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Dendrobranchiata
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<h2 id="shrimp-and-prawns">Shrimp and prawns</h2> <p>While Dendrobranchiata and <a href="/facts/Caridea/WYoEGR3Q">Caridea</a> belong to different <a href="/facts/Order_(biology)/GKLJvIpt">suborders</a> of <a href="/facts/Decapoda/MycLb6mz">Decapoda</a>, they are very similar in appearance, and in many contexts such as commercial <a href="/facts/Farming/TGztqzJs">farming</a> and <a href="/facts/Fishery/TBvcT9bB">fisheries</a>, they are both often referred to as "shrimp" and "prawn" interchangeably. In the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a> and some other <a href="/facts/Commonwealth_of_Nations/TcIRQnNq">Commonwealth</a>, the word "prawn" is used almost exclusively, while the opposite is the case in <a href="/facts/North_America/djNjCQIl">North America</a>. The term "prawn" is also loosely used to describe any large shrimp, especially those that come 15 (or fewer) to the pound (such as "king prawns", yet sometimes known as "jumbo shrimp"). </p> <h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>Together with other swimming Decapoda, Dendrobranchiata show the "caridoid facies", or shrimp-like form.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> The body is typically robust, and can be divided into a <a href="/facts/Cephalothorax/0CER7JDU">cephalothorax</a> (head and thorax fused together) and a <a href="/facts/Pleon/SPdCTKH9">pleon</a> (abdomen).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> The body is generally slightly flattened side-to-side.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> The largest species, <i><a href="/facts/Penaeus_monodon/umFqXosw">Penaeus monodon</a></i>, can reach a <a href="/facts/Mass/HHdc8XmF">mass</a> of 450 grams (16 oz) and a length of 336 millimetres (13.2 in).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h3>Head</h3> <p>The most conspicuous appendages arising from the head are the <a href="/facts/Antenna_(biology)/F0F9Eof9">antennae</a>. The first pair are biramous (having two <a href="/facts/Flagellum/nvQRcbgJ">flagella</a>), except in <a href="/facts/Luciferidae/sYhaK2or">Luciferidae</a>, and are relatively small.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The second pair can be 2–3 times the length of the body and are always uniramous (having a single flagellum).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Arthropod_mouthparts/apIMhDKx">mouthparts</a> comprise pairs of <a href="/facts/Mandible_(arthropod_mouthpart)/65THrqsb">mandibles</a>, maxillules and maxillae, arising from the head, and three pairs of maxillipeds, arising from the thorax.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> A pair of stalked <a href="/facts/Eye/h3lbYU55">eyes</a> points forwards from the head.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h3>Thorax</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Carapace/8VnnWH2b">carapace</a> grows from the thorax to cover the cephalothorax, and extends forwards between the eyes into a <a href="/facts/Rostrum_(anatomy)/bJMbbnxw">rostrum</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> This is only as long as the stalked eyes in <a href="/facts/Benthesicymidae/oQTFQtLk">Benthesicymidae</a>, <a href="/facts/Luciferidae/sYhaK2or">Luciferidae</a> and <a href="/facts/Sergestidae/SeP8kYk4">Sergestidae</a>, but considerably longer in <a href="/facts/Aristeidae/rjIzS51B">Aristeidae</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>As well as the three pairs of maxillipeds, the thorax also bears five pairs of <a href="/facts/Pereiopod/SPdCTKH9">pereiopods</a>, or walking legs; the first three of these end in small <a href="/facts/Chela_(organ)/nEQudqKl">chelae</a> (pincers).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> The last two pereiopods are absent in <a href="/facts/Luciferidae/sYhaK2or">Luciferidae</a> and <i><a href="/facts/Acetes/475Tr9CH">Acetes</a></i>, but much longer than the preceding pereiopods in <i><a href="/facts/Hymenopenaeus/lRxTMMQn">Hymenopenaeus</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Xiphopenaeus/HoLdvB9w">Xiphopenaeus</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>The thoracic appendages carry <a href="/facts/Gill/FWgM3Jp8">gills</a>, which are protected beneath the carapace.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> The gills are typically branched, and so resemble trees, lending the group its scientific name, Dendrobranchiata, from the <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek_language/LIK7NlUh">Greek</a> words δένδρον (<i><i>dendron</i></i>, <a href="/facts/Tree/HVVn3srN">tree</a>) and βράγχια (<i><i>branchia</i></i>, gills).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h3>Pleon</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Pleon/SPdCTKH9">pleon</a>, or abdomen, is similar in length to the cephalothorax.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> It has six segments, the first five bearing lamellar <a href="/facts/Pleopod/SPdCTKH9">pleopods</a>, and the last one bearing <a href="/facts/Uropod/HB7XED1R">uropods</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The pleopods are biramous, except in <a href="/facts/Sicyoniidae/PQ9S6ll1">Sicyoniidae</a>, where they are uniramous.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> The uropods and <a href="/facts/Telson/71eFnSJb">telson</a> collectively form the tail fan; the uropods are not divided by a diaeresis, as they are in many other decapods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> The telson is pointed and is usually armed with four pairs of <a href="/facts/Seta/jUmts6C2">setae</a> or <a href="/facts/Spine_(zoology)/JWqp5oJW">spines</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h3>Internal anatomy</h3> <p>Most of the <a href="/facts/Muscle/dmxrL8pH">musculature</a> of a prawn is used for bending the pleon, and almost all the space in the pleon is filled by muscle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> More than 17 muscles operate each of the pleopods, and a further 16 power the tail fan in the rapid backward movement of the <a href="/facts/Caridoid_escape_reaction/48hdWq1T">caridoid escape reaction</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> These muscles, collectively, are the meat for which prawns are commercially fished and farmed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Nervous_system/CDxRKU2U">nervous system</a> of prawns comprises a dorsal <a href="/facts/Brain/EKla9NkJ">brain</a>, and a <a href="/facts/Ventral_nerve_cord/s7Q7toBB">ventral nerve cord</a>, connected by two <a href="/facts/Commissure/1AQk2uEw">commissures</a> around the <a href="/facts/Oesophagus/XWa7WoWn">oesophagus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The chief sensory inputs are visual input from the eyes, <a href="/facts/Chemoreceptor/KC6IDxzf">chemoreceptors</a> on the antennae and in the mouth, and <a href="/facts/Mechanoreceptor/rj6j4Nt3">mechanoreceptors</a> on the antennae and elsewhere.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Digestive_system/SdpF0sWq">digestive system</a> comprises a foregut, a midgut and a hindgut, and is situated dorsally.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> The foregut begins at the mouth, passes through the oesophagus, and opens into a sac that contains the grinding apparatus of the <a href="/facts/Gastric_mill/xGEzIoA5">gastric mill</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Hepatopancreas/Qkq1lGHG">hepatopancreas</a> feeds into the midgut, where <a href="/facts/Digestive_enzyme/aRYCbJHe">digestive enzymes</a> are released, and nutrients taken up.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> The hindgut forms faecal pellets, which are then passed out through the muscular <a href="/facts/Anus/KoCBptr5">anus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Circulatory_system/WXwudzzc">circulatory system</a> is based around a compact, triangular <a href="/facts/Heart/fF4KSGdk">heart</a>, which pumps blood into three main <a href="/facts/Artery/Y1Yj0jat">arteries</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Excretion/mspsTfnv">Excretion</a> is carried out through the gills, and by specialised <a href="/facts/Gland/gfq2of7k">glands</a> located at the base of the antennae, and is mostly in the form of <a href="/facts/Ammonia/MtLtJFtz">ammonia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="life-cycle">Life cycle</h2> <p>Prawns may be divided into two groups: those with an open thelycum (female genitalia) and those with a closed thelycum.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> In the open-thelycum species, mating takes place towards the end of the moulting cycle, and usually at sunset.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> In closed-thelycum species, mating takes place shortly after moulting, when the <a href="/facts/Exoskeleton/Wlmru4GW">exoskeleton</a> is still soft, and usually occurs in the night.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Courtship_display/U8Jl6SFq">Courtship</a> and mating may take up to 3 hours in <i><a href="/facts/Penaeus_monodon/umFqXosw">Penaeus monodon</a></i>, while in <i>Farfantepenaeus paulensis</i>, mating lasts just 4–5 seconds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Spawning may occur several times during the moulting cycle, and usually occurs at night.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p><p>With the exception of <a href="/facts/Luciferidae/sYhaK2or">Luciferidae</a>, the <a href="/facts/Egg_(biology)/KyMSx9v4">eggs</a> of prawns are shed directly into the water, rather than being brooded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> The eggs hatch into <a href="/facts/Nauplius_(larva)/Rnj4CHHf">nauplius</a> <a href="/facts/Crustacean_larvae/Rnj4CHHf">larvae</a>, which are followed by <a href="/facts/Zoea/Rnj4CHHf">zoea</a> larvae (initially protozoea, and later mysis) and then a postlarva, before reaching adulthood.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> The changes between <a href="/facts/Ecdysis/P4SN14xI">moults</a> are gradual, and so the development is <a href="/facts/Anamorphosis_(biology)/Tcjj9yzY">anamorphic</a> rather than <a href="/facts/Metamorphosis/nKDTSjsK">metamorphic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p><p>Uniquely among the Decapoda, the nauplii of Dendrobranchiata are free-swimming.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> There are five to eight naupliar stages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> The earlier stages have three pairs of appendages that are used for locomotion – two pairs of <a href="/facts/Antenna_(biology)/F0F9Eof9">antennae</a> and the <a href="/facts/Mandible_(arthropod_mouthpart)/65THrqsb">mandibles</a>. Later stages also have rudiments of other <a href="/facts/Arthropod_mouthparts/apIMhDKx">mouthparts</a>, but the nauplius is unable to feed, and only lasts 24 to 68 hours.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> The body ends at a two-lobed <a href="/facts/Telson/71eFnSJb">telson</a>, and the beginnings of a <a href="/facts/Carapace/8VnnWH2b">carapace</a> emerge at this stage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p><p>There are typically five or six zoea stages in Dendrobranchiata, divided into protozoea and mysis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> In the protozoea larvae, the antennae are still used for locomotion, but the mandibles become specialised for <a href="/facts/Mastication/DdgB4W6f">mastication</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> All the thoracic somites (body segments) have formed, and a <a href="/facts/Carapace/8VnnWH2b">carapace</a> is present, covering part of the thorax.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> It is smooth in the family <a href="/facts/Penaeidae/co1bHc44">Penaeidae</a>, but bears many spines in the family <a href="/facts/Solenoceridae/PH99a1mK">Solenoceridae</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Pleon/SPdCTKH9">pleon</a> (abdomen) is unsegmented in the first protozoea, and ends in a bilobed telson, which may be used for cleaning other appendages, or for steering.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> By the second protozoea, segmentation appears on the pleon,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> and by the third protozoea, which may also be called the metazoea, the <a href="/facts/Uropod/HB7XED1R">uropods</a> have appeared.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p><p>By the mysis stages, the <a href="/facts/Pereiopod/SPdCTKH9">pereiopods</a> (thoracic appendages) start to be used instead of the antennae for locomotion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> The larva swims backwards, with its tail upwards, spinning slowly as it goes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> The carapace covers most of the segments of the thorax, and claws appear on the first three pereiopods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> By the last mysis stage, the beginnings of <a href="/facts/Pleopod/SPdCTKH9">pleopods</a> have appeared on the first five segments of the abdomen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> </p><p>The post-larva or <a href="/facts/Juvenile_(animal)/XjmKPX4a">juvenile</a> stage is characterised by the use of the pleopods for locomotion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> The claws become functional, but the <a href="/facts/Gill/FWgM3Jp8">gills</a> are still rudimentary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> The telson is narrower and only retains traces of its two-lobed development.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> Through a series of gradual changes over following moults, the animal takes on its adult form.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="systematics">Systematics</h2> <p>Dendrobranchiata were traditionally grouped together with Caridea as "Natantia" (the swimming decapoda), as opposed to the <a href="/facts/Reptantia/MycLb6mz">Reptantia</a> (the walking decapods). In 1888, <a href="/facts/Charles_Spence_Bate/Dp0RW23t">Charles Spence Bate</a> recognised the differences in gill morphology, and separated Natantia into Dendrobranchiata, Phyllobranchiata and Trichobranchiata.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> Recent analyses using <a href="/facts/Cladistics/JasKVABk">cladistics</a> and <a href="/facts/Molecular_phylogenetics/FysplHP5">molecular phylogenetics</a> recognise Dendrobranchiata as the <a href="/facts/Sister_group/pNNuVex4">sister group</a> to all other Decapoda, collectively called <a href="/facts/Pleocyemata/petvNoKA">Pleocyemata</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Cladogram/fWFYhUFo">cladogram</a> below shows Dendrobranchiata's placement within the larger <a href="/facts/Order_(biology)/GKLJvIpt">order</a> <a href="/facts/Decapoda/MycLb6mz">Decapoda</a>, from analysis by Wolfe <i>et al.</i>, 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Decapoda/MycLb6mz">Decapoda</a> </td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2"><p>Dendrobranchiata (prawns) </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Pleocyemata/petvNoKA">Pleocyemata</a> </td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Stenopodidea/8MbqBQ3N">Stenopodidea</a> (boxer shrimp) </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Procarididea/usjP0US5">Procarididea</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Caridea/WYoEGR3Q">Caridea</a> ("true" shrimp) </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Reptantia/MycLb6mz">Reptantia</a> </td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Achelata/13CcogXH">Achelata</a> (spiny lobsters and slipper lobsters) </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Polychelida/F3VYlpu3">Polychelida</a> (benthic crustaceans)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Astacidea/zQ1lE12o">Astacidea</a> (lobsters and crayfish) </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Axiidea/NYwFHqak">Axiidea</a> (mud shrimp, ghost shrimp, and burrowing shrimp)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Gebiidea/nEfpSCor">Gebiidea</a> (mud lobsters and mud shrimp) </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Anomura/nrTKbRUu">Anomura</a> (hermit crabs and allies) </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Brachyura/GvkhXnSK">Brachyura</a> ("true" crabs) </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td>(crawling / walking decapods)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Before 2010, the earliest known fossil prawns come from rocks in <a href="/facts/Madagascar/ez12IAcY">Madagascar</a> of <a href="/facts/Permian/CYgLgu5u">Permo</a>-<a href="/facts/Triassic/r6CNxKXC">Triassic</a> age, <a href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=250">250</a> million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> In 2010, however, the discovery of <i><a href="/facts/Aciculopoda/MjleXrKI">Aciculopoda</a></i> from <a href="/facts/Famennian/1JpyeaRS">Famennian</a>–stage rocks in <a href="/facts/Oklahoma/fK28L1a4">Oklahoma</a> extended the group's fossil record back to <a href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=360">360</a> million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> The best known fossil prawns are from the <a href="/facts/Jurassic/o5Cy4KzX">Jurassic</a> <a href="/facts/Solnhofen_limestone/EfbVtUwf">Solnhofen limestones</a> from <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> </p><p>Living prawns are divided among seven families, five in the <a href="/facts/Superfamily_(taxonomy)/bPFQpe9A">superfamily</a> <a href="/facts/Penaeoidea/94DKSsR0">Penaeoidea</a>, and two in the <a href="/facts/Sergestoidea/WdaUE80o">Sergestoidea</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> although molecular evidence disagrees with some aspects of the current classifications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> Collectively, these include 540 <a href="/facts/Extant_taxon/YK8uj7qU">extant</a> species, and nearly 100 exclusively fossil species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> A further two families are known only from fossils.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> </p><p>The cladogram below shows Dendrobranchiata's internal relationships of <a href="/facts/Extant_taxon/YK8uj7qU">extant</a> families (excluding <a href="/facts/Solenoceridae/PH99a1mK">Solenoceridae</a>):<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>Dendrobranchiata</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sergestoidea/WdaUE80o">Sergestoidea</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Luciferidae/sYhaK2or">Luciferidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Sergestidae/SeP8kYk4">Sergestidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Penaeoidea/94DKSsR0">Penaeoidea</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Sicyoniidae/PQ9S6ll1">Sicyoniidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Penaeidae/co1bHc44">Penaeidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Benthesicymidae/oQTFQtLk">Benthesicymidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Aristeidae/rjIzS51B">Aristeidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> Dendrobranchiata comprises the following <a href="/facts/Superfamily_(taxonomy)/bPFQpe9A">superfamilies</a> and <a href="/facts/Family_(biology)/qTrn6E8E">families</a>: </p> Superfamily <a href="/facts/Penaeoidea/94DKSsR0">Penaeoidea</a> Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1815 † <a href="/facts/Aciculopoda/MjleXrKI">Aciculopodidae</a> Feldmann & Schweitzer, 2010 – a single <a href="/facts/Famennian/1JpyeaRS">Famennian</a> species, <i><a href="/facts/Aciculopoda/MjleXrKI">Aciculopoda mapesi</a></i> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> † <a href="/facts/Aegeridae/0SLTenXx">Aegeridae</a> Burkenroad, 1963 – two Mesozoic genera: <i><a href="/facts/Aeger/zbJ54tok">Aeger</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Acanthochirana/HI2ncloN">Acanthochirana</a></i> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Aristeidae/rjIzS51B">Aristeidae</a> Wood-Mason, 1891 – 26 extant species in 9 genera, and one fossil genus <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Benthesicymidae/oQTFQtLk">Benthesicymidae</a> Wood-Mason, 1891 – 41 species in 4 genera <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> † <a href="/facts/Carpopenaeus/7kGcfqIy">Carpopenaeidae</a> Garassino, 1994 – two <a href="/facts/Cretaceous/nwKtFtKx">Cretaceous</a> species of <i><a href="/facts/Carpopenaeus/7kGcfqIy">Carpopenaeus</a></i> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Penaeidae/co1bHc44">Penaeidae</a> Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1815 – 216 extant species in 26 genera, and several extinct genera, mostly Mesozoic <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Sicyoniidae/PQ9S6ll1">Sicyoniidae</a> Ortmann, 1898 – 43 species of <i><a href="/facts/Sicyonia/PQ9S6ll1">Sicyonia</a></i> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Solenoceridae/PH99a1mK">Solenoceridae</a> Wood-Mason, 1891 – 81 species in 9 genera <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> Superfamily <a href="/facts/Sergestoidea/WdaUE80o">Sergestoidea</a> Dana, 1852 <a href="/facts/Luciferidae/sYhaK2or">Luciferidae</a> De Haan, 1849 – 7 species in 2 genera <a href="/facts/Sergestidae/SeP8kYk4">Sergestidae</a> Dana, 1852 – 90 extant species in six genera, and two extinct monotypic genera <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> <h2 id="distribution">Distribution</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Biodiversity/GruakEzs">biodiversity</a> of Dendrobranchiata decreases markedly at increasing <a href="/facts/Latitude/IBYqkjhU">latitudes</a>; most species are only found in a region between <a href="/facts/40th_parallel_north/LLETD40F">40° north</a> and <a href="/facts/40th_parallel_south/TmcpCbee">40° south</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> Some species may occur at higher latitudes. For instance, <i>Bentheogennema borealis</i> is abundant at <a href="/facts/57th_parallel_north/9WMBoJtK">57° north</a> in the <a href="/facts/Pacific_Ocean/bdxgXRVM">Pacific Ocean</a>, while collections of <i>Gennadas kempi</i> have been made as far south as <a href="/facts/61st_parallel_south/KzJvmSeX">61° south</a> in the <a href="/facts/Antarctic_Ocean/F15W9ADT">Antarctic Ocean</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ecology-and-behaviour">Ecology and behaviour</h2> <p>There is a great deal of ecological variation within the suborder Dendrobranchiata. Some species of Sergestidae live in <a href="/facts/Fresh_water/xMP2TxwI">fresh water</a>, but most prawns are exclusively marine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> Species of <a href="/facts/Sergestidae/SeP8kYk4">Sergestidae</a> and <a href="/facts/Benthesicymidae/oQTFQtLk">Benthesicymidae</a> mostly live in deep water, and <a href="/facts/Solenoceridae/PH99a1mK">Solenoceridae</a> species live offshore, while most <a href="/facts/Penaeidae/co1bHc44">Penaeidae</a> species live in shallow inshore waters, and <i><a href="/facts/Lucifer_(crustacean)/oYnEUElR">Lucifer</a></i> is <a href="/facts/Plankton/WGo3LU9T">planktonic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> Some species burrow in mud on the sea floor during the day and emerge at night to feed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> </p><p>Prawns are "opportunistic omnivores",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> and their <a href="/facts/Diet_(nutrition)/7qzDHpop">diet</a> can include a range of food items from fine particles to large organisms. These may include <a href="/facts/Fish/fln4gH9V">fish</a>, <a href="/facts/Chaetognath/6y4xYXtJ">chaetognaths</a>, <a href="/facts/Krill/q11notjt">krill</a>, <a href="/facts/Copepod/TkVLaj0c">copepods</a>, <a href="/facts/Radiolaria/j3SYzHCS">radiolarians</a>, <a href="/facts/Phytoplankton/tK5MUIkA">phytoplankton</a>, <a href="/facts/Nematocyst/GzXUhald">nematocysts</a>, <a href="/facts/Ostracod/q7ejFS5I">ostracods</a> and <a href="/facts/Detritus/8IjhrXA6">detritus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> Prawns eat less around the time of <a href="/facts/Ecdysis/P4SN14xI">ecdysis</a> (moulting), probably because of the softness of the mouthparts, and must eat more than usual to compensate, once ecdysis is complete.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> </p><p>Prawns are an attractive food for <a href="/facts/Predator/JEGdrX3f">predators</a>, with a higher <a href="/facts/Energy_content/mwBXA7bC">energy content</a> than most other invertebrates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> The larvae are prey to <a href="/facts/Comb_jelly/3eGCj2e8">comb jellies</a>, <a href="/facts/Jellyfish/oLmExpvU">jellyfish</a>, <a href="/facts/Chaetognath/6y4xYXtJ">chaetognaths</a>, <a href="/facts/Fish/fln4gH9V">fish</a> and other <a href="/facts/Crustacean/PBobIVJP">crustaceans</a> (such as <a href="/facts/Mantis_shrimp/bf4ANszS">mantis shrimp</a> and <a href="/facts/Crab/GvkhXnSK">crabs</a>), and only a tiny proportion survive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> Juveniles are targeted by a number of fish, <a href="/facts/Cephalopod/80GlMxHG">cephalopods</a> and <a href="/facts/Bird/RJF6zwLP">birds</a>; <i><a href="/facts/Litopenaeus_vannamei/9dvYX9nP">Litopenaeus vannamei</a></i> juveniles experience 90% mortality in the 6–12 weeks they spend in Mexican <a href="/facts/Lagoon/IBp4ez2D">lagoons</a>, and this is thought to be due almost entirely to predation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> Adult prawns are less susceptible to predation, but can fall prey to some <a href="/facts/Fish/fln4gH9V">fish</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="economic-importance">Economic importance</h2> <p>Dendrobranchiata are of huge economic importance. While in some countries, such as the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>, production is almost entirely through <a href="/facts/Shrimp_fishery/GECbkLy5">fisheries</a>, other countries have concentrated on <a href="/facts/Aquaculture/MYdIMfbt">aquaculture</a> (<a href="/facts/Shrimp_farm/KujPgR3h">shrimp farms</a>), including <a href="/facts/Ecuador/Tdv7czY4">Ecuador</a> where 95% of production is <a href="/facts/Shrimp_farm/KujPgR3h">farmed</a>; some countries produce similar amounts from fisheries and aquaculture, including <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a>, <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>, <a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a> and <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> </p><p>Species from the family <a href="/facts/Aristeidae/rjIzS51B">Aristeidae</a> are important to deep-water fisheries, particularly in the <a href="/facts/Mediterranean_Sea/Vr2pzVbM">Mediterranean Sea</a>, where <i><a href="/facts/Aristaeomorpha_foliacea/3Q8Yen6q">Aristaeomorpha foliacea</a></i> is caught by trawlers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> In <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a>, <i>Aristaeomorpha foliacea</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Aristaeopsis_edwardsiana/M3F6hyDT">Aristaeopsis edwardsiana</a></i> and <i>Aristeus antillensis</i> are of commercial importance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a> The shallow-water <a href="/facts/Penaeidae/co1bHc44">Penaeidae</a> are of greater importance, however, and the most important species for fisheries is <i><a href="/facts/Fenneropenaeus_chinensis/kozCrU8a">Fenneropenaeus chinensis</a></i>, with a catch in 2005 of over 100,000 tons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> </p><p>The most important species for <a href="/facts/Aquaculture/MYdIMfbt">aquaculture</a> are <i><a href="/facts/Marsupenaeus_japonicus/DxTUbpF8">Marsupenaeus japonicus</a></i> (Kuruma prawn), <i>Fenneropenaeus chinensis</i> (Chinese prawn), <i><a href="/facts/Penaeus_monodon/umFqXosw">Penaeus monodon</a></i> (giant tiger prawn) and <i><a href="/facts/Litopenaeus_vannamei/9dvYX9nP">Litopenaeus vannamei</a></i> (whiteleg prawn).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> </p> <h3>Bibliography</h3> <ul><li>Bill Baker; Peggy Bendel. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071104153701/http://www.atme.org/pubs/archives/77_1898_11926.cfm">"Come and Say G'Day!"</a>. <i>Travel Marketing Decisions</i> (Summer 2005). Archived from <a href="http://www.atme.org/pubs/archives/77_1898_11926.cfm">the original</a> (<a href="/facts/Portable_Document_Format/C9Mn1vYL">PDF</a>) on November 4, 2007. Retrieved December 21, 2007.</li> <li>Robert P. D. Crean (November 14, 2004). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229170005/http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Decapoda/dendrobranchiata.html">"Dendrobranchiata"</a>. <i>Order Decapoda</i>. <a href="/facts/University_of_Bristol/naU7Gvlc">University of Bristol</a>. Archived from <a href="http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Decapoda/dendrobranchiata.html">the original</a> on February 29, 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2009.</li> <li>William Dall (1990). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BcXoGjvrPC4C&pg=PA357"><i>The Biology of the Penaeidae</i></a>. Advances in Marine Biology. Vol. 27. <a href="/facts/Academic_Press/qxoKjzFy">Academic Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-12-026127-7.</li> <li>Sammy De Grave; N. Dean Pentcheff; Shane T. Ahyong; et al. (2009). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606064728/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s21/s21rbz1-109.pdf">"A classification of living and fossil genera of decapod crustaceans"</a> (PDF). <i><a href="/facts/Raffles_Bulletin_of_Zoology/JhNk6fhl">Raffles Bulletin of Zoology</a></i>. Suppl. 21: 1–109. Archived from <a href="http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s21/s21rbz1-109.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-06-06.</li> <li>Rodney Feldmann; Carrie Schweitzer (2010). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1651%2F09-3268.1">"The oldest shrimp (Devonian: Famennian) and remarkable preservation of soft tissue"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Journal_of_Crustacean_Biology/m1bYg9xv">Journal of Crustacean Biology</a></i>. 30 (4): 629–635. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1651%2F09-3268.1">10.1651/09-3268.1</a>.</li> <li>Indian Aquaculture Authority (2001). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081932/http://aquaculture.tn.nic.in/pdf/farming.pdf">"Shrimp Aquaculture and the Environment - An Environment Impact Assessment Report, chapter 2; IAA report"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a href="https://aquaculture.tn.nic.in/pdf/farming.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-07-16.</li> <li>Laxman Kanduri; Ronald A. Eckhardt (2002). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UCeZbFp6YM0C&pg=PA42">"HACCP in shrimp processing"</a>. <i>Food Safety in Shrimp Processing: a Handbook for Shrimp Processors, Importers, Exporters and Retailers</i>. <a href="/facts/John_Wiley_and_Sons/53g3LqJc">John Wiley and Sons</a>. pp. 40–64. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-85238-270-7.</li> <li>K. Y. Ma; T.-Y. Chan; K. H. Chu (2009). "Phylogeny of penaeoid shrimps (Decapoda: Penaeoidea) inferred from nuclear protein-coding genes". <i><a href="/facts/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution/ny9L7Pza">Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</a></i>. 53 (1): 45–55. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2009.05.019">10.1016/j.ympev.2009.05.019</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19477284">19477284</a>.</li> <li>J. W. Martin; G. E. Davis (2001). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512091254/http://atiniui.nhm.org/pdfs/3839/3839.pdf"><i>An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea</i></a> (PDF). <a href="/facts/Natural_History_Museum_of_Los_Angeles_County/lsvfDP1j">Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County</a>. pp. 1–132. Archived from <a href="http://atiniui.nhm.org/pdfs/3839/3839.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2009-12-26.</li> <li>Frederick R. Schram; Shen Yanbin; Ronald Vonk; Rodney S. Taylor (2000). <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/11778/11778.pdf">"The first fossil stenopodidean"</a> (PDF). <i><a href="/facts/Crustaceana/cp5tEXEG">Crustaceana</a></i>. 73 (2): 235–242. <a href="/facts/CiteSeerX_(identifier)/SceDmd3c">CiteSeerX</a> <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.611.5275">10.1.1.611.5275</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156854000504183">10.1163/156854000504183</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20106269">20106269</a>.</li> <li>Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf">"Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888"</a> (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). <i>Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim)</i>. Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. <a href="/facts/Brill_Publishers/UwYwgUu0">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 99–164. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-90-04-16441-3.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul> <li>Crustaceans portal</li><li>Arthropods portal</li></ul> <ul><li>Michael Türkay (2011). <a href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=106669">"Dendrobranchiata"</a>. <a href="/facts/World_Register_of_Marine_Species/lfmyq6bH">World Register of Marine Species</a>.</li> <li>J. K. Lowry. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323014244/http://www.crustacea.net/crustace/www/dendrobr.htm">"Dendrobranchiata (Decapoda, Eucarida, Malacostraca)"</a>. <i>Crustacea, the Higher Taxa</i>. <a href="/facts/Australian_Museum/lX7AX0Jl">Australian Museum</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.crustacea.net/crustace/www/dendrobr.htm">the original</a> on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2011-06-11.</li> <li>Arthropod Genomic Consortium. <a href="https://archive.today/20130414060140/http://arthropodgenomes.org/wiki/Dendrobranchiata">"Dendrobranchiata"</a>. <i>ArthropodBase wiki</i>. Archived from <a href="http://arthropodgenomes.org/wiki/Dendrobranchiata">the original</a> on 2013-04-14.</li> <li> Media related to Dendrobranchiata at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li> Data related to Dendrobranchiata at Wikispecies</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 100 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 100 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 100 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Dall, 1990, pp. 3–4 - William Dall (1990). The Biology of the Penaeidae. Advances in Marine Biology. Vol. 27. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-026127-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BcXoGjvrPC4C&pg=PA357" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BcXoGjvrPC4C&pg=PA357</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 106 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 106 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, pp. 106–108 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 102 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 102 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 102 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, pp. 108–110 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 110 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, pp. 103–105 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 103 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 105 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, pp. 110–111 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 110 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 111 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 111 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 113 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, pp. 113–114 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Kanduri & Eckhardt, 2002, p. 42 - Laxman Kanduri; Ronald A. Eckhardt (2002). "HACCP in shrimp processing". Food Safety in Shrimp Processing: a Handbook for Shrimp Processors, Importers, Exporters and Retailers. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 40–64. ISBN 978-0-85238-270-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UCeZbFp6YM0C&pg=PA42" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UCeZbFp6YM0C&pg=PA42</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 114 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, pp. 116–118 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 118 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 118 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 118 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, pp. 118–119 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 120 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, pp. 120–121 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 125 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, pp. 125–126 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 126 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 126 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 127 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 130 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 130 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 130 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 130 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 131 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 130 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 131 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 130 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 131 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 131 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 131 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 131 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 131 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 133 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 133 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 133 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 133 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 133 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 134 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 134 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 134 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. 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Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 152 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 152 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, pp. 152–153 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 153 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 154 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 155 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 156 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 145 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 145 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 134 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 134 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 134 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:84"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 135 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 135 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:86"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 135 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:87"><p>Dall, 1990, p. 357 - William Dall (1990). The Biology of the Penaeidae. Advances in Marine Biology. Vol. 27. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-026127-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BcXoGjvrPC4C&pg=PA357" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BcXoGjvrPC4C&pg=PA357</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:88"><p>Dall, 1990, p. 358 - William Dall (1990). The Biology of the Penaeidae. Advances in Marine Biology. Vol. 27. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-026127-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BcXoGjvrPC4C&pg=PA357" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BcXoGjvrPC4C&pg=PA357</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:89"><p>Dall, 1990, p. 358 - William Dall (1990). The Biology of the Penaeidae. Advances in Marine Biology. Vol. 27. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-026127-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BcXoGjvrPC4C&pg=PA357" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BcXoGjvrPC4C&pg=PA357</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:90"><p>Dall, 1990, p. 359 - William Dall (1990). The Biology of the Penaeidae. Advances in Marine Biology. Vol. 27. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-026127-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BcXoGjvrPC4C&pg=PA357" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BcXoGjvrPC4C&pg=PA357</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:91"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 136 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:92"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 136 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:93"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 136 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:94"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 137 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. Charmantier-Daures (eds.). Eucarida: Euphausiacea, Amphionidacea, and Decapoda (partim). Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology – The Crustacea. Vol. 9A. Brill Publishers. pp. 99–164. ISBN 978-90-04-16441-3. <a href="http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf" target="_blank">http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/31616/31616.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:95"><p>Tavares & Martin, 2010, p. 137 - Carolina Tavares; Joel W. Martin (2010). "Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888" (PDF). In F. R. Schram; J. C. von Vaupel Klein; J. Forest; M. 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