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<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p>The word entered English from <a href="/facts/Turkish_language/C5X56Ijp">Turkish</a> <i>bey</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a>. Its <a href="/facts/Old_Turkic/EIq0WJ0q">Old Turkic</a> cognate <i>beg</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> which – in the form <i>bäg</i> – has been mentioned as early as in the 8th century AD <a href="/facts/Orkhon_inscriptions/0ECegseV">Orkhon inscriptions</a> and is usually translated as "tribal leader".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The actual origin of the word is still disputed, though it is mostly agreed that it was a loan-word,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> in Old Turkic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> This Turkic word is usually considered a borrowing from an Iranian language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> However, German Turkologist <a href="/facts/Gerhard_Doerfer/oI0qSyvU">Gerhard Doerfer</a> assessed the derivation from Iranian as superficially attractive but quite uncertain,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> and pointed out the possibility that the word may be genuinely <a href="/facts/Turkic_languages/RXqsmfgh">Turkic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Two principal etymologies have been proposed by scholars: </p> <ol><li>the <a href="/facts/Middle_Persian/gDkd45qF">Middle Persian</a> title <i>bag</i> (also <i>baγ</i> or <i>βaγ</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Iranian_languages/JaJyqM4t">Old Iranian</a> <i>baga</i>; cf. <a href="/facts/Sanskrit/ychfjhlx">Sanskrit</a> भग / <i><a href="/facts/Bhaga/95452rXP">bhaga</a></i>) meaning "lord" and "master".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Peter_Benjamin_Golden/3xa4WxCH">Peter Golden</a> derives the word via <a href="/facts/Sogdian_language/yMPGFtBu">Sogdian</a> <i>bġy</i> from the same <a href="/facts/Iranian_languages/JaJyqM4t">Iranian</a> root.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> All <a href="/facts/Iranian_languages/JaJyqM4t">Middle Iranian</a> languages retain forms derived from <i>baga-</i> in the sense "god": Middle Persian <i>bay</i> (plur. <i>bayān</i>, <i>baʾān</i>), <a href="/facts/Parthian_language/ky9xW3Vk">Parthian</a> <i>baγ</i>, <a href="/facts/Bactrian_language/gM8bVKwJ">Bactrian</a> <i>bago</i>, Sogdian <i>βγ-</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> and were used as honorific titles of kings and other men of high rank in the meaning of "lord".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> The Iranian <i>bāy</i> (through connection with Old Indian noun <i>bhāgá</i> "possessions, lot"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a>) gave the now-obsolete Turkish word <i>bay</i> (rich); compare Mongolian <i>Bayan</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li>the <a href="/facts/Old_Chinese/913bNFLp">Chinese</a> title <i>pö</i> (伯 <a href="/facts/Standard_Chinese/ofl48GA8">Mandarin</a> <i>bó</i>; its historical pronunciation being <i>pök</i> or <i>pak</i> or <i>perjk</i>, as reconstructed <a href="/facts/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank/lofwTUIq">Edwin Pulleyblank</a>), meaning <i>older brother</i> and <a href="/facts/Chinese_nobility/l1vV7H4w"><i>feudal lord</i></a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li></ol> <p>It was also used by the <a href="/facts/Uyghurs/SUNJlkjn">Uyghurs</a>. It permitted the <a href="/facts/Turkic_peoples/ocd7rpI3">Turkic</a> Begs in the <a href="/facts/Altishahr/o3kfyEtr">Altishahr</a> region to maintain their previous status, and they administered the area for the <a href="/facts/Qing/5j6r4p5m">Qing</a> as officials.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> High-ranking Begs were allowed to call themselves Begs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="turkish-beys">Turkish beys</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Lucy_Mary_Jane_Garnett/IMQvovhY">Lucy Mary Jane Garnett</a> wrote in the 1904 work <i>Turkish Life in Town and Country</i> that "distinguished persons and their sons" as well as "high government officials" could become <i>bey</i>, which was one of two "merely conventional designations as indefinite as our '<a href="/facts/Esquire/phTqt3BR">Esquire</a>' has come to be [in the United Kingdom]".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p><p>The Republican Turkish authorities abolished the title circa the 1930s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>However, it is important to note that the title Bey, Baig or <a href="/facts/Begum/y9z2ggL2">Begum</a>, <a href="/facts/Begzada/Ky3uDWty">Begzada</a> and <a href="/facts/U%25C3%25A7_Bey/0HkWepf7">Uç Bey</a> are regarded as comparable to the European nobility with the title of <a href="/facts/Viscount/FjrqlzFg">Viscount</a>, while <a href="/facts/Sanjak-bey/CNRQFU6g">Sancak-beys</a> and <a href="/facts/Atabeg/5BJQRDdP">Atabegs</a> are considered to be of an equivalent rank to <a href="/facts/Earl/xPzkx4yT">earls</a> or <a href="/facts/Count/kSkKcsK1">counts</a> in the context of European nobility.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="beys-elsewhere">Beys elsewhere</h2> <p> The title <i>bey</i> (<a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: بيه Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [beː]) was also called <i>beyk</i> or <i>bek</i> (بيك) – from Turkish <i>beyg</i> (بيـگ) – in North Africa, including Egypt.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> A bey could maintain a similar office within Arab states that broke away from the <a href="/facts/High_Porte/fGobAwAd">High Porte</a>, such as <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a> and <a href="/facts/Sudan/yGeaNdvS">Sudan</a> under the <a href="/facts/Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty/4SNwStso">Muhammad Ali Dynasty</a>, where it was a rank below <a href="/facts/Pasha/Qqx1dt2J">pasha</a> (maintained in two rank classes after 1922), and a title of courtesy for a pasha's son. </p><p>Even much earlier, the virtual sovereign's title in Barbaresque North African 'regency' states was "Bey" (compare <a href="/facts/Dey/fuPtJApX">Dey</a>). Notably in <a href="/facts/Tunis/nmKNnW85">Tunis</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> the <a href="/facts/Husainid_Dynasty/AMaSCuTj">Husainid Dynasty</a> used a whole series of title and styles including Bey: </p> <ul><li>Just Bey itself was part of the territorial title of the ruler, and also as a title used by all male members of the family (rather like Sultan in the Ottoman dynasty).</li> <li>Bey al-Kursi "Bey of the Throne", a term equivalent to reigning prince.</li> <li>Bey al-Mahalla "Bey of the Camp", title used for the next most senior member of the Beylical family after the reigning Bey, the Heir Apparent to the throne.</li> <li>Bey al-Taula "Bey of the Table", the title of the Heir Presumptive, the eldest prince of the Beylical family, who enjoyed precedence immediately after the Bey al-Mahalla.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Beylerbey/5a17e0UI">Beylerbeyi</a> (or Beglerbegi) "Lord of Lords", was the administrative rank formally enjoyed by the ruler of Algiers and by rulers of parts of the Balkans in their official capacity of Ottoman Governor-General within the Turkish empire.This title was also used in Safavid empire.</li></ul> <p>Bey was also the title that was awarded by the Ottoman Sultan in the twilight of the Ottoman Empire to <a href="/facts/Oloye/oKKatkqK">Oloye</a> <a href="/facts/Mohammed_Shitta_Bey/QGcfPAGr">Mohammed Shitta</a>, an African merchant prince of the <a href="/facts/Yoruba_people/x8tcApLL">Yoruba people</a> who served as a senior leader of the Muslim community in the kingdom of <a href="/facts/Lagos/sujDJmtW">Lagos</a>. Subsequently, he and his children became known in <a href="/facts/Nigeria/gbW17BX8">Nigeria</a> by the <a href="/facts/Double-barrelled_surname/MlwbjC4t">double-barrelled surname</a> Shitta-Bey, a tradition which has survived to the present day through their lineal descendants. </p><p>In the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman</a> period, the lords of the semi-autonomous <a href="/facts/Mani_Peninsula/QzbAHedK">Mani Peninsula</a> used the title of <i>beis</i> (μπέης); for example, <a href="/facts/Petros_Mavromichalis/e2qeb5Ev">Petros Mavromichalis</a> was known as <i>Petrobey</i>. </p><p>Other Beys saw their own <i>Beylik</i> promoted to statehood, e.g.: </p> <ul><li>in <a href="/facts/Qusantina/PIPcdFcq">Qusantina</a> (Constantine in French), an Ottoman district subject to the <a href="/facts/Algiers_regency/7NTmU9u8">Algiers regency</a> since 1525 (had its own Beys since 1567), the last incumbent, Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif (b. c. 1784, in office 1826–1848, d. 1850), was maintained when in 1826 the local <a href="/facts/Kabyle_people/FwXQqhBA">Kabyle</a> population declared independence, and when it was on 13 October 1837 conquered by France, until it was incorporated into <a href="/facts/Algeria/UXDF4Tj6">Algeria</a> in 1848.</li></ul> <p>Bey or a variation has also been used as an aristocratic title in various Turkic states, such as <i>Bäk</i> in the <a href="/facts/Tatars/hgokK6aw">Tatar</a> <a href="/facts/Khanate_of_Kazan/Ac216Jwn">Khanate of Kazan</a>, in charge of a Beylik called <i>Bäklek</i>. The <a href="/facts/Uzbeks/fEuHTRSV">Uzbek</a> <a href="/facts/Khanate_of_Khiva/A3Wv1FrA">Khanate of Khiva</a>, <a href="/facts/Emirate_of_Bukhara/3Afet6w4">Emirate of Bukhara</a> and The <a href="/facts/Khanate_of_Kokand/STILwWhc">Khanate of Kokand</a> used the "beks" as local administrations of "bekliks" or provinces. The <a href="/facts/Balkar/zcBoSgpT">Balkar</a> princes in the <a href="/facts/North_Caucasus/GpxBJatP">North Caucasus</a> highlands were known as <i>taubiy</i> (taubey), meaning the "mountainous chief". </p><p>Sometimes a Bey was a territorial vassal within a khanate, as in each of the three <i>zuzes</i> under the <a href="/facts/Khan_(title)/ICwa6Blk">Khan</a> of the Kazakhs. </p><p>The variation <i>Beg</i>, <i>Baig</i> or <i>Bai</i>, is still used as a family name or a part of a name in South and Central Asia as well as the <a href="/facts/Balkans/5Hy8ly0d">Balkans</a>. In <a href="/facts/Slavic_languages/b5GaeFx1">Slavic</a>-influenced names, it can be seen in conjunction with the Slavic <i>-ov/-ović/ev</i> suffixes meaning "son of", such as in <a href="/facts/Bakir_Izetbegovi%25C4%2587/b8BbXLTG">Bakir</a> and <a href="/facts/Alija_Izetbegovi%25C4%2587/8qIIFYst">Alija Izetbegović</a>, and <a href="/facts/Abai_Qunanbaiuli/zXgST0NU">Abai Kunanbaev</a>. </p><p>The title is also used as an honorific by members of the <a href="/facts/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America/50XCP5aW">Moorish Science Temple of America</a> and the <a href="/facts/Moorish_Orthodox_Church/tDJhoxKL">Moorish Orthodox Church</a>. </p><p><i>Bey</i> is also used colloquially in <a href="/facts/Urdu/oLrhuXc6">Urdu</a>-speaking parts of <a href="/facts/India/QW4TV4sy">India</a>, and its usage is similar to "chap" or "man". When used aggressively, it is an offensive term. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Hungarian_language/nt4g0ano">Hungarian</a> word <i>bő</i> originates from an Old Turkic loanword, cognate with Ottoman 'bey', that used to mean 'clan leader' in Old Hungarian. Later, as an adjective, it acquired the meaning of "rich". Its contemporary meaning is "ample" or "baggy" (when referring to clothing). <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>In the Armenian <a href="/facts/Melikdoms_of_Karabakh/CLYT3mVy">Melikdoms of Karabakh</a>, the younger brothers and sons of the <i>meliks</i> (local rulers) were addressed as <i>bek</i>, which was placed after their given names.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Biy/1UoUzQsD">Biy</a> – a judge and senator in <a href="/facts/Kazakh_khanate/ugPul2Ry">Kazakh khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Begum/y9z2ggL2">Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Belyak_(unit)/c8hFeQVp">Belyak (unit)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Beylerbey/5a17e0UI">Beylerbey</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Begzada/Ky3uDWty">Begzada</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Atabeg/5BJQRDdP">Atabeg</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dey/fuPtJApX">Dey</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Khagan_Bek/MURPGBtu">Khagan Bek</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Skanderbeg/zWoGtHkD">Skanderbeg</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bai_Baianai/l6Nc1Rob">Bai Baianai</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Anatolian_beyliks/IPwH9JE0">Anatolian beyliks</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ottoman_titles/T66FfFEY">Ottoman titles</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Abaza_Family/gdx1LhHl">Abaza Family</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Look up <i>bey</i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. <ul><li><a href="http://i-cias.com/e.o/bey.htm">"Bey"</a> at <i>Encyclopaedia of the Orient</i>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Ottoman Turkish: بك, romanized: beğ, Turkish: bey, Azerbaijani: bəy, Turkmen: beg, Uzbek: бек, Kazakh: би/бек, Kyrgyz: бий/бек, Tatar: бәк, romanized: bäk, Shor: пий/пек, Albanian: beu/bej, Croatian: beg, Serbian: beg, Persian: بیگ, romanized: beyg/beig, Tajik: бек, Arabic: بيه, بك, romanized: bēh, bek <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" target="_blank">/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Bey". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 22 March 2008. <a href="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/bey" target="_blank">http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/bey</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Bey". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308071707/http://www.bartleby.com/61/17/B0221700.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080308071707/http://www.bartleby.com/61/17/B0221700.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Beg". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 7 May 2011. <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/beg-pers" target="_blank">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/beg-pers</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Baga". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 22 August 2011. <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baga-an-old-iranian-term-for-god-sometimes-designating-a-specific-god" target="_blank">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baga-an-old-iranian-term-for-god-sometimes-designating-a-specific-god</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Beg". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 7 May 2011. <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/beg-pers" target="_blank">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/beg-pers</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Bey" in Nişanyan Dictionary <a href="http://www.nisanyansozluk.com/?k=bey" target="_blank">http://www.nisanyansozluk.com/?k=bey</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Alemko Gluhak (1993), Hrvatski etimološki rječnik, August Cesarec: Zagreb, pp. 123–124 <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Baga". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 22 August 2011. <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baga-an-old-iranian-term-for-god-sometimes-designating-a-specific-god" target="_blank">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baga-an-old-iranian-term-for-god-sometimes-designating-a-specific-god</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Baga". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 22 August 2011. <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baga-an-old-iranian-term-for-god-sometimes-designating-a-specific-god" target="_blank">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baga-an-old-iranian-term-for-god-sometimes-designating-a-specific-god</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Beg". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 7 May 2011. <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/beg-pers" target="_blank">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/beg-pers</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Baga". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 22 August 2011. <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baga-an-old-iranian-term-for-god-sometimes-designating-a-specific-god" target="_blank">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baga-an-old-iranian-term-for-god-sometimes-designating-a-specific-god</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Baga". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 22 August 2011. <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baga-an-old-iranian-term-for-god-sometimes-designating-a-specific-god" target="_blank">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baga-an-old-iranian-term-for-god-sometimes-designating-a-specific-god</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Beg". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 7 May 2011. <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/beg-pers" target="_blank">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/beg-pers</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>P. Golden, "Turks and Iranians: An historical sketch", in S. Agcagül/V. Karam/L. Johanson/C. Bulut, Turkic-Iranian Contact Areas: Historical and Linguistic Aspects, Harrassowit, 2006, p. 19ff <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Baga". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 22 August 2011. <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baga-an-old-iranian-term-for-god-sometimes-designating-a-specific-god" target="_blank">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baga-an-old-iranian-term-for-god-sometimes-designating-a-specific-god</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Baga". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 22 August 2011. <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baga-an-old-iranian-term-for-god-sometimes-designating-a-specific-god" target="_blank">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baga-an-old-iranian-term-for-god-sometimes-designating-a-specific-god</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Daryaee, Touraj (2010), "Ardashir and the Sasanian's Rise to Power" (PDF), Anabasis: Studia Classica et Orientalia, vol. 1, p. 239, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016, retrieved 24 April 2015 <a href="/wiki/Touraj_Daryaee" target="_blank">/wiki/Touraj_Daryaee</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Eilers, Wilhelm (22 August 2011). "Bāḡ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition. Retrieved 23 April 2015. <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bag-i" target="_blank">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bag-i</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Baga". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 22 August 2011. <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baga-an-old-iranian-term-for-god-sometimes-designating-a-specific-god" target="_blank">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baga-an-old-iranian-term-for-god-sometimes-designating-a-specific-god</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Baga". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 22 August 2011. <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baga-an-old-iranian-term-for-god-sometimes-designating-a-specific-god" target="_blank">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baga-an-old-iranian-term-for-god-sometimes-designating-a-specific-god</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Alemko Gluhak (1993), Hrvatski etimološki rječnik, August Cesarec: Zagreb, pp. 123–124 <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"Beg". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 7 May 2011. <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/beg-pers" target="_blank">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/beg-pers</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Rudelson, Justin Jon; Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam (1997). Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0231107862. Retrieved 24 April 2014. <a href="0231107862" target="_blank">0231107862</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Clarke, Michael E. (2011). Xinjiang and China's Rise in Central Asia – A History. Taylor & Francis. p. 20. ISBN 978-1136827068. Retrieved 10 March 2014. <a href="978-1136827068" target="_blank">978-1136827068</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0231139243. Retrieved 10 March 2014. <a href="978-0231139243" target="_blank">978-0231139243</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Siu, Helen F.; Sutton, Donald S., eds. (2006). Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China. Studies on China. Vol. 28 (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 121. ISBN 0520230159. Retrieved 10 March 2014. <a href="0520230159" target="_blank">0520230159</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>James A. Millward (1998). Beyond the pass: economy, ethnicity, and empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864. Stanford University Press. p. 204. ISBN 0-8047-2933-6. Retrieved 28 November 2010. <a href="0-8047-2933-6" target="_blank">0-8047-2933-6</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Garnett, Lucy Mary Jane. Turkish Life in Town and Country. G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1904. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Garnett" target="_blank">/wiki/Lucy_Garnett</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Shaw, Stanford J. and Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (Volume II). Cambridge University Press, 27 May 1977. ISBN 0521291666, 9780521291668. p. 386. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" target="_blank">/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Imperial, royal and noble ranks Wikipedia Page <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Imperial, royal, noble, gentry and chivalric ranks in West, Central, South Asia and North Africa Template <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Marcel, Jean Joseph (1837). Vocabulaire français-arabe des dialectes vulgaires africains: d'Alger, de Tunis, de Marok, et d'Égypte (in French). C. Hingray. p. 90. بيك beyk, bey. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj8PAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA90" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj8PAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA90</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Jomard, Edme-François (1826). Description de l'Egypte (in French). C. L. F. Panckoucke. p. 475. Le mot sangiaq est un nom de dignité, synonyme de celui de bey (beyk بيك, ou, suivant l'orthographe de la prononciation turques, beyg بيـگ). Summary: sanjaq-bey ≈ bey = beyk = beyg. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=egr1I-6j81YC&pg=PA475" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=egr1I-6j81YC&pg=PA475</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Journal asiatique (in French). 1854. p. 484. Le titre de beg بيـگ (prononcé bey) ou bek بيى, qui, en Barbie est écrit et prononcé bâï بك est proprement un mot turc. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N78-DTow-8sC&pg=PA484" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=N78-DTow-8sC&pg=PA484</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>"Private Drawing Room, I, Kasr-el-Said, Tunisia". World Digital Library. 1899. Retrieved 2 March 2013. <a href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2502" target="_blank">http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2502</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Tótfalusi, István (2005). "bő". Magyar Etimológiai Szótár. Budapest: Arcanum. Retrieved 2 July 2024. <a href="https://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Lexikonok-magyar-etimologiai-szotar-F14D3/b-F1794/bo-F1993/?list=eyJmaWx0ZXJzIjogeyJNVSI6IFsiTkZPX0xFWF9MZXhpa29ub2tfRjE0RDMiXX0sICJxdWVyeSI6ICJiXHUwMTUxIn0" target="_blank">https://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Lexikonok-magyar-etimologiai-szotar-F14D3/b-F1794/bo-F1993/?list=eyJmaWx0ZXJzIjogeyJNVSI6IFsiTkZPX0xFWF9MZXhpa29ub2tfRjE0RDMiXX0sICJxdWVyeSI6ICJiXHUwMTUxIn0</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Hewsen, Robert H. (1972). "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia: A Preliminary Study". Revue des Études Arméniennes. Nouvelle série. IX: 298. <a href="/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Arm%C3%A9niennes" target="_blank">/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Arm%C3%A9niennes</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>