Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Gossypium
open-in-new
<h2 id="selected-species">Selected species</h2> <h3>Subgenus <i>Gossypium</i></h3> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Gossypium_anomalum/5Rvan9Rv">Gossypium anomalum</a></i> Wawra & Peyr.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Gossypium_arboreum/xpceVIet">Gossypium arboreum</a></i> <a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">L.</a> – tree cotton (India and <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Gossypium_herbaceum/IYpYDYjJ">Gossypium herbaceum</a></i> L. – Levant cotton (southern Africa and the <a href="/facts/Arabian_Peninsula/x1fDka2b">Arabian Peninsula</a>)</li></ul> <h3>Subgenus <i>Houzingenia</i></h3> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Gossypium_raimondii/d7om9qWI">Gossypium raimondii</a></i> Ulbr. – one of the putative progenitor species of <a href="/facts/Tetraploid/L7xyKHdK">tetraploid</a> cotton, alongside <i>G. arboreum</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Gossypium_thurberi/33QffcwK">Gossypium thurberi</a></i> Tod. – Arizona wild cotton (<a href="/facts/Arizona/6ayM3swJ">Arizona</a> and northern Mexico)</li></ul> <h3>Subgenus <i>Karpas</i></h3> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Gossypium_barbadense/IMwAn6lk">Gossypium barbadense</a></i> L. – Creole cotton/Sea Island Cotton (tropical South America)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Gossypium_darwinii/ndbvW3gF">Gossypium darwinii</a></i> G.Watt – Darwin's cotton (<a href="/facts/Gal%25C3%25A1pagos_Islands/pQ7g2hdN">Galápagos Islands</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Gossypium_hirsutum/hdmL7crW">Gossypium hirsutum</a></i> L. – upland cotton (Central America, Mexico, the <a href="/facts/Caribbean/zRI9aMCh">Caribbean</a> and southern Florida)</li> <li><i>Gossypium mustelinum</i> Miers ex G.Watt</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Gossypium_tomentosum/W9fkSQmA">Gossypium tomentosum</a></i> <a href="/facts/Thomas_Nuttall/fcofFUfs">Nutt.</a> ex Seem – <i>Maʻo</i> or Hawaiian cotton (Hawaii)</li></ul> <h3>Subgenus <i>Sturtia</i></h3> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Gossypium_australe/6bsCITCS">Gossypium australe</a></i> <a href="/facts/Ferdinand_von_Mueller/JWLSfJ82">F.Muell</a> (northwestern Australia)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Gossypium_sturtianum/je4s8wQ7">Gossypium sturtianum</a></i> <a href="/facts/James_Hamlyn_Willis/bV0XGkt9">J.H. Willis</a> – Sturt's desert rose (Australia)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Formerly placed in genus <i>Gossypium</i></h3> <ul><li><i>Gossypioides brevilanatum</i> (Hochr.) J.B.Hutch. (as <i>G. brevilanatum</i> Hochr.)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Gossypioides_kirkii/FzDR4pEH">Gossypioides kirkii</a></i> (Mast.) J.B.Hutch. (as <i>Gossypium kirkii</i> Mast.)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Kokia_drynarioides/Yv2EuY0o">Kokia drynarioides</a></i> (Seem.) Lewton (as <i>G. drynarioides</i> Seem.)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="gossypiumgenome"><i>Gossypium</i> genome</h2> <p>A public genome sequencing effort of cotton was initiated<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers. They agreed on a strategy to sequence the genome of cultivated, <a href="/facts/Allotetraploidy/L7xyKHdK">allotetraploid</a> cotton. "Allotetraploid" means that the genomes of these cotton species comprise two distinct subgenomes, referred to as the At and Dt (the 't' for tetraploid, to distinguish them from the A and D genomes of the related diploid species). The strategy is to sequence first the D-genome relative of allotetraploid cottons, <i>G. raimondii</i>, a wild South American (<a href="/facts/Peru/dBt7XrYD">Peru</a>, <a href="/facts/Ecuador/Tdv7czY4">Ecuador</a>) cotton species, because of its smaller size due essentially to less repetitive DNA (retrotransposons mainly). It has nearly one-third the number of bases of tetraploid cotton (AD), and each chromosome is only present once. The A genome of <i>G. arboreum</i>, the 'Old-World' cotton species (grown in India in particular), would be sequenced next. Its genome is roughly twice the size of <i>G. raimondii'</i>s. Once both A and D genome sequences are assembled, then research could begin to sequence the actual genomes of tetraploid cultivated cotton varieties. This strategy is out of necessity; if one were to sequence the tetraploid genome without model diploid genomes, the euchromatic DNA sequences of the AD genomes would co-assemble and the repetitive elements of AD genomes would assemble independently into A and D sequences, respectively. Then there would be no way to untangle the mess of AD sequences without comparing them to their diploid counterparts. </p><p>The public sector effort continues with the goal to create a high-quality, draft genome sequence from reads generated by all sources. The public-sector effort has generated Sanger reads of BACs, fosmids, and plasmids, as well as 454 reads. These later types of reads will be instrumental in assembling an initial draft of the D genome. In 2010, two companies (<a href="/facts/Monsanto/6rVAaIXB">Monsanto</a> and <a href="/facts/Illumina_(company)/0nofTkVp">Illumina</a>), completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of <i>G. raimondii</i> about 50x.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> They announced they would donate their raw reads to the public. This public relations effort gave them some recognition for sequencing the cotton genome. Once the D genome is assembled from all of this raw material, it will undoubtedly assist in the assembly of the AD genomes of cultivated varieties of cotton, but a lot of hard work remains. </p> <h2 id="cotton-pests-and-diseases">Cotton pests and diseases</h2> <h3>Pests</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Boll_weevil/dw13YMqj">Boll weevil</a>, <i>Anthonomus grandis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cotton_aphid/58chnKb0">Cotton aphid</a>, <i>Aphis gossypii</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cotton_stainer/XYqtR0Fc">Cotton stainer</a>, <i>Dysdercus koenigii</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cotton_bollworm/RxWplPSM">Cotton bollworm</a>, <i>Helicoverpa zea</i>, and <a href="/facts/Native_budworm/0IR8Puja">native budworm</a>, <i>Helicoverpa punctigera</i>, are caterpillars that damage cotton crops. Some other <a href="/facts/Lepidoptera/yPFPsQmL">Lepidoptera</a> (<a href="/facts/Butterfly/qlSgwlRx">butterfly</a> and <a href="/facts/Moth/bPrkvkGh">moth</a>) <a href="/facts/Larva/GKo2FIew">larvae</a> also feed on cotton – see list of Lepidoptera that feed on cotton plants.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Green_mirid/sFhQboGH">Green mirid</a> (<i>Creontiades dilutus</i>), a sucking insect</li> <li><a href="/facts/Spider_mite/BMEHEYW8">Spider mites</a>, <i>Tetranychus urticae</i>, <i>T. ludeni</i> and <i>T. lambi</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thrips/FEW4Njc0">Thrips</a>, <i>Thrips tabaci</i> and <i>Frankliniella schultzei</i></li></ul> <h3>Diseases</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_cotton_diseases/xNYyvtlw">List of cotton diseases</a></p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Alternaria/yef2IbKJ">Alternaria</a> leaf spot, caused by <i><a href="/facts/Alternaria_macrospora/QHkqWFB9">Alternaria macrospora</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Alternaria_alternata/1C0Ndzvf">Alternaria alternata</a></i></li> <li>Anthracnose boll rot, caused by <i><a href="/facts/Colletotrichum_gossypii/8r1JT6Wx">Colletotrichum gossypii</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thielaviopsis/xFfF3bWY">Black root rot</a>, caused by the fungus <i><a href="/facts/Thielaviopsis_basicola/VCy91Be2">Thielaviopsis basicola</a></i></li> <li>Blight caused by <a href="/facts/Xanthomonas_campestris_pv._malvacearum/fEVzz5IU"><i>Xanthomonas campestris</i> pv. <i>malvacearum</i></a></li> <li>Fusarium boll rot caused by <i>Fusarium</i> spp.</li> <li>Phytophthora boll rot, caused by <i><a href="/facts/Phytophthora_nicotianae_var._parasitica/myBuuqWH"><i>Phytophthora nicotianae</i> var. <i>parasitica</i></a></i></li> <li>Sclerotinia boll rot, caused by the fungus <i><a href="/facts/Sclerotinia_sclerotiorum/7J6TlAtV">Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Stigmatomycosis/MBCQGBEr">Stigmatomycosis</a>, caused by the fungi <i><a href="/facts/Ashbya_gossypii/0TXwuCNE">Ashbya gossypii</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Eremothecium_coryli/lvSl8YNr">Eremothecium coryli</a></i>, <i>(Nematospora coryli)</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Aureobasidium_pullulans/mTnCKRgm">Aureobasidium pullulans</a></i></li></ul> <h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Vegetable_Lamb_of_Tartary/doSXatju">Vegetable Lamb of Tartary</a>, a European legendary plant remotely based on cotton.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.cicr.org.in/">Central Institute for Cotton Research</a> – <i>located in India</i>.</li></ul> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gossypium. <a href="/facts/Wikispecies/b2GhA7Le">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i>Gossypium</i>. <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Gossypium". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2020-05-19. <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Gossypium" target="_blank">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Gossypium</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Wendel JF, Brubaker C, Alvarez I, et al. (2009). "Evolution and Natural History of the Cotton Genus". In Andrew H. Paterson (ed.). Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models. Vol. 3. pp. 3–22. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-70810-2_1. ISBN 978-0-387-70809-6. <a href="978-0-387-70809-6" target="_blank">978-0-387-70809-6</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Wendel JF, Brubaker C, Alvarez I, et al. (2009). "Evolution and Natural History of the Cotton Genus". In Andrew H. Paterson (ed.). Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models. Vol. 3. pp. 3–22. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-70810-2_1. ISBN 978-0-387-70809-6. <a href="978-0-387-70809-6" target="_blank">978-0-387-70809-6</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Gledhill, D. (2008). The Names of Plants (4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3. <a href="978-0-521-86645-3" target="_blank">978-0-521-86645-3</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Townsend, Terry (2020). "1B - World natural fibre production and employment". Handbook of Natural Fibres. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Woodhead Publishing. pp. 15–36. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-818398-4.00002-5. ISBN 9780128183984. S2CID 212822506. <a href="9780128183984" target="_blank">9780128183984</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Senchina DS, Alvarez I, Cronn RC, et al. (2003). "Rate variation among nuclear genes and the age of polyploidy in Gossypium". Mol. Biol. Evol. 20 (4): 633–643. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg065. PMID 12679546. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsg065" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsg065</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Wendel JF, Brubaker C, Alvarez I, et al. (2009). "Evolution and Natural History of the Cotton Genus". In Andrew H. Paterson (ed.). Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models. Vol. 3. pp. 3–22. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-70810-2_1. ISBN 978-0-387-70809-6. <a href="978-0-387-70809-6" target="_blank">978-0-387-70809-6</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Senchina DS, Alvarez I, Cronn RC, et al. (2003). "Rate variation among nuclear genes and the age of polyploidy in Gossypium". Mol. Biol. Evol. 20 (4): 633–643. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg065. PMID 12679546. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsg065" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsg065</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Chaudhry, M. R. (2010). "10 - Cotton Production and Processing". Industrial Applications of Natural Fibres. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 219–234. doi:10.1002/9780470660324.ch10. ISBN 9780470660324. <a href="9780470660324" target="_blank">9780470660324</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Gossypium". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2011-09-08. <a href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=21709" target="_blank">https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=21709</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"GRIN Species Records of Gossypium". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-09-08. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121931/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?5113" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121931/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?5113</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"GRIN Species Records of Gossypium". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-09-08. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121931/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?5113" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121931/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?5113</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Chen ZJ, Scheffler BE, Dennis E, et al. (Dec 2007). "Toward sequencing cotton (Gossypium) genomes". Plant Physiol. 145 (4): 1303–10. doi:10.1104/pp.107.107672. PMC 2151711. PMID 18056866. <a href="http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/content/full/145/4/1303" target="_blank">http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/content/full/145/4/1303</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>APPDMZ\gyoung. "Monsanto and Illumina Reach Key Milestone in Cotton Genome Sequencing". www.monsanto.com. Archived from the original on 2016-02-01. Retrieved 2016-01-31. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201042838/http://www.monsanto.com/newsviews/pages/monsanto-illumina-key-milestone-cotton-genome-sequencing.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160201042838/http://www.monsanto.com/newsviews/pages/monsanto-illumina-key-milestone-cotton-genome-sequencing.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>