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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The term was initially used to describe an alternative to <a href="/facts/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union/IAgL2SNM">EU membership for Turkey</a> that was first floated in November 2002 by <a href="/facts/Heinrich_August_Winkler/BpmR2xtN">Heinrich August Winkler</a> in <a href="/facts/Die_Zeit/TwPh96a5">Die Zeit</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> and later formally proposed in 2004,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> although the term was used previously in 2003 to describe a proposed relationship with Russia<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> and was also used in 2004 for a proposed relationship with Israel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>Since that time, the term has been used for alternatives for EU membership for Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Kosovo.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> It has since been used retrospectively to characterize relationships with the countries<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> considered in 2004 for the <a href="/facts/European_Neighbourhood_Policy/F3fvjkLs">European Neighbourhood Policy</a> that were first proposed in the Commission Communication of March 2003,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> and is also used for the EU's bilateral relationship with Tunisia<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> and with Russia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>Ultimately, the term dates back to 1957 when it was used to characterize Morocco's relationship with the <a href="/facts/European_Economic_Community/tx2V9KAQ">European Economic Community</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="by-country">By country</h2> <h3>Albania</h3> <p>The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Albania.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h3>Algeria</h3> <p>The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the <a href="/facts/European_Neighbourhood_Policy/F3fvjkLs">European Neighbourhood Policy</a>, including Algeria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h3>Armenia</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Armenia%E2%80%93EU_Comprehensive_and_Enhanced_Partnership_Agreement/06zFD9Ed">Armenia–EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement</a></p> <p>The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the <a href="/facts/European_Neighbourhood_Policy/F3fvjkLs">European Neighbourhood Policy</a>, including Armenia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h3>Azerbaijan</h3> <p>The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the <a href="/facts/European_Neighbourhood_Policy/F3fvjkLs">European Neighbourhood Policy</a>, including Azerbaijan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h3>Belarus</h3> <p>The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the <a href="/facts/European_Neighbourhood_Policy/F3fvjkLs">European Neighbourhood Policy</a>, including Belarus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h3>Bosnia and Herzegovina</h3> <p>The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Bosnia and Herzegovina.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <h3>Croatia</h3> <p>The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Croatia. The option was dropped in favor of full membership. Croatia joined the union in July 2013.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h3>Egypt</h3> <p>The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the <a href="/facts/European_Neighbourhood_Policy/F3fvjkLs">European Neighbourhood Policy</a>, including Egypt.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h3>North Macedonia</h3> <p>The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for North Macedonia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h3>Georgia</h3> <p>The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the <a href="/facts/European_Neighbourhood_Policy/F3fvjkLs">European Neighbourhood Policy</a>, including Georgia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h3>Israel</h3> <p>The term was used by Spanish foreign minister <a href="/facts/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Moratinos/gw31vLkf">Miguel Ángel Moratinos</a>, who spoke out for a "privileged partnership, offering all the benefits of EU membership, without participation in the institutions" for Israel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> It was also used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the <a href="/facts/European_Neighbourhood_Policy/F3fvjkLs">European Neighbourhood Policy</a>, including Israel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> <h3>Jordan</h3> <p>The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the <a href="/facts/European_Neighbourhood_Policy/F3fvjkLs">European Neighbourhood Policy</a>, including Jordan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <h3>Kosovo</h3> <p>The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Kosovo.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h3>Lebanon</h3> <p>The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the <a href="/facts/European_Neighbourhood_Policy/F3fvjkLs">European Neighbourhood Policy</a>, including Lebanon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> <h3>Libya</h3> <p>The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the <a href="/facts/European_Neighbourhood_Policy/F3fvjkLs">European Neighbourhood Policy</a>, including Libya.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p> <h3>Moldova</h3> <p>The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the <a href="/facts/European_Neighbourhood_Policy/F3fvjkLs">European Neighbourhood Policy</a>, including Moldova.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p> <h3>Morocco</h3> <p>The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the <a href="/facts/European_Neighbourhood_Policy/F3fvjkLs">European Neighbourhood Policy</a>, including Morocco.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p> <h3>Palestine</h3> <p>The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the <a href="/facts/European_Neighbourhood_Policy/F3fvjkLs">European Neighbourhood Policy</a>, including the Palestinian Authority.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p> <h3>Russia</h3> <p>French President <a href="/facts/Jacques_Chirac/DxxFJ6H7">Jacques Chirac</a> used the term for a proposed Russia-EU relationship at the Russia-EU summit in 2003.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <h3>Serbia and Montenegro</h3> <p>The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Serbia and Montenegro.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p> <h3>Syria</h3> <p>The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the <a href="/facts/European_Neighbourhood_Policy/F3fvjkLs">European Neighbourhood Policy</a>, including Syria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p> <h3>Tunisia</h3> <p>The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the <a href="/facts/European_Neighbourhood_Policy/F3fvjkLs">European Neighbourhood Policy</a>, including Tunisia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p> <h3>Turkey</h3> <p>Privileged partnership (<a href="/facts/Turkish_language/C5X56Ijp">Turkish</a>: <i>İmtiyazlı ortaklık</i>) was the term used by <a href="/facts/Angela_Merkel/n7jjpybM">Angela Merkel</a> in February 2004<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> to describe a future relationship between <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a> and the <a href="/facts/European_Union/6GYcR8qM">European Union</a> which fell short of full membership. The proposal was advanced by <a href="/facts/CDU/CSU/e75o7Dyj">CDU/CSU</a> members.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p> <h3>Ukraine</h3> <p>The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the <a href="/facts/European_Neighbourhood_Policy/F3fvjkLs">European Neighbourhood Policy</a>, including Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> <h3>United Kingdom</h3> <p>The term was used by <a href="/facts/Jacques_Delors/zlIpDkAT">Jacques Delors</a> for a proposed relationship between the <a href="/facts/European_Union/6GYcR8qM">European Union</a> and the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a> should it exit the EU.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Eastern_Partnership/6dAdIMxW">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union/hLNe6JeA">Enlargement of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/European_integration/nrHkmsE1">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/European_Union_Association_Agreement/f5ggJDEV">European Union Association Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union/bBHm4VzW">Potential enlargement of the European Union</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Knelangen, Wilhelm (1 January 2007). "A Neighbourhood of Freedom, Security and Justice?". … Policy. Challenges for the EU-Policy towards …. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/2473018/A_Neighbourhood_of_Freedom_Security_and_Justice" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/2473018/A_Neighbourhood_of_Freedom_Security_and_Justice</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"EU-Turkey: Privileged partnership, less democracy?". www.eurozine.com. 8 July 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2024. <a href="https://www.eurozine.com/privileged-partnership-less-democracy/" target="_blank">https://www.eurozine.com/privileged-partnership-less-democracy/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Scott, James Wesley (2009). "BORDERING AND ORDERING THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE ON EU TERRITORIALITY AND GEOPOLITICS". TRAMES. XIII (3): 232–247. ISSN 1406-0922. <a href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=145018" target="_blank">https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=145018</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Kahraman, Sevilay (1 January 2005). "THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY: THE EUROPEAN UNION'S NEW ENGAGEMENT". PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs. 10 (4): 1–28. ISSN 1300-8641. <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/perception/issue/49002/625138" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/perception/issue/49002/625138</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Winkler, Heinrich August (13 November 2002). "EU: Wir erweitern uns zu Tode". Die Zeit (in German). ISSN 0044-2070. Retrieved 31 October 2024. <a href="https://www.zeit.de/politik/eu_und_tuerkei" target="_blank">https://www.zeit.de/politik/eu_und_tuerkei</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"WHAT IS PRIVILEGED PARTNERSHIP FOR?", Diplomatic Observer, 16 July 2009, see here[usurped] <a href="https://archive.today/20130121214454/http://www.diplomaticobserver.com/EN/belge/2-661/what-is-privileged-partnership-for.html" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130121214454/http://www.diplomaticobserver.com/EN/belge/2-661/what-is-privileged-partnership-for.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Preserving Europe : Offer Turkey a privileged partnership instead" By Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, Wednesday, 15 December 2004, see here <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/15/opinion/15iht-edgutten_ed3_.html?_r=0" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/15/opinion/15iht-edgutten_ed3_.html?_r=0</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Team, Editorial (31 May 2003). "French president speaks for Russia-EU privileged partnership". PravdaReport. Retrieved 31 October 2024. <a href="https://english.pravda.ru/news/world/50292-n/" target="_blank">https://english.pravda.ru/news/world/50292-n/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Spanish foreign minister backs 'virtual membership' for Israel". EUobserver. 3 December 2004. Retrieved 31 October 2024. <a href="https://euobserver.com/foreign/17914" target="_blank">https://euobserver.com/foreign/17914</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Merkel moots 'privileged partnership' for Balkans". EUobserver. 17 March 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2024. <a href="https://euobserver.com/enlargement/21163" target="_blank">https://euobserver.com/enlargement/21163</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION, European Neighbourhood Policy STRATEGY PAPER, Brussels, 12.5.2004 COM(2004) 373 final see here <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/strategy/strategy_paper_en.pdf" target="_blank">http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/strategy/strategy_paper_en.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Chifu, Iulian (2006). "The Eastern Dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy: A Romanian Approach". EuroJournal.org - Journal of Foreign Policy of Moldova (10). <a href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=169466" target="_blank">https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=169466</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024. <a href="https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament - Wider Europe - Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours, 2003, retrieved 31 October 2024 <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=celex:52003DC0104" target="_blank">https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=celex:52003DC0104</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"EU-Tunisia: privileged partnership in November, Barroso says: Fule and Bettaieb sign financial aid plans for health, justice" 02 OCTOBER, 19:13, ANSAMed, see here <a href="http://ansamed.ansa.it/ansamed/en/news/sections/politics/2012/10/02/EU-Tunisia-privileged-partnership-November-Barroso-says_7566621.html" target="_blank">http://ansamed.ansa.it/ansamed/en/news/sections/politics/2012/10/02/EU-Tunisia-privileged-partnership-November-Barroso-says_7566621.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Tunisia to become Privileged Partner to European Union", Hend Hassassi, 29 October 2012, see here Archived 5 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/10/29/tunisia-will-become-a-eu-privileged-partner/" target="_blank">http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/10/29/tunisia-will-become-a-eu-privileged-partner/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Tunisia’s Privileged Partnership With the European Union", Nadya B’Chir. Translated from Business News (Tunisia), November 2012 see here Archived 3 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/11/tunisia-european-union-partnership.html" target="_blank">https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/11/tunisia-european-union-partnership.html</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Milcher, Susanne; Slay, Ben; Collins, Mark (2007), Aslund, Anders; Dabrowski, Marek (eds.), "The Economic Rationale of the "European Neighbourhood Policy"", Europe after Enlargement, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 165–188, ISBN 978-0-521-87286-7, retrieved 31 October 2024 <a href="978-0-521-87286-7" target="_blank">978-0-521-87286-7</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Neighborhood and Enlargement Policy: Comparing the Democratization Impact of the European Union in Morocco and Turkey", Martina Warning, WP 4/2006, CIRES (Italian Research Centre for European Studies), see here Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.cires.unifi.it/upload/sub/PUBBLICAZIONI/WP/Warning_4_06.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.cires.unifi.it/upload/sub/PUBBLICAZIONI/WP/Warning_4_06.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Merkel moots 'privileged partnership' for Balkans". EUobserver. 17 March 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2024. <a href="https://euobserver.com/enlargement/21163" target="_blank">https://euobserver.com/enlargement/21163</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024. <a href="https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024. <a href="https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024. <a href="https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. 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