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Privileged partnership
Cooperation between the EU and a non-EU country

Privileged partnership is a generic term for increased cooperation between the European Union and a non-EU country to advance common goals, often without pursuing EU membership.

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History

The term was initially used to describe an alternative to EU membership for Turkey that was first floated in November 2002 by Heinrich August Winkler in Die Zeit5 and later formally proposed in 2004,67 although the term was used previously in 2003 to describe a proposed relationship with Russia8 and was also used in 2004 for a proposed relationship with Israel.9

Since that time, the term has been used for alternatives for EU membership for Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Kosovo.10 It has since been used retrospectively to characterize relationships with the countries111213 considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy that were first proposed in the Commission Communication of March 2003,14 and is also used for the EU's bilateral relationship with Tunisia151617 and with Russia.18

Ultimately, the term dates back to 1957 when it was used to characterize Morocco's relationship with the European Economic Community.19

By country

Albania

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Albania.20

Algeria

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Algeria.21

Armenia

See also: Armenia–EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Armenia.22

Azerbaijan

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Azerbaijan.23

Belarus

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Belarus.24

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Bosnia and Herzegovina.25

Croatia

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Croatia. The option was dropped in favor of full membership. Croatia joined the union in July 2013.26

Egypt

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Egypt.27

North Macedonia

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for North Macedonia.28

Georgia

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Georgia.29

Israel

The term was used by Spanish foreign minister Miguel Ángel Moratinos, who spoke out for a "privileged partnership, offering all the benefits of EU membership, without participation in the institutions" for Israel.30 It was also used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Israel.31

Jordan

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Jordan.32

Kosovo

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Kosovo.33

Lebanon

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Lebanon.34

Libya

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Libya.35

Moldova

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Moldova.36

Morocco

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Morocco.37

Palestine

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including the Palestinian Authority.38

Russia

French President Jacques Chirac used the term for a proposed Russia-EU relationship at the Russia-EU summit in 2003.39

Serbia and Montenegro

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Serbia and Montenegro.40

Syria

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Syria.41

Tunisia

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Tunisia.42

Turkey

Privileged partnership (Turkish: İmtiyazlı ortaklık) was the term used by Angela Merkel in February 200443 to describe a future relationship between Turkey and the European Union which fell short of full membership. The proposal was advanced by CDU/CSU members.44

Ukraine

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Ukraine.45

United Kingdom

The term was used by Jacques Delors for a proposed relationship between the European Union and the United Kingdom should it exit the EU.46

See also

References

  1. Knelangen, Wilhelm (1 January 2007). "A Neighbourhood of Freedom, Security and Justice?". … Policy. Challenges for the EU-Policy towards …. https://www.academia.edu/2473018/A_Neighbourhood_of_Freedom_Security_and_Justice ↩

  2. "EU-Turkey: Privileged partnership, less democracy?". www.eurozine.com. 8 July 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://www.eurozine.com/privileged-partnership-less-democracy/ ↩

  3. Scott, James Wesley (2009). "BORDERING AND ORDERING THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE ON EU TERRITORIALITY AND GEOPOLITICS". TRAMES. XIII (3): 232–247. ISSN 1406-0922. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=145018 ↩

  4. Kahraman, Sevilay (1 January 2005). "THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY: THE EUROPEAN UNION'S NEW ENGAGEMENT". PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs. 10 (4): 1–28. ISSN 1300-8641. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/perception/issue/49002/625138 ↩

  5. Winkler, Heinrich August (13 November 2002). "EU: Wir erweitern uns zu Tode". Die Zeit (in German). ISSN 0044-2070. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://www.zeit.de/politik/eu_und_tuerkei ↩

  6. "WHAT IS PRIVILEGED PARTNERSHIP FOR?", Diplomatic Observer, 16 July 2009, see here[usurped] https://archive.today/20130121214454/http://www.diplomaticobserver.com/EN/belge/2-661/what-is-privileged-partnership-for.html ↩

  7. "Preserving Europe : Offer Turkey a privileged partnership instead" By Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, Wednesday, 15 December 2004, see here https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/15/opinion/15iht-edgutten_ed3_.html?_r=0 ↩

  8. Team, Editorial (31 May 2003). "French president speaks for Russia-EU privileged partnership". PravdaReport. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://english.pravda.ru/news/world/50292-n/ ↩

  9. "Spanish foreign minister backs 'virtual membership' for Israel". EUobserver. 3 December 2004. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://euobserver.com/foreign/17914 ↩

  10. "Merkel moots 'privileged partnership' for Balkans". EUobserver. 17 March 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://euobserver.com/enlargement/21163 ↩

  11. "COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION, European Neighbourhood Policy STRATEGY PAPER, Brussels, 12.5.2004 COM(2004) 373 final see here http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/strategy/strategy_paper_en.pdf ↩

  12. Chifu, Iulian (2006). "The Eastern Dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy: A Romanian Approach". EuroJournal.org - Journal of Foreign Policy of Moldova (10). https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=169466 ↩

  13. "Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html ↩

  14. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament - Wider Europe - Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours, 2003, retrieved 31 October 2024 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=celex:52003DC0104 ↩

  15. "EU-Tunisia: privileged partnership in November, Barroso says: Fule and Bettaieb sign financial aid plans for health, justice" 02 OCTOBER, 19:13, ANSAMed, see here http://ansamed.ansa.it/ansamed/en/news/sections/politics/2012/10/02/EU-Tunisia-privileged-partnership-November-Barroso-says_7566621.html ↩

  16. "Tunisia to become Privileged Partner to European Union", Hend Hassassi, 29 October 2012, see here Archived 5 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/10/29/tunisia-will-become-a-eu-privileged-partner/ ↩

  17. "Tunisia’s Privileged Partnership With the European Union", Nadya B’Chir. Translated from Business News (Tunisia), November 2012 see here Archived 3 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/11/tunisia-european-union-partnership.html ↩

  18. Milcher, Susanne; Slay, Ben; Collins, Mark (2007), Aslund, Anders; Dabrowski, Marek (eds.), "The Economic Rationale of the "European Neighbourhood Policy"", Europe after Enlargement, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 165–188, ISBN 978-0-521-87286-7, retrieved 31 October 2024 978-0-521-87286-7 ↩

  19. "Neighborhood and Enlargement Policy: Comparing the Democratization Impact of the European Union in Morocco and Turkey", Martina Warning, WP 4/2006, CIRES (Italian Research Centre for European Studies), see here Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine http://www.cires.unifi.it/upload/sub/PUBBLICAZIONI/WP/Warning_4_06.pdf ↩

  20. "Merkel moots 'privileged partnership' for Balkans". EUobserver. 17 March 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://euobserver.com/enlargement/21163 ↩

  21. "Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html ↩

  22. "Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html ↩

  23. "Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html ↩

  24. "Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html ↩

  25. "Merkel moots 'privileged partnership' for Balkans". EUobserver. 17 March 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://euobserver.com/enlargement/21163 ↩

  26. "Merkel moots 'privileged partnership' for Balkans". EUobserver. 17 March 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://euobserver.com/enlargement/21163 ↩

  27. "Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html ↩

  28. "Merkel moots 'privileged partnership' for Balkans". EUobserver. 17 March 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://euobserver.com/enlargement/21163 ↩

  29. "Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html ↩

  30. "Spanish foreign minister backs 'virtual membership' for Israel". EUobserver. 3 December 2004. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://euobserver.com/foreign/17914 ↩

  31. "Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html ↩

  32. "Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html ↩

  33. "Merkel moots 'privileged partnership' for Balkans". EUobserver. 17 March 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://euobserver.com/enlargement/21163 ↩

  34. "Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html ↩

  35. "Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html ↩

  36. "Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html ↩

  37. "Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html ↩

  38. "Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html ↩

  39. Team, Editorial (31 May 2003). "French president speaks for Russia-EU privileged partnership". PravdaReport. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://english.pravda.ru/news/world/50292-n/ ↩

  40. "Merkel moots 'privileged partnership' for Balkans". EUobserver. 17 March 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://euobserver.com/enlargement/21163 ↩

  41. "Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html ↩

  42. "Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html ↩

  43. "WHAT IS PRIVILEGED PARTNERSHIP FOR?", Diplomatic Observer, 16 July 2009, see here[usurped] https://archive.today/20130121214454/http://www.diplomaticobserver.com/EN/belge/2-661/what-is-privileged-partnership-for.html ↩

  44. "Preserving Europe : Offer Turkey a privileged partnership instead" By Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, Wednesday, 15 December 2004, see here https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/15/opinion/15iht-edgutten_ed3_.html?_r=0 ↩

  45. "Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024. https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html ↩

  46. "Britain could leave EU, says Jacques Delors", 28/12/2012, from France 24, see here http://www.france24.com/en/20121228-britain-could-leave-european-union-commission-delors-eurozone-economy ↩