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Chives
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>Chives are a <a href="/facts/Bulb/YbycDwS7">bulb</a>-forming <a href="/facts/Herbaceous/u6myDhE2">herbaceous</a> perennial plant, growing to 25 centimetres (10 in) tall.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> The bulbs are slender, conical, 2–3 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄4 in) long and 1 cm (1⁄2 in) broad, and grow in dense clusters from the <a href="/facts/Root/x2U60Gdm">roots</a>. The <a href="/facts/Scape_(botany)/uYtSqdYh">scapes</a> (or stems) are hollow and tubular, up to 50 cm (20 in) long and 2–3 mm (1⁄16–1⁄8 in) across, with a soft texture, although, prior to the emergence of a flower, they may appear stiffer than usual. The grass-like leaves,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> which are shorter than the scapes, are also hollow and tubular, or terete (round in cross-section). </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Flower/7gI5Kefw">flowers</a> are pale purple, and star-shaped with six <a href="/facts/Petal/DQMkpRSm">petals</a>, 1–2 cm (1⁄2–3⁄4 in) wide, and produced in a dense <a href="/facts/Inflorescence/CvpNd4vS">inflorescence</a> of 10–30 together; before opening, the inflorescence is surrounded by a papery <a href="/facts/Bract/pnMGNMdn">bract</a>. The <a href="/facts/Seed/a4xGSLxJ">seeds</a> are produced in a small, three-valved capsule, maturing in summer. The herb flowers from April to May in the southern parts of its habitat zones and in June in the northern parts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>Chives are the only species of <i>Allium</i> native to both the <a href="/facts/New_world/dzUuo3Xl">New</a> and the <a href="/facts/Old_World/jt02swyQ">Old Worlds</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Sometimes, the plants found in North America are classified as <i>A. schoenoprasum</i> <a href="/facts/Variety_(botany)/r3qRdjVt">var.</a> <i>sibiricum</i>, although this is disputed. Differences between specimens are significant. One example was found in northern <a href="/facts/Maine/7ww4UY8B">Maine</a> growing solitary, instead of in clumps, also exhibiting dingy grey flowers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h3>Similar species</h3> <p>Close relatives of chives include <a href="/facts/Onion/2ajXf00d">common onions</a>, <a href="/facts/Garlic/NschLR1S">garlic</a>, <a href="/facts/Shallot/HWBGq37P">shallot</a>, <a href="/facts/Leek/5f7HXCfS">leek</a>, <a href="/facts/Scallion/f9pEcp9T">scallion</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Allium_chinense/EjyhT01j">Chinese onion</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>The terete hollow leaves distinguish the plant from <i><a href="/facts/Allium_tuberosum/UdXTajmz">Allium tuberosum</a></i> (garlic chives). </p> <h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p>It was formally described by the Swedish botanist <a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Carl Linnaeus</a> in his seminal publication <i><a href="/facts/Species_Plantarum/SKwpspkt">Species Plantarum</a></i> in 1753.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>The name of the species derives from the <a href="/facts/Greek_language/pzDd6eIz">Greek</a> σχοίνος, <i>skhoínos</i> (<a href="/facts/Cyperaceae/A1oI2H0U">sedge</a> or rush) and πράσον, <i>práson</i> (<a href="/facts/Leek/5f7HXCfS">leek</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Its <a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a> name, chives, derives from the <a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a> word <i>cive</i>, from <i>cepa</i>, the <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> word for onion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> In the <a href="/facts/Middle_Ages/RqzEKB9v">Middle Ages</a>, it was known as 'rush leek'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>Several subspecies have been proposed, but are not accepted by <a href="/facts/Plants_of_the_World_Online/2m4CsqY0">Plants of the World Online</a>, as of July 2021<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chives&action=edit">[update]</a>, which sinks them into two subspecies: </p> <ul><li><i>Allium schoenoprasum</i> subsp. <i>gredense</i> (Rivas Goday) Rivas Mart., Fern.Gonz. & Sánchez Mata<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li><i>Allium schoenoprasum</i> subsp. <i>latiorifolium</i> (Pau) Rivas Mart., Fern.Gonz. & Sánchez Mata<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li></ul> <p>Varieties have also been proposed, including <i>A. schoenoprasum</i> var. <i>sibiricum</i>. The Flora of North America notes that the species is very variable, and considers recognition of varieties as "unsound".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="distribution-and-habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2> <p>Chives are <a href="/facts/Native_species/03kpM3rf">native</a> to <a href="/facts/Temperate/6WPypCzC">temperate</a> areas of Europe, Asia and North America.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h3>Range</h3> <p>Chives have a wide natural range across much of the Northern Hemisphere.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>In Asia it is native from the <a href="/facts/Ural_Mountains/gzNoPkt6">Ural Mountains</a> in Russia to <a href="/facts/Kamchatka/w9DK3jE6">Kamchatka</a> in the far east.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> It grows natively in the Korean peninsula, but only the islands of <a href="/facts/Hokkaido/kwacDkYD">Hokkaido</a> and <a href="/facts/Honshu/Rp7Ew35d">Honshu</a> in Japan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> Likewise its natural range in China only extends to <a href="/facts/Xinjiang/f3jxW5Sq">Xinjiang</a> and <a href="/facts/Inner_Mongolia/6nlXuwM9">Inner Mongolia</a>, though it is also found in adjacent <a href="/facts/Mongolia/ogQzUcQb">Mongolia</a>. It is native to all the nations of the <a href="/facts/Caucasus/sE8P8Ejg">Caucasus</a>. However, in <a href="/facts/Central_Asia/rB8k0CyT">Central Asia</a> it is only found in <a href="/facts/Kazakhstan/Vfs8NI6e">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/facts/Kyrgyzstan/MSNdCp8u">Kyrgyzstan</a>. To the south its range also extends to <a href="/facts/Afghanistan/v63Auu1C">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a>, <a href="/facts/Iraq/pqYSFJw8">Iraq</a>, <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Western_Himalayas/G31v71AY">Western Himalayas</a> in India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>It is native to all parts of Europe with the exception of <a href="/facts/Sicily/E6fug03z">Sicily</a>, <a href="/facts/Sardinia/7GGJNHCx">Sardinia</a>, the island of <a href="/facts/Cyprus_(island)/zhEUGav8">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/facts/Iceland/E4KGYs2j">Iceland</a>, <a href="/facts/Crimea/GkM1qNVC">Crimea</a>, and <a href="/facts/Hungary/YRedQLtI">Hungary</a> and other offshore islands. It also is not native to Belgium and Ireland, but it grows there as an introduced plant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p><p>In North America it is native to Alaska and almost every province of Canada, but has been introduced to the island of <a href="/facts/Newfoundland_(island)/PdfPl9ca">Newfoundland</a>. In the United States the certain native range in the lower 48 is in two separated areas. In the west its range is in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado. In the east it extends from Minnesota, eastward through Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Then northward into New York and all of <a href="/facts/New_England/ufw2BmSl">New England</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Plants_of_the_World_Online/2m4CsqY0">Plants of the World Online</a> database lists it as introduced to Illinois and Maryland and the USDA <a href="/facts/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service/Fluo577b">Natural Resources Conservation Service</a> PLANTS database additionally lists it as growing in Nevada, Utah, Missouri, and Virginia without information on if it is native or introduced to those states.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>In other areas of the Americas chives grow as an introduced plant in Mexico, <a href="/facts/Honduras/75jMlRQ1">Honduras</a>, <a href="/facts/Costa_Rica/baw0GTI1">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/facts/Cuba/vHjTXLPW">Cuba</a>, <a href="/facts/Jamaica/jeDulmwE">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/facts/Hispaniola/fPKbRTcD">Hispaniola</a>, <a href="/facts/Trinidad/gJQ350S6">Trinidad</a>, <a href="/facts/Colombia/nl7r8Q2u">Colombia</a>, <a href="/facts/Bolivia/YNBoDKKR">Bolivia</a>, and the southern part of Argentina in <a href="/facts/Tierra_del_Fuego/cHbg7wpL">Tierra del Fuego</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ecology">Ecology</h2> <p>Chives are repulsive to most insects due to their <a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">sulfur</a> compounds, but their flowers attract <a href="/facts/Bee/HglXpXty">bees</a>, and they are at times kept to increase desired insect life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p>The plant provides a great deal of <a href="/facts/Nectar/Y784ExfM">nectar</a> for <a href="/facts/Pollinators/DBJNeDtv">pollinators</a>. It was rated in the top 10 for most nectar production (nectar per unit cover per year) in a United Kingdom plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project which is supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="cultivation">Cultivation</h2> <p>Chives have been cultivated in Europe since the <a href="/facts/Middle_Ages/RqzEKB9v">Middle Ages</a> (from the fifth until the 15th centuries), although their usage dates back 5,000 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p><p>Chives are cultivated both for their culinary uses and for their ornamental value; the violet flowers are often used in ornamental dry bouquets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>Chives thrive in well-drained soil, rich in organic matter, with a <a href="/facts/PH/RnSv8D7y">pH</a> of 6–7 and full sun.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> They can be grown from seed and mature in summer, or early the following spring. Typically, chives need to be <a href="/facts/Germination/BdNz4TyV">germinated</a> at a temperature of 15 to 20 °C (59 to 68 °F) and kept moist. They can also be planted under a <a href="/facts/Row_cover/JWPM6uGK">cloche</a> or germinated indoors in cooler climates, then planted out later. After at least four weeks, the young shoots should be ready to be planted out. They are also easily propagated by division.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p><p>In cold regions, chives die back to the underground bulbs in winter, with the new leaves appearing in early spring. Chives starting to look old can be cut back to about 2–5 cm. When harvesting, the needed number of stalks should be cut to the base.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> During the growing season, the plant continually regrows leaves, allowing for a continuous harvest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p><p>Chives are susceptible to damage by <a href="/facts/Leek_moth/k2MW2AN8">leek moth</a> larvae, which bore into the leaves or bulbs of the plant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <h3>Culinary arts</h3> Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on <ul><li><i> Chive</i></li></ul> <p>Chives are grown for their scapes and leaves, which are used for culinary purposes as a flavoring herb, and provide a somewhat milder onion-like flavor than those of other <i><a href="/facts/Allium/lWf7Fdjq">Allium</a></i> species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> The edible flowers are used in salads,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> or used to make blossom vinegars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> Both the scapes and the unopened, immature flower buds are diced and used as an ingredient for <a href="/facts/Omelette/4PFfTeV4">omelettes</a>, <a href="/facts/Fish_(food)/PEaSCDz3">fish</a>, <a href="/facts/Potato/F8jRVExs">potatoes</a>, <a href="/facts/Soup/BxjPaEp0">soups</a>, and many other dishes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> The scapes are often paired with <a href="/facts/Cream_cheese/SdxgPq1j">cream cheese</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p><p>Chives have a wide variety of culinary uses, such as in traditional dishes in France, Sweden, and elsewhere.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> In his 1806 book <i>Attempt at a Flora</i> (<i>Försök til en flora</i>), <a href="/facts/Anders_Jahan_Retzius/utV5vvAJ">Anders Jahan Retzius</a> describes how chives are used with pancakes, soups, fish, and sandwiches.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> They are also an ingredient of the <i><a href="/facts/Sour_cream/DfoCEtpQ">gräddfil</a></i> sauce with the traditional <a href="/facts/Herring/QH12ADpV">herring</a> dish served at Swedish <a href="/facts/Midsummer/ETf8Lw5M">midsummer</a> celebrations. The flowers and scapes may also be used to garnish dishes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> </p><p>In Poland and Germany, chives are served with <a href="/facts/Quark_(dairy_product)/6TNShLyc">quark</a>. Chives are one of the <i><a href="/facts/Fines_herbes/mr5em3rA">fines herbes</a></i> of French cuisine, the others being <a href="/facts/Tarragon/hFTwG8y8">tarragon</a>, <a href="/facts/Chervil/HStPDynW">chervil</a> and <a href="/facts/Parsley/q6xqWokU">parsley</a>. Chives can be found fresh at most markets year-round, making them readily available; they can also be dry-frozen without much impairment to the taste, giving home growers the opportunity to store large quantities harvested from their own gardens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p> <h3>Uses in plant cultivation</h3> <p>Retzius also describes how farmers would plant chives between the rocks making up the borders of their flowerbeds, to keep the plants free from pests (such as <a href="/facts/Japanese_beetle/xUKl7WU2">Japanese beetles</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> The growing plant repels unwanted insect life, and the juice of the leaves can be used for the same purpose, as well as fighting <a href="/facts/Fungal_phytopathogen/h6DTufWF">fungal infections</a>, <a href="/facts/Mildew/wVos4nxG">mildew</a>, and <a href="/facts/Fusarium_ear_blight/5z3xJxFJ">scab</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="in-culture">In culture</h2> <p>In Europe, chives were sometimes referred to as "rush leeks".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> </p><p>It was mentioned in 80 A.D. by <a href="/facts/Marcus_Valerius_Martialis/caYMuEgg">Marcus Valerius Martialis</a> in his "Epigrams". </p> <p> He who bears chives on his breath, Is safe from being kissed to death.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a>[<i>better source needed</i>] </p> <p>The Romans believed chives could relieve the pain from <a href="/facts/Sunburn/Ff6gMYHA">sunburn</a> or a sore throat. They believed eating chives could increase <a href="/facts/Blood_pressure/VtqqSM2J">blood pressure</a> and act as a <a href="/facts/Diuretic/x3j4I1Tg">diuretic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Romani_people/HAj6w0kU">Romani</a> have used chives in fortune telling.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> Bunches of dried chives hung around a house were believed to ward off disease and evil.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> </p><p>In the 19th century, <a href="/facts/Netherlands/y8xn5stT">Dutch</a> farmers fed cattle on the herb to give a different taste to their <a href="/facts/Milk/wDJBUHvy">milk</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <a href="/facts/Wikiversity/buV7CGAn">Wikiversity</a> has bloom time data for <i>Allium schoenoprasum</i> on the Bloom Clock <ul><li> Media related to Allium schoenoprasum at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061016183933/http://www.foodgenius.com/index.cgi?ndb_no=11156&action=nutrition">Nutritional Information</a></li> <li><a href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+schoenoprasum">"Allium schoenoprasum"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Plants_for_a_Future/SfIWAPrk">Plants for a Future</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/chives65.html">Mrs. Grieve's "A Modern Herbal" @ Botanical.com</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chive">"Chive" </a>. <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 253.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Francis-Baker, Tiffany (2021). Concise Foraging Guide. The Wildlife Trusts. London: Bloomsbury. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-4729-8474-6. <a href="978-1-4729-8474-6" target="_blank">978-1-4729-8474-6</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Linford, Jenny (2010). A concise guide to herbs. Bath: Parragon. p. 45. ISBN 9781405487993. <a href="9781405487993" target="_blank">9781405487993</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Allium schoenoprasum factsheet Archived 2008-03-19 at the Wayback Machine, from Kemper center for home gardening, retrieved on June 13, 2006, based on the position of the botanical Garden (Missouri) <a href="http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=J270" target="_blank">http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=J270</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Creasy, Rosalind (2012-11-27). The Edible Flower Garden. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-0617-8. <a href="978-1-4629-0617-8" target="_blank">978-1-4629-0617-8</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Mushrooms and Egg with Chives". www.valleytable.com. 21 March 2019. Retrieved 2022-06-01. <a href="https://www.valleytable.com/vt-article/chives" target="_blank">https://www.valleytable.com/vt-article/chives</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Ernest Small North American Cornucopia: Top 100 Indigenous Food Plants (2014), p. 230, at Google Books <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iZBFAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA230" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=iZBFAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA230</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification, p. 133, at Google Books <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CkxWrDqtWLQC&pg=PA133" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=CkxWrDqtWLQC&pg=PA133</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>McGary, Mary Jane (2001). Bulbs of North America: North American Rock Garden Society. Portland: Timber Press. pp. 28–29. 088192511X. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Block, E. (2010). Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 978-0-85404-190-9. <a href="978-0-85404-190-9" target="_blank">978-0-85404-190-9</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"AllergyNet — Allergy Advisor Find". Allallergy.net. Archived from the original on June 15, 2010. Retrieved April 14, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615004222/http://allallergy.net/fapaidfind.cfm?cdeoc=684" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100615004222/http://allallergy.net/fapaidfind.cfm?cdeoc=684</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Allium schoenoprasum L. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. 23 March 2012. 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