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1912 in science
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<h2 id="archaeology">Archaeology</h2> <ul><li>December 6 – The <a href="/facts/Nefertiti_Bust/H6Mhaomu">Nefertiti Bust</a> is found at <a href="/facts/Amarna/InuDpBlV">Amarna</a> in Egypt by the <a href="/facts/German_Oriental_Company/jY2aQEeh">German Oriental Company</a> (Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft – DOG), led by German archaeologist <a href="/facts/Ludwig_Borchardt/tXeweqWb">Ludwig Borchardt</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="astronomy">Astronomy</h2> <ul><li>At the beginning of this year an extreme decadal variation in <a href="/facts/Length_of_day/nR7raDjV">length of day</a> produces mean solar days having a duration of 86400.00389 seconds of <a href="/facts/Terrestrial_Time/DqoNFINq">Terrestrial Time</a> (or <a href="/facts/Ephemeris_time/bwgzySNE">ephemeris time</a>), the slowest rotation of Earth's <a href="/facts/Crust_(geology)/FYG1kP4F">crust</a> ever to be recorded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="biology">Biology</h2> <ul><li>July 23 – <a href="/facts/Horace_Donisthorpe/hdoAolv3">Horace Donisthorpe</a> first discovers <i><a href="/facts/Anergates_atratulus/Y8qNw00n">Anergates atratulus</a></i> in the <a href="/facts/New_Forest/D5F8ERhh">New Forest</a>, England.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Reginald_Punnett/FNRQv1R3">Reginald Punnett</a> is appointed as first <a href="/facts/Arthur_Balfour_Professor_of_Genetics/1n81G2Fk">Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics</a> in the <a href="/facts/University_of_Cambridge/0la7aX9o">University of Cambridge</a> (U.K.), probably the oldest chair of <a href="/facts/Genetics/bu8wne0A">genetics</a> in the English-speaking world.</li></ul> <h2 id="chemistry">Chemistry</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Peter_Debye/C9rm7nx8">Peter Debye</a> derives the T-cubed law for the low temperature <a href="/facts/Heat_capacity/I63nzSyp">heat capacity</a> of a <a href="/facts/Nonmetal/0oejKuzK">nonmetallic</a> solid.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Casimir_Funk/wkr5pc9P">Casimir Funk</a> introduces the concept of <a href="/facts/Vitamin/SnW0LYBL">vitamins</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/J._J._Thomson/Y4jyndJF">J. J. Thomson</a> finds the first evidence for multiple <a href="/facts/Isotope/KD9B1y6o">isotopes</a> of a stable (non-radioactive) element as part of his exploration into the composition of <a href="/facts/Canal_rays/MhyobKLc">canal rays</a> (positive ions).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fritz_Klatte/H8jxfJjd">Fritz Klatte</a>, a German chemist working for Griesheim-Elektron, discovers <a href="/facts/Polyvinyl_acetate/dLrMK4Vv">polyvinyl acetate</a> and applies for a <a href="/facts/Patent/LjT2bG3A">patent</a> for preparing the monomer, <a href="/facts/Vinyl_acetate/qVdoopEo">vinyl acetate</a>, by addition of <a href="/facts/Acetic_acid/uyBKA2Pd">acetic acid</a> to <a href="/facts/Acetylene/yaDh6cmJ">acetylene</a> using a <a href="/facts/Mercuric_chloride/aUAKsq6a">mercuric chloride</a> <a href="/facts/Catalyst/LPBS7TQC">catalyst</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> although it is not successfully commercialized at this time.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Wilbur_Scoville/X6lNynfJ">Wilbur Scoville</a> devises the <a href="/facts/Scoville_scale/Do4qGYeX">Scoville scale</a> for measuring the heat of peppers.</li> <li>December 24 – <a href="/facts/Merck_KGaA/5wXLtNQF">Merck</a> files <a href="/facts/Patent/LjT2bG3A">patent</a> applications for synthesis of the <a href="/facts/Entactogen/hxo3LqDS">entactogenic</a> drug <a href="/facts/MDMA/WYDACxGN">MDMA</a>, developed by <a href="/facts/Anton_K%C3%B6llisch/6xylNDqp">Anton Köllisch</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="earth-sciences">Earth sciences</h2> <ul><li>January – <a href="/facts/Alfred_Wegener/sXu37sav">Alfred Wegener</a> proposes a fully formulated theory of <a href="/facts/Continental_drift/o7Nfr101">continental drift</a> and gives the supercontinent <a href="/facts/Pangaea/VGruHKJj">Pangaea</a> its name.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>June 6 – The <a href="/facts/Novarupta/38H6z38y">Novarupta</a> volcano on the <a href="/facts/Alaska_Peninsula/cEQW5XjR">Alaska Peninsula</a> comes into being through a <a href="/facts/VEI/jN8HWRM9">VEI</a> 6 eruption, the largest this century.</li></ul> <h2 id="exploration">Exploration</h2> <ul><li>January 17 – British polar explorer <a href="/facts/Robert_Falcon_Scott/rtN1o0CK">Robert Falcon Scott</a> and a team of four reach the <a href="/facts/South_Pole/jBdpXTnh">South Pole</a> to find that <a href="/facts/Roald_Amundsen/0tt20la0">Amundsen</a> has beaten them to it. They will die on the return journey, just eleven miles from a polar base (March 16–29).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li>March 7 – <a href="/facts/Roald_Amundsen/0tt20la0">Roald Amundsen</a> announces in <a href="/facts/Hobart/rcHqwrRt">Hobart</a> that his expedition reached the <a href="/facts/South_Pole/jBdpXTnh">South Pole</a> on last December 14.</li></ul> <h2 id="history-of-science">History of science</h2> <ul><li>November 20 – <a href="/facts/History_of_Medicine_Society/bu66102y">History of Medicine Society</a> holds its first meeting, under the chairmanship of Sir <a href="/facts/William_Osler/xRwrwyzc">William Osler</a>, in London.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Georgius_Agricola/FXprFXAK">Georgius Agricola</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/De_re_metallica/qA5RYnXM">De re metallica</a></i> (<a href="/facts/1556_in_science/fKo79hy2">1556</a>) is first published in an English translation, made by <a href="/facts/Herbert_Hoover/9vdabkqa">Herbert</a> and <a href="/facts/Lou_Henry_Hoover/4pRhoIrV">Lou Henry Hoover</a>, in London.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voynich_manuscript/TVmWnJhg">Voynich manuscript</a> discovered.</li></ul> <h2 id="mathematics">Mathematics</h2> <ul><li>Publication of the 2nd volume of <i><a href="/facts/Principia_Mathematica/7ufeceV4">Principia Mathematica</a></i> by <a href="/facts/Alfred_North_Whitehead/7KuylmP3">Alfred North Whitehead</a> and <a href="/facts/Bertrand_Russell/SRpwNX2U">Bertrand Russell</a>, one of the most important and seminal works in mathematical logic and philosophy.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Karl_F._Sundman/zxsAb4tQ">Karl F. Sundman</a> solves the <a href="/facts/N-body_problem/5goGsW5x"><i>n</i>-body problem</a> for <i>n</i>=3.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Axel_Thue/rBoRr6Qd">Axel Thue</a> discovers <a href="/facts/Pisot%E2%80%93Vijayaraghavan_number/bkCgwe0Q">Pisot–Vijayaraghavan numbers</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="medicine">Medicine</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Harvey_Cushing/CHgABVnf">Harvey Cushing</a> identifies <a href="/facts/Cushing%27s_disease/HqfLkI5J">Cushing's disease</a>, caused by a malfunction of the <a href="/facts/Pituitary_gland/gdrQyldF">pituitary gland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Solomon_Carter_Fuller/sCFHcBVw">Solomon Carter Fuller</a> first names <a href="/facts/Alzheimer%27s_disease/w7Ad6tdg">Alzheimer's disease</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hakaru_Hashimoto/VHsDRDen">Hakaru Hashimoto</a> first describes the symptoms of <a href="/facts/Hashimoto%27s_thyroiditis/myBntJv5">Hashimoto's thyroiditis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="metallurgy">Metallurgy</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Krupp/kr2fd5ef">Krupp</a> engineers Benno Strauss and Eduard Maurer patent <a href="/facts/Austenite/Fzp52xYc">austenitic</a> <a href="/facts/Stainless_steel/IDdo8bEx">stainless steel</a> (October 17)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Elwood_Haynes/SuKrNLJg">Elwood Haynes</a> (in the United States) and <a href="/facts/Harry_Brearley/W50f9dPJ">Harry Brearley</a> (of <a href="/facts/Firth_Brown_Steels/5cyHvtwE">Brown-Firth</a> in <a href="/facts/Sheffield/rp05rhlH">Sheffield</a>, England) independently discover <a href="/facts/Martensite/xpSt9mna">martensitic</a> stainless steel alloys.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="meteorology">Meteorology</h2> <ul><li>April 5 – <a href="/facts/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87/MLMcBXmp">Milutin Milanković</a>'s <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316201406/http://scc.digital.nb.rs/document/II-184957">Contribution to the mathematical theory of climate</a></i>, his first work in this field, is published in <a href="/facts/Belgrade/Xeaz5zIy">Belgrade</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="paleontology">Paleontology</h2> <ul><li>December 18 – Skull of "<a href="/facts/Piltdown_Man/hQPzTPuk">Piltdown Man</a>" presented to the <a href="/facts/Geological_Society_of_London/e3q5blMv">Geological Society of London</a> as the <a href="/facts/Fossil/by7NzIA1">fossilised</a> remains of a previously unknown form of <a href="/facts/Human_evolution/DNzlDyKe">early human</a>. It is revealed to be a hoax in <a href="/facts/1953_in_science/HTuGFJUm">1953</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="physics">Physics</h2> <ul><li>November 11 – <a href="/facts/Lawrence_Bragg/MGbHcMPa">Lawrence Bragg</a> presents his derivation of <a href="/facts/Bragg%27s_law/qEYANzQg">Bragg's law</a> for the angles for coherent and incoherent <a href="/facts/Scattering/nMou7lEH">scattering</a> from a <a href="/facts/Crystal_lattice/7gQKTsXk">crystal lattice</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Max_von_Laue/DkRxRP03">Max von Laue</a> suggests using crystal lattices to <a href="/facts/Diffraction/Mk80xXHT">diffract</a> <a href="/facts/X-rays/wseP79cN">X-rays</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Walter_Friedrich/r42wGr9e">Walter Friedrich</a> and Paul Knipping diffract X-rays in <a href="/facts/Zinc_blende/5NumvnzR">zinc blende</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Victor_Hess/8FxbP6zg">Victor Hess</a> discovers that the <a href="/facts/Ionization/W13Ceavd">ionization</a> of air increases with altitude, indicating the existence of <a href="/facts/Cosmic_radiation/uxCVdTKd">cosmic radiation</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="psychology">Psychology</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Carl_Jung/k651RvXp">Carl Jung</a> publishes <i>Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido</i> (<i><a href="/facts/Psychology_of_the_Unconscious/bHf9mGn4">Psychology of the Unconscious</a></i>), based on lectures delivered at <a href="/facts/Fordham_University/LX3CbuzH">Fordham University</a> and precipitating a break with <a href="/facts/Sigmund_Freud/KKIYbom9">Sigmund Freud</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sabina_Spielrein/eYaIkfGL">Sabina Spielrein</a> delivers her paper on "Destruction as the Cause of Coming Into Being" to the <a href="/facts/Vienna_Psychoanalytic_Society/qwD1aaCt">Vienna Psychoanalytic Society</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="technology">Technology</h2> <ul><li>April 14–15 – <a href="/facts/Sinking_of_the_Titanic/FBwv1oYK">Sinking of the <i>Titanic</i></a>: The ocean liner <a href="/facts/Titanic/loD4esxz">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a> strikes an <a href="/facts/Iceberg/2xFa1Xb2">iceberg</a> and sinks on her maiden voyage from the United Kingdom to the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li>The British <a href="/facts/Royal_Navy/Xdy8YCH7">Royal Navy</a> introduces the director <a href="/facts/Ship_gun_fire-control_system/EoEXnatA">ship gun fire-control system</a> using the <a href="/facts/Frederic_Charles_Dreyer/0VzyP3jJ">Dreyer Table</a>, a mechanical <a href="/facts/Analogue_computer/3NhYoCML">analogue computer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Sperry_Corporation/PkD6zESp">Sperry Corporation</a> develops the first <a href="/facts/Gyroscopic_autopilot/YlctYJHz">gyroscopic autopilot</a> ("gyroscopic stabilizer apparatus") for aviation use.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Earth_inductor_compass/kHyaucK6">earth inductor compass</a> is first <a href="/facts/Patent/LjT2bG3A">patented</a> by Donald M. Bliss.</li></ul> <h2 id="other-events">Other events</h2> <ul><li>American ornithologist <a href="/facts/Robert_Ridgway/d0sDs6Sp">Robert Ridgway</a> publishes <i>Color Standards and Color Nomenclature</i>.</li> <li>Conférence internationale de l'heure radiotélégraphique.</li> <li>First International Congress of <a href="/facts/Eugenics/e7w6aSUV">Eugenics</a> held in London with the support of <a href="/facts/Leonard_Darwin/9XMpFV0x">Leonard Darwin</a>, <a href="/facts/Winston_Churchill/Wm8LXNzH">Winston Churchill</a>, <a href="/facts/Auguste_Forel/ufbsh9tt">Auguste Forel</a>, <a href="/facts/Alexander_Graham_Bell/oQer2abq">Alexander Graham Bell</a>, <a href="/facts/Charles_Davenport/dX3eoBlT">Charles Davenport</a> and other prominent scientists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="awards">Awards</h2> <ul><li>Nobel Prize <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a> – <a href="/facts/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n/6LGWqnzo">Gustaf Dalén</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Chemistry</a> – <a href="/facts/Victor_Grignard/3Wc9h0vW">Victor Grignard</a>; <a href="/facts/Paul_Sabatier_(chemist)/vx0gHGxC">Paul Sabatier</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Medicine</a> – <a href="/facts/Alexis_Carrel/0PDD4qo2">Alexis Carrel</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="births">Births</h2> <ul><li>January 21 – <a href="/facts/Konrad_Emil_Bloch/cvYYIfoH">Konrad Emil Bloch</a> (died <a href="/facts/2000_in_science/JwxhmCoM">2000</a>), German-born <a href="/facts/Biochemist/gAWNAY5v">biochemist</a>, winner of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>.</li> <li>January 27 – <a href="/facts/Francis_Rogallo/8DuUKWjc">Francis Rogallo</a> (died <a href="/facts/2009_in_science/m9t2hRa2">2009</a>), American <a href="/facts/Aeronautical_engineer/2Ib02w7f">aeronautical engineer</a>.</li> <li>January 30 – <a href="/facts/Werner_Hartmann_(physicist)/PKpkDKgL">Werner Hartmann</a> (died <a href="/facts/1988_in_science/ShyCLa9F">1988</a>), German <a href="/facts/Physicist/cQcgvSIm">physicist</a>.</li> <li>February 13 – <a href="/facts/Natan_Yavlinsky/LCKlR84t">Natan Yavlinsky</a> (died <a href="/facts/1962_in_science/vHm2gxXn">1962</a>), <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian</a> <a href="/facts/Nuclear_physicist/fzQbt1aF">nuclear physicist</a>.</li> <li>February 25 – <a href="/facts/Preben_von_Magnus/lcN9wxpw">Preben von Magnus</a> (died <a href="/facts/1973_in_science/KrcgsIvn">1973</a>), <a href="/facts/Danes/bUt1hyMQ">Danish</a> <a href="/facts/Virologist/doDESmsB">virologist</a>.</li> <li>March 1 – <a href="/facts/Boris_Chertok/KkxvLCCm">Boris Chertok</a> (died <a href="/facts/2011_in_science/wT16UWvG">2011</a>), Russian rocket designer.</li> <li>March 19 – <a href="/facts/William_Frankland_(immunologist)/LDGwJFgI">Bill Frankland</a> (died <a href="/facts/2020_in_science/t6HkpHEr">2020</a>), English <a href="/facts/Immunologist/vylm0L8e">immunologist</a>.</li> <li>March 23 – <a href="/facts/Wernher_von_Braun/pzhbJTCj">Wernher von Braun</a> (died <a href="/facts/1977_in_science/1DGlKbgl">1977</a>), German-born physicist and engineer.</li> <li>April 19 – <a href="/facts/Glenn_T._Seaborg/w1a3mume">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> (died <a href="/facts/1999_in_science/YN95P3IN">1999</a>), American physical <a href="/facts/Chemist/N09K7Bdm">chemist</a>, winner of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>.</li> <li>May 22 – <a href="/facts/Herbert_C._Brown/gzHbbzR3">Herbert C. Brown</a> (died <a href="/facts/2004_in_science/Hv6XlPBW">2004</a>), English-born chemist, winner of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>.</li> <li>May 28 – <a href="/facts/Ruby_Payne-Scott/DKcplB5R">Ruby Payne-Scott</a> (died <a href="/facts/1981_in_science/R1f9DvMr">1981</a>), Australian radioastronomer.</li> <li>May 30 – <a href="/facts/Julius_Axelrod/RfxCLUgC">Julius Axelrod</a> (died <a href="/facts/2004_in_science/Hv6XlPBW">2004</a>), American biochemist, winner of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>.</li> <li>May 31 – <a href="/facts/Chien-Shiung_Wu/ULvYEPgU">Chien-Shiung Wu</a> (died <a href="/facts/1997_in_science/2lj8b7UK">1997</a>), Chinese-American nuclear physicist, winner of the <a href="/facts/Wolf_Prize_in_Physics/qDA7Jcmn">Wolf Prize in Physics</a>.</li> <li>June 23 – <a href="/facts/Alan_Turing/klov9b6g">Alan Turing</a> (died <a href="/facts/1954_in_science/zRkVrII3">1954</a>), English <a href="/facts/Computer_scientist/DavggjGL">computer scientist</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li>June 30 – <a href="/facts/Ludwig_B%C3%B6lkow/bN8Tv8HD">Ludwig Bölkow</a> (died <a href="/facts/2003_in_science/DEzE438Y">2003</a>), German aeronautical engineer.</li> <li>August 11 – <a href="/facts/Norman_Levinson/BoReyjDH">Norman Levinson</a> (died <a href="/facts/1975_in_science/TlkImvmu">1975</a>), American <a href="/facts/Mathematician/eaFSR8Fx">mathematician</a>.</li> <li>August 13 – <a href="/facts/Salvador_Luria/v9z5Cbkg">Salvador Luria</a> (died <a href="/facts/1991_in_science/P06wz2JI">1991</a>), Italian-born <a href="/facts/Biologist/yJJGXyKR">biologist</a>, winner of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>.</li> <li>August 30 – <a href="/facts/Edward_Mills_Purcell/V9UC5ygc">Edward Mills Purcell</a> (died <a href="/facts/1997_in_science/2lj8b7UK">1997</a>), American physicist, winner of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li>September 7 – <a href="/facts/David_Packard/8GfWblhG">David Packard</a> (died <a href="/facts/1996_in_science/zqglTHCW">1996</a>), American <a href="/facts/Electronics_engineer/WCSVulpu">electronics engineer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li>September 22 – <a href="/facts/Herbert_Matar%C3%A9/HqqsQlw0">Herbert Mataré</a> (died <a href="/facts/2011_in_science/wT16UWvG">2011</a>), German physicist.</li> <li>October 1 – <a href="/facts/Kathleen_Ollerenshaw/eTwUoaTe">Kathleen Ollerenshaw</a> (died <a href="/facts/2014_in_science/mD8EVD7S">2014</a>), English mathematician.</li> <li>November 14 – <a href="/facts/Tung-Yen_Lin/QKCRPnd9">Tung-Yen Lin</a> (died <a href="/facts/2003_in_science/DEzE438Y">2003</a>), Chinese-born <a href="/facts/Civil_engineer/RjIFIjNe">civil engineer</a>.</li> <li>November 19 – <a href="/facts/George_Emil_Palade/XJAdJx9a">George Emil Palade</a> (died <a href="/facts/2008_in_science/NLKwU0lC">2008</a>), <a href="/facts/Romania/yolzk5cN">Romanian</a>-born <a href="/facts/Microbiologist/cqEyJwNK">microbiologist</a>, winner of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>.</li> <li>November 22 – <a href="/facts/Paul_Zamecnik/A9ynfDF3">Paul Zamecnik</a> (died <a href="/facts/2009_in_science/m9t2hRa2">2009</a>), American scientist playing a central role in the early <a href="/facts/History_of_molecular_biology/mADmdXpG">history of molecular biology</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <ul><li>February 10 – <a href="/facts/Joseph_Lister/txyF3pjR">Joseph Lister</a> (born 1827), English inventor of <a href="/facts/Antiseptic/ua05WK9M">antiseptic</a>.</li> <li>February 12 – <a href="/facts/Osborne_Reynolds/Q1BvNrKk">Osborne Reynolds</a> (born 1842), British physicist.</li> <li>March 19 – <a href="/facts/Thomas_Harrison_Montgomery_Jr./YBhEwnab">Thomas Harrison Montgomery Jr.</a> (born 1873), American zoologist and cell biologist.</li> <li>March 28 – <a href="/facts/Paul-%C3%89mile_Lecoq_de_Boisbaudran/XT2EnBwI">Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran</a> (born <a href="/facts/1838_in_science/rynCmVy0">1838</a>), French chemist.</li> <li>March 29 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Robert_Falcon_Scott/rtN1o0CK">Robert Falcon Scott</a> (born 1868), English <a href="/facts/Antarctic/xPPVrxBE">Antarctic</a> <a href="/facts/List_of_explorers/83eyR34D">explorer</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Edward_Adrian_Wilson/WpKR7JWI">Edward Wilson</a> (born 1872), English physician and <a href="/facts/Naturalist/pSlAvbTX">naturalist</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>April 18 – <a href="/facts/Martha_Ripley/lReQql4E">Martha Ripley</a> (born <a href="/facts/1843_in_science/pxl7z0Tq">1843</a>), American physician.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li>May 4 – <a href="/facts/Nettie_Stevens/8pDryj9M">Nettie Stevens</a> (born 1861), American <a href="/facts/Geneticist/cCvzvuKU">geneticist</a>.</li> <li>May 30 – <a href="/facts/Wilbur_Wright/byU6xEkD">Wilbur Wright</a> (born 1867), American aviation pioneer.</li> <li>July 17 – <a href="/facts/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9/AazL2j4X">Henri Poincaré</a> (born 1854), French mathematician.</li> <li>August 7 – <a href="/facts/Fran%C3%A7ois-Alphonse_Forel/TbPg4YFA">François-Alphonse Forel</a> (born 1841), <a href="/facts/Swiss_people/3ecWX2K6">Swiss</a> pioneer of <a href="/facts/Limnology/1nHcCAkn">limnology</a>.</li> <li>November 23 – <a href="/facts/Charles_Bourseul/PPePS92l">Charles Bourseul</a> (born <a href="/facts/1829_in_science/L1KDALdh">1829</a>), French <a href="/facts/Telegraph/JhRYDSDu">telegraph</a> engineer.</li> <li>December 17 – <a href="/facts/Spiru_Haret/AhbbsDWz">Spiru Haret</a> (born <a href="/facts/1851_in_science/BlgTCsgL">1851</a>), Romanian mathematician, astronomer and politician.</li> <li>December 21 – <a href="/facts/Paul_Gordan/1QqtShjd">Paul Gordan</a> (born <a href="/facts/1837_in_science/gPd7datI">1837</a>), German Jewish mathematician, "the king of <a href="/facts/Invariant_theory/5fIUh9h3">invariant theory</a>".</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Stephenson, F. R.; Morrison, L. V.; Whitrow, G. J. (1984). "Long-Term Changes in the Rotation of the Earth: 700 B.C. to A.D. 1980" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 313 (1524). London: 47–70. Bibcode:1984RSPTA.313...47S. doi:10.1098/rsta.1984.0082. ISSN 0080-4614. S2CID 120566848. Retrieved May 24, 2012. <a href="http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/313/1524/47.full.pdf+html" target="_blank">http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/313/1524/47.full.pdf+html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Just The Facts-Inventions & Discoveries. School Specialty Publishing. 2005. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Thomson, J. J. (1912). "XIX. Further experiments on positive rays". Philosophical Magazine. Series 6. 24 (140). London: 209–253. doi:10.1080/14786440808637325. <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/1430842" target="_blank">https://zenodo.org/record/1430842</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Thomson, J. J. (1910). "LXXXIII. Rays of positive electricity". Philosophical Magazine. Series 6. 20 (118). London: 752–767. doi:10.1080/14786441008636962. <a href="https://archive.org/details/RaysOfPositiveElectricity" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/RaysOfPositiveElectricity</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Deutsche Reichs Patent no. 281687 (4 July 1913); abstract in Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry (London) 34 (1915) p. 623. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Bernschneider-Reif, S.; Oxler, F.; Freudenmann, R. W. (2006). "The Origin of MDMA ("Ecstasy") – Separating the Facts From the Myths". Die Pharmazie. 61 (11): 966–972. PMID 17152992. <a href="/wiki/Die_Pharmazie" target="_blank">/wiki/Die_Pharmazie</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Firma E. Merck in Darmstadt (May 16, 1914). "German Patent 274350: Verfahren zur Darstellung von Alkyloxyaryl-, Dialkyloxyaryl- und Alkylendioxyarylaminopropanen bzw. deren am Stickstoff monoalkylierten Derivaten". Kaiserliches Patentamt. Retrieved April 12, 2009. <a href="http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=DE&NR=274350C&FT=D" target="_blank">http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=DE&NR=274350C&FT=D</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Firma E. Merck in Darmstadt (October 15, 1914). "German Patent 279194: Verfahren zur Darstellung von Hydrastinin Derivaten". Kaiserliches Patentamt. Retrieved April 12, 2009. <a href="http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=DE&NR=279194C&FT=D" target="_blank">http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=DE&NR=279194C&FT=D</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Wegener, Alfred (January 6, 1912). "Die Herausbildung der Grossformen der Erdrinde (Kontinente und Ozeane), auf geophysikalischer Grundlage". Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen. 63: 185–195, 253–256, 305–309. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Demhardt, Imre Josef (2005). "Alfred Wegener's Hypothesis on Continental Drift and Its Discussion in Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen (1912–1942)" (PDF). Polarforschung. 75: 29–35. Retrieved April 18, 2011. <a href="http://epic.awi.de/28560/1/Polarforsch2005_1_3.pdf" target="_blank">http://epic.awi.de/28560/1/Polarforsch2005_1_3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 978-0-14-102715-9. <a href="978-0-14-102715-9" target="_blank">978-0-14-102715-9</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Hashimoto, H. (1912). "Zur Kenntnis der lymphomatösen Veränderung der Schilddrüse (Struma lymphomatosa)". Archiv für Klinische Chirurgie (in German). 97: 219–248. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"ThyssenKrupp Nirosta: History". Archived from the original on September 2, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070902202906/http://www.nirosta.de/History.22.0.html?&L=1" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070902202906/http://www.nirosta.de/History.22.0.html?&L=1</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Carlisle, Rodney P. (2004). Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries. John Wiley and Sons. p. 380. ISBN 978-0-471-24410-3. Retrieved September 3, 2011. Elwood Haynes 1919 patent number. <a href="978-0-471-24410-3" target="_blank">978-0-471-24410-3</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"A non-rusting steel". The New York Times. January 31, 1915. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" target="_blank">/wiki/The_New_York_Times</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 978-0-14-102715-9. <a href="978-0-14-102715-9" target="_blank">978-0-14-102715-9</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>To the Cambridge Philosophical Society. "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved November 29, 2012. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Philosophical_Society" target="_blank">/wiki/Cambridge_Philosophical_Society</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 978-0-14-102715-9. <a href="978-0-14-102715-9" target="_blank">978-0-14-102715-9</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Lord, Walter (1955). A Night to Remember. New York: Holt. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lord" target="_blank">/wiki/Walter_Lord</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Brooks, John (2003). "The Admiralty Fire Control Tables". 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