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Isotopes of selenium
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<h2 id="list-of-isotopes">List of isotopes</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Nuclide<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></th><th rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/Atomic_number/bgAr581S"><i>Z</i></a></th><th rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/Neutron_number/eNtwGnVL"><i>N</i></a></th><th rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/Atomic_mass/J1FJY9MV">Isotopic mass</a> (<a href="/facts/Dalton_(unit)/IMATU3vf">Da</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Half-life/kGVH8BAB">Half-life</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Decay_mode/Ya6FVjt4">Decaymode</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Decay_product/hT0obfLv">Daughterisotope</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Spin_(particle_physics)/4Jvp7e8P">Spin</a> and<a href="/facts/Parity_(physics)/emSbJ4hD">parity</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Natural_abundance/dGjaAwc9">Natural abundance</a> (mole fraction)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Excitation energy</th><th>Normal proportion<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></th><th>Range of variation</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">63Se</td><td rowspan="3">34</td><td rowspan="3">29</td><td rowspan="3">62.98191(54)#</td><td rowspan="3">13.2(39) ms</td><td><a href="/facts/Beta_decay/vxTBlckp">β+</a>, <a href="/facts/Proton_emission/9zxVkBkp">p</a> (89%)</td><td>62Ge</td><td rowspan="3">3/2−#</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>β+ (11%)</td><td>63As</td></tr><tr><td>2p? (<0.5%)</td><td>61Ge</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">64Se</td><td rowspan="2">34</td><td rowspan="2">30</td><td rowspan="2">63.97117(54)#</td><td rowspan="2">22.6(2) ms</td><td>β+?</td><td>64As</td><td rowspan="2">0+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+, p?</td><td>63Ge</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">65Se</td><td rowspan="2">34</td><td rowspan="2">31</td><td rowspan="2">64.96455(32)#</td><td rowspan="2">34.2(7) ms</td><td>β+, p (87%)</td><td>64Ge</td><td rowspan="2">3/2−#</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+ (13%)</td><td>65As</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">66Se</td><td rowspan="2">34</td><td rowspan="2">32</td><td rowspan="2">65.95528(22)#</td><td rowspan="2">54(4) ms</td><td>β+</td><td>66As</td><td rowspan="2">0+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+, p?</td><td>65Ge</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">67Se</td><td rowspan="2">34</td><td rowspan="2">33</td><td rowspan="2">66.949994(72)</td><td rowspan="2">133(4) ms</td><td>β+ (99.5%)</td><td>67As</td><td rowspan="2">5/2−#</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+, p (0.5%)</td><td>66Ge</td></tr><tr><td>68Se</td><td>34</td><td>34</td><td>67.94182524(53)</td><td>35.5(7) s</td><td>β+</td><td>68As</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">69Se</td><td rowspan="2">34</td><td rowspan="2">35</td><td rowspan="2">68.9394148(16)</td><td rowspan="2">27.4(2) s</td><td>β+ (99.95%)</td><td>69As</td><td rowspan="2">1/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+, p (.052%)</td><td>68Ge</td></tr><tr><td>69m1Se</td><td colspan="3">38.85(22) keV</td><td>2.0(2) μs</td><td><a href="/facts/Isomeric_transition/L8DHcqnk">IT</a></td><td>69Se</td><td>5/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>69m2Se</td><td colspan="3">574.0(4) keV</td><td>955(16) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>69Se</td><td>9/2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>70Se</td><td>34</td><td>36</td><td>69.9335155(17)</td><td>41.1(3) min</td><td>β+</td><td>70As</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>71Se</td><td>34</td><td>37</td><td>70.9322094(30)</td><td>4.74(5) min</td><td>β+</td><td>71As</td><td>(5/2−)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>71m1Se</td><td colspan="3">48.79(5) keV</td><td>5.6(7) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>71Se</td><td>(1/2−)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>71m2Se</td><td colspan="3">260.48(10) keV</td><td>19.0(5) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>71Se</td><td>(9/2+)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>72Se</td><td>34</td><td>38</td><td>71.9271405(21)</td><td>8.40(8) d</td><td><a href="/facts/Electron_capture/EIccoV1u">EC</a></td><td>72As</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>73Se</td><td>34</td><td>39</td><td>72.9267549(80)</td><td>7.15(9) h</td><td>β+</td><td>73As</td><td>9/2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">73mSe</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">25.71(4) keV</td><td rowspan="2">39.8(17) min</td><td>IT (72.6%)</td><td>73Se</td><td rowspan="2">3/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+ (27.4%)</td><td>73As</td></tr><tr><td>74Se</td><td>34</td><td>40</td><td>73.922475933(15)</td><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Observationally_Stable/vC0VVvqN">Observationally Stable</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td>0+</td><td>0.0086(3)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>75Se</td><td>34</td><td>41</td><td>74.922522870(78)</td><td>119.78(3) d</td><td>EC</td><td>75As</td><td>5/2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>76Se</td><td>34</td><td>42</td><td>75.919213702(17)</td><td colspan="3">Stable</td><td>0+</td><td>0.0923(7)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>77Se</td><td>34</td><td>43</td><td>76.919914150(67)</td><td colspan="3">Stable</td><td>1/2−</td><td>0.0760(7)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>77mSe</td><td colspan="3">161.9223(10) keV</td><td>17.36(5) s</td><td>IT</td><td>77Se</td><td>7/2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>78Se</td><td>34</td><td>44</td><td>77.91730924(19)</td><td colspan="3">Stable</td><td>0+</td><td>0.2369 (22)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Selenium-79/3TDcPNTR">79Se</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td>34</td><td>45</td><td>78.91849925(24)</td><td>3.27(28)×105 y</td><td>β−</td><td>79Br</td><td>7/2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">79mSe</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">95.77(3) keV</td><td rowspan="2">3.900(18) min</td><td>IT (99.94%)</td><td>79Se</td><td rowspan="2">1/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β− (0.056%)</td><td>79Br</td></tr><tr><td>80Se</td><td>34</td><td>46</td><td>79.9165218(10)</td><td colspan="3">Observationally Stable<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td>0+</td><td>0.4980(36)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>81Se</td><td>34</td><td>47</td><td>80.9179930(10)</td><td>18.45(12) min</td><td>β−</td><td>81Br</td><td>1/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">81mSe</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">103.00(6) keV</td><td rowspan="2">57.28(2) min</td><td>IT (99.95%)</td><td>81Se</td><td rowspan="2">7/2+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β− (.051%)</td><td>81Br</td></tr><tr><td>82Se<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td>34</td><td>48</td><td>81.91669953(50)</td><td>8.76(15)×1019 y</td><td><a href="/facts/Double_beta_decay/ILmpbfqS">β−β−</a></td><td>82Kr</td><td>0+</td><td>0.0882(15)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>83Se</td><td>34</td><td>49</td><td>82.9191186(33)</td><td>22.25(4) min</td><td>β−</td><td>83Br</td><td>9/2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>83mSe</td><td colspan="3">228.92(7) keV</td><td>70.1(4) s</td><td>β−</td><td>83Br</td><td>1/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>84Se</td><td>34</td><td>50</td><td>83.9184668(21)</td><td>3.26(10) min</td><td>β−</td><td>84Br</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>85Se</td><td>34</td><td>51</td><td>84.9222608(28)</td><td>32.9(3) s</td><td>β−</td><td>85Br</td><td>(5/2)+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">86Se</td><td rowspan="2">34</td><td rowspan="2">52</td><td rowspan="2">85.9243117(27)</td><td rowspan="2">14.3(3) s</td><td>β−</td><td>86Br</td><td rowspan="2">0+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, <a href="/facts/Neutron_emission/lXLQRDCQ">n</a>?</td><td>85Br</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">87Se</td><td rowspan="2">34</td><td rowspan="2">53</td><td rowspan="2">86.9286886(24)</td><td rowspan="2">5.50(6) s</td><td>β− (99.50%)</td><td>87Br</td><td rowspan="2">(3/2+)</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (0.60%)</td><td>86Br</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">88Se</td><td rowspan="2">34</td><td rowspan="2">54</td><td rowspan="2">87.9314175(36)</td><td rowspan="2">1.53(6) s</td><td>β− (99.01%)</td><td>88Br</td><td rowspan="2">0+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (0.99%)</td><td>87Br</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">89Se</td><td rowspan="2">34</td><td rowspan="2">55</td><td rowspan="2">88.9366691(40)</td><td rowspan="2">430(50) ms</td><td>β− (92.2%)</td><td>89Br</td><td rowspan="2">5/2+#</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (7.8%)</td><td>88Br</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">90Se</td><td rowspan="2">34</td><td rowspan="2">56</td><td rowspan="2">89.94010(35)</td><td rowspan="2">210(80) ms</td><td>β−</td><td>90Br</td><td rowspan="2">0+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n?</td><td>89Br</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">91Se</td><td rowspan="3">34</td><td rowspan="3">57</td><td rowspan="3">90.94570(47)</td><td rowspan="3">270(50) ms</td><td>β− (79%)</td><td>91Br</td><td rowspan="3">1/2+#</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (21%)</td><td>90Br</td></tr><tr><td>β−, 2n?</td><td>89Br</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">92Se</td><td rowspan="3">34</td><td rowspan="3">58</td><td rowspan="3">91.94984(43)#</td><td rowspan="3">90# ms [>300 ns]</td><td>β−?</td><td>92Br</td><td rowspan="3">0+</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n?</td><td>91Br</td></tr><tr><td>β−, 2n?</td><td>90Br</td></tr><tr><td>92mSe</td><td colspan="3">3072(2) keV</td><td>15.7(7) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>92Se</td><td>(9−)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">93Se</td><td rowspan="3">34</td><td rowspan="3">59</td><td rowspan="3">92.95614(43)#</td><td rowspan="3">130# ms [>300 ns]</td><td>β−?</td><td>93Br</td><td rowspan="3">1/2+#</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n?</td><td>92Br</td></tr><tr><td>β−, 2n?</td><td>91Br</td></tr><tr><td>93mSe</td><td colspan="3">678.2(7) keV</td><td>420(100) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>93Se</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">94Se</td><td rowspan="3">34</td><td rowspan="3">60</td><td rowspan="3">93.96049(54)#</td><td rowspan="3">50# ms [>300 ns]</td><td>β−?</td><td>94Br</td><td rowspan="3">0+</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n?</td><td>93Br</td></tr><tr><td>β−, 2n?</td><td>92Br</td></tr><tr><td>94mSe</td><td colspan="3">2430.0(6) keV</td><td>680(50) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>94Se</td><td>(7−)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">95Se</td><td rowspan="3">34</td><td rowspan="3">61</td><td rowspan="3">94.96730(54)#</td><td rowspan="3">70# ms [>400 ns]</td><td>β−?</td><td>95Br</td><td rowspan="3">3/2+#</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n?</td><td>94Br</td></tr><tr><td>β−, 2n?</td><td>93Br</td></tr><tr><td>96Se<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td>34</td><td>62</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>97Se<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td>34</td><td>63</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="20"><i>This table header & footer:</i> <ul><li>view</li></ul></th></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="use-of-radioisotopes">Use of radioisotopes</h2> <p>The isotope selenium-75 has <a href="/facts/Radiopharmaceutical/x3g6zbB6">radiopharmaceutical</a> uses. For example, it is used in high-dose-rate endorectal <a href="/facts/Brachytherapy/YCxeYI8L">brachytherapy</a>, as an alternative to <a href="/facts/Iridium-192/F1zVVPRq">iridium-192</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>In paleobiogeochemistry, the ratio in amount of selenium-82 to selenium-76 (i.e, the value of δ82/76Se) can be used to track down the <a href="/facts/Redox/Pyd5RVcj">redox</a> conditions on Earth during the <a href="/facts/Neoproterozoic_Era/89NsnsM1">Neoproterozoic era</a> in order to gain a deeper understanding of the <a href="/facts/Great_Oxidation_Event/LmTyM8jT">rapid oxygenation</a> that trigger the emergence of complex organisms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Isotope masses from: <ul><li>Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; <a href="/facts/Aaldert_Wapstra/9Ylvt18s">Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik</a> (2003), <a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document">"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"</a>, <i>Nuclear Physics A</i>, 729: 3–128, <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A">2003NuPhA.729....3A</a>, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a></li></ul></li> <li>Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from: <ul><li><a href="/facts/John_Robert_de_Laeter/jYQj55GI">de Laeter, John Robert</a>; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683">"Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry/9QdCDKxf">Pure and Applied Chemistry</a></i>. 75 (6): 683–800. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683">10.1351/pac200375060683</a>.</li> <li>Wieser, Michael E. (2006). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051">"Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry/9QdCDKxf">Pure and Applied Chemistry</a></i>. 78 (11): 2051–2066. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051">10.1351/pac200678112051</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html">"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised"</a>. <i>International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</i>. 19 October 2005.</li> <li>Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. <ul><li>Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; <a href="/facts/Aaldert_Wapstra/9Ylvt18s">Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik</a> (2003), <a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document">"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"</a>, <i>Nuclear Physics A</i>, 729: 3–128, <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A">2003NuPhA.729....3A</a>, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/National_Nuclear_Data_Center/SgVzvxLk">National Nuclear Data Center</a>. <a href="http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/">"NuDat 2.x database"</a>. <a href="/facts/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory/L2JrG0K1">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>.</li> <li>Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). <i><a href="/facts/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics/qjxzC2Cu">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i> (85th ed.). <a href="/facts/Boca_Raton,_Florida/9gcNen3S">Boca Raton, Florida</a>: <a href="/facts/CRC_Press/duTuH4hz">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8493-0485-9.</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>The half-life of 79Se Archived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.ptb.de/en/org/6/nachrichten6/2010/60710_en.htm" target="_blank">http://www.ptb.de/en/org/6/nachrichten6/2010/60710_en.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Jorg, Gerhard; Buhnemann, Rolf; Hollas, Simon; Kivel, Niko; Kossert, Karsten; Van Winckel, Stefaan; Gostomski, Christoph Lierse v. (2010). "Preparation of radiochemically pure 79Se and highly precise determination of its half-life". Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 68 (12): 2339–51. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.05.006. PMID 20627600. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>mSe – Excited nuclear isomer. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" target="_blank">/wiki/Nuclear_isomer</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p># – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS). <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe. <a href="/wiki/Age_of_universe" target="_blank">/wiki/Age_of_universe</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p># – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Modes of decay: EC:Electron captureIT:Isomeric transitionn:Neutron emissionp:Proton emission <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" target="_blank">/wiki/Electron_capture</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p># – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Believed to decay by β+β+ to 74Ge with a half-life over 2.3×1018 y. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Long-lived fission product <a href="/wiki/Long-lived_fission_product" target="_blank">/wiki/Long-lived_fission_product</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Believed to decay by β−β− to 80Kr <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Primordial radionuclide <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" target="_blank">/wiki/Primordial_nuclide</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Shimizu, Y.; Kubo, T.; Sumikama, T.; Fukuda, N.; Takeda, H.; Suzuki, H.; Ahn, D. S.; Inabe, N.; Kusaka, K.; Ohtake, M.; Yanagisawa, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Ichikawa, Y.; Isobe, T.; Otsu, H.; Sato, H.; Sonoda, T.; Murai, D.; Iwasa, N.; Imai, N.; Hirayama, Y.; Jeong, S. C.; Kimura, S.; Miyatake, H.; Mukai, M.; Kim, D. G.; Kim, E.; Yagi, A. (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam". Physical Review C. 109 (4). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Shimizu, Y.; Kubo, T.; Sumikama, T.; Fukuda, N.; Takeda, H.; Suzuki, H.; Ahn, D. S.; Inabe, N.; Kusaka, K.; Ohtake, M.; Yanagisawa, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Ichikawa, Y.; Isobe, T.; Otsu, H.; Sato, H.; Sonoda, T.; Murai, D.; Iwasa, N.; Imai, N.; Hirayama, Y.; Jeong, S. C.; Kimura, S.; Miyatake, H.; Mukai, M.; Kim, D. G.; Kim, E.; Yagi, A. (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam". Physical Review C. 109 (4). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Shoemaker T; Vuong T; Glickman H; Kaifi S; Famulari G; Enger SA (2019). "Dosimetric Considerations for Ytterbium-169, Selenium-75, and Iridium-192 Radioisotopes in High-Dose-Rate Endorectal Brachytherapy". Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 105 (4): 875–883. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.07.003. PMID 31330175. S2CID 198170324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Pogge von Strandmann, Philip A. E.; Stüeken, Eva E.; Elliott, Tim; Poulton, Simon W.; Dehler, Carol M.; Canfield, Don E.; Catling, David C. (2015-12-18). "Selenium isotope evidence for progressive oxidation of the Neoproterozoic biosphere". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 10157. doi:10.1038/ncomms10157. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4703861. PMID 26679529. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms10157" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms10157</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Stüeken, Eva E. "Selenium isotopes as a biogeochemical proxy in deep time" (PDF). core.ac.uk. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/161931618.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/161931618.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>