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Banyan
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<h2 id="characteristics">Characteristics</h2> <p>Like other fig species, banyans also bear their fruit in the form of a structure called a "<a href="/facts/Syconium/CQD4b0eD">syconium</a>". The syconium of <i>Ficus</i> species supply shelter and food for <a href="/facts/Fig_wasp/k5p38HlL">fig wasps</a> and the trees depend on the fig wasps for pollination.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Frugivore/jpgX0ERo">Frugivore</a> birds disperse the seeds of banyans. The seeds are small, and because most banyans grow in <a href="/facts/Woodland/BcnoNfmp">woodlands</a>, a seedling that germinates on the ground is unlikely to survive. However, many seeds fall on the branches and stems of other trees or on human edifices, and when they germinate they grow roots down toward the ground and consequently may envelop part of the host tree or edifice. This is colloquially known as a "<a href="/facts/Strangler_fig/aS7Tugpd">strangler</a>" habit, which banyans share with a number of other tropical <i>Ficus</i> species, as well as some other unrelated genera such as <i><a href="/facts/Clusia/kRXa7EL2">Clusia</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Metrosideros/e5MK8A0x">Metrosideros</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>The leaves of the banyan tree are large, leathery, glossy, green, and elliptical. Like most figs, the leaf bud is covered by two large scales. As the leaf develops the scales abscise. Young leaves have an attractive reddish tinge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>Older banyan trees are characterized by <a href="/facts/Aerial_root/S0kvfMvo">aerial prop roots</a> that mature into thick, woody trunks, which can become indistinguishable from the primary trunk with age. These aerial roots can become very numerous. <a href="/facts/The_Great_Banyan/nByheUsp">The Great Banyan</a> of Kolkata, which has been tracked carefully for many years, currently has 2,880 supplementary trunks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Such prop roots can be sixty feet (eighteen meters) in height.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Old trees can spread laterally by using these prop roots to grow over a wide area. In some species, the prop roots develop over a considerable area that resembles a grove of trees, with every trunk connected directly or indirectly to the primary trunk. The topology of this massive root system inspired the name of the <a href="/facts/Hierarchical/mYJyqFrG">hierarchical</a> computer network operating system "<a href="/facts/Banyan_VINES/JUGjcmgH">Banyan VINES</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <p>In a banyan that envelops its host tree, the mesh of roots growing around the latter eventually applies considerable pressure to and commonly kills it. Such an enveloped, dead tree eventually decomposes, so that the banyan becomes a "columnar tree" with a hollow, central core. In jungles, such hollows are very desirable shelters to many animals. </p><p>From research, it is known that the longevity of banyan tree is due to multiple signs of adaptive (MSA) evolution of genes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p>The name was originally given to <i>F. benghalensis</i> and comes from India, where early European travelers observed that the shade of the tree was frequented by <i>Banyans</i> (a corruption of Baniyas, a community of Indian traders).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="classification">Classification</h2> <p>The original banyan, <i>F. benghalensis</i>, can grow into a giant tree covering several hectares. Over time, the name became generalized to all <a href="/facts/Strangler_fig/aS7Tugpd">strangler figs</a> of the <i>Urostigma</i> subgenus. The many banyan species also include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Ficus_microcarpa/rV3pEAPy">Ficus microcarpa</a></i>, which is native to <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a>, <a href="/facts/Nepal/yWCzTBR2">Nepal</a>, <a href="/facts/Bangladesh/NXk4f78Y">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/facts/Bhutan/fSRsLss9">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/facts/Sri_Lanka/VtTBmysE">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>, <a href="/facts/Taiwan/VcJoUD8w">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/facts/Malay_Archipelago/RkeF5zR1">the Malay Archipelago</a>, <a href="/facts/Mainland_Southeast_Asia/5pknI7yy">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/facts/New_Guinea/qB0bzfSH">New Guinea</a>, <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a>, <a href="/facts/Ryukyu_Islands/94rjkv8f">Ryukyu Islands</a> and <a href="/facts/New_Caledonia/VI15kA61">New Caledonia</a>, is a significant invasive species elsewhere.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li>The Central American banyan (<i><a href="/facts/Ficus_pertusa/ouBHeHz4">Ficus pertusa</a></i>) is native to Central America and northern South America, from southern Mexico south to <a href="/facts/Paraguay/sbzfv4Rl">Paraguay</a>.</li> <li>The shortleaf fig (<i><a href="/facts/Ficus_citrifolia/LbTMKM3g">Ficus citrifolia</a></i>) is native to <a href="/facts/South_Florida/9buquI9F">South Florida</a>, the <a href="/facts/Caribbean/zRI9aMCh">Caribbean</a> islands, Central America, and South America south to Paraguay. One theory is that the Portuguese name for <i>F. citrofolia</i>, <i>os barbados</i>, gave <a href="/facts/Barbados/ywYtqmRB">Barbados</a> its name.</li> <li>The Florida strangler fig (<i><a href="/facts/Ficus_aurea/elsynafy">Ficus aurea</a></i>) is also native to South Florida and the Caribbean islands, and distinguished from the above by its coarser leaf venation.</li> <li>The Moreton Bay fig (<i><a href="/facts/Ficus_macrophylla/JanpA8Wm">Ficus macrophylla</a></i>) and <a href="/facts/Port_Jackson_fig/u5Avo8IN">Port Jackson fig</a> (<i>Ficus rubiginosa</i>) are other related species.</li></ul> <h2 id="in-horticulture">In horticulture</h2> <p>Due to the complex structure of the roots and extensive branching, the banyan is used as a subject specimen in <a href="/facts/Penjing/eHschoWD">penjing</a> and <a href="/facts/Bonsai/g4wLe7ak">bonsai</a>. The oldest living bonsai in <a href="/facts/Taiwan/VcJoUD8w">Taiwan</a> is a 240-year-old banyan tree housed in <a href="/facts/Tainan/G5n5aVGy">Tainan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="in-culture">In culture</h2> <h3>Religion and mythology</h3> <p>Banyan trees figure prominently in several Asian and Pacific religions and myths, including the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Vat_Purnima/6yDQLQLt">Vat Purnima</a> is a <a href="/facts/List_of_Hindu_festivals/5nzsEjJq">Hindu festival</a> related to the banyan tree. Vat Purnima is observed by married women in <a href="/facts/North_India/tIUqMm15">North India</a> and in the Western Indian states of <a href="/facts/Maharashtra/4hAVYlb4">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/facts/Goa/KKXvbLSS">Goa</a>, <a href="/facts/Gujarat/HwmVfMwr">Gujarat</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> During the three days of the month of <a href="/facts/Jyeshtha_(month)/mHgcCJYu">Jyeshtha</a> in the <a href="/facts/Hindu_calendar/3oYoSHLj">Hindu calendar</a> (which falls in May–June in the <a href="/facts/Gregorian_calendar/axJfTXV1">Gregorian calendar</a>) married women observe a fast and tie threads around a banyan tree and pray for the well-being of their husbands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li>In <a href="/facts/Buddhism/G0wsjrSl">Buddhism</a>'s <a href="/facts/Pali_canon/UWeKv5NE">Pali canon</a>, the banyan (Pali: <i>nigrodha</i>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> is referenced numerous times.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Typical metaphors allude to the banyan's <a href="/facts/Epiphyte/n0oUN0Yd">epiphytic</a> nature, likening the banyan's supplanting of a host tree as comparable to the way sensual desire (<i><a href="/facts/K%25C4%2581ma/zlTz4H6H">kāma</a></i>) overcomes humans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li>In <a href="/facts/Guam/z77Ql3fM">Guam</a>, the <a href="/facts/Chamorro_people/oK5e6awJ">Chamorro people</a> believe in tales of <i><a href="/facts/Taotaomona/gycbHuHB">taotaomona</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Duende_(mythology)/g7W9ItyW"><i>duende</i>s</a>, and other spirits.<i> Taotaomona</i> are spirits of the ancient Chamorro that act as guardians to banyan trees.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li>In Vietnamese mythology of the <a href="/facts/Mid-Autumn_Festival/2MSnk5ce">Mid-Autumn Festival</a>, the <a href="/facts/Lunar_pareidolia/1bQ8G8nh">dark markings</a> on the Moon are a banyan, a magical tree originally planted by <a href="/facts/Man_in_the_Moon/5gxKwUDu">a man named Cuội</a> on Earth. When his wife watered it with unclean water, the tree uprooted itself with the man hanging on it and flew to the Moon, where he eternally accompanied the <a href="/facts/Chang%2527e/BPDQSPgs">Moon Lady</a> and the <a href="/facts/Moon_Rabbit/4t7J3Q1h">Jade Rabbit</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li>In the <a href="/facts/Philippines/ARpmxXQV">Philippines</a>, they are usually referred to as <a href="/facts/Balete_tree/yu9U9HtE">balete trees</a>, which are home to certain deities and spirits.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li>In <a href="/facts/Okinawa_Prefecture/2PNlxv5K">Okinawa</a>, the tree is referred to as gajumaru, which, according to traditional folklore, is the home for the mythical <a href="/facts/Kijimuna/hKo3bhcJ">Kijimuna</a>.</li></ul> <h3>Notable banyan trees</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Thimmamma_Marrimanu/rxuAs0EV">Thimmamma Marrimanu</a> is a banyan tree in <a href="/facts/Anantapur/uou2FA1t">Anantapur</a>, located circa 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the town of Kadiri in the state of <a href="/facts/Andhra_Pradesh/d51Lb0kX">Andhra Pradesh</a>, India. It is recognized as the world's largest banyan tree. It is present in the Indian Botanical Gardens and is more than 550 years old. Its <a href="/facts/Canopy_(biology)/P1C0uxKl">canopy</a> covers 21,000 m2 (2.1 ha) <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li>One of the largest trees, <a href="/facts/The_Great_Banyan/nByheUsp">the Great Banyan</a> is found in <a href="/facts/Kolkata/k0HVgEYm">Kolkata</a>, India. Its canopy covers 4.67 acres (1.89 ha)</li> <li>Another such tree, <a href="/facts/Dodda_Aalada_Mara/tM1XGeWs">Dodda Aalada Mara</a> as in "Big Banyan Tree", is found in the village of Ramohalli, on the outskirts of <a href="/facts/Bangalore/LoufLHv4">Bangalore</a>, India; it has a spread of circa 2.5 acres.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Iolani_Palace/mmW7PIX9">Iolani Palace</a> banyans in <a href="/facts/Honolulu/DF2WutFs">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii. In the 1880s <a href="/facts/Queen_Kapiolani/9dXbqK1C">Queen Kapiolani</a> planted two banyan trees within the <a href="/facts/Iolani_Palace/mmW7PIX9">Iolani Palace</a> grounds. These trees have since grown into large groupings of trees on the old historic palace grounds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Maui/neElR69j">Maui</a>, Hawaii has the <a href="/facts/Banyan_tree_in_Lahaina/XK8BLQne">Banyan tree in Lahaina</a> planted by <a href="/facts/William_Owen_Smith/D4mgFR94">William Owen Smith</a> on 24 April 1873, in <a href="/facts/Lahaina_Banyan_Court_Park/5WxUdakw">Lahaina's Courthouse Square</a> to mark the 50th anniversary of the arrival of the first American Protestant mission. It has grown to cover two-thirds of an acre.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> The tree was severely damaged by the <a href="/facts/2023_Hawaii_wildfires/SDclTC8t">2023 Hawaii wildfires</a> from 8–9 August which also severely damaged the town of <a href="/facts/Lahaina/tgetVsX7">Lahaina</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li>One large banyan tree, Kalpabata, is inside the premises of <a href="/facts/Jagannath_Temple%2c_Puri/d3HkjDDW">Jagannath Temple</a> in <a href="/facts/Puri/ksQeGT87">Puri</a>. It is considered sacred by the devotees and is supposed to be more than 500 years old.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li>A large banyan tree lives in <a href="/facts/Cypress_Gardens/zWAknCWV">Cypress Gardens</a>, at the Legoland theme park located in Winter Haven, Florida. It was planted in 1939 in a 5-gallon bucket.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ts-adyar.org/content/banyan-tree">Adayar Banyan Tree</a>, located in the Theosophical Society Campus in Adayar, Chennai, India, is around 450 years old.</li> <li>The banyan tree from <a href="/facts/Miary/yNnBLaTC">Miary</a>, Madagascar which is said to be 1,700 years old.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Other</h3> <ul><li>The banyan tree is depicted in the <a href="/facts/Coat_of_arms_of_Indonesia/qhTjG5NQ">coat of arms of Indonesia</a> as a manifestation of the third principle of <a href="/facts/Pancasila_(politics)/nd7tX6Pq">Pancasila</a> (the unity of all of Indonesia). It is also used in the emblem of <a href="/facts/Golkar/31AMbY39">Golkar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/The_Economist/KNjzFCVU">The Economist</a> </i>magazine features an opinion column covering topics pertaining to Asia named "Banyan".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li> <li>In southern <a href="/facts/Vanuatu/ta20UNlL">Vanuatu</a>, the clearings under banyan trees are used as <a href="/facts/Nakamal/900lHKnx">traditional meeting places</a>. The quarterly newsletter of the British Friends of Vanuatu Society is named <i>Nabanga</i>, after the local word for banyan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></li> <li><i>The Banyan Tree</i> is a notoriously difficult room in the 1984 <a href="/facts/ZX_Spectrum/JVbaDHrU">ZX Spectrum</a> <a href="/facts/Platform_game/KJnmd0Il">platform game</a> <i><a href="/facts/Jet_Set_Willy/7ew6UbzF">Jet Set Willy</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></li> <li>The Foggy Swamp in <i><a href="/facts/Avatar%3a_The_Last_Airbender/kR4e95oC">Avatar: The Last Airbender</a></i> consists of a single banyan grove tree.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li> <li>The title track from <a href="/facts/Steely_Dan/hPjfQbXq">Steely Dan</a>'s 1977 album <a href="/facts/Aja_(album)/2I8uWHv2">Aja</a> contains the lyric "Chinese music under banyan trees, here at the dude ranch, above the sea."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></li> <li>On 13 December 2021, <a href="/facts/Chinese_Communist_Party/MwS3Togt">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) general secretary <a href="/facts/Xi_Jinping/DTd5Yeh6">Xi Jinping</a> personally intervened to punish and demote 10 CCP officials in <a href="/facts/Guangzhou/9hxfmEjq">Guangzhou</a> after they cut down or uprooted thousands of banyan trees.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></li> <li>During the age of sail, 'Banyan' was used as an expression for a party, especially one at the fo'c'sle. This is likely due to religious festivals in India being held under the tree, of which East Indiamen would have been familiar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bodhi_Tree/M3KdTS8D">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Midh_Ranjha/K3I0jgVe">Midh Ranjha tree</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Look up <i>banyan</i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Banyans. <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070518225344/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ploct99.htm">Stranglers and Banyans</a>, palomar.edu</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080827194931/http://plantcultures.org.uk/plants/banyan_landing.html">Plant Cultures: Banyan tree history and botany</a>, plantcultures.org.uk</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"banian". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 15 March 2016. <a href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/banian" target="_blank">https://www.dictionary.com/browse/banian</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Armstrong, Wayne (October 1999). "Stranglers & Banyans". Wayne's Word. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211004090146/https://www2.palomar.edu/users/warmstrong/ploct99.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20211004090146/https://www2.palomar.edu/users/warmstrong/ploct99.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Laman, Timothy G. (1995). "The Ecology of Strangler Fig Seedling Establishment". Selbyana. 16 (2): 223–9. JSTOR 41759910. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"National Tree". Know India. Government of India. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160213035748/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=5" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160213035748/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=5</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Note the use of "Banyan" versus "banyan" in Athreya, Vidya R. (July 1997). "Nature Watch: Trees with a Difference: The Strangler Figs". Resonance. 2 (7): 67–74. doi:10.1007/BF02838593. S2CID 125012527.; also "Aerial-Rooting Banyan Trees". Natural History Guide To American Samoa. University of Washington. Archived from the original on 4 September 2007. <a href="http://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/002/07/0067-0074" target="_blank">http://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/002/07/0067-0074</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Zhang, Xingtan; Wang, Gang; Zhang, Shengcheng; Chen, Shuai; Wang, Yibin; Wen, Ping; Ma, Xiaokai; Shi, Yan; Qi, Rui; Yang, Yang; Liao, Zhenyang; Lin, Jing; Lin, Jishan; Xu, Xiuming; Chen, Xuequn (12 November 2020). "Genomes of the Banyan Tree and Pollinator Wasp Provide Insights into Fig-Wasp Coevolution". Cell. 183 (4): 875–889.e17. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.043. ISSN 1097-4172. PMID 33035453. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.09.043" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.09.043</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Armstrong, Wayne (October 1999). "Stranglers & Banyans". Wayne's Word. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211004090146/https://www2.palomar.edu/users/warmstrong/ploct99.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20211004090146/https://www2.palomar.edu/users/warmstrong/ploct99.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Zhou Zhekun; Gilbert, Michael G. (2003). "Moraceae" (PDF). In Zhengyi Wu; Raven, Peter H.; Deyuan Hong (eds.). Flora of China. Vol. 5. Science Press. pp. 21–73. ISBN 978-1-930723-27-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2006. <a href="978-1-930723-27-6" target="_blank">978-1-930723-27-6</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Serventy, Vincent (1984). Australian Native Plants. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Reed. ISBN 978-0-7301-0020-1. <a href="978-0-7301-0020-1" target="_blank">978-0-7301-0020-1</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Light in the Rainforest" (PDF). Tropical Topics. Vol. 1, no. 5. Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage. 1992. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090529233702/http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/register/p00820ar.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090529233702/http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/register/p00820ar.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"The Banyan Tree". The Lovely Plants. 14 September 2010. Archived from the original on 16 March 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190316230231/http://www.thelovelyplants.com/the-banyan-tree/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190316230231/http://www.thelovelyplants.com/the-banyan-tree/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Allen, Richard; Baker, Kimbal (2009). Australia's Remarkable Trees. 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