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Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills
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<h2 id="voiced-alveolar-trill">Voiced alveolar trill</h2> <p class="note">"Alveolar trill" redirects here. For the voiceless consonant, see <a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_trill/JRbdqnWV">Voiceless alveolar trill</a>.</p> <h3>Features</h3> <p>Features of the voiced alveolar trill: </p> <ul><li>Its <a href="/facts/Manner_of_articulation/HxyCqDQC">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Trill_consonant/GKS3ga4q">trill</a>, which means it is produced by directing air over an articulator so that it vibrates.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Place_of_articulation/exCzaxeF">place of articulation</a> may be</li></ul> <a href="/facts/Dental_consonant/Yraaz9Nm">dental</a> (behind the upper front teeth), <a href="/facts/Alveolar_consonant/B6VkW2EX">alveolar</a> (at the <a href="/facts/Alveolar_ridge/qxn0CvTN">alveolar ridge</a>), or <a href="/facts/Post-alveolar_consonant/YUo5nJly">post-alveolar</a> (behind the alveolar ridge). <ul><li>It is most often <a href="/facts/Apical_consonant/L7691gMF">apical</a>, which means it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Phonation/u2IGLdgG">phonation</a> is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/facts/Oral_consonant/feM4cful">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/facts/Central_consonant/YLATXvJW">central consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Airstream_mechanism/qooe2ESC">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/facts/Pulmonic_egressive/BICa0WA0">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/facts/Intercostal_muscle/SFCkv3vD">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/facts/Abdominal_muscles/HcTzDFL0">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <h3>Occurrence</h3> <h4>Dental</h4> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hungarian_language/nt4g0ano">Hungarian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Hungarian_orthography/o5VY2Eck">arra</a></i></td><td>[ɒr̪ːɒ]</td><td>'that way'</td><td>Laminal dental. See <a href="/facts/Hungarian_phonology/TXf5qlfU">Hungarian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Marshallese_language/sum7UcPS">Marshallese</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td><i>dik</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td>[r̪ʲik]</td><td>'to be small'</td><td><a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">Palatalized</a>. The language's two other rhotic phonemes, /rˠ/ (<a href="/facts/Velarization/r0vmyV4T">velarized</a>) and /rʷ/ (<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">rounded</a>), are post-alveolar.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Romanian_language/zAY3GnkL">Romanian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Romanian_orthography/B6nm24Q6">repede</a></i></td><td>[ˈr̪e̞pe̞d̪e̞]</td><td>'quickly'</td><td>Apical. See <a href="/facts/Romanian_phonology/WBLopvtW">Romanian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Russian_orthography/Kqy6hRtX">рьяный</a>/<i>ŕjaný</i></td><td>[ˈr̪ʲjän̪ɨ̞j]</td><td>'zealous'</td><td>Apical, palatalized. Usually only a single vibration, presumably due to the palatalization.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> It contrasts with a post-alveolar trill. See <a href="/facts/Russian_phonology/JCPYSFSV">Russian phonology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Alveolar</h4> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Afrikaans_language/jYqEPHmA">Afrikaans</a></td><td>Standard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td><i>rooi</i></td><td>[roːi̯]</td><td>'red'</td><td>May be a tap [<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a>] instead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Afrikaans_phonology/Pyw01kjo">Afrikaans phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Modern_Standard_Arabic/rXAjtFSs">Modern Standard</a></td><td>رأى/<i>ra'á</i></td><td>[raʔaː]</td><td>'saw' (verb)</td><td>In free variation with [<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a>] by many speakers.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Aragonese_language/hduBfPCR">Aragonese</a></td><td><i>sotarraño</i></td><td>[sotaˈraɲo]</td><td>'basement'</td><td>Allophone of /<a href="/facts/%C9%BE/82YCoGWK">ɾ</a>/.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Armenian_language/tELuE2wG">Armenian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Eastern_Armenian/qvxWtyD1">Eastern</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Armenian_alphabet/eah4kBXh">ռումբ</a>/<i>ŕumb</i></td><td>[rumb]ⓘ</td><td>'cannonball'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Asturian_language/VACemynx">Asturian</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Asturian_alphabet/VACemynx">ferramienta</a></i></td><td>[feraˈmjeŋta]</td><td>'tool'</td><td>Allophone of /<a href="/facts/%C9%BE/82YCoGWK">ɾ</a>/.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Bengali_language/twpKobqA">Bengali</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Bengali_alphabet/kdlW4eGK">রাত</a>/<i>rat</i></td><td>[rat̪]</td><td>'night'</td><td>More commonly [<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a> ~ <a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_approximant/f1wQ41RI">ɹ</a>] for most speakers. May occur word-initially; as against [ɾ], which occurs medially and finally. See <a href="/facts/Bengali_phonology/QKXJtTGF">Bengali phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Breton_language/e0Rpgyvf">Breton</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Breton_alphabet/e0Rpgyvf">roue</a></i></td><td>[ruːe]</td><td>'king'</td><td>Dominant in and around <a href="/facts/Finist%C3%A8re/TR71JoCC">Léon</a> and <a href="/facts/Morbihan/ghYrMLAK">Morbihan</a> while many other dialects have adopted the <a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_fricative/EPs0IHK3">voiced uvular fricative</a>. See <a href="/facts/Breton_phonology/e0Rpgyvf">Breton phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Bulgarian_language/susG15pr">Bulgarian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Bulgarian_orthography/L6bXeRPS">работа/rabota</a></td><td>[ˈrabotə]</td><td>'work'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Bulgarian_phonology/mkE8GYYp">Bulgarian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Chuvash_language/2pvVW2sT">Chuvash</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cyrillic_script/0btN3oWC">арăслан/araslan</a></td><td>[arəs'lan]</td><td>'lion'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Czech_language/ySvEftdh">Czech</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Czech_orthography/9qCd4huk">chlor</a></i></td><td>[xlɔ̝ːr]</td><td>'chlorine'</td><td>Contrasts with /r̝/; may be syllabic. See <a href="/facts/Czech_phonology/UJYRAndV">Czech phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Danish_language/sTcGXTMJ">Danish</a></td><td>Few speakers of the <a href="/facts/Jutlandic_dialect/y10CcnNE">Jutlandic dialect</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td>[<i>example needed</i>]</td><td></td><td></td><td>Corresponds to much more back [<a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_fricative/EPs0IHK3">ʁ</a> ~ <a href="/facts/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative/vv0pypE7">ʕ</a>] in standard Danish. See <a href="/facts/Danish_phonology/pcTRA2ln">Danish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Dutch_language/yIB5lbsx">Dutch</a></td><td>Standard</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Dutch_orthography/BHW9KxMr">raam</a></i></td><td>[raːm]</td><td>'window'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Dutch_phonology/WJP2LDfK">Dutch phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a></td><td><a href="/facts/African-American_Vernacular_English/jhLocUkI">African-American</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/English_orthography/1Exe2W6G"> outta the city</a></i></td><td>[æə̯rəˈsɪɾi]</td><td>'out of the city'</td><td>A sequence of tapped <a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a> between unstressed <a href="/facts/Mid_central_vowel/CCx0wYy3">ə</a> may become a single trill in <a href="/facts/AAVE/jhLocUkI">AAVE</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scottish_English/VT54VbX9">Scottish</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/English_orthography/1Exe2W6G">curd</a></i></td><td>[kʌrd]</td><td>'curd'</td><td>Only some dialects. Corresponds to [<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a> ~ <a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_approximant/f1wQ41RI">ɹ</a>] in others. See <a href="/facts/English_phonology/awcxPhHL">English phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Welsh_English/78zM2R0f">Welsh</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/English_orthography/1Exe2W6G">bright</a></i></td><td>[braɪt]</td><td>'bright'</td><td>Some dialects under <a href="/facts/Welsh_language/4Pz8r6yk">Welsh</a> influence. Corresponds to [ɾ ~ ɹ] in others.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Estonian_language/ywCJos4e">Estonian</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Estonian_alphabet/gQysa5Qj">korrus</a></i></td><td>[ˈkorːus]</td><td>'floor'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Estonian_phonology/xX5AF3wy">Estonian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Finnish_language/lBuEIgs0">Finnish</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Finnish_alphabet/l3bdMLPd">raaka</a></i></td><td>[ˈrɑːkɑ]ⓘ</td><td>'raw'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Finnish_phonology/p1kjVpQ5">Finnish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Modern_Greek/nFsDHrfR">Greek</a></td><td>Standard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Greek_alphabet/1cHwB8Dg">άρτος</a>/<i>ártos</i></td><td>[ˈartos]</td><td>'<a href="/facts/Artos/FFldDk8f">artos</a>'</td><td>Allophone of /ɾ/. Usual in clusters, otherwise a tap or an approximant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Modern_Greek_phonology/8YqswHuV">Modern Greek phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cypriot_Greek/4fkjq5sQ">Cypriot</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td>βορράς/<i>vorras</i></td><td>[vorˈras]</td><td>'north'</td><td>Contrasts with /ɾ/.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hindustani_language/rPnbEyYP">Hindustani</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hindi/n1QIEeCC">Hindi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB/dQvQ3Ufs">पत्थर</a> / <i>patthar</i></td><td rowspan="2">[pət̪t̪ʰər]</td><td rowspan="2">'stone'</td><td rowspan="2">See <a href="/facts/Hindustani_phonology/jSJYXe1d">Hindustani phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Urdu/oLrhuXc6">Urdu</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Nasta%27liq/d6jzdwXB">پتھر</a> / <i>patthar</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Indonesian_language/J8Q78Ywb">Indonesian</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Malay_alphabet/yKwF4NQv">getar </a></i></td><td>[gətar]</td><td>'vibrate'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Indonesian_phonology/QQx0BUjN">Indonesian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Italian_language/YXsmvlQG">Italian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Italian_alphabet/QP2BJ6J7">terra</a></i></td><td>[ˈt̪ɛrːä]ⓘ</td><td>'earth'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Italian_phonology/6ClLWgLo">Italian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Japanese_language/EEv485a5">Japanese</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tokyo_dialect/LJIFUUbp">Shitamachi dialect</a></td><td rowspan="2">から <i><a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Japanese/7JdM0cAy">kara</a></i></td><td rowspan="2">[kara]</td><td rowspan="2">'from'</td><td rowspan="2">Allophone of /ɾ/. See <a href="/facts/Japanese_phonology/PvY84Cf1">Japanese phonology</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kansai_dialect/7quHy670">Kansai dialect</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kele_language_(New_Guinea)/5fxfxawR">Kele</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td colspan="2">[ⁿrikei]</td><td>'leg'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Khmer_language/RVR7NyzQ">Khmer</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Khmer_script/al76EeT6">ត្រី</a> / <i>trey</i></td><td>[trəj]</td><td>'fish' or 'three'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Khmer_phonology/RVR7NyzQ">Khmer phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kyrgyz_language/jnuN76wT">Kyrgyz</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kyrgyz_alphabet/3WM8WDcz">ыр</a>/<i>ır</i></td><td>[ɯr]</td><td>'song'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Latvian_language/1LRCJorI">Latvian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Latvian_alphabet/x6bjPDS5">rags</a></i></td><td>[räks̪]</td><td>'horn'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Latvian_phonology/vevNL9yu">Latvian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Lithuanian_language/p0bS9M0R">Lithuanian</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Lithuanian_alphabet/mrkUJAWg">ir</a></i></td><td>[ɪr]</td><td>'and'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Lithuanian_phonology/rspsw8Ku">Lithuanian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Malay_language/2T6pPtgv">Malay</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Jawi_alphabet/DdF2xzyM">کورڠ</a> / <i><a href="/facts/Malay_alphabet/yKwF4NQv">kurang</a></i></td><td>[kuräŋ]</td><td>'less'</td><td>May be postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠], or more commonly, flap [ɾ]. See <a href="/facts/Malay_phonology/QQx0BUjN">Malay phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Malayalam/YLuvDWd3">Malayalam</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Malayalam_script/HDsBdkqw">റമ്മി</a>/<i>rummy</i></td><td>[rəmmiː]</td><td>'<a href="/facts/Rummy/Q6KKyKuY">rummy</a>'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Malayalam/YLuvDWd3">Malayalam phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mandarin_Chinese/yxvDg67C">Mandarin</a></td><td>Huguang <a href="/facts/Southwestern_Mandarin/oHAkdluG">Southwestern Mandarin</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Chinese_characters/5pn1PFvj">鋸子</a></td><td>[tɕy˦˩˨ r̩]</td><td>'saw'</td><td>Found in the suffix 子 in various localities, including by not limited to Chuandian [zh] (in <a href="/facts/Jingzhou/48gfdG7L">Jingzhou</a>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Zhongxiang/tj9yHNrT">Zhongxiang</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Yicheng,_Hubei/NlzhaGYL">Yicheng</a>, <a href="/facts/Jingmen/DFRaVt58">Jingmen</a>, and <a href="/facts/Jiangling_County/JUr8Q9av">Jiangling</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nepali_language/TSC8VdAw">Nepali</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB/dQvQ3Ufs">घर्रा</a>/ghórra</td><td>[ɡʱʌrːä]</td><td>'drawer'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Nepali_phonology/5gEhrASB">Nepali phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Polish_language/lzpvYDvV">Polish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Polish_orthography/BBpK4VAt">krok</a></i></td><td>[krɔk]ⓘ</td><td>'step'</td><td>Usually realized as [<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a>]. See <a href="/facts/Polish_phonology/tEdotI3h">Polish phonology</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Portuguese_language/vr3Fwzw3">Portuguese</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Portuguese_orthography/B6H9WRGa">rato</a></i></td><td>[ratu]</td><td>'mouse'</td><td>Contrasts with /ɾ/. Many <a href="/facts/Northern_Portuguese/G2PIRUK9">northern dialects</a> retain the alveolar trill, and the trill is still dominant in rural areas. See <a href="/facts/Portuguese_phonology/hu1DbLe8">Portuguese phonology</a> and <a href="/facts/Guttural_R/fxyTfcgV">Guttural R</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Scots_language/0qPof8oC">Scots</a></td><td><i>bricht</i></td><td>[brɪçt]</td><td>'bright'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Scottish_Gaelic/KMI4MmzJ">Scottish Gaelic</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology/wf69X0FU">ceàrr</a></i></td><td>[kʲaːrˠ]</td><td>'false'</td><td>Velarized. Pronounced as a trill at the beginning of a word, or as <i>rr</i>, or before consonants <i>d</i>, <i>t</i>, <i>l</i>, <i>n</i>, <i>s</i>; otherwise a <a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_tap/EvQ781EU">voiced alveolar tap</a>. Contrasts with /ɾʲ/ and /ɾ/ intervocally and word-finally. See <a href="/facts/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology/wf69X0FU">Scottish Gaelic phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Serbo-Croatian/MS85Xuwk">Serbo-Croatian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet/d5s1lFk2">рт</a> / <i><a href="/facts/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet/hxF8FTpe">rt</a></i></td><td>[r̩t]</td><td>'cape'</td><td>May be syllabic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Serbo-Croatian_phonology/RgNSQU8A">Serbo-Croatian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Slovak_language/HmmobnJ8">Slovak</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Slovak_orthography/NCxQPLa8">krk</a></i></td><td>[kr̩k]</td><td>'neck'</td><td>May be a <a href="/facts/Alveolar_tap/EvQ781EU">tap</a>, particularly when not syllabic.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Slovene_language/09YPyUQr">Slovene</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Slovene_orthography/U2wY1Aj3">riž</a></i></td><td>[ríːʃ]</td><td>'rice'</td><td>Also described as tap [<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a>],<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> and variable between trill [r] and tap [<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a>].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Slovene_phonology/cC0He05j">Slovene phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Spanish_orthography/DNP7QG9J">perro</a></i></td><td>[ˈpe̞ro̞]ⓘ</td><td>'dog'</td><td>Contrasts with /ɾ/. See <a href="/facts/Spanish_phonology/y7knma4G">Spanish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Swedish_language/1DkSIXkH">Swedish</a></td><td>Some West coast and Northern dialects</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Swedish_orthography/W1sPgWm8">bra</a></i></td><td>[brɑː]</td><td>'good'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Swedish_phonology/2NY3Prus">Swedish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tagalog_language/G8UARRIl">Tagalog</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Filipino_orthography/eGqejUch">rambutan</a></i></td><td>[rɐmbuˈtan]</td><td>'<a href="/facts/Rambutan/VzE3GvL1">rambutan</a>'</td><td>Allophone of the more common [ɾ], especially with more <a href="/facts/Conservative_(linguistics)/0R06rgSs">conservative speakers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Tagalog_phonology/U6eweXdA">Tagalog phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tamil_language/7I0lHL0d">Tamil</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tamil_script/QAEV8dJ5">பறவை</a>/<i>paravai</i></td><td>[paraʋaɪ̯]</td><td>'bird'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Tamil_phonology/k02LcIw7">Tamil phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Thai_language/PnaLdG77">Thai</a></td><td>Standard</td><td>ชลบุรี/<i>chonbùri</i></td><td>[tɕ͡ʰōn.bù.rīː]ⓘ</td><td>'<a href="/facts/Chonburi_Province/WbBEtXlu">Chonburi</a>'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Titan_language/tFd1Io4p">Titan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td colspan="2">[ⁿrakeiʔin]</td><td>'girls'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ukrainian_language/2zDw7rpD">Ukrainian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ukrainian_alphabet/RXdMx44m">рух</a>/<i>ruh</i></td><td>[rux]ⓘ</td><td>'motion'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_phonology/tMNnkv5W">Ukrainian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Welsh_language/4Pz8r6yk">Welsh</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Welsh_alphabet/ndLDbUlL">Rhagfyr</a></i></td><td>[ˈr̥aɡvɨr]</td><td>'December'</td><td>Contrasts with the <a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_trill/JRbdqnWV">voiceless alveolar trill</a>, /r̥/. See <a href="/facts/Welsh_phonology/lu715FFI">Welsh phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Wu_Chinese/IXnCCme0">Wu Chinese</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Xuanzhou_Wu/11LjvKa3">Xuanzhou Wu</a> (Qiugong locality)</td><td><a href="/facts/Chinese_characters/5pn1PFvj">弟</a></td><td>[ri˥˧]</td><td>'younger brother'</td><td>Found in the speech of Qiugong <a href="/facts/Residential_community/L7yMufzD">residential community</a>, Shuiyang township [zh], <a href="/facts/Xuanzhou_District/kS2GqhL2">Xuanzhou District</a>, <a href="/facts/Xuanzhou/kS2GqhL2">Xuanzhou</a> prefecture. Equivalent to /d/ in other Wu varieties (cf. <a href="/facts/Shanghainese/o4MEAwa2">Shanghainese</a> [di˩˦]).</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Yiddish_language/VfmsR6pW">Yiddish</a></td><td>Standard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Yiddish_orthography/x1CIbANg">בריק</a>/brik</td><td>[brɪk]</td><td>'bridge'</td><td>More commonly a flap [<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a>]; can be uvular [<a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_tap_and_flap/BVWJFmUf">ɢ̆</a> ~ <a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_trill/NKbclM6g">ʀ</a>] instead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Yiddish_phonology/AdDgU6gc">Yiddish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Zapotec_language/Yh09rWyg">Zapotec</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tilquiapan_Zapotec/REz3SXMX">Tilquiapan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td><i>r-ree</i></td><td>[rɘˀɘ]</td><td>'go out (habitually)'</td><td>Underlyingly two sequences of /ɾ/.</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Post-alveolar</h4> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Retroflex_trill/JpwJNRYo">Retroflex trill</a></p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Catalan_language/W2uTbK8Q">Catalan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Catalan_orthography/EuUUrU6u">ruc</a></i></td><td>[ˈr̠uk]</td><td>'donkey'</td><td>Contrasts with /ɾ/. See <a href="/facts/Catalan_phonology/Hlw9yKdg">Catalan phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Gokana_language/2yE0oqlI">Gokana</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td><i>bele</i></td><td>[bēr̠ē]</td><td>'we'</td><td>Allophone of /l/, medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morphemebefore a following vowel in the same word. It can be a <a href="/facts/Postalveolar_tap/ClIesXP0">postalveolar tap</a> or simply [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a>] instead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Marshallese_language/sum7UcPS">Marshallese</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td><i>raj</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td>[r̠ˠɑtʲ]</td><td>'whale'</td><td rowspan="2">/rˠ/ is <a href="/facts/Velarization/r0vmyV4T">velarized</a> and /rʷ/ is <a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">rounded</a>. Another rhotic phoneme in the language, /rʲ/, is dental and <a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">palatalized</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><i>roj</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td>[r̠ʷɔtʲ]</td><td>'ebb tide'</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Russian_orthography/Kqy6hRtX">играть</a>/igrať</td><td>[ɪˈɡr̠ätʲ]</td><td>'to play'</td><td>Contrasts with a palatalized dental trill. See <a href="/facts/Russian_phonology/JCPYSFSV">Russian phonology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Variable</h4> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Standard_German/9qsa3C2S">Standard</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> (chiefly areas with Upper German or Low German influence as well as immigrant speakers)</td><td><i><a href="/facts/German_orthography/wRfTdcfG">Schmarrn</a></i></td><td>[ʃmarn]</td><td>'nonsense'</td><td>Varies between apical dental and apical alveolar; may be a <a href="/facts/Alveolar_flap/EvQ781EU">tap</a> instead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Standard_German_phonology/mxAMM3la">Standard German phonology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="voiced-alveolar-fricative-trill">Voiced alveolar fricative trill </h2> <p>In <a href="/facts/Czech_language/ySvEftdh">Czech</a>, there are two contrasting alveolar trills. Besides the typical apical trill, written <i>r</i>, there is another laminal trill, written <i><a href="/facts/%C5%98/2w7mqI7e">ř</a></i>, in words such as <i>rybáři</i> [ˈrɪbaːr̝ɪ] 'fishermen' and the common surname <i>Dvořák</i>. Its manner of articulation is similar to [r] but is <a href="/facts/Laminal_consonant/EVA0SWmd">laminal</a> and the body of the tongue is <a href="/facts/Raised_(phonetics)/tr1T3A3s">raised</a>. It is thus partially <a href="/facts/Fricative_consonant/1FQuuhfX">fricative</a>, with the frication sounding rather like [ʒ] but less retracted. It sounds like a simultaneous [r] and [ʒ], and some speakers tend to pronounce it as [rʐ], [ɾʒ], or [ɹʒ]. In the IPA, it is typically written as ⟨r⟩ plus the raising diacritic, ⟨r̝⟩, but it has also been written as laminal ⟨r̻⟩.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> (Before the 1989 <a href="/facts/IPA_Kiel_Convention/D87ClFdc">IPA Kiel Convention</a>, it had a dedicated symbol ⟨ɼ⟩.) The <a href="/facts/Kobon_language/620MjqDo">Kobon language</a> of <a href="/facts/Papua_New_Guinea/RLaVlhFC">Papua New Guinea</a> also has a fricative trill, but the degree of frication is variable. </p> <h3>Features</h3> <p>Features of the voiced alveolar fricative trill: </p> <ul><li>Its <a href="/facts/Manner_of_articulation/HxyCqDQC">manner of articulation</a> is fricative trill, which means it is a non-sibilant fricative and a trill pronounced simultaneously.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Place_of_articulation/exCzaxeF">place of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Laminal_consonant/EVA0SWmd">laminal</a> <a href="/facts/Alveolar_consonant/B6VkW2EX">alveolar</a>, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the <a href="/facts/Alveolar_ridge/qxn0CvTN">alveolar ridge</a>.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Phonation/u2IGLdgG">phonation</a> is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/facts/Oral_consonant/feM4cful">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/facts/Central_consonant/YLATXvJW">central consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Airstream_mechanism/qooe2ESC">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/facts/Pulmonic_egressive/BICa0WA0">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/facts/Intercostal_muscle/SFCkv3vD">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/facts/Abdominal_muscles/HcTzDFL0">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <h3>Examples</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Czech_language/ySvEftdh">Czech</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Czech_alphabet/9qCd4huk">čtyři</a></i></td><td>[ˈt͡ʃtɪr̝ɪ]ⓘ</td><td>'four'</td><td>May be a <a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_fricative/TtHwyzp6">non-sibilant fricative</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> It contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. See <a href="/facts/Czech_phonology/UJYRAndV">Czech phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Big Bligadigese</td><td>Hrylor</td><td>ˈhr̥ʲ͡ʀ̥.lor̝/</td><td>'to emit smoke'</td><td>Common big bligadigese.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Dzongkha_language/WUEVgmHT">Dzongkha</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></td><td>རུ་ཏོག་/<i>ru-tog</i></td><td>[r̝uto]</td><td>'bone'</td><td>Usually released as a normal trilled [r], sometimes it has a slightly fricative character vaguely reminiscent of Czech ř. Dzongkha r is followed by the low register tone.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kashubian_language/gs64oDQe">Kashubian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td><i>rzéka</i></td><td>[r̝eka]</td><td>'river'</td><td>Only some northern and northwestern speakers. Formerly common over the whole speaking area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kobon_language/620MjqDo">Kobon</a></td><td>[<i>example needed</i>]</td><td></td><td></td><td>Amount of frication variable. May also be a <a href="/facts/Alveolar_flap/EvQ781EU">fricative flap</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ormuri/tkuKHrr4">Ormuri</a></td><td>Standard (Kaniguram)</td><td>تڒګب/<i>tařgab</i></td><td>[tɑr̝geb]</td><td>'<a href="/facts/Summer_(season)/v3DY22Uq">summer</a>'</td><td>Corresponds to /ʃ/ in Logar dialect.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Polish_language/lzpvYDvV">Polish</a></td><td>Some dialects<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Polish_alphabet/Ju1Roo9c">rzeka</a></i></td><td>[r̝ɛka]</td><td>'river'</td><td>Contrasts with /r/ and /ʐ/. Present in areas from <a href="/facts/Starogard_Gda%C5%84ski/rAduXbXT">Starogard Gdański</a> to <a href="/facts/Malbork/oN9L1sSh">Malbork</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> and those south, west and northwest of them,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> area from <a href="/facts/Lubawa/gsy1JzUL">Lubawa</a> to <a href="/facts/Olsztyn/laM4q5P5">Olsztyn</a> to <a href="/facts/Olecko/pXWoU7NG">Olecko</a> to <a href="/facts/Dzia%C5%82dowo/eoGwB296">Działdowo</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> south and east of <a href="/facts/Wiele%C5%84/dbB3ee12">Wieleń</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> around <a href="/facts/Wo%C5%82omin/zJH8qRgA">Wołomin</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> southeast of <a href="/facts/Ostr%C3%B3w_Mazowiecka/JubtCYF8">Ostrów Mazowiecka</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> and west of <a href="/facts/Siedlce/CrI4tJBn">Siedlce</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> from <a href="/facts/Brzeg/KTTToJ2K">Brzeg</a> to <a href="/facts/Opole/j1bshumb">Opole</a> and areas to the north,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> and roughly from <a href="/facts/Racib%C3%B3rz/0axx0Wqo">Racibórz</a> to <a href="/facts/Nowy_Targ/sB2GR4eF">Nowy Targ</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> Most speakers, as well as standard Polish, merge it with /ʐ/,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Polish_phonology/tEdotI3h">Polish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Portuguese_language/vr3Fwzw3">Portuguese</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/European_Portuguese/RTuCpyhE">European</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Portuguese_orthography/B6H9WRGa">os rins</a></i></td><td>[u ˈr̝ĩʃ]</td><td>'the kidneys'</td><td>Possible realization of the sequence /sr/ for speakers who realize /r/ as [r].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Portuguese_phonology/hu1DbLe8">Portuguese phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Silesian_language/HVssa0qx">Silesian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Gmina_Istebna/e367nIkc">Gmina Istebna</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></td><td><i>umrził</i></td><td>[ˈumr̝iw]</td><td>'(he) died'</td><td rowspan="2">Contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. Merges with /ʐ/ in most Polish dialects.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Jablunkov/1YxhuxB9">Jablunkov</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></td><td>[<i>example needed</i>]</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Slovak_language/HmmobnJ8">Slovak</a></td><td>Northern dialects<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Slovak_orthography/NCxQPLa8">řyka</a></i></td><td>[ˈr̝ɪkä]</td><td>'river'</td><td>Only in a few dialects near the Polish border.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Slovak_phonology/8Az5gDY9">Slovak phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a></td><td><i>rana</i></td><td>[ˈr̝änä]</td><td>'frog'</td><td>Possible realization of /r/ in some dialects, may also be realized as a non-sibilant alveolar fricative [ɹ̝-] or as a sibilant retroflex fricative [ʐ].</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Trique_language/6xsCESmT">Chicahuaxtla Trique</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></td><td><i>raꞌa</i></td><td>[rᶾa˧ʔaː˧] or [r̥ᶴa˧ʔaː˧]</td><td>'hand'</td><td>Initial allophone of /r/.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tsakonian_language/s3a6THHp">Tsakonian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></td><td>ρζινοδίτζη</td><td>[r̝inoðitɕi]</td><td>'justice of the peace'</td><td>/ʒ/ appears to have been a fricative trill in the 19th century, and [ʒ] survived latterly only in women's usage in Southern Tsakonian.</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Index_of_phonetics_articles/IwhbEHGN">Index of phonetics articles</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/tongue-tie/DS01200/DSECTION=complications">"Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia)"</a>, <i>Mayo Clinic</i>, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, May 16, 2012, retrieved 22 October 2013</li> <li>Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211020607/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf">"Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art"</a> (PDF), <i>Journal of Greek Linguistics</i>, 8: 97–208, <a href="/facts/CiteSeerX_(identifier)/SceDmd3c">CiteSeerX</a> <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.692.1365">10.1.1.692.1365</a>, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjgl.8.08arv">10.1075/jgl.8.08arv</a>, archived from <a href="http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2013-12-11</li> <li>Arvaniti, Amalia (2010), <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160123141552/https://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/ArvanitiCY.pdf">"A (brief) review of Cypriot Phonetics and Phonology"</a> (PDF), <i>The Greek Language in Cyprus from Antiquity to the Present Day</i>, University of Athens, pp. 107–124, archived from <a href="https://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/ArvanitiCY.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2016-01-23</li> <li>Chaubal, Tanay V.; Dixit, Mala Baburaj (2011), "Ankyloglossia and its Management", <i>Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology</i>, 15 (3): 270–272, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0972-124X.85673">10.4103/0972-124X.85673</a>, <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3200025">3200025</a>, <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22028516">22028516</a></li> <li>Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), <i>Język polski</i>, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-83-7384-063-8</li> <li>Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech", <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–74, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-65236-0</li> <li>Dudášová-Kriššáková, Júlia (1995), <a href="http://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/sr/1995/2/sr1995-2-lq.pdf">"Goralské nárečia (poznámky na okraj hesla v Encyklopédii jazykovedy)"</a> (PDF), <i>Slovenská Reč</i>, 60 (2): 92–102</li> <li>Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), <i>Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian</i>, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company</li> <li>Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), <a href="http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/mainframe.jsp?nLanguageID=8"><i>A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene</i></a>, Kansas: University of Kansas</li> <li>Grønnum, Nina (2005), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ"><i>Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk</i></a> (in Danish) (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-87-500-3865-8</li> <li>Pultrová, Lucie (2013), <a href="http://www.eruditio-antiqua.mom.fr/vol5/EA5c.Pultrova.pdf"><i>ON THE PHONETIC NATURE OF THE LATIN R</i></a> (PDF), p. 22</li> <li>Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), <a href="http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf">"Slovak"</a> (PDF), <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 40 (3): 373–378, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100310000162">10.1017/S0025100310000162</a></li> <li>Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 33 (1): 103–107, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100303001191">10.1017/S0025100303001191</a></li> <li>Kara, Dávid Somfai (2003), <i>Kyrgyz</i>, Lincom Europa, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3895868436</li> <li>Kleine, Ane (2003), "Standard Yiddish", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 33 (2): 261–265, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100303001385">10.1017/S0025100303001385</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87/CJtCfWCC">Kordić, Snježana</a> (2006), <i>Serbo-Croatian</i>, Languages of the World/Materials; 148, Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-89586-161-1</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Ladefoged/GPHjbHmP">Ladefoged, Peter</a> (2005), <i>Vowels and Consonants</i> (Second ed.), Blackwell</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Ladefoged/GPHjbHmP">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/facts/Ian_Maddieson/p0cyavQ2">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/facts/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages/Je2AlBAP"><i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-631-19815-6.</li> <li>Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-65236-0</li> <li>Lass, Roger (1987), "Intradiphthongal Dependencies", in Anderson, John; Durand, Jacques (eds.), <i>Explorations in Dependency Phonology</i>, Dordrecht: Foris Publications Holland, pp. 109–131, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-9067652971</li> <li>Lodge, Ken (2009), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_nVT_qNvbusC"><i>A Critical Introduction to Phonetics</i></a>, Continuum International Publishing Group, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8264-8873-2</li> <li><a href="/facts/Max_Mangold/Tf0rEtvp">Mangold, Max</a> (2005) [First published 1962], <i>Das Aussprachewörterbuch</i> (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-411-04066-7</li> <li>Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 33 (2): 255–259, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100303001373">10.1017/S0025100303001373</a></li> <li>Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), <a href="http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf">"Tilquiapan Zapotec"</a> (PDF), <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 38 (1): 107–114, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003344">10.1017/S0025100308003344</a></li> <li>Nau, Nicole (1998), <i>Latvian</i>, Lincom Europa, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-89586-228-1</li> <li>Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil (1980), <i>Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego</i>, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski</li> <li>Recasens, Daniel; Pallarès, Maria Dolors (2001), <i>De la fonètica a la fonologia: les consonants i assimilacions consonàntiques del català</i>, Barcelona: Editorial Ariel, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-84-344-2884-3</li> <li>Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 34 (1): 117–121, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001628">10.1017/S0025100304001628</a></li> <li>Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012), <a href="http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/katerina/documents/illustration-of-Czech.pdf">"Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia"</a> (PDF), <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 42 (2): 225–232, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000102">10.1017/S0025100312000102</a></li> <li>Siptár, Péter; Törkenczy, Miklós (2000), <i>The Phonology of Hungarian</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-823841-6</li> <li>Skalozub, Larisa (1963), <i>Palatogrammy i Rentgenogrammy Soglasnyx Fonem Russkogo Literaturnogo Jazyka</i>, Izdatelstvo Kievskogo Universiteta</li> <li>Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i>, vol. 23, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004874">10.1017/S0025100300004874</a>, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-65236-0, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249404451">249404451</a></li> <li>Szende, Tamás (1999), "Hungarian", <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 104–107, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-65236-0</li> <li>Torp, Arne (2001). <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745">"Retroflex consonants and dorsal /r/: mutually excluding innovations? On the diffusion of dorsal /r/ in Scandinavian"</a>. In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). <i>'r-atics</i>. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 75–90. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0777-3692">0777-3692</a>. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)</li></ul> <p>Bender, Byron (1969), <a href="https://archive.org/details/spokenmarshalles0000bend"><i>Spoken Marshallese</i></a>, University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-87022-070-5 </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=r">List of languages with [r]</a> on <a href="/facts/PHOIBLE/2qqHhjzI">PHOIBLE</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 221. ISBN 0-631-19815-6. <a href="0-631-19815-6" target="_blank">0-631-19815-6</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Chaubal & Dixit (2011), pp. 270–272. - Chaubal, Tanay V.; Dixit, Mala Baburaj (2011), "Ankyloglossia and its Management", Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 15 (3): 270–272, doi:10.4103/0972-124X.85673, PMC 3200025, PMID 22028516 <a href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0972-124X.85673" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0972-124X.85673</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Mayo Clinic (2012). - "Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia)", Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, May 16, 2012, retrieved 22 October 2013 <a href="http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/tongue-tie/DS01200/DSECTION=complications" target="_blank">http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/tongue-tie/DS01200/DSECTION=complications</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 228. - Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 221. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Siptár & Törkenczy (2000), pp. 75–76, Szende (1999), p. 104 - Siptár, Péter; Törkenczy, Miklós (2000), The Phonology of Hungarian, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823841-6 <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Bender (1969), p. xv - Bender, Byron (1969), Spoken Marshallese, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 0-87022-070-5 <a href="https://archive.org/details/spokenmarshalles0000bend" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/spokenmarshalles0000bend</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Marshallese-English Dictionary". <a href="http://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2D.htm#dik" target="_blank">http://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2D.htm#dik</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Ovidiu Drăghici, Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. 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