chanel No.5' to 'Mademoiselle Chanel No.1' (???)". Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="http://www.perfumeprojects.com/museum/perfumers/ErnestBeaux.php" target="_blank">http://www.perfumeprojects.com/museum/perfumers/ErnestBeaux.php</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>БЕХТЕРЕВА МИКСТУРА (MixturaBechtereva) at medicinelib.ru Archived 15 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://medicinelib.ru/lecarstva/B/lecarstva6616.html" target="_blank">http://medicinelib.ru/lecarstva/B/lecarstva6616.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Biography of Bernardos by A. A. Chekanov Archived 30 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://www.biografia.ru/cgi-bin/quotes.pl?oaction=show&name=benardos03" target="_blank">http://www.biografia.ru/cgi-bin/quotes.pl?oaction=show&name=benardos03</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Bereznyak-Isayev BI (in Russian) <a href="http://www.airwar.ru/enc/fww2/bi1.html" target="_blank">http://www.airwar.ru/enc/fww2/bi1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>The inventor of tractor (in Russian) <a href="http://ricolor.org/history/eng/prm/blinov/" target="_blank">http://ricolor.org/history/eng/prm/blinov/</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Our armor is strong and our tanks are fast and our people are full of courage (in Russian) <a href="http://inoforum.ru/inostrannaya_pressa/bronya_krepka_i_tanki_nashi_bystry_i_nashi_lyudi_muzhestva_polny/" target="_blank">http://inoforum.ru/inostrannaya_pressa/bronya_krepka_i_tanki_nashi_bystry_i_nashi_lyudi_muzhestva_polny/</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"Our History - Just Born - PA Candy Manufacturer". Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415232000/http://www.justborn.com/get-to-know-us/our-history" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160415232000/http://www.justborn.com/get-to-know-us/our-history</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>"Helicopter Development in the Early Twentieth Century" Archived 5 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. centennialofflight.gov. Accessed 10 May 2010. <a href="http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Rotary/early_20th_century/HE2.htm" target="_blank">http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Rotary/early_20th_century/HE2.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>"BBC NEWS - Business - Profile: The Google founders". 30 April 2004. Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3666241.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3666241.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Вестник Регистра морского судоходства России[permanent dead link] (in Russian) <a href="http://www.www.rs-head.spb.ru/ru/vestnik/arc_pdf/v54.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.www.rs-head.spb.ru/ru/vestnik/arc_pdf/v54.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Russian Virtual Computer Museum – Hall of Fame – Nikolay Petrovich Brusentsov. Retrieved 2010-01-25. <a href="http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/galglory_en/Brusentsov.htm" target="_blank">http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/galglory_en/Brusentsov.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Academician Gersh Itckovich Budker (in Russian) <a href="http://ufn.ru/ufn68/ufn68_11/Russian/r6811h.pdf" target="_blank">http://ufn.ru/ufn68/ufn68_11/Russian/r6811h.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>The brief history of particle accelerators (in Russian) <a href="http://elementy.ru/posters/collider/3" target="_blank">http://elementy.ru/posters/collider/3</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Read, J. (1935), Text-Book of Organic Chemistry, London: G Bell & Sons. <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>The history of Chelomey's OKB (in Russian) <a href="http://www.sergib.agava.ru/russia/chelomei/chelomei.htm" target="_blank">http://www.sergib.agava.ru/russia/chelomei/chelomei.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>"Pavel A. Cherenkov - Biographical". Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1958/cerenkov-bio.html" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1958/cerenkov-bio.html</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Vita Germetika: A Brief History of Creating and Development of Soviet-Russian space suits Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://vokrugsveta.ru/publishing/vs/archives/?item_id=465" target="_blank">http://vokrugsveta.ru/publishing/vs/archives/?item_id=465</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>"The A.L.Chizhevsky Science Memorial Cultural Center in Kaluga, Russia". Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701013210/http://www.gmik.ru/chizhevsky_en.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170701013210/http://www.gmik.ru/chizhevsky_en.html</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Guinness Book of Records <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_Records" target="_blank">/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_Records</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Degtyaryov's biography (in Russian) <a href="http://www.gewehr.ru/2007/04/11/degtjarjov_vasilijj_alekseevich.html" target="_blank">http://www.gewehr.ru/2007/04/11/degtjarjov_vasilijj_alekseevich.html</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>The office of the first Russian oligarch Archived 19 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://www.itogi.ru/archive/2002/42/102260.html" target="_blank">http://www.itogi.ru/archive/2002/42/102260.html</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Virtual Museum: Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk (in Russian) <a href="http://www.ifmo.ru/museum/?out=person&per_id=227&letter=196" target="_blank">http://www.ifmo.ru/museum/?out=person&per_id=227&letter=196</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>"Michael D. Gordin, J. Chem Education 83 (2006), 561–565" (PDF). Archived from the original on 13 September 2006. Retrieved 8 August 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913023854/http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/HS/Journal/Issues/2006/Apr/clicSubscriber/V83N04/p561.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060913023854/http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/HS/Journal/Issues/2006/Apr/clicSubscriber/V83N04/p561.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Доливо-Добровольский Михаил Осипович, Great Soviet Encyclopedia <a href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article031267.html" target="_blank">http://bse.sci-lib.com/article031267.html</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>"Nikolay A. Dollezhal". Brief History (in Russian). N.A. Dollezhal Research and Development Institute of Power Engineering. Archived from the original on 10 August 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080810010415/http://www.nikiet.ru/eng/history/dollezh.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080810010415/http://www.nikiet.ru/eng/history/dollezh.html</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Mayakovskaya at the official site of the Moscow Metro Archived 29 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_6.php?id_page=169" target="_blank">http://www.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_6.php?id_page=169</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>The Unknown Russian Monorail (in Russian) <a href="http://www.izmerov.narod.ru/monor/index.html" target="_blank">http://www.izmerov.narod.ru/monor/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>The House of Fabergé Archived 3 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://ornamentalturning.net/history/victorian_era_turner-faberge.html" target="_blank">http://ornamentalturning.net/history/victorian_era_turner-faberge.html</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Jean Boulet, Histoire de l'hélicoptère : racontée par ses pionniers, 1907–1956, Paris : Ed. France-Empire, 1982 (in French) <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Ivan Fyodorov's biography Archived 13 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/istoriya/FEDOROV_IVAN_FEDOROVICH.html" target="_blank">http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/istoriya/FEDOROV_IVAN_FEDOROVICH.html</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Ophthalmology for all (in Russian) <a href="http://www.oftalm.ru/miop.php#rkt" target="_blank">http://www.oftalm.ru/miop.php#rkt</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>C. Taylor The fighting rifle – A complete study of the rifle in combat, ISBN 0-87947-308-8 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>"Ya.M.Gakkel. The designer of the first Soviet diesel locomotives" @ Innovation Digest. <a href="http://rzd-expo.ru/history/Gakkel/" target="_blank">http://rzd-expo.ru/history/Gakkel/</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>About Prince B. B. Galitzine Archived 5 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine by Alexey Krylov (in Russian) <a href="http://vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/PAPERS/BIO/KRYLOV/KRYLOV_21.HTM" target="_blank">http://vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/PAPERS/BIO/KRYLOV/KRYLOV_21.HTM</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Investigation of the influence of the AlGaAs-GaAs heterostructure parameters on the laser threshold current and the realization of the continuous emission at the room temperature, Zh. I. Alferov, V.M. Andreev, D.Z. Garbuzov, and others, Sov. Phys. Semiconductors 4 <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Gause, GF. 1960. The search for new antibiotics. New Haven: Yale University Press. 97pp. <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>A Brief History of Diving (in Russian) <a href="http://www.dive-zone.de/russian/xzone/books/bk012/gl01.html" target="_blank">http://www.dive-zone.de/russian/xzone/books/bk012/gl01.html</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>History of diving in Russia Archived 17 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://www.egypt-info.ru/diving/diving_history/diving_history_russia.html" target="_blank">http://www.egypt-info.ru/diving/diving_history/diving_history_russia.html</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>It’s a thinner winner bbc.co.uk 19 October 2006 <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2006/10/19/191006_graphene_feature.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2006/10/19/191006_graphene_feature.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Genko's Forest Belt[permanent dead link] at the site dedicated to protected areas of Ulyanovsk Oblast (in Russian) <a href="http://ulnat.by.ru/dim/l/a.html" target="_blank">http://ulnat.by.ru/dim/l/a.html</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>"Valentin Glushko biography". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 30 August 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2006. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060830130455/http://astronautix.com/astros/glushko.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060830130455/http://astronautix.com/astros/glushko.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Gobyato's biography Archived 26 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://www.taganrog.su/node/1201" target="_blank">http://www.taganrog.su/node/1201</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Gorynin's biography on the web page of Prometey[permanent dead link] (in Russian) <a href="http://www.prometey.nw.ru/Eng/news/gorynin_80.htm" target="_blank">http://www.prometey.nw.ru/Eng/news/gorynin_80.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>Igor Gorynin's article on Personalities of Saint Petersburg (in Russian) <a href="http://www.ceo.spb.ru/rus/science/gorynin.i.v/index.shtml" target="_blank">http://www.ceo.spb.ru/rus/science/gorynin.i.v/index.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>"Television in Uzbekistan". Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="http://earlytelevision.org/uzbekistan.html" target="_blank">http://earlytelevision.org/uzbekistan.html</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Grabovsky Boris Pavlovich and his "Telephote". Myths and reality Archived 31 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Yury Rubchenko (in Russian) <a href="http://uk8aie.pr.uz/index.files/grab_telefot1.htm" target="_blank">http://uk8aie.pr.uz/index.files/grab_telefot1.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>Migavia.ru Archived 5 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine – official site of MiG "OKB" successor enterprise <a href="http://www.migavia.ru/eng/" target="_blank">http://www.migavia.ru/eng/</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>History of Haffkine Institute Archived 4 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://haffkineinstitute.org/history.htm" target="_blank">http://haffkineinstitute.org/history.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>Haffkine's biography (in Russian) <a href="http://www.odessaglobe.com/russian/people/khavkin.php" target="_blank">http://www.odessaglobe.com/russian/people/khavkin.php</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>A Genius of Osteogenesis Archived 20 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://www.medicus.ru/surgery/pats/?cont=article&art_id=4465" target="_blank">http://www.medicus.ru/surgery/pats/?cont=article&art_id=4465</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>Lee Beadling "Ilizarov discovered the miracle of distraction osteogenesis" <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031218183038/http://www.geocities.com/beadling/Ilizarov.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20031218183038/http://www.geocities.com/beadling/Ilizarov.html</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>Ilyushin's biography at The Heroes of the Country site (in Russian) <a href="http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=9950" target="_blank">http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=9950</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>Bereznyak-Isayev BI (in Russian) <a href="http://www.airwar.ru/enc/fww2/bi1.html" target="_blank">http://www.airwar.ru/enc/fww2/bi1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Pokhlebkin V. V. / Похлёбкин В. В. (2007). The history of vodka / История водки. Moscow: Tsentrpoligraph / Центрполиграф. p. 272. ISBN 978-5-9524-1895-0. <a href="978-5-9524-1895-0" target="_blank">978-5-9524-1895-0</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>MacWilliams B (November 2003). "Russian claims first in magnetic imaging". Nature. 426 (6965): 375. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..375M. doi:10.1038/426375a. PMID 14647349. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F426375a" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038%2F426375a</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>ПРИВЕТ НОБЕЛЮ ОТ ИВАНОВА <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050817144026/http://www.inauka.ru/science/article36826" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20050817144026/http://www.inauka.ru/science/article36826</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>Patents by Ivan Vladislav <a href="http://www.findpatent.ru/byauthors/849010/" target="_blank">http://www.findpatent.ru/byauthors/849010/</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>Jacobi's biography (in Russian) <a href="http://uniphys.ru/jakobi.html" target="_blank">http://uniphys.ru/jakobi.html</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>Poyer, Joe. The AK-47 and AK-74 Kalashnikov Rifles and Their Variations. North Cape Publications. 2004. <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>Kuznetsov, G.I.OKB Kamov. 50 years <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>"Pyotr Kapitsa – Biographical". Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/kapitsa-bio.html" target="_blank">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/kapitsa-bio.html</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>Karpechenko, G.D., Polyploid hybrids of Raphanus sativus X Brassica oleracea L., Bull. Appl. Bot. 17:305–408 (1927) <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:84"><p>Biotechnomogy timeline at bio.org Archived 12 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.bio.org/speeches/pubs/er/timeline.asp" target="_blank">http://www.bio.org/speeches/pubs/er/timeline.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>"Kaspersky Personal & Family Security Software". Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="http://www.kaspersky.com/" target="_blank">http://www.kaspersky.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:86"><p>Derela, Michal. "Citroën-Kegresse halftracks in Polish service". Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="http://derela.pl/c-k.htm" target="_blank">http://derela.pl/c-k.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:87"><p>Creation of Sambo Archived 15 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine – by Michail Lukashev, first published in Physical Culture and Sport magazine N9-10/91.(in Russian) <a href="http://glory.nsu.ru/projects/satbi/satbi-e/statyi/sambo.html" target="_blank">http://glory.nsu.ru/projects/satbi/satbi-e/statyi/sambo.html</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:88"><p>"Kibalchich". Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/kibalchich.html" target="_blank">http://www.russianspaceweb.com/kibalchich.html</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:89"><p>School Encyclopedia Russica (in Russian) <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TSGJ_VnSXBoC&pg=PA82" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=TSGJ_VnSXBoC&pg=PA82</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:90"><p>David.B (30 June 2014). "T-34-76". The Online Tank Museum. Retrieved 19 January 2024. <a href="https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww2/soviet/soviet_t34-76.php" target="_blank">https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww2/soviet/soviet_t34-76.php</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:91"><p>Ognjeslav Kostović – čovek koji je živeo u budućnosti (in Serbian) Archived 13 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.dnevnik.rs/arhiva/15-12-2002/Strane/vojvodjanska.htm" target="_blank">http://www.dnevnik.rs/arhiva/15-12-2002/Strane/vojvodjanska.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:92"><p>Manojlo srpski Ikar (in Serbian) <a href="http://www.mail-archive.com/sin%40antic.org/msg06039.html" target="_blank">http://www.mail-archive.com/sin%40antic.org/msg06039.html</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:93"><p>Parachuting – who invented the first parachute (in Russian) <a href="http://www.bibliotekar.ru/divo/40-22.htm" target="_blank">http://www.bibliotekar.ru/divo/40-22.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:94"><p>Russian parachute of Kotelnikov Archived 1 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://www.yazib.org/yb030604.html" target="_blank">http://www.yazib.org/yb030604.html</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:95"><p>Samokatka of Kulibin (in Russian) <a href="http://www.devichnick.ru/031kulibin.htm" target="_blank">http://www.devichnick.ru/031kulibin.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:96"><p>Коляски Шамшуренкова и самокатка Кулибина / The carriages of Shamshurenkov and samokatka of Kulibin[permanent dead link] (in Russian) <a href="http://www.1520mm.ru/history/start/pram.phtml" target="_blank">http://www.1520mm.ru/history/start/pram.phtml</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:97"><p>"Trident › Mobile-Friendly Social Network Software Platform". Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="http://www.aboutmycar.com/category/car_history/creation_history/automobile-invention-1122.htm" target="_blank">http://www.aboutmycar.com/category/car_history/creation_history/automobile-invention-1122.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:98"><p>Rzhosnitsky B. N. Dmitry Aleksandrovich Lachinov. Moscow-Leningrad: Gosenergoizdat, 1955 / Ржонсницкий Б. Н. Дмитрий Александрович Лачинов. — М.—Л.: Госэнергоиздат, 1955 (in Russian) <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:99"><p>"Site Disabled - FreeServers". Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="http://landships.freeservers.com/lebedenko_info.htm" target="_blank">http://landships.freeservers.com/lebedenko_info.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:100"><p>Самовары Лисицыных / Samovars of Lisitsyns Archived 1 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine at the site of Sloboda, a Tula-based newspaper (in Russian) <a href="http://www.tula.rodgor.ru/gazeta/659/history/2837/" target="_blank">http://www.tula.rodgor.ru/gazeta/659/history/2837/</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:101"><p>"early helicopter technology". Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/helicopter%20history/Early%20Helicopter%20Technology.htm" target="_blank">http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/helicopter%20history/Early%20Helicopter%20Technology.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:102"><p>Heywood, Anthony, Modernising Lenin's Russia: Economic Reconstruction, Foreign Trade, and the Railways, 1917–1924, p. 209. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-62178-X <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gstYfL9GDuEC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=gstYfL9GDuEC</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:103"><p>Loran and the fire extinguisher Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine at p-lab.org (in Russian) <a href="http://p-lab.org/publ/7-1-0-15" target="_blank">http://p-lab.org/publ/7-1-0-15</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:104"><p>"Lozino-Lozinskiy". Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/lozino_lozinskiy.html" target="_blank">http://www.russianspaceweb.com/lozino_lozinskiy.html</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:105"><p>Lozino-Lozinskiy's biography at Encyclopedia Astronautica <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020617051526/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/loznskiy.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20020617051526/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/loznskiy.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:106"><p>Lyulka's biography (in Russian) <a href="http://www.airwar.ru/history/constr/russia/constr/lulka.html" target="_blank">http://www.airwar.ru/history/constr/russia/constr/lulka.html</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:107"><p>Hu Q, Noll RJ, Li H, Makarov A, Hardman M, Graham Cooks R (2005). "The Orbitrap: a new mass spectrometer". Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 40 (4): 430–443. Bibcode:2005JMSp...40..430H. doi:10.1002/jms.856. PMID 15838939. S2CID 14756501. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:108"><p>Malyutin's biography Archived 20 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://www.artonline.ru/encyclopedia/380" target="_blank">http://www.artonline.ru/encyclopedia/380</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:109"><p>Mamyrin, B. A.; Karataev, V. I.; Shmikk, D. V.; Zagulin, V. A. (1973). "The mass-reflectron, a new nonmagnetic time-of-flight mass spectrometer with high resolution". Sov. Phys. JETP. 37: 45. Bibcode:1973JETP...37...45M. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:110"><p>The short history of naval science Archived 7 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://www.science.sakhalin.ru/Ship/M-03c.html" target="_blank">http://www.science.sakhalin.ru/Ship/M-03c.html</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:111"><p>Migavia.ru Archived 5 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine – official site of MiG "OKB" successor enterprise <a href="http://www.migavia.ru/eng/" target="_blank">http://www.migavia.ru/eng/</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:112"><p>"Site Disabled - FreeServers". Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="http://landships.freeservers.com/lebedenko_info.htm" target="_blank">http://landships.freeservers.com/lebedenko_info.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:113"><p>Mikulin's biography at The Heroes of the Country (in Russian) <a href="http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=9039" target="_blank">http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=9039</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:114"><p>Morozov's biography at the Heroes of the country (in Russian) <a href="http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=10117" target="_blank">http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=10117</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:115"><p>Halberstadt, Hans Inside the Great Tanks The Crowood Press Ltd. Wiltshire, England 1997 94–96 ISBN 1-86126-270-1"The T-54/T-55 series is the hands down, all-time most popular tank in history." <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:116"><p>Slobodskoy, Archpriest Seraphim (1996), "Bells and Russian Orthodox Peals", The Law of God, Jordanville, N.Y.: Holy Trinity Monastery, p. 624, ISBN 0-88465-044-8 <a href="0-88465-044-8" target="_blank">0-88465-044-8</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:117"><p>The history of welding Archived 11 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://www.epr-magazine.ru/industrial_history/technologies/svarka/" target="_blank">http://www.epr-magazine.ru/industrial_history/technologies/svarka/</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:118"><p>Nadiradze's biography Archived 16 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://www.rtc.ru/encyk/biogr-book/13N/2048.shtml" target="_blank">http://www.rtc.ru/encyk/biogr-book/13N/2048.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:119"><p>Nartov Andrey Konstantinovich (in Russian) <a href="http://turner.narod.ru/dir1/nartov.htm" target="_blank">http://turner.narod.ru/dir1/nartov.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:120"><p>Nartov's biography at hronos.km.ru Archived 14 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://hronos.km.ru/biograf/nartov.html" target="_blank">http://hronos.km.ru/biograf/nartov.html</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:121"><p>Nartov's biography (in Russian) <a href="http://subscribe.ru/archive/history.izobretatel/200510/25002229.html" target="_blank">http://subscribe.ru/archive/history.izobretatel/200510/25002229.html</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:122"><p>Sergei Pavlovich Nepobedimiy at astronautix.com <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020816075256/http://astronautix.com/astros/nepdimiy.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20020816075256/http://astronautix.com/astros/nepdimiy.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:123"><p>Tolf, Robert W. (1976). "4: The World's First Oil Tankers". The Russian Rockefellers: The Saga of the Nobel Family and the Russian Oil Industry. Hoover Press. ISBN 0-8179-6581-5. <a href="0-8179-6581-5" target="_blank">0-8179-6581-5</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:124"><p>It’s a thinner winner bbc.co.uk 19 October 2006 <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2006/10/19/191006_graphene_feature.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2006/10/19/191006_graphene_feature.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:125"><p>Sample, Ian (5 October 2010). "Nobel prize for physics goes to Manchester University scientists". The Guardian. London. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/oct/05/nobel-prize-physics" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/oct/05/nobel-prize-physics</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:126"><p>4 maart 2009. "Tetris 1985 History of Games part 07". YouTube. Retrieved 20 November 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)[dead YouTube link] <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zidxG-ah3y8" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zidxG-ah3y8</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:127"><p>Pavlov and, I. P. (1927/1960). Conditional Reflexes. New York: Dover Publications (the 1960 edition is an unaltered republication of the 1927 translation by Oxford University Press http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Pavlov/). <a href="http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Pavlov/" target="_blank">http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Pavlov/</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:128"><p>Petrov Vasily Vladimirovich at weldworld.ru (in Russian) <a href="http://www.weldworld.ru/history_petrov.html" target="_blank">http://www.weldworld.ru/history_petrov.html</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:129"><p>Kirza (in Russian) <a href="http://sokr.ru/card/21108scc97c4fa/" target="_blank">http://sokr.ru/card/21108scc97c4fa/</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:130"><p>Chief designer of the T-80 tank dies (in Russian) <a href="http://arms-tass.su/?page=article&aid=50901&cid=122" target="_blank">http://arms-tass.su/?page=article&aid=50901&cid=122</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:131"><p>"Site Disabled - FreeServers". Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="http://www.landships.freeservers.com/vezdekhod_aleksandr.htm" target="_blank">http://www.landships.freeservers.com/vezdekhod_aleksandr.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:132"><p>"Леонид Константинович Рамзин Leonid Konstantinovich Ramzin". Leonid. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317183452/http://www.leonid.org.ua/Ramzin.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120317183452/http://www.leonid.org.ua/Ramzin.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:133"><p>The history of Russian ruble and kopeck Archived 19 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine at the law-theory.ru (in Russian) <a href="http://law-theory.ru/show/istoriya_otechestvennogo_rublya_i_kopejki_chast._4.html" target="_blank">http://law-theory.ru/show/istoriya_otechestvennogo_rublya_i_kopejki_chast._4.html</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:134"><p>"Oldest International Yacht Clubs". Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="http://www.burgees.com/OldInternationalClubs.htm" target="_blank">http://www.burgees.com/OldInternationalClubs.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:135"><p>Monarchs can be good at anything (in Russian) <a href="http://i-r.ru/show_arhive.php?year=2008&month=9&id=1720" target="_blank">http://i-r.ru/show_arhive.php?year=2008&month=9&id=1720</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:136"><p>Lin, Patricia. Ida Kaganovich Rosenthal Archived 8 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.csupomona.edu/~plin/inventors/rosenthal.html" target="_blank">http://www.csupomona.edu/~plin/inventors/rosenthal.html</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:137"><p>Maidenform Inc., company website, company history section. Retrieved June 2004 from http://www.maidenform.com/custserv/custserv.jsp?sectionId=33 <a href="http://www.maidenform.com/custserv/custserv.jsp?sectionId=33" target="_blank">http://www.maidenform.com/custserv/custserv.jsp?sectionId=33</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:138"><p>"Maidenform, Inc. – Company History". Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 29 September 2010. <a href="http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Maidenform-Inc-Company-History.html" target="_blank">http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Maidenform-Inc-Company-History.html</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:139"><p>"History of the Cathode Ray Tube". About.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2009. <a href="https://archive.today/20120709164537/http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/CathodeRayTube.htm" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20120709164537/http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/CathodeRayTube.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:140"><p>The beginnings of a blue screen (in Russian) <a href="http://www.pravdasevera.ru/?id=5132" target="_blank">http://www.pravdasevera.ru/?id=5132</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:141"><p>Interview with Roshal (in Russian) <a href="http://www.compression.ru/arctest/descript/roshal.htm" target="_blank">http://www.compression.ru/arctest/descript/roshal.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:142"><p>A History of Mechanical Fan Archived 20 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://www.elcomspb.ru/wiki/eltech_history/vent_invent/" target="_blank">http://www.elcomspb.ru/wiki/eltech_history/vent_invent/</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:143"><p>"family San Galli: a European success". Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="http://www.gruner-fam.de/SanGalli-E.html" target="_blank">http://www.gruner-fam.de/SanGalli-E.html</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:144"><p>The hot boxes of San Galli Archived 7 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://www.votgk.com/press/energyhistory/sangalli/" target="_blank">http://www.votgk.com/press/energyhistory/sangalli/</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:145"><p>Virtual Museum of Information technology Archived 20 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://schools.keldysh.ru/sch444/museum/1_17-19.htm" target="_blank">http://schools.keldysh.ru/sch444/museum/1_17-19.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:146"><p>Severin, Guy Ilich at the Russian Academy of Sciences website (in Russian) <a href="http://www.ras.ru/news/shownews.aspx?id=c62a5cf4-0a07-4ec7-b643-5004459b4bcb" target="_blank">http://www.ras.ru/news/shownews.aspx?id=c62a5cf4-0a07-4ec7-b643-5004459b4bcb</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:147"><p>Коляски Шамшуренкова и самокатка Кулибина / The carriages of Shamshurenkov and samokatka of Kulibin[permanent dead link] (in Russian) <a href="http://www.1520mm.ru/history/start/pram.phtml" target="_blank">http://www.1520mm.ru/history/start/pram.phtml</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:148"><p>Leonty Luk'yanovich Shamshurenkov Archived 19 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://olnd.narod.ru/06/06_shamsh.htm" target="_blank">http://olnd.narod.ru/06/06_shamsh.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:149"><p>"Wolseley Register - The Club for Wolseley Car Owners and Enthusiasts". Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="http://www.wolseleyworld.com/oddities-gyrocar.php" target="_blank">http://www.wolseleyworld.com/oddities-gyrocar.php</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:150"><p>Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov's biography at Shukhov Tower Foundation site. <a href="http://shukhov.org/shukhov.html" target="_blank">http://shukhov.org/shukhov.html</a> <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:151"><p>SPP-1 Archived 14 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://world.guns.ru/handguns/hg140-r.htm" target="_blank">http://world.guns.ru/handguns/hg140-r.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:152"><p>Modern weapons of underwater fighters (in Russian) <a href="http://weaponsas.narod.ru/Spec_Sovror-pl.htm" target="_blank">http://weaponsas.narod.ru/Spec_Sovror-pl.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:153"><p>Slavyanov's biography Archived 15 August 2007 at archive.today (in Russian) <a href="http://www.weldportal.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=237&Itemid=87" target="_blank">http://www.weldportal.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=237&Itemid=87</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:154"><p>The Day of Granenyi Stakan Archived 20 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine at hronograf.narod.ru (in Russian) <a href="http://hronograf.narod.ru/10/stakan.htm" target="_blank">http://hronograf.narod.ru/10/stakan.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:155"><p>An illustrated biography of Starevich Archived 15 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish) <a href="http://www.revistafantastique.com/monografico.php?articulo=151---Ladislas-Starewicz" target="_blank">http://www.revistafantastique.com/monografico.php?articulo=151---Ladislas-Starewicz</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:156"><p>Entomology and Animation: A Portrait of an Early Master Ladislaw Starewicz (May 2000 6-page article from Animation World Magazine) <a href="http://www.awn.com/mag/issue5.02/5.02pages/schneiderstarewicz.php3" target="_blank">http://www.awn.com/mag/issue5.02/5.02pages/schneiderstarewicz.php3</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:157"><p>"Site Disabled - FreeServers". Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="http://landships.freeservers.com/lebedenko_info.htm" target="_blank">http://landships.freeservers.com/lebedenko_info.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:158"><p>Stechkin's biography at The Heroes of the Country (in Russian) <a href="http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=10822" target="_blank">http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=10822</a> <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:159"><p>Utkin's biography at the Heroes of the Country site (in Russian) <a href="http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=10514" target="_blank">http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=10514</a> <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:160"><p>The brief history of particle accelerators (in Russian) <a href="http://elementy.ru/posters/collider/3" target="_blank">http://elementy.ru/posters/collider/3</a> <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:161"><p>Who and when invented synchrophasotron? (in Russian) <a href="http://www.afizika.ru/zanimatelniestati/172-ktopridumalsihrofazatron" target="_blank">http://www.afizika.ru/zanimatelniestati/172-ktopridumalsihrofazatron</a> <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:162"><p>Shamov V.N. The transfusion of stored cadaver blood Lancet 1937; 2, August 7:306–309 <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:163"><p>Gareth R. Eaton; et al. (1998). Foundations of modern EPR. World Scientific. pp. 45–46. ISBN 981-02-3295-0. Retrieved 30 September 2010. <a href="981-02-3295-0" target="_blank">981-02-3295-0</a> <a href="#fnref:163" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:164"><p>"Site Disabled - FreeServers". Retrieved 23 October 2016. <a href="http://landships.freeservers.com/lebedenko_info.htm" target="_blank">http://landships.freeservers.com/lebedenko_info.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:164" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:165"><p>Zhukovsky's biography Archived 3 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://taina.aib.ru/biography/nikolaj-zhukovskij.htm" target="_blank">http://taina.aib.ru/biography/nikolaj-zhukovskij.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:165" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:166"><p>Vasily Zvyozdochkin – the father of Russian Matryoshka Archived 1 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://www.zavodskayapravda.ru/article.aspx?articleId=527&issueId=96" target="_blank">http://www.zavodskayapravda.ru/article.aspx?articleId=527&issueId=96</a> <a href="#fnref:166" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>