Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Comparison of operating system kernels
open-in-new
<h2 id="comparison-criteria">Comparison criteria</h2> <p>The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of widely used and currently available <a href="/facts/Operating_system/8XTuvMh2">operating system</a> kernels. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. </p><p>Even though there are a large number and variety of available <a href="/facts/Linux_distribution/0vVl4N4f">Linux distributions</a>, all of these kernels are grouped under a single entry in these tables, due to the differences among them being of the patch level. See <a href="/facts/Comparison_of_Linux_distributions/DI2AtKjE">comparison of Linux distributions</a> for a detailed comparison. Linux distributions that have highly modified kernels — for example, <a href="/facts/Real-time_computing/p9HxgL4L">real-time computing</a> kernels — should be listed separately. There are also a wide variety of minor BSD operating systems, many of which can be found at <a href="/facts/Comparison_of_BSD_operating_systems/4sKS4Lht">comparison of BSD operating systems</a>. </p><p>The tables specifically do not include subjective viewpoints on the merits of each kernel or operating system. </p> <h2 id="feature-overview">Feature overview</h2> <p>The major contemporary general-purpose <a href="/facts/Kernel_(operating_system)/uEj4U3Rz">kernels</a> are shown in comparison. Only an overview of the technical features is detailed. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Kernel name</th><th>Programminglanguage</th><th>Used in</th><th>Creator</th><th>Executableformat(also seesectionbelow)</th><th>Type</th><th>Integrated <a href="/facts/Firewall_(computing)/Et2RkJaU">firewall</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Symmetric_multiprocessing/T9CahUsN">SMP</a> support</th><th>Multiple <a href="/facts/Computer_architecture/tHtwxgR2">architecture</a>support(also seesection below).</th><th><a href="/facts/Computer_multitasking/Q4acPNMv">Multitasking</a></th><th><a href="/facts/OS-level_virtualization/gkLoCrgN">Virtualization</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Computer_security/7E5dIy7G">Security</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Profiling_(computer_programming)/JbSlDHPP">Profiling</a>/<a href="/facts/Debugging/QtdpPJT0">Debugging</a></th><th>Soft <a href="/facts/Real-time_computing/p9HxgL4L">real-time</a> support</th><th>Hard <a href="/facts/Real-time_computing/p9HxgL4L">real-time</a> support</th><th>Can keep <a href="/facts/Real-time_clock/pYeXraUW">RTC</a> in <a href="/facts/Universal_Time/l1FIFGKn">UT</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Exec_(Amiga)/EaHa7tvh">Amiga Exec</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/AmigaOS/1E2k1fuN">AmigaOS</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Commodore_International/SlfXKbCN">Commodore International</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Amiga_Hunk/DhovjzPD">HUNK</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Exokernel/xW4j43ua">Exokernel</a> (atypical)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Exec_(Amiga)/EaHa7tvh">Amiga Exec SG (2nd Generation)</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/AmigaOS_4/syRUuNdz">AmigaOS 4</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hyperion_Entertainment/Vd9yWYoh">Hyperion Entertainment</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Executable_and_Linkable_Format/ro2CYqso">ELF</a>/<a href="/facts/Amiga_Hunk/DhovjzPD">HUNK</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Exokernel/xW4j43ua">Exokernel</a> (atypical)</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/DragonFly_BSD/U6cvpDJR">DragonFly BSD kernel</a></th><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td><td><a href="/facts/DragonFly_BSD/U6cvpDJR">DragonFly BSD</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Matthew_Dillon/pNgTQuzb">Matt Dillon</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Executable_and_Linkable_Format/ro2CYqso">ELF</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hybrid_kernel/90UMyu5A">hybrid</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ipfirewall/dB0nV6we">Ipfirewall</a>,<a href="/facts/PF_(firewall)/pc1fgj4Y">PF</a></td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td><a href="/facts/Chroot/o5423VpW">chroot</a>, <a href="/facts/OS-level_virtualization/gkLoCrgN">jail</a>, vkernel</td><td><a href="/facts/Unix_security/kJJaH3qE">Unix permissions</a></td><td>DDB, <a href="/facts/KGDB/p5bnHfEP">KGDB</a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/FreeBSD/RKsFTm7F">FreeBSD kernel</a></th><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td><td><a href="/facts/FreeBSD/RKsFTm7F">FreeBSD</a>,<p><a href="/facts/GNU_variants/odKVQXhX">Debian GNU/kFreeBSD</a>,<a href="/facts/Gentoo%2fFreeBSD/tLWJ81xb">Gentoo/FreeBSD</a>,<a href="/facts/Orbis_OS/mM1I2pI9">Orbis OS</a></p></td><td><a href="/facts/FreeBSD/RKsFTm7F">The FreeBSD Project</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Executable_and_Linkable_Format/ro2CYqso">ELF</a>, others - platform dependent</td><td><a href="/facts/Monolithic_kernel/33kvBcT9">monolithic</a></td><td><a href="/facts/IPFilter/oCh1c89B">IPFilter</a>, <a href="/facts/Ipfirewall/dB0nV6we">Ipfirewall</a>,<a href="/facts/PF_(firewall)/pc1fgj4Y">PF</a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td><a href="/facts/Chroot/o5423VpW">chroot</a>, <a href="/facts/FreeBSD_jail/emnSbE44">jail</a>, <a href="/facts/Bhyve/mCm8pV39">bhyve</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Unix_security/kJJaH3qE">Unix permissions</a>, <a href="/facts/Access-control_list/t38J9Vao">POSIX.1e and NFSv4 ACLs</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Capsicum, <a href="/facts/Mandatory_Access_Control/yvtGFacq">TrustedBSD MAC</a>, <a href="/facts/OpenBSM/rVqAzlcM">OpenBSM</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kernel_debugger/vxjydqPC">KDB</a>, DDB, <a href="/facts/KGDB/p5bnHfEP">KGDB</a>, <a href="/facts/DTrace/Q5djxLKt">DTrace</a>, hwpmc</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/GNU_Hurd/LU1mHe5M">GNU Hurd</a></th><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td><td><a href="/facts/GNU/EpSzvJGJ">GNU/Hurd</a> (<a href="/facts/GNU_variants/odKVQXhX">Arch Hurd</a>, <a href="/facts/GNU_variants/odKVQXhX">Debian GNU/Hurd</a>)</td><td><a href="/facts/GNU_Project/mjc8AwM6">GNU Project</a>/<a href="/facts/Free_Software_Foundation/k0sBmw7y">Free Software Foundation</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Executable_and_Linkable_Format/ro2CYqso">ELF</a></td><td><a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/faq/multiserver_microkernel.html">multiserver microkernel</a></td><td>No</td><td>Partial<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td><a href="/facts/Chroot/o5423VpW">chroot</a>, <a href="/facts/Xen/U5fq6ESl">Xen</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Unix_security/kJJaH3qE">Unix permissions</a>, <a href="/facts/Access-control_list/t38J9Vao">POSIX ACL</a>, <a href="/facts/Capability-based_security/negzSwhS">POSIX Capabilities</a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/GNU_Mach/9kWkvYo4">GNU Mach</a></th><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td><td>part of <a href="/facts/GNU_Hurd/LU1mHe5M">GNU Hurd</a>, used in <a href="/facts/GNU/EpSzvJGJ">GNU/Hurd</a></td><td><a href="/facts/GNU_Project/mjc8AwM6">GNU Project</a>/<a href="/facts/Free_Software_Foundation/k0sBmw7y">Free Software Foundation</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Executable_and_Linkable_Format/ro2CYqso">ELF</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Microkernel/wsaWtYCU">microkernel</a></td><td>No</td><td>Partial<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td><a href="/facts/Chroot/o5423VpW">chroot</a>, <a href="/facts/Xen/U5fq6ESl">Xen</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Unix_security/kJJaH3qE">Unix permissions</a>, <a href="/facts/Access-control_list/t38J9Vao">POSIX ACL</a>, <a href="/facts/Capability-based_security/negzSwhS">POSIX Capabilities</a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Inferno_(operating_system)/baKPoWRU">Inferno kernel</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Inferno_(operating_system)/baKPoWRU">Inferno</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Bell_Labs/fKP5Gk0H">Bell Labs</a> / Vita Nuova Holdings</td><td>?</td><td><a href="/facts/Virtual_machine/BLevU3sx">virtual machine</a></td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td><a href="/facts/Chroot/o5423VpW">chroot</a>, <a href="/facts/Xen/U5fq6ESl">Xen</a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/L4_microkernel_family/1rrWcHKB">L4</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/L4_microkernel_family/1rrWcHKB">L4</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Jochen_Liedtke/HtEQk7st">Jochen Liedtke</a></td><td>No</td><td><a href="/facts/Microkernel/wsaWtYCU">microkernel</a></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Afterburner/L4 <a href="http://www.l4ka.org/79.php">[2]</a>, Marzipan <a href="http://www.l4ka.org/78.php">[3]</a>, <a href="/facts/Capability-based_security/negzSwhS">capabilities</a> in <a href="/facts/L4%2fFiasco/1rrWcHKB">L4/Fiasco</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/L4%2fFiasco/1rrWcHKB">L4/Fiasco</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/L4%2fFiasco/1rrWcHKB">L4/Fiasco</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a></th><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Linux/9FvCKSTq">Linux</a> (kernel), <a href="/facts/Android_(operating_system)/nNyHb0xz">Android</a>, Ubuntu, CentOS, <a href="/facts/WebOS/lf3sPSeG">webOS</a>, Fire OS, <a href="/facts/Firefox_OS/pBLG4suy">Firefox OS</a>, <a href="/facts/ChromeOS/zH0B5Xtk">ChromeOS</a>, Syllable Server, Mastodon Linux, OpenBSD/Linux, Plan 9/Linux, <a href="/facts/Sailfish_OS/YAfAbJEc">Sailfish OS</a>, <a href="/facts/Tizen/gNrC0mnG">Tizen</a>, amongst others.</td><td><a href="/facts/Linus_Torvalds/EdDKP534">Linus Torvalds</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Executable_and_Linkable_Format/ro2CYqso">ELF</a>, others</td><td><a href="/facts/Monolithic_kernel/33kvBcT9">monolithic</a></td><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/Ipfirewall/dB0nV6we">Ipfirewall</a> (1.1 –)</li><li><a href="/facts/Ipchains/kQrsmLBY">ipchains</a> (2.2 –)</li><li><a href="/facts/Netfilter/M3rtyl3r">Netfilter</a> (2.4 – 3.x)</li><li><a href="/facts/Nftables/G26b8IvM">nftables</a> (3.13 –)</li><li><a href="/facts/Express_Data_Path/gFwn8Qjy">XDP</a> (4.8 –)</li></ul></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td><a href="/facts/Cgroups/seJrzYuQ">cgroups</a>, <a href="/facts/Chroot/o5423VpW">chroot</a>, <a href="/facts/Lguest/SSzNF115">Lguest</a>, <a href="/facts/Xen/U5fq6ESl">Xen</a>, <a href="/facts/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine/d6eSuTuK">KVM</a>, kvm-lite, <a href="/facts/LXC/gmfT31xS">LXC</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Unix_security/kJJaH3qE">Unix permissions</a>, <a href="/facts/Access-control_list/t38J9Vao">POSIX ACL</a>, <a href="/facts/Capability-based_security/negzSwhS">POSIX Capabilities</a>, keyctl, <a href="/facts/Linux_Security_Modules/T9UzLVgm">LSM</a> (<a href="/facts/SELinux/YcTycMEN">SELinux</a>, <a href="/facts/Smack_(Linux_security_module)/bvjKqN1d">SMACK</a>, <a href="/facts/TOMOYO_Linux/o54cTY5d">TOMOYO Linux</a>, <a href="/facts/AppArmor/8uBuL9gJ">AppArmor</a>)</td><td><a href="/facts/OProfile/e0FJRfuz">OProfile</a>, <a href="/facts/Kprobe/GoGyKNvU">kprobe</a>, <a href="/facts/SystemTap/vQFvbVdA">SystemTap</a>, JProbe, <a href="/facts/Ftrace/USEdq5Bl">ftrace</a>, <a href="/facts/Kernel_debugger/vxjydqPC">KDB</a>, <a href="/facts/KGDB/p5bnHfEP">KGDB</a>, <a href="/facts/Kernel_marker/vLNFqEeC">kernel marker</a>, <a href="/facts/Perf_(Linux)/vYb4HGmn">perf tools</a>, <a href="/facts/EBPF/G9AHJjCr">eBPF</a></td><td>preempt=full, threadirqs</td><td><a href="/facts/PREEMPT_RT/dlkduHuA">PREEMPT_RT</a>, CPU task isolation<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Compute_Node_Linux/h1QUWAUy">Compute Node Linux</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Compute_Node_Linux/h1QUWAUy">Compute Node Linux</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cray_Inc./coAlupuy">Cray Inc.</a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Mach_(kernel)/rqK8DES2">Mach</a></th><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td><td><a href="/facts/NeXTSTEP/BtVf9f5t">NeXTSTEP</a> and <a href="/facts/OpenStep/RTKQxPR1">OPENSTEP for Mach</a>, <a href="/facts/Tru64_UNIX/J4tMy7uA">Tru64 UNIX</a> and <a href="/facts/MkLinux/CSW7v9sh">MkLinux</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Carnegie_Mellon_University/XKd7L2KA">Carnegie Mellon University</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mach-O/3agPpt56">Mach-O</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Microkernel/wsaWtYCU">microkernel</a>, <a href="/facts/Hybrid_kernel/90UMyu5A">hybrid kernel</a></td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/MINIX_3/vnerKq0a">MINIX 3 kernel</a></th><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td><td><a href="/facts/MINIX_3/vnerKq0a">MINIX 3</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum/fFuDWfaR">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Executable_and_Linkable_Format/ro2CYqso">ELF</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> <a href="/facts/A.out/Q6Um95j8">a.out</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Microkernel/wsaWtYCU">microkernel</a></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td><a href="/facts/Unix_security/kJJaH3qE">Unix permissions</a></td><td>Call profiling, statistical profiling, Minix Debugger (mdb)</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/NetBSD/PTm5HWls">NetBSD kernel</a></th><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td><td><a href="/facts/NetBSD/PTm5HWls">NetBSD</a>,<p>GNU/kNetBSD (<a href="/facts/GNU_variants/odKVQXhX">Debian GNU/NetBSD</a>),</p></td><td><a href="/facts/NetBSD/PTm5HWls">The NetBSD Project</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Executable_and_Linkable_Format/ro2CYqso">ELF</a>, others - platform dependent</td><td><a href="/facts/Monolithic_kernel/33kvBcT9">monolithic</a>, anykernel using <a href="/facts/Rump_kernel/nGhJM0Wm">rump kernel</a> architecture</td><td><a href="/facts/IPFilter/oCh1c89B">IPFilter</a>, <a href="/facts/PF_(firewall)/pc1fgj4Y">PF</a>, <a href="/facts/NPF_(firewall)/oKUJvsKY">NPF</a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td><a href="/facts/Xen/U5fq6ESl">Xen</a>, <a href="/facts/Chroot/o5423VpW">chroot</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kauth/vEaaSgeB">kauth</a>, <a href="/facts/Unix_security/kJJaH3qE">Unix permissions</a></td><td>DDB, <a href="/facts/KGDB/p5bnHfEP">KGDB</a>, tprof</td><td><a href="/facts/POSIX/mQkSt234">POSIX</a> real-time scheduling extensions</td><td><a href="/facts/Kernel_preemption/uYrX8zy0">Kernel preemption</a> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/NetWare/cfnyxMzs">NetWare kernel</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/NetWare/cfnyxMzs">NetWare</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Novell/lABGMT7U">Novell</a></td><td><a href="/facts/NetWare_Loadable_Module/hwLRFHSL">NLM</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hybrid_kernel/90UMyu5A">hybrid</a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/OpenBSD/xmPS9tek">OpenBSD kernel</a></th><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td><td><a href="/facts/OpenBSD/xmPS9tek">OpenBSD</a></td><td>OpenBSD developers</td><td><a href="/facts/Executable_and_Linkable_Format/ro2CYqso">ELF</a>, others - platform dependent</td><td><a href="/facts/Monolithic_kernel/33kvBcT9">monolithic</a></td><td><a href="/facts/PF_(firewall)/pc1fgj4Y">PF</a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td><a href="/facts/Unix_security/kJJaH3qE">Unix permissions</a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/OS%2f2/uVBl6ItP">OS/2 kernel</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/OS%2f2/uVBl6ItP">OS/2</a> version 2 and above</td><td><a href="/facts/IBM/QszA7nwd">IBM</a></td><td>LX</td><td><a href="/facts/Hybrid_kernel/90UMyu5A">hybrid</a></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No <a href="/facts/PowerPC/DqmM9y50">PowerPC</a> version developed but never officially released.</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Plan_9_kernel/pQjPlS7w">Plan 9 kernel</a></th><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs/pQjPlS7w">Plan 9 from Bell Labs</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Bell_Labs/fKP5Gk0H">Bell Labs</a></td><td>?</td><td><a href="/facts/Monolithic_kernel/33kvBcT9">monolithic</a></td><td>ipmux</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/ReactOS/BFmfC6BB">ReactOS kernel</a></th><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td><td><a href="/facts/ReactOS/BFmfC6BB">ReactOS</a></td><td>ReactOS Foundation</td><td><a href="/facts/Portable_Executable/pJy7AkuY">PE</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hybrid_kernel/90UMyu5A">hybrid</a></td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Rockbox/GgJ6s60v">Rockbox kernel</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Rockbox/GgJ6s60v">Rockbox</a></td><td>The Rockbox Project</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/SunOS/oWMcGLqc">SunOS kernel</a></th><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td><td><a href="/facts/SunOS/oWMcGLqc">SunOS</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Sun_Microsystems/VJ9EzEFd">Sun Microsystems</a></td><td><a href="/facts/A.out/Q6Um95j8">a.out</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Monolithic_kernel/33kvBcT9">monolithic</a></td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td><a href="/facts/Unix_security/kJJaH3qE">Unix permissions</a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Solaris_(operating_system)/KPfT98EJ">Solaris kernel</a></th><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Solaris_(operating_system)/KPfT98EJ">Solaris</a>,<p><a href="/facts/OpenSolaris/7q5ouhPa">OpenSolaris</a>,GNU/kOpenSolaris (<a href="/facts/GNU_variants/odKVQXhX">Nexenta OS</a>)</p></td><td><a href="/facts/Sun_Microsystems/VJ9EzEFd">Sun Microsystems</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Executable_and_Linkable_Format/ro2CYqso">ELF</a> (32-bit only untilSolaris 7 in 1998)</td><td><a href="/facts/Monolithic_kernel/33kvBcT9">monolithic</a></td><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/IPFilter/oCh1c89B">IPFilter</a>,</li><li><a href="/facts/PF_(firewall)/pc1fgj4Y">PF</a> (since Oracle Solaris 11.3)</li></ul></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td><a href="/facts/Solaris_Zones/REtWenIv">Zones</a>, <a href="/facts/Chroot/o5423VpW">chroot</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Unix_security/kJJaH3qE">Unix permissions</a>, <a href="/facts/Access-control_list/t38J9Vao">ACL</a>, <a href="/facts/RBAC/dPN1ohBE">RBAC</a>, Auditing, <a href="/facts/Least_privilege/sqsT4tln">Privileges</a>, <a href="/facts/Solaris_Zones/REtWenIv">Zones</a>, <a href="/facts/Solaris_Trusted_Extensions/hQX6Pskg">Trusted Extensions</a></td><td><a href="/facts/DTrace/Q5djxLKt">DTrace</a>, CPU profiling, microstate accounting, perf counters, kernel lock stats, kstats, mdb, kmdb</td><td>Real-time scheduler</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/TRIX_(operating_system)/Vua9j3V3">Trix kernel</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/TRIX_(operating_system)/Vua9j3V3">Trix</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology/Xk49vNA8">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></td><td><a href="/facts/A.out/Q6Um95j8">a.out</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Monolithic_kernel/33kvBcT9">monolithic</a></td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Architecture_of_Windows_NT/s0mJp1uG">Windows NT kernel</a></th><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td><td>All <a href="/facts/Windows_NT/EtccWvxQ">Windows NT</a> family systems, <a href="/facts/Windows_2000/amJIt9gz">2000</a>,<a href="/facts/Windows_XP/IozrkAYS">XP</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_Server_2003/3vIJam5L">2003</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_Vista/IASEUCTB">Vista</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_7/tldLdbnX">Windows 7</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_8/eRtw96T3">Windows 8</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_Phone_8/8Ed3tWwl">Windows Phone 8</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_Phone_8.1/X1NgxYPn">Windows Phone 8.1</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_10/be9IHehJ">Windows 10</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_11/J2ywV8r4">Windows 11</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_Server/5t7XxyUV">Windows Server</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Portable_Executable/pJy7AkuY">PE</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hybrid_kernel/90UMyu5A">hybrid</a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td><a href="/facts/Hyper-V/3Qm0yJsv">Hyper-V</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Access-control_list/t38J9Vao">ACL</a></td><td>Event Tracing,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> dgbss, kd</td><td><a href="/facts/Multimedia_Class_Scheduler_Service/l3yv6GHm">Multimedia Class Scheduler Service</a></td><td>No</td><td>Unofficial<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th>Windows 9x kernel</th><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Windows_95/1E1L93qC">Windows 95</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_98/6qtq4oJm">Windows 98</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_Me/fjENFRNa">Windows Me</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Portable_Executable/pJy7AkuY">PE</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Monolithic_kernel/33kvBcT9">monolithic</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/XNU/dUCpExf0">XNU</a> (<a href="/facts/Darwin_(operating_system)/DogI3ptd">Darwin</a> kernel)</th><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a>, <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a></td><td><a href="/facts/MacOS/Y93vVpTm">macOS</a>, <a href="/facts/IOS/mK5cggH5">iOS</a>, <a href="/facts/IPadOS/fClrmH7D">iPadOS</a>, <a href="/facts/TvOS/jDMqvvfI">tvOS</a>, <a href="/facts/WatchOS/zH1fkn2R">watchOS</a>,<p><a href="/facts/Darwin_(operating_system)/DogI3ptd">OpenDarwin</a>,<a href="/facts/Darwin_(operating_system)/DogI3ptd">PureDarwin</a><a href="/facts/GNU-Darwin/DogI3ptd">GNU/Darwin</a></p></td><td><a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple Inc.</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mach-O/3agPpt56">Mach-O</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hybrid_kernel/90UMyu5A">hybrid</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ipfirewall/dB0nV6we">Ipfirewall</a>,<a href="/facts/PF_(firewall)/pc1fgj4Y">PF</a> (starting in Lion)</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td><a href="/facts/Chroot/o5423VpW">chroot</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Unix_security/kJJaH3qE">Unix permissions</a>, <a href="/facts/Access-control_list/t38J9Vao">NT/NFSv4 ACLs</a>, <a href="/facts/Mandatory_Access_Control/yvtGFacq">TrustedBSD MAC</a>, <a href="/facts/OpenBSM/rVqAzlcM">OpenBSM</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kernel_debugger/vxjydqPC">KDB</a>, DDB, <a href="/facts/DTrace/Q5djxLKt">DTrace</a></td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/HelenOS/hjkSRusD">SPARTAN kernel</a></th><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td><td><a href="/facts/HelenOS/hjkSRusD">HelenOS</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Jakub_Jermar/hjkSRusD">Jakub Jermar</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Executable_and_Linkable_Format/ro2CYqso">ELF</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Microkernel/wsaWtYCU">microkernel</a></td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>Zircon</th><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Fuchsia_(operating_system)/R6rWLC2q">Fuchsia OS</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Google/GT9Sugza">Google</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Executable_and_Linkable_Format/ro2CYqso">ELF</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Microkernel/wsaWtYCU">microkernel</a></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td><a href="/facts/Lguest/SSzNF115">Lguest</a>, <a href="/facts/Xen/U5fq6ESl">Xen</a>, <a href="/facts/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine/d6eSuTuK">KVM</a>, kvm-lite</td><td>Yes</td><td><a href="/facts/Kernel_debugger/vxjydqPC">KDB</a>, DDB, <a href="/facts/GNU_Debugger/nTs958uC">GDB</a></td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="failure-analysis-and-availability">Failure analysis and availability</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Kernel Name</th><th>Kernel Log</th><th>Serious system error report</th><th><a href="/facts/Fatal_system_error/8fXB6FB7">Fatal system error</a> report</th><th>Kernel <a href="/facts/Core_dump/rnhaVc2f">crash dump</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Kernel_debugger/vxjydqPC">Kernel debugger</a></th><th>Hardware error detection</th><th>Software <a href="/facts/RAID/IpzWWgog">RAID</a></th><th>Remote storage replication</th><th>CPU <a href="/facts/Hot_swapping/Jn56Jw3h">hotplug</a></th><th>Memory hotplug</th><th>Kernel <a href="/facts/Dynamic_software_updating/QtR9Cx8a">live patching</a></th><th>Kernel live update</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/DragonFly_BSD/U6cvpDJR">DragonFly BSD kernel</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td><a href="/facts/Kernel_panic/aSp4ojw2">Kernel panic</a></td><td>?</td><td>ddb</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/FreeBSD/RKsFTm7F">FreeBSD kernel</a></th><td>kern.msgbuf in sysctl</td><td>?</td><td><a href="/facts/Kernel_panic/aSp4ojw2">Kernel panic</a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/KGDB/p5bnHfEP">KGDB</a></td><td>?</td><td><a href="/facts/GEOM/aGcQRT2S">GEOM</a></td><td>(<a href="/facts/Highly_Available_STorage/gNUP5IH3">HAST</a> in user-space)</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Procfs/qGd3Ncgz">kmsg</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Linux_kernel_oops/pgn4VCjW">Linux kernel oops</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kernel_panic/aSp4ojw2">Kernel panic</a> / drm_panic</td><td><a href="/facts/Kdump_(Linux)/WL9CmFkG">kdump</a></td><td>KDB / <a href="/facts/KGDB/p5bnHfEP">KGDB</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Error_detection_and_correction/o2rH8e3n">EDAC</a> (formerly Bluesmoke)</td><td><a href="/facts/Mdadm/Nhv2GcUQ">md</a></td><td><a href="/facts/DRBD/xybfWFno">DRBD</a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td><a href="/facts/Kpatch/3FsJ6Mle">kpatch</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kexec/Hc0cGXpA">Kexec</a> HandOver / (Live Update Orchestrator<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a>)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/NetBSD/PTm5HWls">NetBSD kernel</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td><a href="/facts/Kernel_panic/aSp4ojw2">Kernel panic</a></td><td>?</td><td>DDB / <a href="/facts/KGDB/p5bnHfEP">KGDB</a></td><td>?</td><td>RAIDframe</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/OpenBSD/xmPS9tek">OpenBSD kernel</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td><a href="/facts/Kernel_panic/aSp4ojw2">Kernel panic</a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td>ddb</td><td>?</td><td>softraid</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Solaris_(operating_system)/KPfT98EJ">Solaris kernel</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>System core dump<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td>mdb</td><td>ereport</td><td><a href="/facts/Solaris_Volume_Manager/6sJrzVby">Solaris Volume Manager</a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Architecture_of_Windows_NT/s0mJp1uG">Windows NT kernel</a></th><td colspan="2">NT Kernel Logger in ETW</td><td><a href="/facts/Blue_screen_of_death/f7LFeRBa">Blue screen of death</a> (BSoD)</td><td><a href="/facts/Core_dump/rnhaVc2f">Kernel-mode Dump</a></td><td>KD</td><td><a href="/facts/Windows_Hardware_Error_Architecture/MpwCW3Fj">WHEA</a></td><td>Storage Spaces / Disk Management</td><td>Storage Replica / DFS Replication</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Hotpatch<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/XNU/dUCpExf0">XNU</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td><a href="/facts/Kernel_panic/aSp4ojw2">Kernel panic</a></td><td>?</td><td>ddb / kdp</td><td>?</td><td>AppleRAID</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>Zircon</th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="scalability-and-clustering">Scalability and clustering</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Kernel Name</th><th rowspan="2">Supported number of CPU cores</th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Non-uniform_memory_access/MpmN5mN0">NUMA</a> support</th><th colspan="4">Computer cluster interconnect</th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Application_checkpointing/KjeTCpSB">Application checkpointing</a>/<a href="/facts/Process_migration/3bxlW2gH">Process migration</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Single_system_image/9uQE0fcS">Single system image</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Clustered_file_system/Bz61f7Ce">Clustered file system</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Remote_direct_memory_access/zH5pdwPq">Remote direct memory access</a> (RDMA) support</th><th><a href="/facts/InfiniBand/6CUz47wQ">InfiniBand</a> support</th><th><a href="/facts/PCI_Express/ADhsLCUK">PCI Express</a>Non-Transparent Bridge (NTB) support</th><th><a href="/facts/Compute_Express_Link/YSJGcCMx">CXL</a> 3.1inter-host communication support</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/DragonFly_BSD/U6cvpDJR">DragonFly BSD kernel</a></th><td>256<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td>Partial<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>sys_checkpoint<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td>planned<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/HAMMER2/kpWWfopA">HAMMER2</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/FreeBSD/RKsFTm7F">FreeBSD</a> kernel</th><td>1024<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a></th><td>8192</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>Checkpoint/Restart</td><td>(<a href="/facts/OpenMosix/o4X8TNHs">openMosix</a>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Ceph_(software)/EU6zMFbx">Ceph</a> / <a href="/facts/OCFS2/Hh7UcTvl">OCFS2</a> / <a href="/facts/GFS2/2SMVeGrv">GFS2</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Architecture_of_Windows_NT/s0mJp1uG">Windows NT kernel</a></th><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>Cluster Shared Volumes</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="realtime-support">Realtime support</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Kernel Name</th><th>Full <a href="/facts/Kernel_preemption/uYrX8zy0">kernel preemption</a></th><th>Realtime Scheduling</th><th>Realtime Priority</th><th>Realtime I/O</th><th>Preemptable locks</th><th>Prevent <a href="/facts/Priority_inversion/9gSnYRRf">priority inversion</a> (<a href="/facts/Priority_inheritance/8RwzGrE5">Priority inheritance</a>)</th><th>CPU Isolation</th><th>Disable CPU's <a href="/facts/Interrupt_request/n2VvmL4K">Interrupt request</a> (IRQ) handling</th><th>Disable CPU's timer ticks</th><th>Prevent memory from being swapped out</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/DragonFly_BSD/U6cvpDJR">DragonFly BSD kernel</a></th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>mlock/mlockall <a href="/facts/System_call/NW44AFJr">system call</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/FreeBSD/RKsFTm7F">FreeBSD kernel</a></th><td>?</td><td><a href="/facts/ULE_scheduler/UrNWQJoE">ULE scheduler</a>'s <a href="/facts/SCHED_FIFO/59kzU3lu">SCHED_FIFO</a>/<a href="/facts/SCHED_RR/dlkduHuA">SCHED_RR</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td>rtprio system call<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>mlock/mlockall system call</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a></th><td>preempt=full</td><td><a href="/facts/Completely_Fair_Scheduler/oKWkn6j2">CFS</a>/<a href="/facts/Earliest_eligible_virtual_deadline_first_scheduling/NE3T5LWh">EEVDF</a>'s <a href="/facts/SCHED_FIFO/59kzU3lu">SCHED_FIFO</a>/<a href="/facts/SCHED_RR/dlkduHuA">SCHED_RR</a></td><td>rtprio system call</td><td>IOPRIO_CLASS_RT</td><td colspan="2">rtmutex on <a href="/facts/PREEMPT_RT/dlkduHuA">PREEMPT_RT</a></td><td>isolcpus</td><td>irqaffinity</td><td>nohz_full</td><td>mlock/mlockall system call</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/NetBSD/PTm5HWls">NetBSD kernel</a></th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>mlock/mlockall system call</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/OpenBSD/xmPS9tek">OpenBSD kernel</a></th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>mlock/mlockall system call</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Solaris_(operating_system)/KPfT98EJ">Solaris kernel</a></th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>mlock/mlockall system call</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Architecture_of_Windows_NT/s0mJp1uG">Windows NT kernel</a></th><td>?</td><td>REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>AutoBoost<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>VirtualLock</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/XNU/dUCpExf0">XNU</a></th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>mlock system call</td></tr><tr><th>Zircon</th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="transport-protocol-support">Transport protocol support</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Kernel Name</th><th colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Internet_layer/336eMWJu">Internet layer</a> (L3)</th><th colspan="6"><a href="/facts/Transport_layer/UmIGUCeK">Transport layer</a> (L4)</th><th colspan="3"><a href="/facts/L4S/YJMK7d0k">L4S</a> Congestion controls</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/IPv4/bnQ5MEqm">IPv4</a></th><th><a href="/facts/IPv6/d4dg7kIL">IPv6</a></th><th><a href="/facts/IPSec/01MwcET1">IPSec</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Transmission_Control_Protocol/WW4sPrt9">TCP</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Multipath_TCP/PrTmCrqp">Multipath TCP</a></th><th><a href="/facts/User_Datagram_Protocol/dxLU0D6q">UDP</a></th><th><a href="/facts/SCTP/s8tmzUhz">SCTP</a></th><th><a href="/facts/DCCP/JyfrtQRn">DCCP</a></th><th><a href="/facts/QUIC/nQt0oLRW">QUIC</a></th><th>Accurate ECN</th><th>TCP Prague</th><th>Dual-Queue Coupled Active Queue Management</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/DragonFly_BSD/U6cvpDJR">DragonFly BSD kernel</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/FreeBSD/RKsFTm7F">FreeBSD kernel</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Optional</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Partial<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>(QUIC in Linux Kernel)</td><td colspan="3">(Linux kernel tree with L4S patches)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/NetBSD/PTm5HWls">NetBSD kernel</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/OpenBSD/xmPS9tek">OpenBSD kernel</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Solaris_(operating_system)/KPfT98EJ">Solaris kernel</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Architecture_of_Windows_NT/s0mJp1uG">Windows NT kernel</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/XNU/dUCpExf0">XNU</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>Zircon</th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Data link layer and Tunneling protocol support</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Kernel Name</th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Data_link_layer/K9yPufbt">Data link layer</a> (L2)</th><th>L2 over L2</th><th colspan="2">L2 segmentation</th><th>layer 2.5 (L2.5)</th><th colspan="1">L2 over L2.5</th><th colspan="2">L2 over L3</th><th colspan="3">L3 over L3</th><th colspan="3">L2 over L4</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Point-to-Point_Protocol/XLaU6D71">PPP</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Ethernet/nMfhU8tU">Ethernet</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_Ethernet/dSfSRACH">PPPoE</a></th><th><a href="/facts/IEEE_802.1Q/nxc5VxI2">IEEE 802.1Q</a> (<a href="/facts/VLAN/QhdJNaWX">VLAN</a>)</th><th><a href="/facts/IEEE_802.1ad/5BEhLjXz">IEEE 802.1ad</a> (QinQ)</th><th><a href="/facts/Multiprotocol_Label_Switching/k7cx1PWw">MPLS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Virtual_leased_line/eQU5j05t">VLL</a> Epipe (VPWS)</th><th><a href="/facts/L2TPv3/c2nCggsH">L2TPv3</a></th><th>L2 <a href="/facts/Generic_routing_encapsulation/0TQRDUMK">GRE</a></th><th>L3 GRE</th><th><a href="/facts/IP_in_IP/B6IxkLfn">IP in IP</a> (IPIP)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></th><th><a href="/facts/6in4/yzjhTMwq">6in4</a> (SIT)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></th><th><a href="/facts/Point-to-Point_Tunneling_Protocol/jYb3uG0Y">PPTP</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Layer_2_Tunneling_Protocol/50sRGptx">L2TP</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Virtual_Extensible_LAN/X7RmKePU">VXLAN</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/DragonFly_BSD/U6cvpDJR">DragonFly BSD kernel</a></th><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>gif<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/FreeBSD/RKsFTm7F">FreeBSD kernel</a></th><td>Kernel PPP<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>gif<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a></th><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td colspan="2">Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/NetBSD/PTm5HWls">NetBSD kernel</a></th><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>l2tp interface<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></td><td colspan="2">gif<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/OpenBSD/xmPS9tek">OpenBSD kernel</a></th><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></td><td>svlan<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>mpw<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>egre<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>gif<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Solaris_(operating_system)/KPfT98EJ">Solaris kernel</a></th><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Architecture_of_Windows_NT/s0mJp1uG">Windows NT kernel</a></th><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>raspppoe.sys</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a></td><td>ipinip.sys</td><td>No<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>rasl2tp.sys</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/XNU/dUCpExf0">XNU</a></th><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>Zircon</th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="in-kernel-security">In-kernel security</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Kernel</th><th>File access control</th><th><a href="/facts/NX_bit/MnBB93BK">Disable memory execution</a> support</th><th>Kernel <a href="/facts/Address_space_layout_randomization/K6lMxWTr">ASLR</a></th><th>Kernel RootkitProtection</th><th><a href="/facts/Mandatory_access_control/yvtGFacq">Mandatory access control</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Capability-based_security/negzSwhS">Capability-based security</a></th><th>In-kernelkey management</th><th>Audit API</th><th><a href="/facts/Sandbox_(computer_security)/WEm2u7oG">Sandbox</a></th><th><a href="/facts/SYN_flood/1NSf5QLz">SYN flood</a> protection</th><th><a href="/facts/UDP_flood/69CHcRWK">UDP flood</a> protection</th><th><a href="/facts/Ping_flood/RQBKblM2">Ping flood</a> protection</th><th><a href="/facts/Smurf_attack/Ba6wskL6">Smurf attack</a> protection</th><th><a href="/facts/Intrusion_detection_system/mAw24Fyo">Network Behavior Analysis</a></th></tr><tr><th>Linux</th><td><a href="/facts/Filesystem_permissions/DHq5SwI4">Traditional Unix permissions</a>, <a href="/facts/Access_control_list/t38J9Vao">POSIX ACL</a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>(Linux Kernel Runtime Guard)</td><td><a href="/facts/Linux_Security_Modules/T9UzLVgm">LSM</a> (<a href="/facts/SELinux/YcTycMEN">SELinux</a>, <a href="/facts/Smack_(Linux_security_module)/bvjKqN1d">SMACK</a>, <a href="/facts/TOMOYO_Linux/o54cTY5d">TOMOYO Linux</a>, <a href="/facts/AppArmor/8uBuL9gJ">AppArmor</a>)</td><td>seccomp</td><td>keyctl</td><td>fanotify</td><td>SELinux Sandbox, <a href="/facts/Seccomp/hqhSp8rA">seccomp</a></td><td><a href="/facts/SYN_cookies/xFWsxKv0">SYN cookies</a></td><td>hash tables</td><td>ICMP rate limiting</td><td>reverse path filtering</td><td>Netfilter</td></tr><tr><th>FreeBSD</th><td><a href="/facts/Filesystem_permissions/DHq5SwI4">Traditional Unix permissions</a>, <a href="/facts/Access_control_list/t38J9Vao">POSIX and NFSv4 ACL</a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>TrustedBSD MAC</td><td>Capsicum</td><td>?</td><td><a href="/facts/OpenBSM/rVqAzlcM">OpenBSM</a></td><td>Capsicum, MAC framework</td><td><a href="/facts/SYN_cookies/xFWsxKv0">SYN cookies</a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>Solaris</th><td><a href="/facts/Filesystem_permissions/DHq5SwI4">Traditional Unix permissions</a>, <a href="/facts/Access_control_list/t38J9Vao">POSIX ACL</a>, <a href="/facts/ZFS/cmh5BHlp">NFSv4 ACL</a></td><td>Default</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td><a href="/facts/Solaris_Trusted_Extensions/hQX6Pskg">Solaris Trusted Extensions</a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>Windows NT</th><td><a href="/facts/Access_control_list/t38J9Vao">Access control list</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Data_Execution_Prevention/WcI79ME5">DEP</a></td><td>Yes</td><td><a href="/facts/Kernel_Patch_Protection/4jkHKSr7">Kernel Patch Protection</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mandatory_Integrity_Control/5XGcMsQE">Mandatory Integrity Control</a></td><td>AppContainers</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Windows Event Log</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>XNU</th><td><a href="/facts/Filesystem_permissions/DHq5SwI4">Traditional Unix permissions</a>, <a href="/facts/Access_control_list/t38J9Vao">NT/NFSv4 ACL</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Kernel Patch Protection<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></td><td>TrustedBSD MAC</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td><a href="/facts/OpenBSM/rVqAzlcM">OpenBSM</a></td><td>Apple XNU Sandbox</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="in-kernel-virtualization">In-kernel virtualization</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Kernel Name</th><th><a href="/facts/Operating_system-level_virtualization/gkLoCrgN">Container</a>(no resource management,no security)</th><th><a href="/facts/Operating_system-level_virtualization/gkLoCrgN">Container</a>(no resource management)</th><th><a href="/facts/Operating_system-level_virtualization/gkLoCrgN">Container</a>(resource management)</th><th><a href="/facts/Paravirtualization/5MMXo72C">Paravirtualization</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Full_virtualization/5Hakw6k7">Full virtualization</a></th><th>User-space execution</th><th><a href="/facts/Operating_system/8XTuvMh2">Kernel as Library</a></th><th>Kernel as Kernel Driver</th><th>Hypervisor-Enforced Kernel Partitioning</th></tr><tr><th>Linux</th><td><a href="/facts/Chroot/o5423VpW">chroot</a></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/LXC/gmfT31xS">LXC</a></td><td>Virtio, <a href="/facts/Hyper-V/3Qm0yJsv">Hyper-V</a> (guest only), <a href="/facts/Xen/U5fq6ESl">Xen</a> (guest only), VMI (guest only), kvm-lite, <a href="/facts/Lguest/SSzNF115">lguest</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine/d6eSuTuK">KVM</a></td><td><a href="/facts/User-mode_Linux/hcywtzCS">UML</a></td><td>(LKL)</td><td>(<a href="/facts/Cooperative_Linux/KFWNaLwo">coLinux</a>)</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th>DragonFly BSD kernel</th><td>chroot</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Operating-system-level_virtualization/gkLoCrgN">jail</a></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>vkernel</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th>FreeBSD kernel</th><td>chroot</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/FreeBSD_jail/emnSbE44">jail</a></td><td>Virtio, <a href="/facts/Xen/U5fq6ESl">Xen</a> (guest only)</td><td><a href="/facts/BHyVe/mCm8pV39">BHyVe</a> (KVM)</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th>NetBSD kernel</th><td>chroot</td><td>(<a href="/facts/Sysjail/gIAySCmY">sysjail</a> (discontinued))</td><td>No</td><td>Virtio and Xen</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td><a href="/facts/Rump_kernel/nGhJM0Wm">Rump kernel</a></td><td>?</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th>Solaris kernel</th><td>chroot</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Solaris_Zones/REtWenIv">Solaris Containers / Zones</a></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th>Windows NT kernel</th><td colspan="3">AppContainers, Job Objects, Windows Server Containers</td><td colspan="2">Hyper-V</td><td colspan="2"><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/drawbridge/">Project Drawbridge</a></td><td>No</td><td>Virtual Secure Mode, Device Guard, Credential Guard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th>XNU</th><td>chroot</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>No</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="in-kernel-server-support">In-kernel server support</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Kernel Name</th><th><a href="/facts/HTTP/TWtvf7JD">HTTP</a></th><th><a href="/facts/FTP/THuWgzfw">FTP</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Network_File_System_(protocol)/jWRRALVo">NFS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/CIFS/pWM35pl8">CIFS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Name_server/pUgmBMNW">Name server</a></th><th>Transport-layer load balancer</th><th>Application-layer load balancer</th><th><a href="/facts/9P_(protocol)/NLNoq8mI">9P</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Transport_Layer_Security/pGy16TnA">TLS</a> proxy</th><th><a href="/facts/Application_firewall/JlesEYgP">WAF</a></th><th>Memcached server</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a></th><td>(<a href="/facts/TUX_web_server/5w3zBTme">TUX web server</a> patch)</td><td>(<a href="/facts/TUX_web_server/5w3zBTme">TUX web server</a> patch)</td><td>knfsd</td><td><a href="/facts/CIFSD/7Cp0lmlE">ksmbd</a></td><td>?</td><td><a href="/facts/IP_Virtual_Server/GrfxnErT">IP Virtual Server</a></td><td>(KTCPVS)</td><td>(<a href="http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0711.0/0585.html">patch available</a>)</td><td>SOL_TLS<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></td><td>(Tempesta FW)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></td><td>(kmemcached)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/DragonFly_BSD/U6cvpDJR">DragonFly BSD kernel</a></th><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/FreeBSD/RKsFTm7F">FreeBSD kernel</a></th><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Solaris_(operating_system)/KPfT98EJ">Solaris kernel</a></th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td><a href="/facts/KSSL/GRleUNXy">KSSL</a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Architecture_of_Windows_NT/s0mJp1uG">Windows NT kernel</a></th><td>HTTP.sys</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/XNU/dUCpExf0">XNU</a></th><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="binary-format-support">Binary format support</h2> <p>A comparison of OS support for different <a href="/facts/Binary_format/ysttM8hh">binary formats</a> (<a href="/facts/Executable/VSst9eLA">executables</a>): </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th><a href="/facts/A.out/Q6Um95j8">a.out</a></th><th><a href="/facts/ECOFF/vBlf9dka">ECOFF</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Executable_and_Linkable_Format/ro2CYqso">ELF</a></th><th>FDPICELFbinaries(mmu less)</th><th>flatbinaries(superH)</th><th><a href="/facts/Amiga_Hunk/DhovjzPD">HUNK</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Mach-O/3agPpt56">Mach-O</a></th><th>Misc(wrapper based,like interpreters)</th><th><a href="/facts/Portable_Executable/pJy7AkuY">PE</a></th><th>SOM(PA-RISC,HP-UX)</th><th><a href="/facts/NetWare_Loadable_Module/hwLRFHSL">NLM</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Preferred_Executable_Format/FgJ0YgXy">PEF</a></th><th><a href="/facts/COM_file/3SXSyIxa">DOS COM</a></th><th><a href="/facts/DOS_MZ_executable/W8vGH66t">MZ</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Linear_Executable/xgRXf4rt">LE</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Linear_Executable/xgRXf4rt">LX</a></th><th><a href="/facts/New_Executable/Nx8WJPff">NE</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Exec_(Amiga)/EaHa7tvh">Amiga Exec</a></th><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/DragonFly_BSD/U6cvpDJR">DragonFly BSD</a></th><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th>FreeBSD</th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/HP-UX/hIvLDdJF">HP-UX</a></th><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux</a></th><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Some<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/MINIX_3/vnerKq0a">MINIX 3</a></th><td>Some<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/NetBSD/PTm5HWls">NetBSD</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/OpenBSD/xmPS9tek">OpenBSD</a></th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/ReactOS/BFmfC6BB">ReactOS</a></th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Solaris_(operating_system)/KPfT98EJ">Solaris</a></th><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Some<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Architecture_of_Windows_NT/s0mJp1uG">Windows NT</a></th><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes with <a href="/facts/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux/ou97bFN2">WSL</a></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes on x86</td><td>Yes on x86</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes on x86</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/XNU/dUCpExf0">XNU</a></th><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="file-system-support">File system support</h2> <p>Physical <a href="/facts/File_system/FdPm90uc">file systems</a>: </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Kernel</th><th><a href="/facts/Advanced_Disc_Filing_System/fH5KLPCq">Acorn ADFS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Amiga_FFS/loKUGy2Y">Amiga FFS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/APFS/y16sIvSM">APFS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/BeFS/fQ5uUJj9">BeFS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Boot_File_System/GW209coT">BFS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Cramfs/j0r9BsBp">cramfs</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Extent_File_System/505g96KA">EFS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Ext2/ftyVw4Kv">ext2</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Ext3/VSEhX1WQ">ext3</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Ext4/zFbQRpsh">ext4</a></th><th><a href="/facts/F2FS/8LWmaGAq">F2FS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/File_Allocation_Table/uFvpmWxa">FAT</a></th><th>FreeVxFS</th><th><a href="/facts/Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)/FVv6r1pe">HFS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/HFS%252B/sWk14kM5">HFS+</a></th><th><a href="/facts/High_Performance_File_System/dz2Vgek4">HPFS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/ISO_9660/zAEVMFnu">ISO 9660</a></th><th><a href="/facts/JFFS/PwutJbM0">JFFS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/JFFS2/DBtCSotT">JFFS2</a></th><th><a href="/facts/IBM_Journaled_File_System_2_(JFS2)/bmJLqaP8">JFS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/MINIX_file_system/IVeQXFQh">MINIX fs</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Novell_Storage_Services/69Ix126V">NSS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/NTFS/dryNM3BK">NTFS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/OCFS/Hh7UcTvl">OCFS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/QNX4_FS/tJUxFtwQ">QNX4 FS</a></th><th>System V FS</th><th><a href="/facts/Universal_Disk_Format/QwlH2aPR">UDF</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Unix_File_System/qWU9Tlnh">UFS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/XFS/2I4Wn5wG">XFS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/ZFS/cmh5BHlp">ZFS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/ReiserFS/aGg9PTtk">ReiserFS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Reiser4/lB99Gq3d">Reiser4</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Btrfs/lPwmXVJ6">Btrfs</a></th><th><a href="/facts/HAMMER_(file_system)/lQwaIEbH">HAMMER</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Tux3/8hqQFBjP">Tux3</a></th><th><a href="/facts/ExFAT/w9R3QhPC">exFAT</a></th><th><a href="/facts/ReFS/gHpwuexf">ReFS</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/DragonFly_BSD/U6cvpDJR">DragonFly BSD kernel</a></th><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>limited write</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>read only</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/FreeBSD/RKsFTm7F">FreeBSD kernel</a></th><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>limited write</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>read only</td><td>Yes</td><td>read only</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a></th><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a></td><td>read only</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>read only</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>read only</td><td>Yes</td><td>limited write (only with empty journal)</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes(Full R/W with additional userspace driver)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a></td><td>write support?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>both FUSE and native</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/MINIX_3/vnerKq0a">MINIX 3 kernel</a></th><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Tools available, cannot mount</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th>NetBSD kernel</th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Novell_NetWare/cfnyxMzs">NetWare kernel</a></th><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th>OpenBSD kernel</th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/ReactOS/BFmfC6BB">ReactOS kernel</a></th><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Read only</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Solaris_(operating_system)/KPfT98EJ">Solaris kernel</a></th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Architecture_of_Windows_NT/s0mJp1uG">Windows NT kernel</a></th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/XNU/dUCpExf0">XNU</a></th><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Read-Only</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>read only</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="networked-file-system-support">Networked file system support</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Kernel Name</th><th><a href="/facts/Network_File_System/jWRRALVo">NFS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Andrew_File_System/qQ07XKk6">AFS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/CIFS/pWM35pl8">CIFS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Coda_(file_system)/CzHMEkyz">Coda</a></th><th><a href="/facts/9P_(protocol)/NLNoq8mI">9P</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Ceph_(software)/EU6zMFbx">Ceph</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/DragonFly_BSD/U6cvpDJR">DragonFly BSD kernel</a></th><td>up to NFSv3</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/FreeBSD/RKsFTm7F">FreeBSD kernel</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><th>NetBSD kernel</th><td>up to NFSv3</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>OpenBSD kernel</th><td>up to NFSv3</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Solaris_(operating_system)/KPfT98EJ">Solaris kernel</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Architecture_of_Windows_NT/s0mJp1uG">Windows NT kernel</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/XNU/dUCpExf0">XNU</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="supported-cpu-instruction-sets-and-microarchitectures">Supported CPU instruction sets and microarchitectures</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_Linux-supported_computer_architectures/8u481K8f">List of Linux-supported computer architectures</a></p> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Kernel_(operating_system)/uEj4U3Rz">kernel</a></th><th colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Hewlett-Packard/abuNSYNu">HP</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/SoftBank_Group/rTPGcTJt">Softbank</a>,<a href="/facts/ARM_Holdings/jqqppj7b">ARM Holdings</a></th><th colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Intel/SMF0gJJX">Intel</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/MIPS_Technologies/eI0XPIYW">MIPS</a></th><th colspan="4"><a href="/facts/IBM/QszA7nwd">IBM</a></th><th colspan="7"><a href="/facts/Renesas_Electronics/ujhb9Dcz">Renesas Electronics</a></th><th colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Oracle_Corporation/0z14FygH">Oracle</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/NXP_Semiconductors/naAqdtWq">NXP</a></th><th colspan="1"><a href="/facts/Analog_Devices/xWFzrkre">Analog Devices</a></th><th colspan="1"><a href="/facts/Xilinx/rbXfxqqG">Xilinx</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Cadence_Design_Systems/6pTzpgFc">Cadence</a></th><th colspan="1"><a href="/facts/Canon_Inc./qoWp5I04">Canon</a>,<a href="/facts/Axis_Communications/U042W23T">Axis Comm.</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Socionext/geHPJgfk">Socionext</a></th><th colspan="1"><a href="/facts/Microchip_Technology/7jDrY5rx">Microchip</a>,<a href="/facts/Atmel/kIDF6tmA">Atmel</a></th><th colspan="1">CML,Hyperstone</th><th colspan="3">Intel,<a href="/facts/Altera/66c0Gh0R">Altera</a></th><th colspan="1"><a href="/facts/Western_Design_Center/0qbtCT5p">WDC</a></th><th colspan="1">Sunplus Technology</th><th colspan="1"><a href="/facts/NVIDIA/8QfCgqbu">NVIDIA</a></th><th colspan="1"><a href="/facts/Texas_Instruments/88NUhuHF">TI</a></th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/VAX/N3r13IHH">VAX</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/DEC_Alpha/4eN7LuXG">Alpha</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/PA-RISC/gjDs1HEh">PA-RISC</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/ARM_architecture/SALsYA79">ARM</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/X86/Kypq5fgu">x86</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/I960/xnFNnjsX">i960</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/IA-64/m6egpGno">IA-64</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/MIPS_architecture/efV4KgK4">MIPS</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/PowerPC/DqmM9y50">PowerPC</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/System%2f390/lzkp2UE5">S/390</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Z%2fArchitecture/FcKYkGn9">z/Arch</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/H8300/5aLYjhfP">H8300</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/M16C/ujhb9Dcz">M16C</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/M32R/SztNrULr">M32R</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/78K/YnCqgF3A">78K</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/V850/f9bPoRqa">V850</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/SuperH/4GTLXc1N">SuperH</a></th><th colspan="3"><a href="/facts/SPARC/m7KhEtET">SPARC</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/M68k/jxd7VPlW">m68k</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Blackfin/9pc3fLf8">Blackfin</a> (no-mmu)</th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/MicroBlaze/M0LotP1F">MicroBlaze</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Xtensa/PkKN657D">Xtensa</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/ETRAX_CRIS/I6yk7gyc">ETRAX CRIS</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/FR-V/HUDTEQfh">FR-V</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/MN10300/f7Po8QCr">MN10300</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/AVR32/h0rYkzpA">AVR32</a></th><th rowspan="2">E1 (no-mmu)</th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nios_embedded_processor/MelW9MsJ">Nios</a> (no-mmu)</th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nios_II/sbFl05Wx">Nios II</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/WDC_65C816/5Ce9Nh4P">WDC 65C816</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/S%252Bcore/gjINs0EU">S+core</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tilera/hJNRnFzw">Tilera</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Texas_Instruments_TMS320C6000/ILsPTHCJ">C6X</a></th></tr><tr><th>mmu</th><th>no-mmu</th><th>x86</th><th>x86-64</th><th>mmu</th><th>no-mmu</th><th>32-bit</th><th>64-bit</th><th>mmu</th><th>no-mmu</th><th>32-bit</th><th>64-bit</th><th>no-mmu</th><th>mmu</th><th>no-mmu</th><th>mmu</th><th>no-mmu</th><th>mmu</th><th>no-mmu</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/DragonFly_BSD/U6cvpDJR">DragonFly BSD kernel</a></th><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/FreeBSD/RKsFTm7F">FreeBSD kernel</a></th><td>No</td><td>6.4 and below only<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>10.4 and below only<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a></td><td>projected to end in 14.x<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>12.x and below only<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a></th><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>4.16 and below only<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>2.6 and below only</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>4.16 and below only<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>4.16 and below only<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a></td><td>4.16 and below only<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a></td><td>4.16 and below only<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a></td><td>4.12 and below only</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>4.16 and below only<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a></td><td>4.16 and below only<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/MINIX_3/vnerKq0a">MINIX 3 kernel</a></th><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>In progress</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>In progress</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/NetBSD/PTm5HWls">NetBSD kernel</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>No<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>No<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Novell_NetWare/cfnyxMzs">NetWare kernel</a></th><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/OpenBSD/xmPS9tek">OpenBSD kernel</a></th><td>last supported release 5.8<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Rockbox/GgJ6s60v">Rockbox kernel</a></th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Solaris_(operating_system)/KPfT98EJ">Solaris kernel</a></th><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Architecture_of_Windows_NT/s0mJp1uG">Windows NT kernel</a></th><td>No</td><td>NT 5.0 RC1 and below only</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td><a href="/facts/Windows_XP_editions/ryUtCmRe">XP</a> and <a href="/facts/Windows_Server_2003/3vIJam5L">2003</a>-<a href="/facts/Windows_Server_2008_R2/fphr15Tu">2008 R2</a> only</td><td><a href="/facts/Windows_NT_4.0/EcKYxrkx">NT 4.0</a> and below only</td><td>No</td><td><a href="/facts/Windows_NT_3.51/pSnh50be">NT 3.51</a> and <a href="/facts/Windows_NT_4.0/EcKYxrkx">NT 4.0</a> only</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Windows_CE/bMUhjgqQ">Windows CE kernel</a></th><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/XNU/dUCpExf0">XNU</a></th><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/HelenOS/hjkSRusD">SPARTAN kernel</a></th><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/FreeRTOS/v9how6mE">FreeRTOS kernel</a></th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>Zircon</th><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="supported-gpu-processors">Supported GPU processors</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Kernel name</th><th>Intel</th><th>NVIDIA</th><th>AMD</th><th>ARM</th><th><a href="/facts/Qualcomm/v54S3UgA">Qualcomm</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Imagination_Technologies/2nj1lCRC">Imagination Technologies</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Broadcom/pbh0q7ht">Broadcom</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Vivante_Corporation/lGIu1Ybw">VeriSilicon</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Intel_HD_and_Iris_Graphics/p87h2lSE">Intel HD/Iris Graphics</a></th><th>GeForce/Quadro/Tesla</th><th>Radeon</th><th>Mali</th><th>Adreno</th><th>PowerVR</th><th>VideoCore4</th><th>Vivante</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>2D only<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Windows_NT_kernel/s0mJp1uG">Windows NT kernel</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td><i>?</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Windows_Phone_8.x/mhQPzy0m">Windows Phone 8.x</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_10_Mobile/JGjuL0fl">Windows 10 Mobile</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_10/be9IHehJ">Windows on ARM</a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a></td><td>No<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/XNU/dUCpExf0">XNU</a></th><td colspan="3">via I/O Kit (<a href="/facts/MacOS/Y93vVpTm">macOS</a> only)</td><td>via I/O Kit (<a href="/facts/MacOS/Y93vVpTm">macOS</a> only)</td><td>No</td><td>via I/O Kit (<a href="/facts/IOS/mK5cggH5">iOS</a> only)</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="supported-kernel-execution-environment">Supported kernel execution environment</h2> <p>This table indicates, for each kernel, what operating systems' executable images and device drivers can be run by that kernel. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Kernel name</th><th><a href="/facts/Linux/9FvCKSTq">Linux</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Darwin_(operating_system)/DogI3ptd">Darwin</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Windows_NT/EtccWvxQ">Windows NT</a></th><th><a href="/facts/FreeBSD/RKsFTm7F">FreeBSD</a></th><th><a href="/facts/NetBSD/PTm5HWls">NetBSD</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Solaris_(operating_system)/KPfT98EJ">Solaris</a></th><th><a href="/facts/OSF%2f1/mck5Bgyq">OSF/1</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Amiga_Unix/yCN7BS6v">Amiga Unix</a></th><th><a href="/facts/SunOS/oWMcGLqc">SunOS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/BSD%2fOS/LVsueLY7">BSD/OS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/IBCS2/8BELVUCf">iBCS2</a> systems</th><th><a href="/facts/IRIX/vK9rSatM">IRIX</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Ultrix/NWH3Udfj">Ultrix</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Network_Driver_Interface_Specification/YPjBLj2t">NDIS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/UNIX_System_V/Epm6GEY4">SVR4</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/FreeBSD/RKsFTm7F">FreeBSD kernel</a></th><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>(<a href="/facts/Longene/9I7rMHy1">Longene</a>)</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>(<a href="/facts/NDISwrapper/l3oMSPcQ">NDISwrapper</a>)</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/NetBSD/PTm5HWls">NetBSD kernel</a></th><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a></td><td>No? <a href="http://hcpnet.free.fr/applebsd.html">[4]</a>?</td><td>No? <a href="http://pkgsrc.se/emulators/peace">[5]</a>?</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/OpenBSD/xmPS9tek">OpenBSD kernel</a></th><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Architecture_of_Windows_NT/s0mJp1uG">Windows NT kernel</a></th><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/ReactOS/BFmfC6BB">ReactOS kernel</a></th><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/XNU/dUCpExf0">XNU</a></th><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="supported-cipher-algorithms">Supported cipher algorithms</h2> <p>This may be usable on some situations like file system encrypting. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Kernel name</th><th><a href="/facts/Data_Encryption_Standard/STfBjTGb">DES</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Advanced_Encryption_Standard/HdXGBY2Q">AES</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Blowfish_(cipher)/H6fYatpd">Blowfish</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Triple_DES/sgzSD50P">Triple DES</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Serpent_(cipher)/1gPjU4Fu">Serpent</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Twofish/T1pjlttA">Twofish</a></th><th><a href="/facts/CAST-128/J7F8GWQc">CAST-128</a></th><th><a href="/facts/DES-X/PqRKmdfj">DES-X</a></th><th><a href="/facts/International_Data_Encryption_Algorithm/HuRBKLQY">IDEA</a></th><th><a href="/facts/RC2/kfXo2PEH">RC2</a></th><th><a href="/facts/RC5/RjIGUnNk">RC5</a></th><th><a href="/facts/SEED/a4xGSLxJ">SEED</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Skipjack_(cipher)/pxHYFxTj">Skipjack</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Tiny_Encryption_Algorithm/aaFnFgKo">TEA</a></th><th><a href="/facts/XTEA/r1B2lrro">XTEA</a></th><th><a href="/facts/CAST-256/HdM0XCcd">CAST-256</a></th><th><a href="/facts/RC4/HAR5kL0T">RC4</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Camellia_(cipher)/XyJ1vnGn">Camellia</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Anubis_(cipher)/JFb10b25">Anubis</a></th><th><a href="/facts/KHAZAD/psk33D8r">KHAZAD</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Salsa20/gQjhIf2M">Salsa20</a></th><th>FCrypt</th></tr><tr><th>DragonFly BSD kernel</th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th>FreeBSD kernel</th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th>Linux</th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><th>Windows NT kernel</th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th>macOS XNU Kernel</th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="supported-compression-algorithms">Supported compression algorithms</h2> <p>This may be usable on some situations like compression file system. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Kernel name</th><th><a href="/facts/DEFLATE/XnBt1GKV">Deflate</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Zlib/rExIchaK">zlib</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Lempel-Ziv-Oberhumer/hfS0lRrD">LZO</a></th><th><a href="/facts/LZJB/o6q7g1Kv">LZJB</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Gzip/H23uqvyx">gzip</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Zstd/eA9hBQzN">zstd</a></th></tr><tr><th>Linux</th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><th>NetBSD kernel</th><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><th>Solaris kernel</th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="supported-message-digest-algorithms">Supported message digest algorithms</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Kernel name</th><th><a href="/facts/CRC32/u2exo4sv">CRC-32 (IEEE)</a></th><th><a href="/facts/CRC32c/u2exo4sv">CRC32c</a></th><th><a href="/facts/MD2_(hash_function)/eycTYeaf">MD2</a></th><th><a href="/facts/MD4/V3dLUpRk">MD4</a></th><th><a href="/facts/MD5/8WIXb9Dq">MD5</a></th><th><a href="/facts/SHA-1/LDYCV1je">SHA-1</a></th><th><a href="/facts/SHA-2/P59oPeGq">SHA-2</a></th><th><a href="/facts/SHA-3/bA3BCp7K">SHA-3</a></th><th>Michael MIC</th><th><a href="/facts/Poly1305/xlqUKmWX">Poly1305</a></th><th><a href="/facts/RIPEMD/z09kTSWX">RIPEMD-128</a></th><th><a href="/facts/RIPEMD/z09kTSWX">RIPEMD-160</a></th><th><a href="/facts/RIPEMD/z09kTSWX">RIPEMD-256</a></th><th><a href="/facts/RIPEMD/z09kTSWX">RIPEMD-320</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Tiger_(hash_function)/xLMxNVV5">Tiger</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Whirlpool_(hash_function)/5d6erXP3">Whirlpool</a></th><th><a href="/facts/HMAC/Qy9WD4V9">HMAC</a></th><th><a href="/facts/MDC-2/cXBRCsMf">MDC-2</a></th><th><a href="/facts/GOST_(hash_function)/7cEUbXDX">GOST</a></th><th>LASH</th><th><a href="/facts/VMAC/uJEEcIm3">VMAC</a></th></tr><tr><th>Linux</th><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167"><sup>167</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168"><sup>168</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169"><sup>169</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170"><sup>170</sup></a></td><td>Partial<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171"><sup>171</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172"><sup>172</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173"><sup>173</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174"><sup>174</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175"><sup>175</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176"><sup>176</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177"><sup>177</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178"><sup>178</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179"><sup>179</sup></a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180"><sup>180</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181"><sup>181</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th>Solaris kernel</th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>Windows NT kernel</th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>FreeBSD kernel</th><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>XNU kernel</th><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>Kernel name</th><th><a href="/facts/CRC32/u2exo4sv">CRC-32 (IEEE)</a></th><th><a href="/facts/CRC32c/u2exo4sv">CRC32c</a></th><th><a href="/facts/MD2_(hash_function)/eycTYeaf">MD2</a></th><th><a href="/facts/MD4/V3dLUpRk">MD4</a></th><th><a href="/facts/MD5/8WIXb9Dq">MD5</a></th><th><a href="/facts/SHA-1/LDYCV1je">SHA-1</a></th><th><a href="/facts/SHA-2/P59oPeGq">SHA-2</a></th><th><a href="/facts/SHA-3/bA3BCp7K">SHA-3</a></th><th>Michael MIC</th><th><a href="/facts/Poly1305/xlqUKmWX">Poly1305</a></th><th><a href="/facts/RIPEMD/z09kTSWX">RIPEMD-128</a></th><th><a href="/facts/RIPEMD/z09kTSWX">RIPEMD-160</a></th><th><a href="/facts/RIPEMD/z09kTSWX">RIPEMD-256</a></th><th><a href="/facts/RIPEMD/z09kTSWX">RIPEMD-320</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Tiger_(hash_function)/xLMxNVV5">Tiger</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Whirlpool_(hash_function)/5d6erXP3">Whirlpool</a></th><th><a href="/facts/HMAC/Qy9WD4V9">HMAC</a></th><th><a href="/facts/MDC2/cXBRCsMf">MDC2</a></th><th><a href="/facts/GOST_(hash_function)/7cEUbXDX">GOST</a></th><th>LASH</th><th><a href="/facts/VMAC/uJEEcIm3">VMAC</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="supported-bluetooth-protocols">Supported Bluetooth protocols</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Kernel name</th><th>ACL</th><th>SCO</th><th>LMP</th><th>HCI</th><th>L2CAP</th><th>BNEP</th><th>RFComm.</th><th>SDP</th><th>TCP</th><th>AVTCP</th><th>AVDTP</th><th>OBEX</th><th>CMTP</th><th>HIDP</th><th>HCRP</th><th>CAPI</th><th>PPP</th></tr><tr><th>FreeBSD kernel</th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>Linux</th><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>macOS XNU Kernel</th><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>Kernel name</th><th>ACL</th><th>SCO</th><th>LMP</th><th>HCI</th><th>L2CAP</th><th>BNEP</th><th>RFComm.</th><th>SDP</th><th>TCP</th><th>AVTCP</th><th>AVDTP</th><th>OBEX</th><th>CMTP</th><th>HIDP</th><th>HCRP</th><th>CAPI</th><th>PPP</th></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="audio-support">Audio support</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Kernel name</th><th>Audio system</th><th>in-kernel mixer</th><th>in-kernel filter</th></tr><tr><th>Linux</th><td><a href="/facts/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture/7c0rSyPv">ALSA</a></td><td><i>?</i></td><td><i>?</i></td></tr><tr><th>Windows NT kernel</th><td><a href="/facts/Windows_legacy_audio_components/rDY2347X">MME</a> / <a href="/facts/Windows_Driver_Model/uY5sVh84">WDM</a> audio / <a href="/facts/Windows_legacy_audio_components/rDY2347X">Kernel Streaming</a> (KS)</td><td>dropped (<a href="/facts/Windows_legacy_audio_components/rDY2347X">KMixer.sys</a>)</td><td>KS Filters</td></tr><tr><th>FreeBSD kernel</th><td><a href="/facts/Open_Sound_System/c0lnCaK7">OSS API</a></td><td>VCHANs in OSS API</td><td><i>?</i></td></tr><tr><th>NetBSD kernel</th><td>native (Sun-like) / <a href="/facts/Open_Sound_System/c0lnCaK7">OSS API</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182"><sup>182</sup></a></td><td>audio_system<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183"><sup>183</sup></a></td><td><i>?</i></td></tr><tr><th>Solaris kernel</th><td>Sun audio API / <a href="/facts/Open_Sound_System/c0lnCaK7">OSS API</a></td><td>Yes</td><td><i>?</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="graphics-support">Graphics support</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Kernel name</th><th><a href="/facts/Framebuffer/kr8I4mm3">Framebuffer</a></th><th>Display management</th><th>Display Mux</th><th>GPU scheduler</th><th>GPU memory management</th><th>in-kernel Remote Desktop</th></tr><tr><th>Linux</th><td><a href="/facts/Linux_framebuffer/lB5KTlR8">Linux framebuffer</a> (fbdev) / <a href="/facts/Direct_Rendering_Manager/AjCBBvrU">Direct Rendering Manager</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Direct_Rendering_Manager/AjCBBvrU">Kernel Mode Setting</a></td><td>VGA Switcheroo<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184"><sup>184</sup></a></td><td>DRM sched<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185"><sup>185</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/DMA-BUF/AjCBBvrU">DMA-BUF</a></td><td>No</td></tr><tr><th>Windows NT kernel</th><td>Dxgkrnl.sys</td><td>VidPN Manager in Dxgkrnl.sys<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186"><sup>186</sup></a></td><td><i>?</i></td><td>VidSch in Dxgkrnl<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187"><sup>187</sup></a></td><td>VidMm in Dxgkrnl.sys, Dxgmms1.sys, and Dxgmms2.sys<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188"><sup>188</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Remote_Desktop_Services/4b05uM5B">RdpDD.sys / RdpWD.sys</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems/mVuFaRgU">Comparison of open-source operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_Linux_distributions/DI2AtKjE">Comparison of Linux distributions</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_BSD_operating_systems/4sKS4Lht">Comparison of BSD operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions/vJU0qps1">Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_operating_systems/4RXwc2Rf">List of operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_file_systems/M7ynsI2z">Comparison of file systems</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_operating_systems/HGP8eckk">Comparison of operating systems</a></li></ul> <h2 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h2> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Kernel Definition". The Linux Information Project. Retrieved 4 March 2015. <a href="http://www.linfo.org/kernel.html" target="_blank">http://www.linfo.org/kernel.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Kernel in Operating System". GeeksforGeeks. 2020-07-23. Retrieved 2025-05-31. <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/kernel-in-operating-system/" target="_blank">https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/kernel-in-operating-system/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>IBM PC Real Time Clock should run in UT <a href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/mswish/ut-rtc.html" target="_blank">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/mswish/ut-rtc.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>The Amiga hardware lacked support for memory protection, so the strong isolation goals of the microkernel design could not be achieved.[citation needed] <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" target="_blank">/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Chapter 14. Security". FreeBSD Handbook. <a href="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/books/handbook/fs-acl.html" target="_blank">http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/books/handbook/fs-acl.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>setfacl(1) – FreeBSD General Commands Manual <a href="https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=setfacl&sektion=1" target="_blank">https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=setfacl&sektion=1</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>www.gnu.org/software/hurd/faq/smp.html <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/faq/smp.html" target="_blank">https://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/faq/smp.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>www.gnu.org/software/hurd/faq/smp.html <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/faq/smp.html" target="_blank">https://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/faq/smp.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"The Fiasco microkernel - Status". Retrieved January 11, 2013. <a href="http://os.inf.tu-dresden.de/fiasco/features.html" target="_blank">http://os.inf.tu-dresden.de/fiasco/features.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"The Fiasco microkernel - Status". Retrieved January 11, 2013. <a href="http://os.inf.tu-dresden.de/fiasco/features.html" target="_blank">http://os.inf.tu-dresden.de/fiasco/features.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"The Fiasco microkernel - Status". Retrieved January 11, 2013. <a href="http://os.inf.tu-dresden.de/fiasco/features.html" target="_blank">http://os.inf.tu-dresden.de/fiasco/features.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Linux Kernel FAQ". <a href="https://kernel.org/category/faq.html" target="_blank">https://kernel.org/category/faq.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>A full task-isolation mode for the kernel [1] <a href="https://lwn.net/Articles/816298/" target="_blank">https://lwn.net/Articles/816298/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Supports ELF since version 3.2.0 "MinixReleases". Minix Wiki. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531025416/http://wiki.minix3.org/en/MinixReleases" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120531025416/http://wiki.minix3.org/en/MinixReleases</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>a.out will be phased out in coming releases. van der Kouwe, Erik. "Re: ~Segmentation [Was: Minix3 for sparc]". Minix3 for sparc. Google Groups. Retrieved 21 May 2012. <a href="https://groups.google.com/group/minix3/msg/faa0560e441f32a0" target="_blank">https://groups.google.com/group/minix3/msg/faa0560e441f32a0</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Commit to remove a.out utils from minix; only supports running a.out now. Leca, Antoine. "3fb8cb760c9075fab05682b89b1542d66481ba58". minix.git. Retrieved 21 May 2012. <a href="http://git.minix3.org/?p=minix.git;a=commit;h=3fb8cb760c9075fab05682b89b1542d66481ba58" target="_blank">http://git.minix3.org/?p=minix.git;a=commit;h=3fb8cb760c9075fab05682b89b1542d66481ba58</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Announcing NetBSD 5.0". <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-5/NetBSD-5.0.html" target="_blank">http://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-5/NetBSD-5.0.html</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Event Tracing". Microsoft Docs. 7 January 2021. <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/etw/event-tracing-portal?redirectedfrom=MSDN" target="_blank">https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/etw/event-tracing-portal?redirectedfrom=MSDN</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"IBM PC Real Time Clock should run in UT". <a href="https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/mswish/ut-rtc.html" target="_blank">https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/mswish/ut-rtc.html</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Chapter 10. Kernel Debugging - FreeBSD Documentation Portal. The FreeBSD Project <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/developers-handbook/kerneldebug/" target="_blank">https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/developers-handbook/kerneldebug/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Google Developing "Live Update Orchestrator" As New Means Of Live Linux Kernel Updates. Phoronix. March 20, 2025 <a href="https://www.phoronix.com/news/Google-Live-Update-Orchestrator" target="_blank">https://www.phoronix.com/news/Google-Live-Update-Orchestrator</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>crash(8) - OpenBSD manual pages <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/crash" target="_blank">https://man.openbsd.org/crash</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Core Dump Management on the Solaris OS. Oracle. June 2007 <a href="https://www.oracle.com/solaris/technologies/core-dump-management.html" target="_blank">https://www.oracle.com/solaris/technologies/core-dump-management.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Hotpatching on Windows. Microsoft. November 20, 2021 <a href="https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/blog/windowsosplatform/hotpatching-on-windows/2959541" target="_blank">https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/blog/windowsosplatform/hotpatching-on-windows/2959541</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>DragonFly's Major Features List. DragonFly Project. <a href="https://www.dragonflybsd.org/features/" target="_blank">https://www.dragonflybsd.org/features/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>DragonFly's Major Features List. DragonFly Project. <a href="https://www.dragonflybsd.org/features/" target="_blank">https://www.dragonflybsd.org/features/</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages : sys_checkpoint(2) <a href="https://www.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=sys_checkpoint§ion=2" target="_blank">https://www.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=sys_checkpoint§ion=2</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>DragonFly BSD - history. DragonFly Project. <a href="https://www.dragonflybsd.org/history/" target="_blank">https://www.dragonflybsd.org/history/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>FreeBSD 14.0-RELEASE Announcement. FreeBSD Project. <a href="https://www.freebsd.org/releases/14.0R/announce/" target="_blank">https://www.freebsd.org/releases/14.0R/announce/</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>RoCE as a performance accelerator. FreeBSD Project. 2018. <a href="http://papers.freebsd.org/2018/bsdcan/shwartsman-roce_as_a_performance_accelerator/" target="_blank">http://papers.freebsd.org/2018/bsdcan/shwartsman-roce_as_a_performance_accelerator/</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>ntb. FreeBSD Project. <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ntb" target="_blank">https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ntb</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>NTB Drivers. kernel.org. <a href="https://docs.kernel.org/driver-api/ntb.html" target="_blank">https://docs.kernel.org/driver-api/ntb.html</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>FreeBSD Foundation: A Year of Sponsored Development in 2024. FreeBSD Foundation. December 20, 2024 <a href="https://freebsdfoundation.org/blog/freebsd-foundation-a-year-of-sponsored-development-in-2024/" target="_blank">https://freebsdfoundation.org/blog/freebsd-foundation-a-year-of-sponsored-development-in-2024/</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>FreeBSD Foundation: A Year of Sponsored Development in 2024. FreeBSD Foundation. December 20, 2024 <a href="https://freebsdfoundation.org/blog/freebsd-foundation-a-year-of-sponsored-development-in-2024/" target="_blank">https://freebsdfoundation.org/blog/freebsd-foundation-a-year-of-sponsored-development-in-2024/</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Priority Inversion. Microsoft <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/procthread/priority-inversion" target="_blank">https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/procthread/priority-inversion</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Cloudflare Talks Up Multi-Path TCP But Dings Linux's Less Than Ideal Support. Phoronix. January 3, 2025. <a href="https://www.phoronix.com/news/Cloudflare-MPTCP-Multi-Path-TCP" target="_blank">https://www.phoronix.com/news/Cloudflare-MPTCP-Multi-Path-TCP</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>RFC 2003 <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>RFC 1933, RFC 2893, and RFC 4213 <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages : ppp(4). DragonFly Projects <a href="https://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=ppp§ion=4" target="_blank">https://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=ppp§ion=4</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages : vlan(4). DragonFly Projects <a href="https://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=vlan§ion=4" target="_blank">https://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=vlan§ion=4</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages : gre(4). DragonFly Projects <a href="https://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=gre§ion=4" target="_blank">https://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=gre§ion=4</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages : gif(4). DragonFly Projects <a href="https://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=gif§ion=4" target="_blank">https://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=gif§ion=4</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>FreeBSD Handbook Chapter 28 PPP and SLIP. The FreeBSD Project <a href="https://docs-archive.freebsd.org/doc/6.4-RELEASE/usr/share/doc/en/books/handbook/ppp-and-slip.html" target="_blank">https://docs-archive.freebsd.org/doc/6.4-RELEASE/usr/share/doc/en/books/handbook/ppp-and-slip.html</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>FreeBSD Manual Pages - Kernel Interfaces Manual - VLAN(4) <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?vlan" target="_blank">https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?vlan</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>FreeBSD Manual Pages - Kernel Interfaces Manual - GRE(4). The FreeBSD Project <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gre" target="_blank">https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gre</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>FreeBSD Manual Pages - Kernel Interfaces Manual - GIF(4). The FreeBSD Project <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gif" target="_blank">https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gif</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>FreeBSD 10.2-RELEASE Release Notes. The FreeBSD Project <a href="https://www.freebsd.org/releases/10.2R/relnotes/" target="_blank">https://www.freebsd.org/releases/10.2R/relnotes/</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>PPP (point-to-point protocol) support. kernelconfig.io <a href="https://www.kernelconfig.io/config_ppp" target="_blank">https://www.kernelconfig.io/config_ppp</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit). kernelconfig.io <a href="https://www.kernelconfig.io/config_net_ethernet" target="_blank">https://www.kernelconfig.io/config_net_ethernet</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>PPP over Ethernet. kernelconfig.io <a href="https://www.kernelconfig.io/config_pppoe" target="_blank">https://www.kernelconfig.io/config_pppoe</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>802.1Q/802.1ad VLAN Support. kernelconfig.io <a href="https://www.kernelconfig.io/config_vlan_8021q" target="_blank">https://www.kernelconfig.io/config_vlan_8021q</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>MultiProtocol Label Switching. kernelconfig.io <a href="https://www.kernelconfig.io/config_mpls" target="_blank">https://www.kernelconfig.io/config_mpls</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>L2TPv3 support. kernelconfig.io <a href="https://www.kernelconfig.io/config_l2tp_v3" target="_blank">https://www.kernelconfig.io/config_l2tp_v3</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>IP: GRE tunnels over IP. kernelconfig.io <a href="https://www.kernelconfig.io/CONFIG_NET_IPGRE" target="_blank">https://www.kernelconfig.io/CONFIG_NET_IPGRE</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>IP: tunneling. kernelconfig.io <a href="https://www.kernelconfig.io/CONFIG_NET_IPIP" target="_blank">https://www.kernelconfig.io/CONFIG_NET_IPIP</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>IPv6: IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnel (SIT driver). kernelconfig.io <a href="https://www.kernelconfig.io/config_ipv6_sit" target="_blank">https://www.kernelconfig.io/config_ipv6_sit</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>PPtP protocol support. kernelconfig.io <a href="https://www.kernelconfig.io/config_nf_conntrack_pptp" target="_blank">https://www.kernelconfig.io/config_nf_conntrack_pptp</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>PPP over L2TP. kernelconfig.io <a href="https://www.kernelconfig.io/config_pppol2tp" target="_blank">https://www.kernelconfig.io/config_pppol2tp</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Virtual eXtensible Local Area Network (VXLAN). kernelconfig.io <a href="https://www.kernelconfig.io/config_vxlan" target="_blank">https://www.kernelconfig.io/config_vxlan</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>ppp(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project <a href="https://man.netbsd.org/ppp.4" target="_blank">https://man.netbsd.org/ppp.4</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>pppoe(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project <a href="https://man.netbsd.org/pppoe.4" target="_blank">https://man.netbsd.org/pppoe.4</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>vlan(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project <a href="https://man.netbsd.org/vlan.4" target="_blank">https://man.netbsd.org/vlan.4</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>mpls(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project <a href="https://man.netbsd.org/mpls.4" target="_blank">https://man.netbsd.org/mpls.4</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>l2tp(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project <a href="https://man.netbsd.org/l2tp.4" target="_blank">https://man.netbsd.org/l2tp.4</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>gre(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project <a href="https://man.netbsd.org/gre.4" target="_blank">https://man.netbsd.org/gre.4</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>gif(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project <a href="https://man.netbsd.org/gif.4" target="_blank">https://man.netbsd.org/gif.4</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>ppp(4) - OpenBSD manual pages. OpenBSD Project <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/OpenBSD-5.2/ppp.4" target="_blank">https://man.openbsd.org/OpenBSD-5.2/ppp.4</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>pppoe(4) - OpenBSD manual pages. OpenBSD Project <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/OpenBSD-5.2/pppoe.4" target="_blank">https://man.openbsd.org/OpenBSD-5.2/pppoe.4</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>vlan(4) - OpenBSD manual pages. OpenBSD Project <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/vlan.4" target="_blank">https://man.openbsd.org/vlan.4</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>vlan(4) - OpenBSD manual pages. OpenBSD Project <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/vlan.4" target="_blank">https://man.openbsd.org/vlan.4</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>OpenBSD 5.8 Changelog. OpenBSD Project <a href="https://www.openbsd.org/plus58.html" target="_blank">https://www.openbsd.org/plus58.html</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>gre(4) - OpenBSD manual pages. OpenBSD Project <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/gre.4" target="_blank">https://man.openbsd.org/gre.4</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>gre(4) - OpenBSD manual pages. OpenBSD Project <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/gre.4" target="_blank">https://man.openbsd.org/gre.4</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>gif(4) - OpenBSD manual pages. OpenBSD Project <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/gif.4" target="_blank">https://man.openbsd.org/gif.4</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>CVS: cvs.openbsd.org: src. OpenBSD Project <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180921190919/http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.os.openbsd.cvs/123361" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180921190919/http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.os.openbsd.cvs/123361</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>GRE Tunneling in Windows Server 2016. Microsoft. November 2, 2024 <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/remote/remote-access/ras-gateway/gre-tunneling-windows-server" target="_blank">https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/remote/remote-access/ras-gateway/gre-tunneling-windows-server</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>Edward Horley. "Practical IPv6 for Windows Administrators" p.12. December 27, 2013. ISBN 978-1430263708 <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>"Syn attack protection on Windows Vista, Windows 2008, Windows 7, Windows 2008 R2, Windows 8/8.1, Windows 2012 and Windows 2012 R2". June 2010. SynAttack protection is enabled by default and cannot be disabled <a href="https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/nettracer/2010/06/01/syn-attack-protection-on-windows-vista-windows-2008-windows-7-windows-2008-r2-windows-88-1-windows-2012-and-windows-2012-r2/" target="_blank">https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/nettracer/2010/06/01/syn-attack-protection-on-windows-vista-windows-2008-windows-7-windows-2008-r2-windows-88-1-windows-2012-and-windows-2012-r2/</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>"Elementary Information Security, Second Edition, Chapter 4 "Sharing Files"" (PDF). Section 4.4 "Microsoft Windows ACLs". The ACLs used in Macintosh OS X and Sun's Solaris operating system are similar to those in Windows to ensure they work well together. <a href="http://samples.jbpub.com/9781284055931/9781284071276_CH04_133_170.pdf" target="_blank">http://samples.jbpub.com/9781284055931/9781284071276_CH04_133_170.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>iOS Extraction Without a Jailbreak: Full iOS 9 Support, Simplified File System Extraction. ElcomSoft. August 6, 2020 <a href="https://blog.elcomsoft.com/2020/08/ios-extraction-without-a-jailbreak-full-ios-9-support-simplified-file-system-extraction/" target="_blank">https://blog.elcomsoft.com/2020/08/ios-extraction-without-a-jailbreak-full-ios-9-support-simplified-file-system-extraction/</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>"Windows 10 Device Guard and Credential Guard Demystified". Ash's Blog. Retrieved 2018-03-28. <a href="https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/ash/2016/03/02/windows-10-device-guard-and-credential-guard-demystified/" target="_blank">https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/ash/2016/03/02/windows-10-device-guard-and-credential-guard-demystified/</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>doc/Documentation/networking/tls.txt kernel.org <a href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/tls.txt" target="_blank">https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/tls.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>"Web security - tempesta-tech/tempesta Wiki". Tempesta Technologies INC. October 31, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2018. <a href="https://github.com/tempesta-tech/tempesta/wiki/Web-security" target="_blank">https://github.com/tempesta-tech/tempesta/wiki/Web-security</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:84"><p>Ziehau, Sepherosa (2013-05-22). "socket: Extend SO_REUSEPORT to distribute workload to available sockets". DragonFly Project Source. Retrieved 2024-07-31. <a href="http://gitweb.dragonflybsd.org/dragonfly.git/commitdiff/740d1d9f7b7bf9c9c021abb8197718d7a2d441c9" target="_blank">http://gitweb.dragonflybsd.org/dragonfly.git/commitdiff/740d1d9f7b7bf9c9c021abb8197718d7a2d441c9</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>Lundberg, Johannes (2018-06-06). "Load balance sockets with new SO_REUSEPORT_LB option". Retrieved 2024-07-31. <a href="https://svnweb.freebsd.org/base?view=revision&revision=334719" target="_blank">https://svnweb.freebsd.org/base?view=revision&revision=334719</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:86"><p>"OpenSolaris Project Weaves CIFS Server Into the Solaris Kernel". Archived from the original on 2008-05-22. Retrieved 2009-08-21. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080522124317/http://www.itjungle.com/tug/tug112907-story05.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080522124317/http://www.itjungle.com/tug/tug112907-story05.html</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:87"><p>Integrated Load Balancer <a href="http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E19963-01/html/821-1453/gijjm.html" target="_blank">http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E19963-01/html/821-1453/gijjm.html</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:88"><p>Integrated Load Balancer <a href="http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E19963-01/html/821-1453/gijjm.html" target="_blank">http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E19963-01/html/821-1453/gijjm.html</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:89"><p>AmigaOS up to version 3.9 could use the ELF format for PowerPC executables and libraries through ppc.library, also known as PowerUP. AmigaOS 4, uses ELF as its native executable format. <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" target="_blank">/wiki/AmigaOS_4</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:90"><p>The Linux kernel can recognize PE binaries through binfmt_misc and run them using Wine <a href="/wiki/Binfmt_misc" target="_blank">/wiki/Binfmt_misc</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:91"><p>a.out will be phased out in coming releases. van der Kouwe, Erik. "Re: ~Segmentation [Was: Minix3 for sparc]". Minix3 for sparc. Google Groups. Retrieved 21 May 2012. <a href="https://groups.google.com/group/minix3/msg/faa0560e441f32a0" target="_blank">https://groups.google.com/group/minix3/msg/faa0560e441f32a0</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:92"><p>Commit to remove a.out utils from minix; only supports running a.out now. Leca, Antoine. "3fb8cb760c9075fab05682b89b1542d66481ba58". minix.git. Retrieved 21 May 2012. <a href="http://git.minix3.org/?p=minix.git;a=commit;h=3fb8cb760c9075fab05682b89b1542d66481ba58" target="_blank">http://git.minix3.org/?p=minix.git;a=commit;h=3fb8cb760c9075fab05682b89b1542d66481ba58</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:93"><p>Supports ELF since version 3.2.0 "MinixReleases". Minix Wiki. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531025416/http://wiki.minix3.org/en/MinixReleases" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120531025416/http://wiki.minix3.org/en/MinixReleases</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:94"><p>to support SunOS 4.x binaries <a href="/wiki/SunOS" target="_blank">/wiki/SunOS</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:95"><p>including a Linux compatibility option <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:96"><p>The Solaris kernel can PE using Wine <a href="/wiki/Wine_(software)" target="_blank">/wiki/Wine_(software)</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:97"><p>experimental and dangerous write support <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:98"><p>additional driver needed <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:99"><p>The only supported operation is overwriting existing files, without changing the file length so a loop file on a ntfs volume can be written; better write support can be achieved through ntfs-3g, although that is a FUSE filesystem and therefore not strictly a kernel feature <a href="/wiki/FUSE_(Linux)" target="_blank">/wiki/FUSE_(Linux)</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:100"><p>experimental and dangerous write support <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:101"><p>write support currently broken <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:102"><p>experimental and dangerous write support <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:103"><p>ReactOS Wiki - File Systems <a href="https://reactos.org/wiki/File_Systems" target="_blank">https://reactos.org/wiki/File_Systems</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:104"><p>ReactOS Wiki - File Systems <a href="https://reactos.org/wiki/File_Systems" target="_blank">https://reactos.org/wiki/File_Systems</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:105"><p>ReactOS Wiki - File Systems <a href="https://reactos.org/wiki/File_Systems" target="_blank">https://reactos.org/wiki/File_Systems</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:106"><p>ReactOS Wiki - File Systems <a href="https://reactos.org/wiki/File_Systems" target="_blank">https://reactos.org/wiki/File_Systems</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:107"><p>ReactOS Wiki - File Systems <a href="https://reactos.org/wiki/File_Systems" target="_blank">https://reactos.org/wiki/File_Systems</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:108"><p>ReactOS Wiki - File Systems <a href="https://reactos.org/wiki/File_Systems" target="_blank">https://reactos.org/wiki/File_Systems</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:109"><p>additional driver needed - see https://github.com/maharmstone/btrfs <a href="https://github.com/maharmstone/btrfs" target="_blank">https://github.com/maharmstone/btrfs</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:110"><p>additional driver needed <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:111"><p>additional driver needed - see http://www.fs-driver.org/ <a href="http://www.fs-driver.org/" target="_blank">http://www.fs-driver.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:112"><p>additional driver needed - see http://www.ext2fsd.com Archived 2012-07-23 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.ext2fsd.com" target="_blank">http://www.ext2fsd.com</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:113"><p>additional driver needed - see http://www.ext2fsd.com Archived 2012-07-23 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.ext2fsd.com" target="_blank">http://www.ext2fsd.com</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:114"><p>additional driver needed <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:115"><p>additional driver needed <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:116"><p>additional driver needed - see https://github.com/maharmstone/btrfs <a href="https://github.com/maharmstone/btrfs" target="_blank">https://github.com/maharmstone/btrfs</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:117"><p>Third party module required. Mac OS X Kernel Module available here <a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/ext2fsx/" target="_blank">http://sourceforge.net/projects/ext2fsx/</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:118"><p>Third party module required. Mac OS X Kernel Module available here <a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/ext2fsx/" target="_blank">http://sourceforge.net/projects/ext2fsx/</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:119"><p>"FreeBSD supported platforms". <a href="https://www.freebsd.org/platforms/" target="_blank">https://www.freebsd.org/platforms/</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:120"><p>"FreeBSD supported platforms". <a href="https://www.freebsd.org/platforms/" target="_blank">https://www.freebsd.org/platforms/</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:121"><p>"FreeBSD supported platforms". <a href="https://www.freebsd.org/platforms/" target="_blank">https://www.freebsd.org/platforms/</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:122"><p>"FreeBSD supported platforms". <a href="https://www.freebsd.org/platforms/" target="_blank">https://www.freebsd.org/platforms/</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:123"><p>Larabel, Michael (2 April 2018). "Linux Set To Shed Nearly 500k Lines Of Code By Dropping Old CPUs - Phoronix". Phoronix. Phoronix Media. Retrieved 2018-04-22. The architectures on the chopping block for Linux 4.17 are Blackfin, CRIS, FRV, M32R, Metag, MN10300, Score, and Tile <a href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-4.17-Gutting-Old-CPUs" target="_blank">https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-4.17-Gutting-Old-CPUs</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:124"><p>Larabel, Michael (2 April 2018). "Linux Set To Shed Nearly 500k Lines Of Code By Dropping Old CPUs - Phoronix". Phoronix. Phoronix Media. Retrieved 2018-04-22. The architectures on the chopping block for Linux 4.17 are Blackfin, CRIS, FRV, M32R, Metag, MN10300, Score, and Tile <a href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-4.17-Gutting-Old-CPUs" target="_blank">https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-4.17-Gutting-Old-CPUs</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:125"><p>Larabel, Michael (2 April 2018). "Linux Set To Shed Nearly 500k Lines Of Code By Dropping Old CPUs - Phoronix". Phoronix. Phoronix Media. Retrieved 2018-04-22. The architectures on the chopping block for Linux 4.17 are Blackfin, CRIS, FRV, M32R, Metag, MN10300, Score, and Tile <a href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-4.17-Gutting-Old-CPUs" target="_blank">https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-4.17-Gutting-Old-CPUs</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:126"><p>Larabel, Michael (2 April 2018). "Linux Set To Shed Nearly 500k Lines Of Code By Dropping Old CPUs - Phoronix". Phoronix. Phoronix Media. Retrieved 2018-04-22. The architectures on the chopping block for Linux 4.17 are Blackfin, CRIS, FRV, M32R, Metag, MN10300, Score, and Tile <a href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-4.17-Gutting-Old-CPUs" target="_blank">https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-4.17-Gutting-Old-CPUs</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:127"><p>Larabel, Michael (2 April 2018). "Linux Set To Shed Nearly 500k Lines Of Code By Dropping Old CPUs - Phoronix". Phoronix. Phoronix Media. Retrieved 2018-04-22. The architectures on the chopping block for Linux 4.17 are Blackfin, CRIS, FRV, M32R, Metag, MN10300, Score, and Tile <a href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-4.17-Gutting-Old-CPUs" target="_blank">https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-4.17-Gutting-Old-CPUs</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:128"><p>Larabel, Michael (2 April 2018). "Linux Set To Shed Nearly 500k Lines Of Code By Dropping Old CPUs - Phoronix". Phoronix. Phoronix Media. Retrieved 2018-04-22. The architectures on the chopping block for Linux 4.17 are Blackfin, CRIS, FRV, M32R, Metag, MN10300, Score, and Tile <a href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-4.17-Gutting-Old-CPUs" target="_blank">https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-4.17-Gutting-Old-CPUs</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:129"><p>Larabel, Michael (2 April 2018). "Linux Set To Shed Nearly 500k Lines Of Code By Dropping Old CPUs - Phoronix". Phoronix. Phoronix Media. Retrieved 2018-04-22. The architectures on the chopping block for Linux 4.17 are Blackfin, CRIS, FRV, M32R, Metag, MN10300, Score, and Tile <a href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-4.17-Gutting-Old-CPUs" target="_blank">https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-4.17-Gutting-Old-CPUs</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:130"><p>NetBSD Projects - Support for MMU-less systems <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/contrib/projects.html#mmu-less" target="_blank">http://www.netbsd.org/contrib/projects.html#mmu-less</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:131"><p>NetBSD Projects - Support for MMU-less systems <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/contrib/projects.html#mmu-less" target="_blank">http://www.netbsd.org/contrib/projects.html#mmu-less</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:132"><p>NetBSD Projects - Support for MMU-less systems <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/contrib/projects.html#mmu-less" target="_blank">http://www.netbsd.org/contrib/projects.html#mmu-less</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:133"><p>NetBSD Projects - Support for MMU-less systems <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/contrib/projects.html#mmu-less" target="_blank">http://www.netbsd.org/contrib/projects.html#mmu-less</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:134"><p>NetBSD Projects - Support for MMU-less systems <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/contrib/projects.html#mmu-less" target="_blank">http://www.netbsd.org/contrib/projects.html#mmu-less</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:135"><p>"OpenBSD/Vax". <a href="https://www.openbsd.org/vax.html" target="_blank">https://www.openbsd.org/vax.html</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:136"><p>Official FreeRTOS Ports, Amazon Web Services, Inc. <a href="https://www.freertos.org/RTOS_ports.html" target="_blank">https://www.freertos.org/RTOS_ports.html</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:137"><p>Official FreeRTOS Ports, Amazon Web Services, Inc. <a href="https://www.freertos.org/RTOS_ports.html" target="_blank">https://www.freertos.org/RTOS_ports.html</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:138"><p>Official FreeRTOS Ports, Amazon Web Services, Inc. <a href="https://www.freertos.org/RTOS_ports.html" target="_blank">https://www.freertos.org/RTOS_ports.html</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:139"><p>Official FreeRTOS Ports, Amazon Web Services, Inc. <a href="https://www.freertos.org/RTOS_ports.html" target="_blank">https://www.freertos.org/RTOS_ports.html</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:140"><p>Official FreeRTOS Ports, Amazon Web Services, Inc. <a href="https://www.freertos.org/RTOS_ports.html" target="_blank">https://www.freertos.org/RTOS_ports.html</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:141"><p>Official FreeRTOS Ports, Amazon Web Services, Inc. <a href="https://www.freertos.org/RTOS_ports.html" target="_blank">https://www.freertos.org/RTOS_ports.html</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:142"><p>Official FreeRTOS Ports, Amazon Web Services, Inc. <a href="https://www.freertos.org/RTOS_ports.html" target="_blank">https://www.freertos.org/RTOS_ports.html</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:143"><p>Official FreeRTOS Ports, Amazon Web Services, Inc. <a href="https://www.freertos.org/RTOS_ports.html" target="_blank">https://www.freertos.org/RTOS_ports.html</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:144"><p>Official FreeRTOS Ports, Amazon Web Services, Inc. <a href="https://www.freertos.org/RTOS_ports.html" target="_blank">https://www.freertos.org/RTOS_ports.html</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:145"><p>Official FreeRTOS Ports, Amazon Web Services, Inc. <a href="https://www.freertos.org/RTOS_ports.html" target="_blank">https://www.freertos.org/RTOS_ports.html</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:146"><p>The GMA500 GPU has a PowerVR in it. The GMA500 Kconfig, mention that it is a 2D KMS driver. <a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/drivers/gpu/drm/gma500/Kconfig?h=v5.8-rc4" target="_blank">https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/drivers/gpu/drm/gma500/Kconfig?h=v5.8-rc4</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:147"><p>There is also a driver for the dreamcast PowerVR but it is only a Framebuffer driver as explained in the fbdev Kconfig <a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/drivers/video/fbdev/Kconfig#n807" target="_blank">https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/drivers/video/fbdev/Kconfig#n807</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:148"><p>Intel Atom integrated graphics card for Windows 8 tablet is based on a PowerVR <a href="https://www.notebookcheck.net/Intel-Atom-Z2760-Notebook-Processor.82818.0.html" target="_blank">https://www.notebookcheck.net/Intel-Atom-Z2760-Notebook-Processor.82818.0.html</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:149"><p>Raspberry VideoCore 4 support on Windows Microsoft doesn't have plan for OpenGL on UWP also Broadcom doesn't have plan for DirectX <a href="https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=286799" target="_blank">https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=286799</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:150"><p>Linux emulation in FreeBSD - 2 A look inside... <a href="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/articles/linux-emulation/inside.html" target="_blank">http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/articles/linux-emulation/inside.html</a> <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:151"><p>Linux emulation in FreeBSD - 2 A look inside... <a href="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/articles/linux-emulation/inside.html" target="_blank">http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/articles/linux-emulation/inside.html</a> <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:152"><p>Linux emulation in FreeBSD - 2 A look inside... <a href="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/articles/linux-emulation/inside.html" target="_blank">http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/articles/linux-emulation/inside.html</a> <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:153"><p>NetBSD Binary Emulation <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/docs/compat.html" target="_blank">http://www.netbsd.org/docs/compat.html</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:154"><p>NetBSD Binary Emulation <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/docs/compat.html" target="_blank">http://www.netbsd.org/docs/compat.html</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:155"><p>NetBSD Binary Emulation <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/docs/compat.html" target="_blank">http://www.netbsd.org/docs/compat.html</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:156"><p>NetBSD Binary Emulation <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/docs/compat.html" target="_blank">http://www.netbsd.org/docs/compat.html</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:157"><p>NetBSD Binary Emulation <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/docs/compat.html" target="_blank">http://www.netbsd.org/docs/compat.html</a> <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:158"><p>NetBSD Binary Emulation <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/docs/compat.html" target="_blank">http://www.netbsd.org/docs/compat.html</a> <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:159"><p>NetBSD Binary Emulation <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/docs/compat.html" target="_blank">http://www.netbsd.org/docs/compat.html</a> <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:160"><p>NetBSD Binary Emulation <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/docs/compat.html" target="_blank">http://www.netbsd.org/docs/compat.html</a> <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:161"><p>NetBSD Binary Emulation <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/docs/compat.html" target="_blank">http://www.netbsd.org/docs/compat.html</a> <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:162"><p>NetBSD Binary Emulation <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/docs/compat.html" target="_blank">http://www.netbsd.org/docs/compat.html</a> <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:163"><p>"Summer of Code:NDIS on NetBSD". <a href="http://netbsd-soc.sourceforge.net/projects/ndis/" target="_blank">http://netbsd-soc.sourceforge.net/projects/ndis/</a> <a href="#fnref:163" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:164"><p>"Crc32_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". <a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/crc32_generic.c" target="_blank">https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/crc32_generic.c</a> <a href="#fnref:164" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:165"><p>"Crc32.c « lib - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". <a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/lib/crc32.c" target="_blank">https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/lib/crc32.c</a> <a href="#fnref:165" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:166"><p>"Crc32c_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". <a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/crc32c_generic.c" target="_blank">https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/crc32c_generic.c</a> <a href="#fnref:166" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:167"><p>"Md4.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". <a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/md4.c" target="_blank">https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/md4.c</a> <a href="#fnref:167" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:168"><p>"Md5.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". <a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/md5.c" target="_blank">https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/md5.c</a> <a href="#fnref:168" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:169"><p>"Sha1_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". <a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/sha1_generic.c" target="_blank">https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/sha1_generic.c</a> <a href="#fnref:169" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:170"><p>"Sha256_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". <a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/sha256_generic.c" target="_blank">https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/sha256_generic.c</a> <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:171"><p>"Sha3_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". <a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/sha3_generic.c" target="_blank">https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/sha3_generic.c</a> <a href="#fnref:171" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:172"><p>"Michael_mic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". <a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/michael_mic.c" target="_blank">https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/michael_mic.c</a> <a href="#fnref:172" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:173"><p>"Poly1305_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". <a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/poly1305_generic.c" target="_blank">https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/poly1305_generic.c</a> <a href="#fnref:173" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:174"><p>https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd128.c [dead link] <a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd128.c" target="_blank">https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd128.c</a> <a href="#fnref:174" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:175"><p>"Rmd160.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". <a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd160.c" target="_blank">https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd160.c</a> <a href="#fnref:175" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:176"><p>https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd256.c [dead link] <a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd256.c" target="_blank">https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd256.c</a> <a href="#fnref:176" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:177"><p>https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd320.c [dead link] <a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd320.c" target="_blank">https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd320.c</a> <a href="#fnref:177" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:178"><p>https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/tgr192.c [dead link] <a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/tgr192.c" target="_blank">https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/tgr192.c</a> <a href="#fnref:178" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:179"><p>"Wp512.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". <a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/wp512.c" target="_blank">https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/wp512.c</a> <a href="#fnref:179" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:180"><p>"Hmac.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". <a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/hmac.c" target="_blank">https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/hmac.c</a> <a href="#fnref:180" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:181"><p>"Vmac.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". <a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/vmac.c" target="_blank">https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/vmac.c</a> <a href="#fnref:181" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:182"><p>in OSS APIhe_future Improving libossaudio, and the future of OSS in NetBSD. NetBSD Project. April 27, 2020 <a href="https://blog.netbsd.org/tnf/entry/improving_libossaudio_and_tVCHANs" target="_blank">https://blog.netbsd.org/tnf/entry/improving_libossaudio_and_tVCHANs</a> <a href="#fnref:182" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:183"><p>audio_system(9) - NetBSD Manual Pages. NetBSD Project <a href="https://man.netbsd.org/NetBSD-8.0/audio_system.9" target="_blank">https://man.netbsd.org/NetBSD-8.0/audio_system.9</a> <a href="#fnref:183" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:184"><p>NVIDIA Is Helping To Improve Linux's Dynamic Display Mux Support For Laptops. Phoronix. 14 October 2024. <a href="https://www.phoronix.com/news/NVIDIA-Dynamic-Display-Mux-2024" target="_blank">https://www.phoronix.com/news/NVIDIA-Dynamic-Display-Mux-2024</a> <a href="#fnref:184" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:185"><p>Deadline Scheduling Policy Being Experimented With For Linux Graphics Drivers. Phoronix. December 30, 2024. <a href="https://www.phoronix.com/news/Deadline-DRM-Scheduler-RFC" target="_blank">https://www.phoronix.com/news/Deadline-DRM-Scheduler-RFC</a> <a href="#fnref:185" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:186"><p>Introduction to Video Present Networks. Microsoft. December 15, 2021. <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/display/introduction-to-video-present-networks" target="_blank">https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/display/introduction-to-video-present-networks</a> <a href="#fnref:186" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:187"><p>WDDM Architecture. Microsoft. October 2, 2024. <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/display/windows-vista-and-later-display-driver-model-architecture" target="_blank">https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/display/windows-vista-and-later-display-driver-model-architecture</a> <a href="#fnref:187" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:188"><p>Video Memory Management and GPU Scheduling. Microsoft. July 3, 2024. <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/display/video-memory-management-and-gpu-scheduling" target="_blank">https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/display/video-memory-management-and-gpu-scheduling</a> <a href="#fnref:188" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>