Plateosaurus

<h2 id="discovery-and-history">Discovery and history</h2>

In 1834, physician Johann Friedrich Engelhardt discovered some vertebrae and leg bones at <a href="/facts/Heroldsberg/WEfPRf2a">Heroldsberg</a> near <a href="/facts/Nuremberg/Bht6TsP4">Nuremberg</a>, Germany.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> Three years later German <a href="/facts/Paleontology/60n5yldd">palaeontologist</a> <a href="/facts/Christian_Erich_Hermann_von_Meyer/lGoXq0JU">Hermann von Meyer</a> designated them as the <a href="/facts/Holotype/a8n9vhHa">type specimen</a> of a new genus, Plateosaurus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> Since then, remains of well over 100 individuals of Plateosaurus have been discovered at various locations throughout Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>
Material assigned to Plateosaurus has been found at over 50 localities in Germany (mainly along the <a href="/facts/Neckar/4cmQwvvo">Neckar</a> and <a href="/facts/Pegnitz_(river)/HdYtXJjh">Pegnitz</a> river valleys), Switzerland (<a href="/facts/Frick%2c_Aargau/7oDD36pa">Frick</a>) and France.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> Three localities are of special importance, because they yielded specimens in large numbers and of unusually good quality: near <a href="/facts/Halberstadt/9sUMVaRQ">Halberstadt</a> in <a href="/facts/Saxony-Anhalt/XWDDbRvA">Saxony-Anhalt</a>, Germany; <a href="/facts/Trossingen/Ua0KDtf7">Trossingen</a> in <a href="/facts/Baden-W%25C3%25BCrttemberg/6MjmVxjI">Baden-Württemberg</a>, Germany; and Frick.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> Between the 1910s and 1930s, excavations in a <a href="/facts/Clay_pit/8JDWNIGb">clay pit</a> in Saxony-Anhalt revealed between 39 and 50 skeletons that belonged to Plateosaurus, along with teeth and a small number of bones of the <a href="/facts/Theropod/KUzy1Ef7">theropod</a> <a href="/facts/Liliensternus/befBgYzy">Liliensternus</a>, and two skeletons and some fragments of the turtle <a href="/facts/Proganochelys/j8X8dcpn">Proganochelys</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> Some of the plateosaur material was assigned to P. longiceps, a species described by palaeontologist <a href="/facts/Otto_Jaekel/BlMTUfgw">Otto Jaekel</a> in 1914.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> Most of the material found its way to the <a href="/facts/Museum_f%25C3%25BCr_Naturkunde/BhHaRTHW">Museum für Naturkunde</a> in Berlin, where much of it was destroyed during World War II.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> The Halberstadt quarry today is covered by a housing development.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>

The second major German locality with Plateosaurus finds, a quarry in Trossingen in the <a href="/facts/Black_Forest/bbXsJTp4">Black Forest</a>, was worked repeatedly in the 20th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> Between 1911 and 1932, excavations during six field seasons led by German palaeontologists Eberhard Fraas (1911–1912), <a href="/facts/Friedrich_von_Huene/ys0bbYeq">Friedrich von Huene</a> (1921–23),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> and finally Reinhold Seemann (1932) revealed a total of 35 complete or partially complete skeletons of Plateosaurus, as well as fragmentary remains of approximately 70 more individuals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> The large number of specimens from <a href="/facts/Swabia/lymMtyP5">Swabia</a> had already caused German palaeontologist Friedrich August von Quenstedt to nickname the animal Schwäbischer Lindwurm (Swabian <a href="/facts/Lindworm/BlWR2RXp">lindworm</a> or Swabian <a href="/facts/Dragon/VRWglF5f">dragon</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> Much of the Trossingen material was destroyed in 1944, when the Naturaliensammlung in Stuttgart (predecessor to the <a href="/facts/State_Museum_of_Natural_History_Stuttgart/hbfwKYSc">State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart</a> (SMNS)) burnt to the ground after an Allied bombing raid. Luckily, however, a 2011 study by SMNS curator Rainer Schoch found that, at least from the finds of Seemann's 1932 excavation, "the scientifically most valuable material is still available".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>
The Plateosaurus skeletons in a clay pit of the Tonwerke Keller AG in Frick, Switzerland, were first noticed in 1976.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> While the bones are often significantly deformed by <a href="/facts/Taphonomy/x4zxN2Hm">taphonomic</a> processes, Frick yields skeletons of P. trossingensis comparable in completeness and position to those of Trossingen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>
In 1997, workers of an <a href="/facts/Oil_platform/n1eKvqpy">oil platform</a> of the <a href="/facts/Snorre_oil_field/eslTaqBr">Snorre oil field</a>, located at the northern end of the <a href="/facts/North_Sea/htGJNmsb">North Sea</a> within the <a href="/facts/Lunde_Formation/NvzTktMp">Lunde Formation</a>, were drilling through <a href="/facts/Sandstone/RP8B6fqL">sandstone</a> for oil exploration when they stumbled on a fossil they believed to be plant material. The drill core containing the fossil was extracted from 2,256 m (7,402 ft) below the seafloor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> Martin Sander and Nicole Klein, palaeontologists of the <a href="/facts/University_of_Bonn/PpaE8Xvf">University of Bonn</a>, analysed the bone microstructure and concluded that the rock preserved fibrous bone tissue from a fragment of a limb bone belonging to Plateosaurus,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> making it the first dinosaur found in Norway. Material referred to Plateosaurus has also been found in the <a href="/facts/Fleming_Fjord_Formation/SkSw28xG">Fleming Fjord Formation</a> of East Greenland,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> but they were given the new genus name <a href="/facts/Issi/WaRzfyre">Issi</a> in 2021.
The type series of Plateosaurus engelhardti included "roughly 45 bone fragments",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> of which nearly half are lost.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> The remaining material is kept in the Institute for Palaeontology of the <a href="/facts/University_of_Erlangen-Nuremberg/RhawVM96">University of Erlangen-Nuremberg</a>, Germany.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> From these bones, German palaeontologist Markus Moser in 2003 selected a partial <a href="/facts/Sacrum/CTFnjSm0">sacrum</a> (series of fused hip vertebrae) as a <a href="/facts/Syntype/kEng9YG4">lectotype</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> The type locality is not known for certain, but Moser attempted to infer it from previous publications and the colour and preservation of the bones. He concluded that the material probably stems from the "Buchenbühl", roughly two kilometres (1.2 mi) south of Heroldsberg.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>
The type specimen of Plateosaurus gracilis, an incomplete <a href="/facts/Postcranium/44CA9mLK">postcranium</a>, is kept at the <a href="/facts/State_Museum_of_Natural_History_Stuttgart/hbfwKYSc">Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart</a>, Germany, and the type locality is Heslach, a suburb of the same city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>
The type specimen of Plateosaurus trossingensis is SMNS 132000, stored in the same museum as P. gracilis. Its type locality is Trossingen, within the <a href="/facts/Trossingen_Formation/FQxf2hEn">Trossingen Formation</a>.
The type specimen of Plateosaurus longiceps is MB R.1937, which is stored in the <a href="/facts/Museum_f%25C3%25BCr_Naturkunde/BhHaRTHW">Museum für Naturkunde</a> in Berlin. Its type locality is Halberstadt, located in Saxony-Anhalt and the <a href="/facts/Trossingen_Formation/FQxf2hEn">Trossingen Formation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>

<h3>Etymology</h3>

The <a href="/facts/Etymology/18QG6y67">etymology</a> of the name Plateosaurus is not entirely clear, as the original description contains no information and various authors have offered differing interpretations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> German geologist <a href="/facts/Hanns_Bruno_Geinitz/RtgJPTno">Hanns Bruno Geinitz</a> in 1846 gave "(<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8D%CF%82#Ancient_Greek">πλᾰτῠ́ς</a>, breit)" [English: broad]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> as the origin of the name, with von Meyer's Latin spelling Plateosaurus evidently derived from the stem of πλᾰτέος (plateos), the genitive case of the masculine adjective platys in Ancient Greek. In the same year, Agassiz proposed that the name derives from the <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek/LIK7NlUh">Ancient Greek</a> πλατη (platê – "paddle", "rudder"; Agassiz translates this as <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> pala = "spade") and <a href="https://el.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82">σαυρος</a> (sauros – "lizard").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> Agassiz consequently renamed the genus Platysaurus,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> probably from Greek πλατυς (platys – "broad, flat, broad-shouldered"), creating an invalid junior synonym. Later authors often referred to this derivation, and the secondary meaning "flat" of πλατυς, so that Plateosaurus is often translated as "flat lizard". Often, claims were made that πλατυς is supposed to have been intended as a reference to flat bones, for example the laterally flattened teeth of Plateosaurus,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> but the teeth and other flat bones such as the pubic bones and some skull elements were unknown at the time of description.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>
Von Meyer's original short description from 1837 did not provide an etymology for Plateosaurus, but noted (as translated into English by British biologist <a href="/facts/Thomas_Henry_Huxley/NUNXtNdr">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> in 1870): "The bones belong to a gigantic Saurian, which, in virtue of the mass and hollowness of its limb-bones, is allied to Iguanodon and to Megalosaurus, and will belong to the second division of my Saurian system."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> Von Meyer later gave the formal name Pachypodes or Pachypoda ("thick feet") to his second division of "Saurians with Limbs Similar to Heavy Land Mammalia", but the group was a synonym of Richard Owen's Dinosauria from 1842.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>
In 1855, von Meyer published a detailed description of Plateosaurus with illustrations, but again gave no details on the etymology. He repeatedly referred to its gigantic size ("Riesensaurus" = giant lizard) and massive limbs ("schwerfüssig"), comparing Plateosaurus to large modern land mammals, but did not describe any important features that fit the terms "flat" or "shaped like an oar."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> Researcher Ben Creisler therefore concluded that "broad lizard" is the most suitable translation, and possibly was intended to emphasise the giant size of the animal, in particular its robust limb bones.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a>
Von Meyer had authored a popular audience book in 1852 Ueber Die Reptilien und Säugethiere Der Verschiedenen Zeiten Der Erde [On the Reptiles and Mammals from the Different Time Periods of the Earth] based to two public lectures. In the book on page 44, he briefly described Plateosaurus, using the term "breit" [broad] for different features, including "broad, strong limb bones," noting that it had: "mehreren verwachsenen Wirbeln bestehende Heiligenbein, breite, starke Gliedmaassenknochen von 1 1⁄2 Fuss Länge mit einer geräumigen Markhöhle, zierliche Krystalle von Nadeleisenerz einschliessend, so wie Zehenglieder, welche ebenfalls breit und hohl waren...; es wäre diess der älteste bis jetzt aufgefundene Pachypode." [a sacrum composed of several fused vertebrae, broad, strong limb bones 1 1⁄2 feet long with an ample medullary cavity enclosing finely formed crystals of <a href="/facts/Goethite/6uHDbPae">Goethite</a> iron ore, as well as toe phalanges, which were also broad and hollow...; it would be the oldest pachypode [dinosaur] yet found.]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>

<h3>Valid species</h3>

The taxonomic history of Plateosaurus is "long and confusing" and a "chaotic tangle of names".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> As of 2019, only three species are universally accepted as valid:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> the type species P. trossingensis, P. longiceps, and P. gracilis, previously assigned to its own genus Sellosaurus. Moser performed the most extensive and detailed investigation of all plateosaurid material from Germany and Switzerland, concluding that all Plateosaurus and most other prosauropod material from the <a href="/facts/Keuper/uaSl9InH">Keuper</a> stems from the same species as the type material of Plateosaurus engelhardti.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> However, this is problematic due to the undiagnostic state of the lectotype.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> Moser considered Sellosaurus to be the same genus as Plateosaurus, but did not discuss whether S. gracilis and P. engelhardti belong to the same species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> Palaeontologist Adam Yates of the <a href="/facts/University_of_the_Witwatersrand/c9ndDQW7">University of the Witwatersrand</a> cast further doubt on the generic separation. He included the type material of Sellosaurus gracilis in Plateosaurus as P. gracilis and reintroduced the old name <a href="/facts/Efraasia/MboA2Rp8">Efraasia</a> for some material that had been assigned to Sellosaurus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> In 1926, von Huene had already concluded the two genera were the same.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a>
Yates has cautioned that P. gracilis may be a metataxon, which means that there is neither evidence that the material assigned to it is monophyletic (belongs to one species), nor that it is <a href="/facts/Paraphyly/tmTWjACz">paraphyletic</a> (belongs to several species).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> This is the case because the holotype of P. (Sellosaurus) gracilis has no skull, and the other specimens consist of skulls and material that overlaps too little with the holotype to make it certain that it belongs to the same taxon. It is therefore possible that the known material contains more species belonging to Plateosaurus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a>

Some scientists regard other species as valid as well, for example P. erlenbergensis and P. engelhardti.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> These claims are problematic since both P. erlenbergensis and P. engelhardti have undiagnostic type specimens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a>
All named species of Plateosaurus except the type species, P. gracilis, or P. longiceps have turned out to be junior synonyms of the type species or invalid names.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> Von Huene<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> practically erected a new species and sometimes a new genus for each relatively complete find from Trossingen (three species of Pachysaurus and seven of Plateosaurus) and Halberstadt (one species of Gresslyosaurus and eight of Plateosaurus).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> Later, he merged several of these species, but remained convinced that more than one genus and more than one species of Plateosaurus was present in both localities. Jaekel also believed that the Halberstadt material included several plateosaurid dinosaurs, as well as non-plateosaurid prosauropods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> Systematic research by Galton drastically reduced the number of genera and species. Galton synonymised all cranial material,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> and described differences between the <a href="/facts/Syntype/kEng9YG4">syntypes</a> of P. engelhardti and the Trossingen material, which he referred to P. longiceps.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> Galton recognised P. trossingensis (P. fraasianus and P. integer are junior objective synonyms) to be identical to P. longiceps.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> Markus Moser, however, showed that P. longiceps is itself a junior synonym of P. engelhardti.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> Furthermore, a variety of species in other genera were created for material belonging to P. engelhardti, including Dimodosaurus poligniensis, Gresslyosaurus robustus, Gresslyosaurus torgeri, Pachysaurus ajax, Pachysaurus giganteus, Pachysaurus magnus and Pachysaurus wetzelianus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> G. ingens has been considered separate from Plateosaurus, pending a revision of the material.
The skull of AMNH FARB 6810, the best-preserved skull of Plateosaurus that has been taken apart during preparation and is thus available as separate bones, was described anew in 2011.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> The authors of that publication, palaeontologists Albert Prieto-Márquez and Mark A. Norell, refer the skull to P. erlenbergensis, a species erected in 1905 by Friedrich von Huene and regarded as a synonym of P. engelhardti by Markus Moser.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> If the P. erlenbergensis holotype is diagnostic (i.e., has enough characters to be distinct from other material), it is the correct name for the material assigned to P. longiceps Jaekel, 1913.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a>
Aside from fossils clearly belonging to Plateosaurus, there is much prosauropod material from the German <a href="/facts/Trossingen_Formation/FQxf2hEn">Knollenmergel</a> in museum collections, most of it labeled as Plateosaurus, that does not belong to the type species and possibly not to Plateosaurus at all.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> Some of this material is not diagnostic; other material has been recognised to be different, but was never sufficiently described.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a>

<h2 id="description">Description</h2>

Plateosaurus had the typical body shape of a herbivorous bipedal dinosaur: a small skull, a long and flexible neck composed of 10 <a href="/facts/Cervical_vertebrae/M7Kf14h9">cervical vertebrae</a>, a stocky body, and a long, mobile tail composed of at least 40 <a href="/facts/Caudal_vertebrae/qAdLhD5H">caudal vertebrae</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> The arms of Plateosaurus were very short, even compared to most other "prosauropods". However, they were strongly built, with hands adapted for powerful grasping.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> The <a href="/facts/Shoulder_girdle/XyWsm4hv">shoulder girdle</a> was narrow (often misaligned in skeletal mounts and drawings),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> with the <a href="/facts/Clavicle/YWNjLv6s">clavicles</a> (collar bones) touching at the body's midline,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> as in other basal sauropodomorphs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> The hind limbs were held under the body, with slightly flexed knees and ankles, and the foot was <a href="/facts/Digitigrade/EJgX8202">digitigrade</a>, meaning the animal walked on its toes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a> The proportionally long lower leg and <a href="/facts/Metatarsus/5sPXvop2">metatarsus</a> show that Plateosaurus could run quickly on its hind limbs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> The tail of Plateosaurus was typically dinosaurian, muscular and with high mobility.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a>

The skull of Plateosaurus is small and narrow, rectangular in side view, and nearly three times as long as it is high. There is an almost rectangular lateral <a href="/facts/Temporal_foramen/A9Wp63Np">temporal foramen</a> at the back. The large, round <a href="/facts/Orbit_(anatomy)/lJTMFcqy">orbit</a> (eye socket), the sub-triangular <a href="/facts/Antorbital_fenestra/usgwSpRp">antorbital fenestra</a> and the oval <a href="/facts/Naris/p0IABNqA">naris</a> (nostril) are of almost equal size.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> The jaws carried many small, leaf-shaped, socketed teeth: 5 to 6 per <a href="/facts/Premaxilla/82BL4FgY">premaxilla</a>, 24 to 30 per <a href="/facts/Maxilla/LbgmySaT">maxilla</a>, and 21 to 28 per <a href="/facts/Mandible/1ATEfAQa">dentary</a> (lower jaw).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a> The thick, leaf-shaped, bluntly serrated tooth crowns were suitable for crushing plant material.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a> The low position of the jaw joint gave the chewing muscles great leverage, so that Plateosaurus could deliver a powerful bite.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> These features suggest that it fed primarily to exclusively on plants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a> Its eyes were directed to the sides, rather than the front, providing all-round vision to watch for predators.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a> Some fossil skeletons have preserved <a href="/facts/Sclerotic_ring/sSvpB8jC">sclerotic rings</a> (rings of bone plates that protect the eye).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a>

The ribs were connected to the dorsal (trunk) vertebrae with two joints, acting together as a simple hinge joint, which has allowed researchers to reconstruct the inhaled and exhaled positions of the ribcage. The difference in volume between these two positions defines the air exchange volume (the amount of air moved with each breath), determined to be approximately 20 L for a P. engelhardti individual estimated to have weighed 690 kg, or 29 mL/kg bodyweight.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> This is a typical value for birds, but not for mammals,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a> and indicates that Plateosaurus probably had an <a href="/facts/Bird_lung/gTWXI6Fj">avian</a>-style flow-through lung,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a> although indicators for <a href="/facts/Skeletal_pneumaticity/A3uxJQyv">postcranial pneumaticity</a> (air sacs of the lung invading the bones to reduce weight) can be found on the bones of only a few individuals, and were only recognised in 2010.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a> Combined with evidence from bone <a href="/facts/Histology/yrI90zlU">histology</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> this indicates that Plateosaurus was <a href="/facts/Endotherm/qs3DIGHx">endothermic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a>
The <a href="/facts/Type_species/kL03T6V4">type species</a> of Plateosaurus is P. trossingensis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a> Adults of this species reached 4.8 to 10 metres (16 to 33 ft) in length,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> and ranged in mass from 600 to 4,000 kilograms (1,300 to 8,800 lb).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a> The geologically older species, P. gracilis (formerly named Sellosaurus gracilis), was somewhat smaller, with a total length of 4 to 5 metres (13 to 16 ft).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a>

<h2 id="classification">Classification</h2>
Plateosaurus is a member of a group of early <a href="/facts/Herbivore/me4YFdQA">herbivores</a> known as "<a href="/facts/Plateosauridae/bVpdRAkV">prosauropods</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a> The group is not a <a href="/facts/Monophyly/pD8Yrrn6">monophyletic</a> group (thus given in quotation marks), and most researchers prefer the term basal <a href="/facts/Sauropodomorpha/7DBPqQGD">sauropodomorph</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a> Plateosaurus was the first "prosauropod" to be described,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a> and gives its name to the family <a href="/facts/Plateosauridae/bVpdRAkV">Plateosauridae</a> as the <a href="/facts/Type_genus/vKbAuKph">type genus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a> Initially, when the genus was poorly known, it was only included in <a href="/facts/Sauria/ywCSP4Nb">Sauria</a>, being some kind of reptile, but not in any more narrowly defined taxon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a> In 1845, von Meyer created the group <a href="/facts/Dinosaur/JRdMqBnq">Pachypodes</a> (a defunct junior <a href="/facts/Synonym_(taxonomy)/BHLdox7E">synonym</a> of Dinosauria) to include Plateosaurus, <a href="/facts/Iguanodon/f4WBtpbX">Iguanodon</a>, <a href="/facts/Megalosaurus/7Jtw1cYc">Megalosaurus</a> and <a href="/facts/Hylaeosaurus/2LGNUCKt">Hylaeosaurus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a> Plateosauridae was proposed by <a href="/facts/Othniel_Charles_Marsh/TBr5FRvk">Othniel Charles Marsh</a> in 1895 within <a href="/facts/Theropoda/KUzy1Ef7">Theropoda</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a> Later it was moved to "<a href="/facts/Plateosauridae/bVpdRAkV">Prosauropoda</a>" by von Huene,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a> a placement that was accepted by most authors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a> Before the advent of <a href="/facts/Cladistics/JasKVABk">cladistics</a> in paleontology during the 1980s, with its emphasis on <a href="/facts/Monophyly/pD8Yrrn6">monophyletic</a> groups (<a href="/facts/Clade/XefyYmWn">clades</a>), Plateosauridae was defined loosely, as large, broad-footed, broad-handed forms with relatively heavy skulls, unlike the smaller "<a href="/facts/Anchisaurus/oJExmgKg">anchisaurids</a>" and sauropod-like "<a href="/facts/Melanorosauridae/6yT7SGYr">melanorosaurids</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a> Reevaluation of "prosauropods" in light of the new methods of analysis led to the reduction of Plateosauridae. For many years the clade only included Plateosaurus and various junior synonyms, but later two more genera were considered to belong to it: Sellosaurus<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a> and possibly <a href="/facts/Unaysaurus/enPwndV0">Unaysaurus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a> Of these, Sellosaurus is probably another junior synonym of Plateosaurus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a>

Basal sauropodomorph <a href="/facts/Phylogenetics/bw4rsovt">phylogeny</a> simplified after Yates, 2007.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a> This is only one of many proposed <a href="/facts/Cladogram/fWFYhUFo">cladograms</a> for basal sauropodomorphs. Some researchers do not agree that plateosaurs were the direct ancestors of sauropods.

<table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Plateosauria/L6F7evNM">Plateosauria</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Plateosauridae/bVpdRAkV">Plateosauridae</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Unaysaurus/enPwndV0">Unaysaurus</a></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2">Plateosaurus</td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Massopoda/p4US5QoE">Massopoda</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Riojasauridae/zFTLpSzk">Riojasauridae</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Riojasaurus/I7wWRK3H">Riojasaurus</a></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Eucnemesaurus/NY5bdwUb">Eucnemesaurus</a></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Massospondylidae/NoQbNAsW">Massospondylidae</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Massospondylus/okmMmoBX">Massospondylus</a></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Coloradisaurus/VfpfABQT">Coloradisaurus</a></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Lufengosaurus/ck3h8NMu">Lufengosaurus</a></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Jingshanosaurus/KSFQVI6x">Jingshanosaurus</a></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Anchisauria/Dqglg3hp">Anchisauria</a></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="palaeobiology">Palaeobiology</h2>
<h3>Posture and gait</h3>

Practically every imaginable posture has been suggested for Plateosaurus in the scientific literature at some point. Von Huene assumed <a href="/facts/Digitigrade/EJgX8202">digitigrade</a> <a href="/facts/Bipedalism/tvLMG77t">bipedality</a> with erect hind limbs for the animals he excavated at Trossingen, with the backbone held at a steep angle (at least during rapid locomotion).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a> In contrast, Jaekel, the main investigator of the Halberstadt material, initially concluded that the animals walked <a href="/facts/Quadrupedalism/KMVYdsYf">quadrupedally</a>, like lizards, with a sprawling limb position, <a href="/facts/Plantigrade/rRNkVnSo">plantigrade</a> feet, and <a href="/facts/Undulatory_locomotion/jn4VtbuB">laterally undulating</a> the body.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a> Only a year later, Jaekel instead favoured a clumsy, <a href="/facts/Kangaroo/gfYqeTRt">kangaroo</a>-like hopping,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a> a change of heart for which he was mocked by German <a href="/facts/Zoology/6Kj13mBt">zoologist</a> <a href="/facts/Gustav_Tornier/VJfbaG3U">Gustav Tornier</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a> who interpreted the shape of the articulation surfaces in the hip and shoulder as typically reptilian. Fraas, the first excavator of the Trossingen <a href="/facts/Lagerst%25C3%25A4tte/ByI7PT8h">lagerstätte</a>, also favoured a reptilian posture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a> Müller-Stoll listed a number of characters required for an erect limb posture that Plateosaurus supposedly lacked, concluding that the lizard-like reconstructions were correct.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a> However, most of these adaptations are actually present in Plateosaurus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a>
From 1980 on, a better understanding of dinosaur biomechanics, and studies by palaeontologists Andreas Christian and Holger Preuschoft on the resistance to bending of the back of Plateosaurus,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a> led to widespread acceptance of an erect, digitigrade limb posture and a roughly horizontal position of the back.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a> Many researchers were of the opinion that Plateosaurus could use both quadrupedal gaits (for slow speeds) and bipedal gaits (for rapid locomotion),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a> and <a href="/facts/Peter_Wellnhofer/hvjjo2tY">Wellnhofer</a> insisted that the tail curved strongly downward, making a bipedal posture impossible.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a> However, Moser showed that the tail was in fact straight.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a>

The bipedal-quadrupedal consensus was changed by a detailed study of the forelimbs of Plateosaurus by <a href="/facts/Matthew_Bonnan/6hGjhfkz">Bonnan</a> and Senter (2007), which clearly showed that Plateosaurus was incapable of <a href="/facts/Anatomical_terms_of_motion/KmBVfcPk">pronating</a> its hands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a> The pronated position in some museum mounts had been achieved by exchanging the position of <a href="/facts/Radius_(bone)/TstRh60d">radius</a> and <a href="/facts/Ulna/6J7D2mhe">ulna</a> in the elbow. The lack of forelimb pronation meant that Plateosaurus was an obligate (i.e. unable to walk in any other way) biped. Further indicators for a purely bipedal mode of locomotion are the great difference in limb length (the hind limb is roughly twice as long as the forelimb), the very limited motion range of the forelimb, and the fact that the <a href="/facts/Centre_of_mass/n4Lr9GAz">centre of mass</a> rests squarely over the hind limbs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a> A recent study based on the cross-sectional geometry of long limb bones, comparisons with extant taxa and inference models also confirmed a bipedal posture and erect stance for Plateosaurus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a>
Plateosaurus shows a number of <a href="/facts/Cursorial/X3I6rYVc">cursorial</a> adaptations, including an erect hind limb posture, a relatively long lower leg, an elongated <a href="/facts/Metatarsal_bones/5sPXvop2">metatarsus</a> and a digitigrade foot posture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a> However, in contrast to <a href="/facts/Mammal/phSwTzBo">mammalian</a> cursors, the <a href="/facts/Torque/KcrcvNtV">moment arms</a> of the limb <a href="/facts/Extension_(kinesiology)/KmBVfcPk">extending</a> muscles are short, especially in the ankle, where a distinct, moment arm-increasing tuber on the <a href="/facts/Calcaneus/WWuVbuuN">calcaneum</a> is missing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a> This means that in contrast to running mammals, Plateosaurus probably did not use gaits with aerial, unsupported phases. Instead, Plateosaurus must have increased speed by using higher stride frequencies, created by rapid and powerful limb retraction. Reliance on <a href="/facts/Limb_(anatomy)/AqasUdSC">limb</a> <a href="/facts/Anatomical_terms_of_motion/KmBVfcPk">retraction</a> instead of extension is typical for non-avian dinosaurs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a>

<h3>Feeding and diet</h3>
Important cranial characteristics (such as jaw articulation) of most "prosauropods" are closer to those of herbivorous reptiles than those of carnivorous ones, and the shape of the tooth <a href="/facts/Crown_(tooth)/9dfspcrv">crown</a> is similar to that of modern herbivorous or omnivorous <a href="/facts/Iguana/k88C7GhM">iguanas</a>. The maximum width of the crown was greater than that of the root for the teeth of most "prosauropods", including Plateosaurus; this results in a cutting edge similar to those of extant herbivorous or omnivorous reptiles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a> Paul Barrett proposed that prosauropods supplemented their mostly herbivorous diets with small prey or <a href="/facts/Carrion/QEBnJuVy">carrion</a>, thus making them omnivores.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a>
So far, no fossil of Plateosaurus has been found with <a href="/facts/Gastrolith/UTwaaJIj">gastroliths</a> (<a href="/facts/Gizzard/xGEzIoA5">gizzard</a> stones) in the stomach area. The old, widely cited idea that all large dinosaurs, implicitly also Plateosaurus, swallowed gastroliths to digest food because of their relatively limited ability to deal with food orally has been refuted by a study on gastrolith abundance, weight, and surface structure in fossils compared to alligators and ostriches by Oliver Wings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a> The use of gastroliths for digestion seems to have developed on the line from basal theropods to birds, with a parallel development in <a href="/facts/Psittacosaurus/5aVNWT85">Psittacosaurus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a>

<h3>Life history and metabolism</h3>

Similar to all non-avian dinosaurs studied to date, Plateosaurus grew in a pattern that is unlike that of both <a href="/facts/Extant_taxon/YK8uj7qU">extant</a> mammals and birds. In the closely related sauropods with their typical <a href="/facts/Physiology_of_dinosaurs/LsrK9s9Y">dinosaurian physiology</a>, growth was initially rapid, continuing somewhat more slowly well beyond sexual maturity, but was determinate, i.e. the animals stopped growing at a maximum size.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a> Mammals grow rapidly, but sexual maturity falls typically at the end of the rapid growth phase. In both groups, the final size is relatively constant, with humans atypically variable. Extant reptiles show a sauropod-like growth pattern, initially rapid, then slowing after sexual maturity, and almost, but not fully, stopping in old age. However, their initial growth rate is much lower than in mammals, birds and dinosaurs. The reptilian growth rate is also very variable, so that individuals of the same age may have very different sizes, and final size also varies significantly. In extant animals, this growth pattern is linked to <a href="/facts/Behavioural_thermoregulation/V692hIjw">behavioural thermoregulation</a> and a low <a href="/facts/Metabolism/WxDrm8k5">metabolic</a> rate (i.e. <a href="/facts/Ectotherm/vdjXLuQr">ectothermy</a>), and is called "developmental plasticity".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a> (Note that is not the same as neural <a href="/facts/Developmental_plasticity/RCDF1QRg">developmental plasticity</a>).

Plateosaurus followed a trajectory similar to sauropods, but with a varied growth rate and final size as seen in extant reptiles, probably in response to environmental factors such as food availability. Some individuals were fully grown at only 4.8 metres' (16 ft) total length, while others reached 10 metres (33 ft). However, the bone microstructure indicates rapid growth, as in sauropods and extant mammals, which suggests <a href="/facts/Warm-blooded/vw2TsPIP">endothermy</a>. Plateosaurus apparently represents an early stage in the development of endothermy, in which endothermy was decoupled from developmental plasticity. This hypothesis is based on a detailed study of Plateosaurus long-bone histology conducted by Martin Sander and Nicole Klein of the University of Bonn.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a> A further indication for endothermy is the avian-style lung of Plateosaurus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a>
Long-bone histology also allows estimating the age a specific individual reached. Sander and Klein found that some individuals were fully grown at 12 years of age, others were still slowly growing at 20 years, and one individual was still growing rapidly at 18 years. The oldest individual found was 27 years and still growing; most individuals were between 12 and 20 years old.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a> However, some may well have lived much longer, because the fossils from Frick and Trossingen are all animals that died in accidents, and not from old age. Due to the absence of individuals smaller than 4.8 metres (16 ft) long, it is not possible to deduce a complete <a href="/facts/Ontogeny/ckqaQlL7">ontogenetic</a> series for Plateosaurus or determine the growth rate of animals less than 10 years of age.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a>
Comparisons between the <a href="/facts/Sclerotic_ring/sSvpB8jC">scleral rings</a> and estimated orbit size of Plateosaurus and modern birds and reptiles suggest that it may have been <a href="/facts/Cathemerality/PJlvSExV">cathemeral</a>, active throughout the day and night, possibly avoiding the midday heat.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a>

<h2 id="palaeoecology">Palaeoecology</h2>

Plateosaurus gracilis, the older species, is found in the <a href="/facts/L%25C3%25B6wenstein_Formation/4Bwj5Nld">Löwenstein Formation</a> (lower to middle Norian).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a> P. trossingensis and P. longiceps stem from the <a href="/facts/Trossingen_Formation/FQxf2hEn">Trossingen Formation</a> (upper Norian) and equivalently aged rock units.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a> Plateosaurus thus lived probably between approximately 227 and 208.5 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a>

<h3>Taphonomy</h3>
The <a href="/facts/Taphonomy/x4zxN2Hm">taphonomy</a> (burial and fossilisation process) of the three main Plateosaurus sites—Trossingen, Halberstadt and Frick—is unusual in several ways.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a> All three sites are nearly monospecific assemblages, meaning that they contain practically only one species, which requires very special circumstances.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a> However, shed teeth of <a href="/facts/Theropoda/KUzy1Ef7">theropods</a> have been found at all three sites, as well as remains of the early turtle Proganochelys.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a> Additionally, a partial "prosauropod" skeleton was found in Halberstadt that does not belong to Plateosaurus, but is preserved in a similar position.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a> All sites yielded almost complete and partial skeletons of Plateosaurus, as well as isolated bones.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a> The partial skeletons tend to include the hind limbs and hips, while parts of the anterior body and neck are rarely found in isolation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a> The animals were all adults or subadults (nearly adult individuals); no juveniles or hatchlings are known.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a> Complete skeletons and large skeleton parts that include the hind limbs all rest dorsal (top) side up, as do the turtles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a> Also, they are mostly well-articulated, and the hind limbs are three-dimensionally preserved in a zigzag posture, with the feet often much deeper in the sediment than the hips.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a>

<h4>Earlier interpretations</h4>

In the first published discussion of the Trossingen Plateosaurus finds, Fraas suggested that only miring in mud allowed the preservation of the single complete skeleton then known.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a> Similarly, Jaekel interpreted the Halberstadt finds as animals that waded too deep into swamps, became mired and drowned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a> He interpreted partial remains as having been transported into the deposit by water, and strongly refuted a catastrophic accumulation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a> In contrast, von Huene interpreted the sediment as <a href="/facts/Aeolian_processes/HpjdrW4l">aeolian deposits</a>, with the weakest animals, mostly subadults, succumbing to the harsh conditions in the desert and sinking into the mud of <a href="/facts/Ephemerality/tAvLGoVk">ephemeral water holes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a> He argued that the completeness of many finds indicated that transport did not happen, and saw partial individuals and isolated bones as results of weathering and trampling.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a> Seemann developed a different scenario, in which Plateosaurus herds congregated on large water holes, and some herd members got pushed in.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a> Light animals managed to get free, while heavy individuals got stuck and died.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a>
A different school of thought developed almost half a century later, with palaeontologist <a href="/facts/David_B._Weishampel/j6GTWKnC">David Weishampel</a> suggesting that the skeletons from the lower layers stemmed from a herd that died catastrophically in a mudflow, while those in the upper layers accumulated over time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a> Weishampel explained the curious monospecific assemblage by theorising that Plateosaurus were common during this period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a> This theory was erroneously attributed to Seemann in a popular account of the plateosaurs in the collection of the Institute and Museum for Geology and Palaeontology, <a href="/facts/University_of_T%25C3%25BCbingen/3dplfKmh">University of Tübingen</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a> and has since become the standard explanation on most internet sites and in popular books on dinosaurs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203">203</a> Rieber proposed a more elaborate scenario, which included the animals dying of thirst or starvation, and being concentrated by mudflows.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204">204</a>

<h4>Mud-miring trap</h4>
A detailed re-assessment of the taphonomy by palaeontologist Martin Sander of the <a href="/facts/University_of_Bonn/PpaE8Xvf">University of Bonn</a>, Germany, found that the mud-miring hypothesis first suggested by Fraas<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205">205</a> is true:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206">206</a> animals above a certain body weight sank into the mud, which was further liquefied by their attempts to free themselves. Sander's scenario, similar to that proposed for the famous Rancho <a href="/facts/La_Brea_Tar_Pits/rHp9SlkC">La Brea Tar Pits</a>, is the only one explaining all taphonomic data. The degree of completeness of the carcasses was not influenced by transport, which is obvious from the lack of indications for transport before burial, but rather by how much the dead animals were scavenged. Juveniles of Plateosaurus and other taxa of herbivores were too light to sink into the mud or managed to extract themselves, and were thus not preserved. Similarly, scavenging <a href="/facts/Theropoda/KUzy1Ef7">theropods</a> were not trapped due to their lower body weights, combined with proportionally larger feet. There is no indication of herding, or of catastrophic burial of such a herd, or catastrophic accumulation of animals that previously died isolated elsewhere.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207">207</a>
Pathologies affecting the <a href="/facts/Chevron_(anatomy)/ChrQbdwH">chevrons</a> of specimen SMNS 13200 have been hypothesized to be the result of <a href="/facts/Capture_myopathy/eklaDeY6">capture myopathy</a>, induced by a mud-miring trap.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208">208</a>

<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li> Media related to Plateosaurus at Wikimedia Commons</li>
<li> Data related to Plateosaurus at Wikispecies</li>
<li><a href="https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/plateosaurus-skulls-nhmw-geo-202100470001-5c82a4f6efb447f79efefed21f58ba3d">3D skull models of Plateosaurus</a> at <a href="/facts/Sketchfab/PWg76JL6">Sketchfab</a></li>
<li><a href="https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/plateosaurus-46547f78490c44bbad5a2e507334f734">3D walking skeletal model of Plateosaurus</a> at <a href="/facts/Sketchfab/PWg76JL6">Sketchfab</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Meyer, H. von (1837). "Mitteilung an Prof. Bronn (Plateosaurus engelhardti)" [message to Prof. Bronn (Plateosaurus engelhardti)]. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie (in German). 1837: 316. <a href="https://archive.org/details/cbarchive_108435_1837mitteilunganprofbronnplate1833" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/cbarchive_108435_1837mitteilunganprofbronnplate1833</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Meyer, H. von (1837). "Mitteilung an Prof. Bronn (Plateosaurus engelhardti)" [message to Prof. Bronn (Plateosaurus engelhardti)]. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie (in German). 1837: 316. <a href="https://archive.org/details/cbarchive_108435_1837mitteilunganprofbronnplate1833" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/cbarchive_108435_1837mitteilunganprofbronnplate1833</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Sander, P.M. (1992). "The Norian Plateosaurus bonebeds of central Europe and their taphonomy". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 93 (3–4): 255–299. Bibcode:1992PPP....93..255M. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(92)90100-J. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Weishampel, D.B. (1984). "Trossingen: E. Fraas, F. von Huene, R. Seemann, and the "Schwäbische Lindwurm" Plateosaurus". Third Symposium on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers (Reif, W.-E.; Westphal, F. ed.). Tübingen: ATTEMPTO. pp. 249–253. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Sander, P.M. (1992). "The Norian Plateosaurus bonebeds of central Europe and their taphonomy". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 93 (3–4): 255–299. Bibcode:1992PPP....93..255M. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(92)90100-J. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Sander, P.M. (1992). "The Norian Plateosaurus bonebeds of central Europe and their taphonomy". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 93 (3–4): 255–299. Bibcode:1992PPP....93..255M. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(92)90100-J. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Jaekel, O. (1913–1914). "Über die Wirbeltierfunde in der oberen Trias von Halberstadt" [About the vertebrate finds in the Upper Triassic of Halberstadt]. Paläontologische Zeitschrift (in German). 1: 155–215. doi:10.1007/BF03160336. S2CID 128404687. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-12-28. <a href="https://publikationsserver.tu-braunschweig.de/receive/dbbs_mods_00059197" target="_blank">https://publikationsserver.tu-braunschweig.de/receive/dbbs_mods_00059197</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Weishampel, D.B. (1984). "Trossingen: E. Fraas, F. von Huene, R. Seemann, and the "Schwäbische Lindwurm" Plateosaurus". Third Symposium on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers (Reif, W.-E.; Westphal, F. ed.). Tübingen: ATTEMPTO. pp. 249–253. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Weishampel, D.B. (1984). "Trossingen: E. Fraas, F. von Huene, R. Seemann, and the "Schwäbische Lindwurm" Plateosaurus". Third Symposium on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers (Reif, W.-E.; Westphal, F. ed.). Tübingen: ATTEMPTO. pp. 249–253. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Weishampel, D.B. (1984). "Trossingen: E. Fraas, F. von Huene, R. Seemann, and the "Schwäbische Lindwurm" Plateosaurus". Third Symposium on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers (Reif, W.-E.; Westphal, F. ed.). Tübingen: ATTEMPTO. pp. 249–253. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Huene, F. von (1926). "Vollständige Osteologie eines Plateosauriden aus dem schwäbischen Keuper" [Complete osteology of a plateosaurid from the Swabian Keuper]. Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen. Neue Folge (in German). 15 (2): 139–179. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Huene, F. von (1928). "Lebensbild des Saurischier-Vorkommens im obersten Keuper von Trossingen in Württemberg" [Pictures of the life of the Saurischia present in the upper-most Keuper of Trossingen in Württemberg]. Palaeobiologica (in German). 1: 103–116. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Weishampel, D.B. (1984). "Trossingen: E. Fraas, F. von Huene, R. Seemann, and the "Schwäbische Lindwurm" Plateosaurus". Third Symposium on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers (Reif, W.-E.; Westphal, F. ed.). Tübingen: ATTEMPTO. pp. 249–253. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Quenstedt (1858),[8] cited on p. 255 in Sander (1992)[3] <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">p. 271 in Schoch (2011)[9] <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Sander, P.M. (1992). "The Norian Plateosaurus bonebeds of central Europe and their taphonomy". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 93 (3–4): 255–299. Bibcode:1992PPP....93..255M. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(92)90100-J. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Sander, P.M. (1992). "The Norian Plateosaurus bonebeds of central Europe and their taphonomy". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 93 (3–4): 255–299. Bibcode:1992PPP....93..255M. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(92)90100-J. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Hurum, J.H.; Bergan, M.; Müller, R.; Nystuen, J.P.; Klein, N. (2006). "A Late Triassic dinosaur bone, offshore Norway" (PDF). Norwegian Journal of Geology. 86: 117–123. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2006-09-29. <a href="https://njg.geologi.no/images/NJG_articles/117-123_NGT_print-3.pdf" target="_blank">https://njg.geologi.no/images/NJG_articles/117-123_NGT_print-3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Hurum, J.H.; Bergan, M.; Müller, R.; Nystuen, J.P.; Klein, N. (2006). "A Late Triassic dinosaur bone, offshore Norway" (PDF). Norwegian Journal of Geology. 86: 117–123. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2006-09-29. <a href="https://njg.geologi.no/images/NJG_articles/117-123_NGT_print-3.pdf" target="_blank">https://njg.geologi.no/images/NJG_articles/117-123_NGT_print-3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Jenkins, F.A. Jr.; Shubin, N.H.; Amaral, W.W.; Gatesy, S.M.; Schaff, C.R.; Clemmensen, L.B.; Downs, W.R.; Davidson, A.R.; Bonde, N.; Osbaeck, F. (1994). "Late Triassic continental vertebrates and depositional environments of the Fleming Fjord Formation, Jameson Land, East Greenland". Meddelelser om Grønland, Geoscience. 32: 1–25. doi:10.7146/moggeosci.v32i.140904. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">p. 74 in Blankenhorn (1898)[12] <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">p. 12 in Moser (2003) (English summary on p. 170)[1] <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">p. 13 in Moser (2003) (English summary on p. 161)[1] <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">p. 13 in Moser (2003), see also pp. 17 and pp. 36–40, English summary on pp. 160–161 and 163–164[1] <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">pp. 14–15 in Moser (2003) (English summary on p. 160)[1] <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">pp. 331–332 in Yates (2003)[13] <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"PBDB". paleobiodb.org. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2020-11-30. <a href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=22684" target="_blank">https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=22684</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">p. 13 in Moser (2003)[1] <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">p. 89 in Geinitz (1846)[15] <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">p. 34 in Agassiz (1844),[16] cited on p. 13 in Moser (2003)[1] <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">p. 296 in Agassiz (1846),[17] cited on p. 13 in Moser (2003)[1] <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">p. 57 in Vollrath (1959)[18] <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Creisler, B. (February 2012). "Plateosaurus: the Etymology and Meaning of a Name". Dinosaur Mailing List, Archive. University of Southern California. Archived from the original on 2018-01-20. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180120125750/http://dml.cmnh.org/2012Feb/msg00008.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180120125750/http://dml.cmnh.org/2012Feb/msg00008.html</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">p. 13 in Moser (2003)[1] <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Huxley, Thomas H. (1870). "On the Classification of the Dinosauria, with observations on the Dinosauria of the Trias". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. Vol. 26. pp. 32–51. doi:10.1144/gsl.jgs.1870.026.01-02.09 – via Wikisource. <a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" target="_blank">/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Meyer, H. von (1845). "System der fossilen Saurier" [System of Fossil Saurians]. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde (in German). 1845: 278–285. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2023-03-21. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/110636#page/300/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/110636#page/300/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">pp. 152-155 in von Meyer (1855)[22] <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Creisler, B. (February 2012). "Plateosaurus: the Etymology and Meaning of a Name". Dinosaur Mailing List, Archive. University of Southern California. Archived from the original on 2018-01-20. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180120125750/http://dml.cmnh.org/2012Feb/msg00008.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180120125750/http://dml.cmnh.org/2012Feb/msg00008.html</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Creisler, B. (February 2012). "Plateosaurus: the Etymology and Meaning of a Name". Dinosaur Mailing List, Archive. University of Southern California. Archived from the original on 2018-01-20. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180120125750/http://dml.cmnh.org/2012Feb/msg00008.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180120125750/http://dml.cmnh.org/2012Feb/msg00008.html</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Creisler, Benjamin S. (2007). "Deciphering Duckbills: A History in Nomenclature". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.). Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press. pp. 185–210. ISBN 978-0-253-34817-3. <a href="978-0-253-34817-3" target="_blank">978-0-253-34817-3</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Creisler, B. (December 2015). "Plateosaurus, Gresslyosaurus, and the Swabian Dragon–with a Picture and a Song". Dinosaur Mailing List, Archive. University of Southern California. Archived from the original on 2016-08-09. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809182105/http://dml.cmnh.org/2015Dec/msg00021.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160809182105/http://dml.cmnh.org/2015Dec/msg00021.html</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Meyer, H. von (1852). Ueber Die Reptilien und Säugethiere Der Verschiedenen Zeiten Der Erde [On the Reptiles and Mammals from the Different Time Periods of the Earth.] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: S. Schmerber. pp. 1–150. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gl8sAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA44" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=gl8sAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA44</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">p. 317 in Yates (2003)[13] <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">"Opinion 2435 (Case 3560) – Plateosaurus Meyer, 1837 (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha): new type species designated". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 76 (1): 144–145. 2019. doi:10.21805/bzn.v76.a042. ISSN 0007-5167. S2CID 241466052. <a href="https://bioone.org/journals/the-bulletin-of-zoological-nomenclature/volume-76/issue-1/bzn.v76.a042/Opinion-2435-Case-3560--Plateosaurus-Meyer-1837-Dinosauria-Sauropodomorpha/10.21805/bzn.v76.a042.full" target="_blank">https://bioone.org/journals/the-bulletin-of-zoological-nomenclature/volume-76/issue-1/bzn.v76.a042/Opinion-2435-Case-3560--Plateosaurus-Meyer-1837-Dinosauria-Sauropodomorpha/10.21805/bzn.v76.a042.full</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Moser, M. (2003). "Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha) aus dem Feuerletten (Mittelkeuper; Obertrias) von Bayern" [Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha) from the Feuerletten (Mittelkeuper; Obertrias) of Bavaria]. Zitteliana Reihe B: Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (in German and English). 24: 1–186. OCLC 54854853. Archived from the original on 2013-12-28. Retrieved 2012-01-31. <a href="http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12711/" target="_blank">http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12711/</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Galton, Peter M. (2012). "Case 3560 Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha): proposed replacement of unidentifiable name-bearing type by a neotype". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 69 (3): 203–212. doi:10.21805/bzn.v69i3.a15. ISSN 0007-5167. S2CID 82310885. <a href="https://bioone.org/journals/the-bulletin-of-zoological-nomenclature/volume-69/issue-3/bzn.v69i3.a15/Case-3560Plateosaurus-engelhardti-Meyer-1837-Dinosauria-Sauropodomorpha--proposed-replacement/10.21805/bzn.v69i3.a15.full" target="_blank">https://bioone.org/journals/the-bulletin-of-zoological-nomenclature/volume-69/issue-3/bzn.v69i3.a15/Case-3560Plateosaurus-engelhardti-Meyer-1837-Dinosauria-Sauropodomorpha--proposed-replacement/10.21805/bzn.v69i3.a15.full</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">p. 152 in Moser (2003) (English summary on p. 179)[1] <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Yates, A.M. (2003). "Species taxonomy of the sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the Löwenstein Formation (Norian, Late Triassic) of Germany". Palaeontology. 46 (2): 317–337. Bibcode:2003Palgy..46..317Y. doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2003.00301.x. S2CID 86801904. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0031-0239.2003.00301.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0031-0239.2003.00301.x</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">p. 5 in Huene (1926)[6] <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">p. 331 in Yates (2003)[13] <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">p. 328 in Yates (2003)[13] <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Prieto-Márquez, A.; Norell, Mark A. (2011). "Redescription of a nearly complete skull of Plateosaurus (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Trossingen (Germany)". American Museum Novitates (3727): 1–58. doi:10.1206/3727.2. S2CID 55272856. Archived from the original on 2023-05-30. Retrieved 2021-05-04. <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/4597817" target="_blank">https://zenodo.org/record/4597817</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Galton, Peter M. (2012). "Case 3560 Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha): proposed replacement of unidentifiable name-bearing type by a neotype". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 69 (3): 203–212. doi:10.21805/bzn.v69i3.a15. ISSN 0007-5167. S2CID 82310885. <a href="https://bioone.org/journals/the-bulletin-of-zoological-nomenclature/volume-69/issue-3/bzn.v69i3.a15/Case-3560Plateosaurus-engelhardti-Meyer-1837-Dinosauria-Sauropodomorpha--proposed-replacement/10.21805/bzn.v69i3.a15.full" target="_blank">https://bioone.org/journals/the-bulletin-of-zoological-nomenclature/volume-69/issue-3/bzn.v69i3.a15/Case-3560Plateosaurus-engelhardti-Meyer-1837-Dinosauria-Sauropodomorpha--proposed-replacement/10.21805/bzn.v69i3.a15.full</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Moser, M. (2003). "Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha) aus dem Feuerletten (Mittelkeuper; Obertrias) von Bayern" [Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha) from the Feuerletten (Mittelkeuper; Obertrias) of Bavaria]. Zitteliana Reihe B: Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (in German and English). 24: 1–186. OCLC 54854853. Archived from the original on 2013-12-28. Retrieved 2012-01-31. <a href="http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12711/" target="_blank">http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12711/</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Yates, A.M. (2003). "Species taxonomy of the sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the Löwenstein Formation (Norian, Late Triassic) of Germany". Palaeontology. 46 (2): 317–337. Bibcode:2003Palgy..46..317Y. doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2003.00301.x. S2CID 86801904. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0031-0239.2003.00301.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0031-0239.2003.00301.x</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Huene, F. von (1932). "Die fossile Reptil-Ordnung Saurischia, ihre Entwicklung und Geschichte" [The fossil order of reptiles Saurischia, their development and history]. Monographien zur Geologie und Paläontologie (in German). 4: 1–361. <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Sander, P.M. (1992). "The Norian Plateosaurus bonebeds of central Europe and their taphonomy". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 93 (3–4): 255–299. Bibcode:1992PPP....93..255M. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(92)90100-J. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Jaekel, O. (1913–1914). "Über die Wirbeltierfunde in der oberen Trias von Halberstadt" [About the vertebrate finds in the Upper Triassic of Halberstadt]. Paläontologische Zeitschrift (in German). 1: 155–215. doi:10.1007/BF03160336. S2CID 128404687. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-12-28. <a href="https://publikationsserver.tu-braunschweig.de/receive/dbbs_mods_00059197" target="_blank">https://publikationsserver.tu-braunschweig.de/receive/dbbs_mods_00059197</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Galton, Peter M. (1984). "Cranial anatomy of the prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus from the Knollenmergel (Middle Keuper, Upper Triassic) of Germany. I. Two complete skulls from Trossingen/Württ. With comments on the diet". Geologica et Palaeontologica. 18: 139–171. <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Galton, Peter M. (1985). "Cranial anatomy of the prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus from the Knollenmergel (Middle Keuper, Upper Triassic) of Germany. II. All the cranial material and details of soft-part anatomy". Geologica et Palaeontologica. 19: 119–159. <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Galton, Peter M. (1986). "Prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus (=Gresslyosaurus) (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) from the Upper Triassic of Switzerland". Geologica et Palaeontologica. 20: 167–183. <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Galton, Peter M. (2000). "The prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus Meyer, 1837 (Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha). I: The syntypes of P. engelhardti Meyer, 1837 (Upper Triassic, Germany), with notes on other European prosauropods with "distally straight" femora". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 216 (2): 233–275. doi:10.1127/njgpa/216/2000/233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Galton, Peter M. (2001). "The prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus Meyer, 1837 (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha; Upper Triassic). II. Notes on the referred species". Revue Paléobiologie, Genève. 20 (2): 435–502. <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Moser, M. (2003). "Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha) aus dem Feuerletten (Mittelkeuper; Obertrias) von Bayern" [Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha) from the Feuerletten (Mittelkeuper; Obertrias) of Bavaria]. Zitteliana Reihe B: Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (in German and English). 24: 1–186. OCLC 54854853. Archived from the original on 2013-12-28. Retrieved 2012-01-31. <a href="http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12711/" target="_blank">http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12711/</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Moser (2003), summarized on p. 152 (English summary on p. 179)[1] <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Prieto-Márquez, A.; Norell, Mark A. (2011). "Redescription of a nearly complete skull of Plateosaurus (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Trossingen (Germany)". American Museum Novitates (3727): 1–58. doi:10.1206/3727.2. S2CID 55272856. Archived from the original on 2023-05-30. Retrieved 2021-05-04. <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/4597817" target="_blank">https://zenodo.org/record/4597817</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">p. 152 in Moser (2003) (English summary on p. 179)[1] <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Prieto-Márquez, A.; Norell, Mark A. (2011). "Redescription of a nearly complete skull of Plateosaurus (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Trossingen (Germany)". American Museum Novitates (3727): 1–58. doi:10.1206/3727.2. S2CID 55272856. Archived from the original on 2023-05-30. Retrieved 2021-05-04. <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/4597817" target="_blank">https://zenodo.org/record/4597817</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Weishampel, D.B.; Barrett, P.M.; Coria, R.A.; Loeuff, J.L.; Xing, X.; Xijin, Z.; Sahni, A.; Gomani, E.M.P.; Noto, C. (2004). Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria (2 ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 524. ISBN 978-0-520-25408-4. <a href="978-0-520-25408-4" target="_blank">978-0-520-25408-4</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">p. 152 in Moser (2003) (English summary on p. 179)[1] <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">pp. 193–194 in Jaekel (1913–1914)[5] <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Jaekel, O. (1911). Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die fossilen und lebenden Formen [The Vertebrates. An overview of the fossil and extant forms] (in German). Berlin: Borntraeger. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/diewirbeltieree01jaekgoog#page/n5/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/diewirbeltieree01jaekgoog#page/n5/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Huene, F. von (1926). "Vollständige Osteologie eines Plateosauriden aus dem schwäbischen Keuper" [Complete osteology of a plateosaurid from the Swabian Keuper]. Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen. Neue Folge (in German). 15 (2): 139–179. <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">Moser, M. (2003). "Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha) aus dem Feuerletten (Mittelkeuper; Obertrias) von Bayern" [Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha) from the Feuerletten (Mittelkeuper; Obertrias) of Bavaria]. Zitteliana Reihe B: Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (in German and English). 24: 1–186. OCLC 54854853. Archived from the original on 2013-12-28. Retrieved 2012-01-31. <a href="http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12711/" target="_blank">http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12711/</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">Huene, F. von (1926). "Vollständige Osteologie eines Plateosauriden aus dem schwäbischen Keuper" [Complete osteology of a plateosaurid from the Swabian Keuper]. Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen. Neue Folge (in German). 15 (2): 139–179. <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">Mallison, H. (2010). "The digital Plateosaurus II: an assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 55 (3): 433–458. doi:10.4202/app.2009.0075. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.2009.0075" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.2009.0075</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Mallison, H. (2010). "The digital Plateosaurus II: an assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 55 (3): 433–458. doi:10.4202/app.2009.0075. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.2009.0075" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.2009.0075</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">Huene, F. von (1926). "Vollständige Osteologie eines Plateosauriden aus dem schwäbischen Keuper" [Complete osteology of a plateosaurid from the Swabian Keuper]. Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen. Neue Folge (in German). 15 (2): 139–179. <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Yates, A.M.; Vasconcelos, C.C. (2005). "Furcula-like clavicles in the prosauropod dinosaur Massospondylus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (2): 466–468. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0466:FCITPD]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. JSTOR 4524460. S2CID 85679726. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Huene, F. von (1926). "Vollständige Osteologie eines Plateosauriden aus dem schwäbischen Keuper" [Complete osteology of a plateosaurid from the Swabian Keuper]. Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen. Neue Folge (in German). 15 (2): 139–179. <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">Christian, Andreas; Koberg, Dorothee; Preuschoft, Holger (1996). "Shape of the pelvis and posture of the hindlimbs in Plateosaurus". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 70 (3–4): 591–601. Bibcode:1996PalZ...70..591C. doi:10.1007/BF02988095. S2CID 129780483. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">Mallison, H. (2010). "The digital Plateosaurus I: body mass, mass distribution and posture assessed using CAD and CAE on a digitally mounted complete skeleton". Palaeontologia Electronica. 13.2.8A. Archived from the original on 2012-06-15. Retrieved 2010-07-27. <a href="http://palaeo-electronica.org/2010_2/198/index.html" target="_blank">http://palaeo-electronica.org/2010_2/198/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Huene, F. von (1926). "Vollständige Osteologie eines Plateosauriden aus dem schwäbischen Keuper" [Complete osteology of a plateosaurid from the Swabian Keuper]. Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen. Neue Folge (in German). 15 (2): 139–179. <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">Mallison, H. (2010). "The digital Plateosaurus II: an assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 55 (3): 433–458. doi:10.4202/app.2009.0075. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.2009.0075" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.2009.0075</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">Christian, Andreas; Koberg, Dorothee; Preuschoft, Holger (1996). "Shape of the pelvis and posture of the hindlimbs in Plateosaurus". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 70 (3–4): 591–601. Bibcode:1996PalZ...70..591C. doi:10.1007/BF02988095. S2CID 129780483. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">Mallison, H. (2010). "The digital Plateosaurus I: body mass, mass distribution and posture assessed using CAD and CAE on a digitally mounted complete skeleton". Palaeontologia Electronica. 13.2.8A. Archived from the original on 2012-06-15. Retrieved 2010-07-27. <a href="http://palaeo-electronica.org/2010_2/198/index.html" target="_blank">http://palaeo-electronica.org/2010_2/198/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">Mallison, H. (2010). "The digital Plateosaurus II: an assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 55 (3): 433–458. doi:10.4202/app.2009.0075. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.2009.0075" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.2009.0075</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">Jaekel, O. (1911). Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die fossilen und lebenden Formen [The Vertebrates. An overview of the fossil and extant forms] (in German). Berlin: Borntraeger. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/diewirbeltieree01jaekgoog#page/n5/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/diewirbeltieree01jaekgoog#page/n5/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">Huene, F. von (1926). "Vollständige Osteologie eines Plateosauriden aus dem schwäbischen Keuper" [Complete osteology of a plateosaurid from the Swabian Keuper]. Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen. Neue Folge (in German). 15 (2): 139–179. <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">Galton, Peter M. (1984). "Cranial anatomy of the prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus from the Knollenmergel (Middle Keuper, Upper Triassic) of Germany. I. Two complete skulls from Trossingen/Württ. With comments on the diet". Geologica et Palaeontologica. 18: 139–171. <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Jaekel, O. (1911). Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die fossilen und lebenden Formen [The Vertebrates. An overview of the fossil and extant forms] (in German). Berlin: Borntraeger. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/diewirbeltieree01jaekgoog#page/n5/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/diewirbeltieree01jaekgoog#page/n5/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">Huene, F. von (1926). "Vollständige Osteologie eines Plateosauriden aus dem schwäbischen Keuper" [Complete osteology of a plateosaurid from the Swabian Keuper]. Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen. Neue Folge (in German). 15 (2): 139–179. <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Galton, Peter M. (1984). "Cranial anatomy of the prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus from the Knollenmergel (Middle Keuper, Upper Triassic) of Germany. I. Two complete skulls from Trossingen/Württ. With comments on the diet". Geologica et Palaeontologica. 18: 139–171. <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Jaekel, O. (1911). Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die fossilen und lebenden Formen [The Vertebrates. An overview of the fossil and extant forms] (in German). Berlin: Borntraeger. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/diewirbeltieree01jaekgoog#page/n5/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/diewirbeltieree01jaekgoog#page/n5/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">Huene, F. von (1926). "Vollständige Osteologie eines Plateosauriden aus dem schwäbischen Keuper" [Complete osteology of a plateosaurid from the Swabian Keuper]. Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen. Neue Folge (in German). 15 (2): 139–179. <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">Galton, Peter M. (1984). "Cranial anatomy of the prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus from the Knollenmergel (Middle Keuper, Upper Triassic) of Germany. I. Two complete skulls from Trossingen/Württ. With comments on the diet". Geologica et Palaeontologica. 18: 139–171. <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Galton, Peter M. (1984). "Cranial anatomy of the prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus from the Knollenmergel (Middle Keuper, Upper Triassic) of Germany. I. Two complete skulls from Trossingen/Württ. With comments on the diet". Geologica et Palaeontologica. 18: 139–171. <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">Galton, Peter M. (1984). "Cranial anatomy of the prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus from the Knollenmergel (Middle Keuper, Upper Triassic) of Germany. I. Two complete skulls from Trossingen/Württ. With comments on the diet". Geologica et Palaeontologica. 18: 139–171. <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:208">Schaeffer, Joep; Wolff, Ewan; Witzmann, Florian; Ferreira, Gabriel S.; Schoch, Rainer R.; Mujal, Eudald (2024-07-31). "Paleobiological implications of chevron pathology in the sauropodomorph Plateosaurus trossingensis from the Upper Triassic of SW Germany". PLOS ONE. 19 (7): e0306819. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0306819. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 11290664. PMID 39083447. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11290664" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11290664</a> <a href="#fnref:208" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Plateosaurus open-in-new

Plateosaurus