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Chlorurus
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<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p>The word '<i>Chlorurus</i>' comes from the <a href="/facts/Greek_language/pzDd6eIz">Greek</a> words 'chloros', which means green and 'oura', which means tail. </p> <h2 id="evolution">Evolution</h2> <p><i>Chlorurus</i> is most closely related to its <a href="/facts/Sister_group/pNNuVex4">sister genus</a> <i><a href="/facts/Scarus/lnMxF1zm">Scarus</a></i>. Most recent phylogenetic analyses find that the two genera diverged during the <a href="/facts/Late_Miocene/uygxQEkM">late Miocene</a> (<a href="/facts/Messinian/6YQ8SIhY">Messinian</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> In both genera, most of their <a href="/facts/Speciation/pmRTQbTK">diversification</a> occurred some time later, within the last 3.5 million years during the <a href="/facts/Pliocene/MjcIVQ86">Pliocene</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> In contrast, coral reefs in their modern form were established much earlier, during the Miocene.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>A 2012 phylogenetic analysis of 16 of the 18 <i>Chlorurus</i> species recovered 5 major <a href="/facts/Monophyly/pD8Yrrn6">monophyletic</a> clades.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="species">Species</h2> <p>There are 18 species:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Species</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Chlorurus_atrilunula/vIXdBka2">Chlorurus atrilunula</a></i><p>(<a href="/facts/John_Ernest_Randall/1Rm2lc5W">Randall</a> & Bruce, 1983)</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Chlorurus_bleekeri/Gnvpk5bT">Chlorurus bleekeri</a></i><p>(<a href="/facts/Lieven_Ferdinand_de_Beaufort/AgntCkT9">de Beaufort</a>, 1940)</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Chlorurus_bowersi/0Lk1K4zS">Chlorurus bowersi</a></i><p>(<a href="/facts/John_Otterbein_Snyder/6qJ2qBPM">Snyder</a>, 1909)</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Chlorurus_capistratoides/gu8cYWH3">Chlorurus capistratoides</a></i><p>(Bleeker, 1847)</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Chlorurus_cyanescens/vIXdBka2">Chlorurus cyanescens</a></i><p>(<a href="/facts/Achille_Valenciennes/6Y6VAjA5">Valenciennes</a>, 1840)</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Chlorurus_enneacanthus/WAlEw7Up">Chlorurus enneacanthus</a></i><p>(<a href="/facts/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de/3G5EEL32">Lacépède</a>, 1802)</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Chlorurus_frontalis/YADhN8l5">Chlorurus frontalis</a></i><p>(Valenciennes, 1840)</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Chlorurus genazonatus</i><p>(Randall & Bruce, 1983)</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Chlorurus_gibbus/FK9MSbGj">Chlorurus gibbus</a></i><p>(Rüppell, 1829)</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Chlorurus japanensis</i><p>(<a href="/facts/Marcus_Elieser_Bloch/QmJ7aoJq">Bloch</a>, 1789)</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Chlorurus_microrhinos/3w3MGCrH">Chlorurus microrhinos</a></i><p>(Bleeker, 1854)</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Chlorurus oedema</i><p>(Snyder, 1909)</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Chlorurus_perspicillatus/MjsJUHPN">Chlorurus perspicillatus</a></i><p>(<a href="/facts/Franz_Steindachner/mw2vB4fJ">Steindachner</a>, 1879)</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Chlorurus rhakoura</i><p>Randall & Anderson, 1997</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Chlorurus_sordidus/vayl0hep">Chlorurus sordidus</a></i><p>(<a href="/facts/Peter_Forssk%C3%A5l/IartkIWt">Forsskål</a>, 1775)</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Chlorurus_spilurus/Awm0dQ30">Chlorurus spilurus</a></i><p>(Valenciennes, 1840)</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Chlorurus_strongylocephalus/ISrF1Ns3">Chlorurus strongylocephalus</a></i><p>(Bleeker, 1855)</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Chlorurus_troschelii/VzjHRecp">Chlorurus troschelii</a></i><p>(Bleeker, 1853)</p></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chlorurus. <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Chlorurus Swainson, 1839". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-11-12. <a href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=204543" target="_blank">http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=204543</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Chlorurus". FishBase. March 2018 version. <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" target="_blank">/wiki/Rainer_Froese</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Choat, John. H.; klanten, Oya. S.; Van Herwerden, Lynne; Robertson, D. Ross; Clements, Kendall D. (November 2012). "Patterns and processes in the evolutionary history of parrotfishes (Family Labridae): Evolutionary History of Parrotfishes". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 107 (3): 529–557. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01959.x. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01959.x" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01959.x</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Smith, Lydia L.; Fessler, Jennifer L.; Alfaro, Michael E.; Streelman, J. Todd; Westneat, Mark W. (October 2008). "Phylogenetic relationships and the evolution of regulatory gene sequences in the parrotfishes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 49 (1): 136–152. Bibcode:2008MolPE..49..136S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.06.008. PMC 3418665. PMID 18621133. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3418665" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3418665</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Choat, John. H.; klanten, Oya. S.; Van Herwerden, Lynne; Robertson, D. Ross; Clements, Kendall D. (November 2012). "Patterns and processes in the evolutionary history of parrotfishes (Family Labridae): Evolutionary History of Parrotfishes". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 107 (3): 529–557. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01959.x. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01959.x" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01959.x</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Choat, John. H.; klanten, Oya. S.; Van Herwerden, Lynne; Robertson, D. Ross; Clements, Kendall D. (November 2012). "Patterns and processes in the evolutionary history of parrotfishes (Family Labridae): Evolutionary History of Parrotfishes". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 107 (3): 529–557. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01959.x. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01959.x" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01959.x</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Chlorurus". FishBase. March 2018 version. <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" target="_blank">/wiki/Rainer_Froese</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>