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<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a> word <i>province</i> is attested since about 1330 and derives from the 13th-century <a href="/facts/Old_French/QcRpPdAc">Old French</a> <i>province</i>, which itself comes from the <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> word <i>provincia</i>, which referred to the sphere of authority of a <a href="/facts/Magistrate/uTsu65g1">magistrate</a>, in particular, to a foreign territory. </p><p>A <a href="/facts/Popular_etymology/cpr2AGUK">popular etymology</a> is from <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> <i>pro-</i> ("on behalf of") and <i>vincere</i> ("to triumph" or "to take control of"). Thus a "province" would be a territory or function that a <a href="/facts/Roman_magistrate/hfRYSQJv">Roman magistrate</a> held control of on behalf of his government. In fact, the word <i>province</i> is an ancient term from public law, which means: "office belonging to a magistrate". This agrees with the Latin term's earlier usage as a generic term for a jurisdiction under <a href="/facts/Roman_law/m7peoAbG">Roman law</a>. </p> <h2 id="history-and-culture">History and culture</h2> <p>In <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>, the expression <i>en province</i> still means "outside the <a href="/facts/Paris/DrNHpwnA">Paris</a> region". Equivalent expressions are used in <a href="/facts/Peru/dBt7XrYD">Peru</a> (<i>en provincias</i>, "outside the city of <a href="/facts/Lima/YrHEnS3R">Lima</a>"), <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a> (<i>la provincia</i>, "lands outside <a href="/facts/Mexico_City/gEnGxDEd">Mexico City</a>"), <a href="/facts/Romania/yolzk5cN">Romania</a> (<i>în provincie</i>, "outside the <a href="/facts/Bucharest/4xQnsGwM">Bucharest</a> region"), <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a> (<i>prowincjonalny</i>, "provincial"), <a href="/facts/Bulgaria/Er5pY3YS">Bulgaria</a> (в провинцията, <i>v provincijata</i>, "in the provinces" and провинциален, <i>provincialen</i>, "provincial"), the <a href="/facts/Netherlands/y8xn5stT">Netherlands</a> (<i>uit de provincie</i>, "from outside <a href="/facts/Amsterdam/Xdd393bz">Amsterdam</a>", or "from outside the <a href="/facts/Randstad/Jh10XaQz">Randstad</a>"), and the <a href="/facts/Philippines/ARpmxXQV">Philippines</a> (<i>taga-probinsiya</i>, "from outside <a href="/facts/Metro_Manila/DQT25K5w">Metro Manila</a>", <i>sa probinsiya</i>, "in the provinces", or "in the countryside"). </p><p>Before the <a href="/facts/French_Revolution/PIkDlrC0">French Revolution</a>, <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a> comprised a variety of jurisdictions (built around the early <a href="/facts/House_of_Capet/IguAYsMJ">Capetian</a> royal <a href="/facts/Demesne/vmHJPpbp">demesne</a>), some being considered "provinces", though the term was also used colloquially for territories as small as a <a href="/facts/Manorialism/bvqYxBcJ">manor</a> (<i><a href="/facts/Ch%C3%A2tellenie/47VvvR74">châtellenie</a></i>). Most commonly referred to as "provinces", however, were the <i>Grands Gouvernements</i>, generally former medieval feudal principalities, or agglomerations of such. Today the expression <i>en province</i> is regularly replaced in the media by the more politically correct <i>en région</i>, <i>région</i> now being the term officially used for the secondary level of government. </p><p>In <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a>, <i>in provincia</i> generally means "outside the biggest regional capitals" (like <a href="/facts/Rome/bh1Ttx3T">Rome</a>, <a href="/facts/Milan/0xrtbPdt">Milan</a>, <a href="/facts/Naples/SXrFcg2C">Naples</a>, etc.). </p><p>For the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a> use of the word is often pejorative, assuming a <a href="/facts/Stereotype/UDveLU8n">stereotype</a> of the denizens of the provinces to be less culturally aware than those in the capital.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p><p>The historic European provinces—built up of many small regions, called <i>pays</i> by the French and "<a href="/facts/Swiss_canton/k3wxdzmF">cantons</a>" by the Swiss, each with a local cultural identity and focused upon a <a href="/facts/Market_town/gLsYmDe6">market town</a>—have been depicted by <a href="/facts/Fernand_Braudel/nDLEwsM2">Fernand Braudel</a> as the optimum-size political unit in pre-industrial <a href="/facts/Early_Modern_Europe/aeYvfAqx">Early Modern Europe</a>. He asks, "Was the province not its inhabitants' true '<a href="/facts/Fatherland/gCHA0YV9">fatherland</a>'?"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Even centrally-organized France, an early <a href="/facts/Nation-state/1T5FVEJP">nation-state</a>, could collapse into autonomous provincial worlds under pressure, as during the sustained crisis of the <a href="/facts/French_Wars_of_Religion/43pYXFXr">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–98). </p><p>The British colonies in <a href="/facts/North_America/djNjCQIl">North America</a> were often named provinces. Most (but not all) of the <a href="/facts/Thirteen_Colonies/H50dauTJ">Thirteen Colonies</a> that eventually formed the United States were called provinces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> All declared themselves "states" when they became independent. The <a href="/facts/Connecticut_Colony/GEnYlmK6">Connecticut Colony</a>, the <a href="/facts/Delaware_Colony/PW7B0bBm">Delaware Colony</a>, <a href="/facts/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations/thhBfEuX">Rhode Island</a> and the <a href="/facts/Colony_of_Virginia/l8uHy7Rc">Colony of Virginia</a> never used the title "province". The British colonies further north, which remained loyal to Britain and later <a href="/facts/Canadian_Confederation/1tC7aAD2">confederated</a> to form the original <a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a>, retained the title of "province" and are still known as such to the present day. </p><p>To 19th- and 20th-century historians, in <a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europe</a>, <a href="/facts/Centralized_government/yeYl8rYq">centralized government</a> was a sign of modernity and political maturity. In the late 20th century, as the <a href="/facts/European_Union/6GYcR8qM">European Union</a> drew <a href="/facts/Nation-state/1T5FVEJP">nation-states</a> closer together, centripetal forces seemed simultaneously to move countries toward more flexible systems of more localized, provincial governing entities under the overall European Union umbrella. <a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a> after <a href="/facts/Francisco_Franco/uSnuj0gf">Francisco Franco</a> has been a "State of Autonomies", formally unitary but in fact functioning as a federation of <a href="/facts/Autonomous_Communities_of_Spain/tkAEH5bh">Autonomous Communities</a>, each exercising different powers. (See <a href="/facts/Politics_of_Spain/1xzp58ac">Politics of Spain</a>.) </p><p>While <a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a>, the rump of former <a href="/facts/Yugoslavia/rK14hYmb">Yugoslavia</a>, fought the separatists in the province of <a href="/facts/Kosovo/lbyzI6UW">Kosovo</a>, the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>, under the political principle of "<a href="/facts/Devolution/SB1q2IVU">devolution</a>", produced (1998) local <a href="/facts/Parliament/n2zfmmBC">parliaments</a> in <a href="/facts/Scotland/VGwbbxB2">Scotland</a>, <a href="/facts/Wales/xa3W6PHH">Wales</a> and <a href="/facts/Northern_Ireland/Jmr0NRyl">Northern Ireland</a>. In <a href="/facts/Ancient_India/ntYkAYDQ">ancient India</a>, unlike the <a href="/facts/Maurya_Empire/STQagR1r">Mauryas</a>, the <a href="/facts/Gupta_Empire/KbMVInGv">Gupta Empire</a> gave local areas a great deal of independence and divided the empire into 26 large provinces, styled as Bhukti, Pradesha and Bhoga. </p> <h2 id="legal-aspects">Legal aspects</h2> <p class="note">"Provincial law" redirects here. For the concept in Roman legal studies, see <a href="/facts/Volksrecht/py5HPqkV">Volksrecht</a>.</p> <p>In many <a href="/facts/Federation/R846sufb">federations</a> and <a href="/facts/Confederation/8BLyhA5U">confederations</a>, the province or state is not clearly subordinate to the national or central government. Rather, it is considered to be <a href="/facts/Sovereignty/QnYhTTem">sovereign</a> in regard to its particular set of constitutional functions. The central- and provincial-government functions, or areas of jurisdiction, are identified in a <a href="/facts/Constitution/GppU7erf">constitution</a>. Those that are not specifically identified are called "residual powers". In a decentralized federal system (such as the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a> and <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a>) these residual powers lie at the provincial or state level, whereas in a centralized federal system (such as <a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a>) they are retained at the federal level. </p><p>Some of the <a href="/facts/Enumerated_power/tjghwxcG">enumerated powers</a> can be quite important. For example, <a href="/facts/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada/k3o89TLx">Canadian provinces</a> are sovereign in regard to such important matters as <a href="/facts/Property/F6bGqY2w">property</a>, <a href="/facts/Civil_rights/DBK7m6s2">civil rights</a>, <a href="/facts/Education/WIwsQKF9">education</a>, <a href="/facts/Social_welfare/awUwQxkd">social welfare</a> and <a href="/facts/Medical_services/LPS1WKbI">medical services</a>. The growth of the modern <a href="/facts/Welfare_state/JR15sKL1">welfare state</a> has resulted in these functions, <a href="/facts/Section_92_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867/YAdAcQEQ">assigned to the provinces</a>, becoming more important compared to those <a href="/facts/Section_91_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867/YAdAcQEQ">assigned to the federal government</a> and thus provincial governments have become more important than the <a href="/facts/Fathers_of_Confederation/GCtdfuxy">Fathers of Confederation</a> originally intended. </p><p>Canada's status as a federation of provinces under the <a href="/facts/Dominion/uJGVYft4">Dominion</a> of the British Empire rather than an independent country also had certain legal implications. <a href="/facts/History_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada/UG32HQ2D">Provinces could appeal court rulings</a> over the heads of the <a href="/facts/Supreme_Court_of_Canada/RQJKhKzC">Supreme Court of Canada</a> to the <a href="/facts/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council/X8bCs2mv">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> in <a href="/facts/London/KozCCsy9">London</a>. As well, provinces could bypass the Supreme Court and go directly to London from any <a href="/facts/Provincial_Court/IVqVvonr">Provincial Court</a>. The Canadian Supreme Court tended to support the view that the <a href="/facts/Canadian_Constitution/domM3s5C">Canadian Constitution</a> was intended to create a powerful central government, but the Privy Council in London held the distinctly opposite view that the Constitution provided for stronger provincial powers. This provided an opportunity for <a href="/facts/Forum_shopping/DEl5D350">forum shopping</a> for provinces who opposed federal laws. Until appeals from Canada to the Privy Council were abolished in 1949, in legal disputes the provincial governments tended to win powers at the expense of the federal government. </p><p>In addition, while the Canadian federal government has unlimited taxing power while province governments are restricted to imposing <a href="/facts/Direct_taxes/3BkLYFef">direct taxes</a>, the Canadian government introduced an <a href="/facts/Income_tax/VVmmfxKU">income tax</a> during <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a>, and since it is a direct tax it also became a major revenue generator for provinces. In most provinces, the federal government now collects income tax for both levels of government and transfers to the provincial governments whatever surcharge they ask for. The <a href="/facts/Sales_tax/0yo5u4qh">sales tax</a> also become a major revenue generator for provinces, so in 1991 the Canadian government introduced a <a href="/facts/Goods_and_Services_Tax_(Canada)/F5NuPzEM">Goods and Services Tax</a> (GST) to share the revenues, which proved unpopular both with provincial governments and taxpayers. The Canadian government has tried to harmonize the two levels of sales taxes, but three provinces continue to impose a separate sales tax (British Columbia after harmonizing it, and shortly thereafter de-harmonizing it after it was struck down by a referendum), while the province of Alberta still does not impose a provincial sales tax. </p><p>The evolution of federations has created an inevitable tug-of-war between concepts of federal supremacy versus states' and provinces' rights. The historic division of responsibility in federal constitutions is inevitably subject to multiple overlaps. For example, when central governments, responsible for <a href="/facts/Foreign_policy/sXwA3pIh">foreign policy</a>, enter into international agreements in areas where the state or province is sovereign, such as the environment or health standards, agreements made at the national level can create jurisdictional overlap and conflicting laws. This overlap creates the potential for internal disputes that lead to <a href="/facts/Constitutional_amendment/VaS0dyDU">constitutional amendments</a> and judicial decisions that alter the balance of powers. </p><p>Though foreign affairs do not usually fall under a province's or a federal state's competency, some states allow them to legally conduct international relations on their own in matters of their constitutional prerogative and essential interest. Sub-national authorities have a growing interest in <a href="/facts/Paradiplomacy/hdDvL58e">paradiplomacy</a>, be it performed under a legal framework or as a trend informally admitted as legitimate by the central authorities. </p><p>In <a href="/facts/Unitary_state/HAxK1eMM">unitary states</a> such as <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a> and <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>, provinces are subordinate to the national, central government. In theory, the central government can create or abolish provinces within its jurisdiction. On the other hand, although Canada is now considered a <a href="/facts/Federation/R846sufb">federal state</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> and not a <a href="/facts/Confederation/8BLyhA5U">confederation</a>, in practice it is among the world's more <a href="/facts/Decentralization/5koMXAUs">decentralized</a> federations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Canadian_Confederation/1tC7aAD2">Canadian Confederation</a> and the <a href="/facts/Constitution_Act,_1867/YAdAcQEQ">Constitution Act, 1867</a> conferred considerable power on the provincial governments which they often use to pursue their own goals independently of the federal government. </p><p>In <a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a>, local governments have been called "creatures of the province" because the authority of a local government derives solely from the provincial government. Provinces can create, merge, and dissolve local governments without the consent of the federal government or the people in the affected locality.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Alberta in particular dissolved and merged <a href="/facts/List_of_municipal_districts_in_Alberta/sYfIa1px">hundreds of local governments</a> during the 1940s and 1950s as a consequence of the <a href="/facts/Great_Depression/5K13wcg0">Great Depression</a>. Other provinces have arbitrarily merged and annexed independent suburbs to major Canadian cities such as <a href="/facts/Toronto/cnXH7881">Toronto</a> or <a href="/facts/Montreal/uQQaWd1b">Montreal</a> without the approval of local voters. </p> <h2 id="current-provinces">Current provinces</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Administrative_divisions/s8dnhhYm">Administrative divisions</a></p> <p>Not all first-level political entities are termed "provinces." In <a href="/facts/Arab/E77duPsg">Arab</a> countries, the first administrative level of government—called a <i>muhafazah</i>—is usually translated as a "<a href="/facts/Governorate/k8DdCfLt">governorate</a>." In <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a>, the equivalent of "province" is "<i><a href="/facts/Voivodeships_of_Poland/oAVBCuq6">województwo</a></i>," sometimes rendered in English as "<a href="/facts/Voivodeship/XuweA7Wt">voivodeship</a>."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>Historically, <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a> was divided into <a href="/facts/Provinces_of_New_Zealand/l6qcUL58">provinces</a>, each with its own Superintendent and Provincial Council, and with considerable responsibilities conferred on them. However, the colony (as it then was) never developed into a federation; instead, the provinces were abolished in 1876. The old provincial boundaries continue to be used to determine the application of certain <a href="/facts/Public_holiday/1HEEHTX6">public holidays</a>. Over the years, when the central Government has created special-purpose agencies at a sub-national level, these have often tended to follow or approximate the old provincial boundaries. Current examples include the 16 <a href="/facts/Regions_of_New_Zealand/9E4ua3qn">Regions</a> into which New Zealand is divided, and also the 21 District Health Boards. Sometimes the term <i>the provinces</i> is used to refer collectively to rural and regional parts of New Zealand, that is, those parts of the country lying outside some or all of the "main centres"—<a href="/facts/Auckland/wRcayHa2">Auckland</a>, <a href="/facts/Wellington/tX6IT5oj">Wellington</a>, <a href="/facts/Christchurch/cjzII7cq">Christchurch</a>, <a href="/facts/Hamilton,_New_Zealand/yp5Eu99W">Hamilton</a> and <a href="/facts/Dunedin/MtgEe2SV">Dunedin</a>. </p> <h3>Modern provinces</h3> <p>In many countries, a province is a relatively small non-constituent level of sub-national government, such as a <a href="/facts/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom/5DuHA685">county in the United Kingdom</a>. In China, a province is a sub-national region within a unitary state; this means that a province can be created or abolished by the national people's congress. </p><p>In some nations, a province (or its equivalent) is a first-level administrative unit of sub-national government—as in the <a href="/facts/Netherlands/y8xn5stT">Netherlands</a>—and a large constituent autonomous area, as in <a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a>, Canada, <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo/E2KmHDdv">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>. It can also be a constituent element of a <a href="/facts/Federation/R846sufb">federation</a>, <a href="/facts/Confederation/8BLyhA5U">confederation</a>, or <a href="/facts/Republic/vc8D2pA8">republic</a>. For example, in the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>, no <a href="/facts/U.S._state/PFwcRIYQ">state</a> may <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">secede</a> from the <a href="/facts/Federal_union/R846sufb">federal Union</a> without the permission of the <a href="/facts/Federal_government_of_the_United_States/VJCxUaf7">federal government</a>. </p><p>In other nations—such as <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a>, <a href="/facts/Chile/uEyTfEcx">Chile</a>, <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a>, <a href="/facts/Peru/dBt7XrYD">Peru</a>, the <a href="/facts/Philippines/ARpmxXQV">Philippines</a>, and <a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a>—a province is a second-level administrative sub-division of a <a href="/facts/Region/CdM1oaR3">region</a> (which is the first-order administrative sub-division of the nation). <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italian</a> provinces are mainly named after their principal town and comprise several administrative sub-divisions called <i><a href="/facts/Comune/Bxsc8IYY">comuni</a></i> (communes). In Chile, they are referred to as <i><a href="/facts/Comuna/G1xTr791">comunas</a></i>. Chile has <a href="/facts/Regions_of_Chile/kMQYsaNq">15 regions</a>, subdivided into 53 provinces, of which each is run by a governor appointed by the president. Italy has <a href="/facts/Regions_of_Italy/0qEoCpKe">20 regions</a>, subdivided into <a href="/facts/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy/Te0UDw8v">14 metropolitan cities</a> and <a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Italy/0p68e079">96 provinces</a>. Peru has <a href="/facts/Regions_of_Peru/cvbRa9QT">25 regions</a>, subdivided into 194 provinces. Spain has <a href="/facts/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain/tkAEH5bh">17 autonomous communities</a> and 2 autonomous cities, subdivided into <a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Spain/nw4PG6nM">50 provinces</a>. </p><p>The island of <a href="/facts/Ireland/35vYxXdP">Ireland</a> is divided into four historic provinces (see <a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Ireland/QFmhUC1W">Provinces of Ireland</a>), each of which is sub-divided into <a href="/facts/Counties_of_Ireland/dBcfyr7N">counties</a>. These provinces are <a href="/facts/Connacht/rfQFugRg">Connacht</a> (in the west), <a href="/facts/Leinster/1aJnKf0K">Leinster</a> (in the east), <a href="/facts/Munster/d3Ne8XxY">Munster</a> (in the south) and, <a href="/facts/Ulster/K1cCQJBV">Ulster</a> (in the north). Nowadays these provinces have little or no administrative function, though they do have <a href="/facts/Sport_in_Ireland/2Long3q4">sporting</a> significance. </p><p>From the 19th century, the <a href="/facts/Portuguese_Empire/nxn2wnHj">Portuguese colonies</a> were considered overseas provinces of <a href="/facts/Portugal/lYzwDQ63">Portugal</a>. </p><p>Similarly, some overseas parts of the <a href="/facts/British_Empire/hrsz0j7A">British Empire</a> bore the colonial title of "province" (in a more Roman sense), such as the <a href="/facts/Province_of_Canada/q7z1RL2V">Province of Canada</a> and the <a href="/facts/South_Australia/R7UdxV97">Province of South Australia</a> (the latter, to distinguish it from the penal "colonies" elsewhere in <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a>). Likewise, prior to the <a href="/facts/American_Revolution/zy1F0LxK">American Revolution</a>, most of the original <a href="/facts/Thirteen_Colonies/H50dauTJ">Thirteen Colonies</a> in <a href="/facts/British_America/sH718lsK">British America</a> were provinces as well, such as the <a href="/facts/Province_of_Georgia/tkaaLtAW">Province of Georgia</a> and the <a href="/facts/Province_of_New_Hampshire/cRbW7mV6">Province of New Hampshire</a>. </p> <h3>Canada</h3> <p>The constituent entities of <a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a> are known as <a href="/facts/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada/k3o89TLx">provinces</a>. Prior to confederation, the term province was used in reference to several British colonies situated in Canada; such as the colonial <a href="/facts/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)/XotFxQpB">Province of Quebec</a>. In 1791, Quebec split into two separate colonies, the provinces of <a href="/facts/Lower_Canada/GuUt6DQp">Lower Canada</a>, and <a href="/facts/Upper_Canada/CYYTDQN5">Upper Canada</a>. The two colonies were later merged in 1841 to form the <a href="/facts/Province_of_Canada/q7z1RL2V">Province of Canada</a>. From its separation from Nova Scotia in the 18th century, <a href="/facts/New_Brunswick/SLTqCmM2">New Brunswick</a> was known as His/Her Majesty's Province of New Brunswick. After <a href="/facts/Canadian_confederation/1tC7aAD2">Canadian confederation</a> in 1867, the term <i>provinces</i> continued to be used, in reference to the <a href="/facts/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada/k3o89TLx">sub-national governments of Canada</a>. </p><p>Because Canada is the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area/XQWaBfYo">second-largest country in the world by area</a>, but has only 10 provinces, most Canadian provinces are very large—<a href="/facts/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_area/LwselwsD">six of its ten provinces</a> are <a href="/facts/List_of_European_countries_by_area/6jTfv2P5">larger than any country in Europe</a> except <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a>, and its largest province <a href="/facts/Quebec/4hhNvb4t">Quebec</a>—1,542,056 km2 (595,391 sq mi)—is almost two and a half times as large as <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>—640,679 km2 (247,368 sq mi). Six provinces, including five of the oldest Canadian provinces—<a href="/facts/Alberta/PjKJFbJY">Alberta</a>, <a href="/facts/Ontario/HUkxk5Rf">Ontario</a>, <a href="/facts/Quebec/4hhNvb4t">Quebec</a>, <a href="/facts/New_Brunswick/SLTqCmM2">New Brunswick</a>, <a href="/facts/Nova_Scotia/RcmIvd1A">Nova Scotia</a> and <a href="/facts/Prince_Edward_Island/lgY4nUa2">Prince Edward Island</a>—have "counties" as administrative sub-divisions. The actual local government form can vary widely. In New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and in 9 of the 18 counties of Nova Scotia, county government has been abolished and has been superseded by another form of local government. New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island also have parishes within counties. Since the <a href="/facts/Constitution_Act,_1867/YAdAcQEQ">Canadian Constitution</a> assigns local government to provincial jurisdiction, the various provinces can create, dissolve, and reorganize local governments freely and they have been described as "creatures of the province". </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Western_provinces/2jEGmMd2">Western provinces</a> have more varied types of administrative sub-divisions than the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Canada/du5rkgDh">Eastern provinces</a>. The province of <a href="/facts/British_Columbia/Ty3e3g1Q">British Columbia</a> has "regional districts" which function as county-equivalents. <a href="/facts/Manitoba/QuCdIDYB">Manitoba</a> and <a href="/facts/Saskatchewan/ehkUec57">Saskatchewan</a> are divided into rural municipalities. </p><p><a href="/facts/Alberta/PjKJFbJY">Alberta</a> is also divided into counties, albeit they are officially classified as "municipal districts" by the province, though in regular everyday parlance these entities are referred to as a "county". The province of Alberta has some unique local governance schemes formed in response to local conditions. For instance, <a href="/facts/Sherwood_Park/aAdfU0dt">Sherwood Park</a> is an unincorporated "urban service area" of 72,017 within <a href="/facts/Strathcona_County/WDDuKknb">Strathcona County</a>, which has most of the oil refining capacity in Western Canada; <a href="/facts/Fort_McMurray/Jp59RSxg">Fort McMurray</a> was once a city but dissolved itself and became an "urban service area" of 70,964 people within the <a href="/facts/Regional_Municipality_of_Wood_Buffalo/ek0vasLx">Regional Municipality (R.M.) of Wood Buffalo</a>, which has several multibillion-dollar <a href="/facts/Oil_sands/ewYn43lb">oil sands</a> plants; and <a href="/facts/Lloydminster/oxsyQ481">Lloydminster</a>, a city of 31,483 which sits directly astride the provincial border between Alberta and Saskatchewan. Unlike most such cases, Lloydminster is not a pair of twin cities on opposite sides of a border, but is actually incorporated by both provinces as a single city with a single municipal administration. The residents objected to the federal government splitting the city in two when it created the two provinces, so the two provinces reunified it by declaring it to be a single city in two provinces, thereby bypassing the limitations of federal boundaries. </p> <h3>Pakistan</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Pakistan/c1UCTqjc">Provinces of Pakistan</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a> is administratively divided into four provinces, which are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Pakistani_Punjab/ppTkKUTS">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sindh/1cbCeMv8">Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa/A5IKDXIH">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Balochistan/gwrWvcJE">Balochistan</a></li></ul> <p>It also has two autonomous territories: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Azad_Jammu_and_Kashmir/WSsgCgRd">Azad Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gilgit_Baltistan/SY4nFYaz">Gilgit Baltistan</a></li></ul> <h3>Russia</h3> <p>The term "province" is sometimes used to refer to the historic governorates (<i><a href="/facts/Guberniya/IU4EQ8MI">guberniyas</a></i>) of <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a>. This terms also refers to the <i>provinces</i> (провинции), which were introduced as the subdivisions of the governorates in 1719 and existed until 1775. In modern parlance, the term is commonly used to refer to the <a href="/facts/Oblast/Kx4ccdm6">oblasts</a> and <a href="/facts/Krai/zUR23DhT">krais</a> of Russia. </p> <h3>Polities translated</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Country</th><th>Local name(s)</th><th>Language</th><th>Number of entities</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Afghanistan/arBT2oHR">Provinces of Afghanistan</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Wilayat/s7uvYNGu">wilayat</a></i></td><td><a href="/facts/Persian_language/jfUYbHbt">Pashto, Dari</a></td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Algeria/2yfhkrJm">Provinces of Algeria</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Wilaya/s7uvYNGu">wilaya</a></i></td><td><a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a></td><td>48</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Angola/6XYI6lcp">Provinces of Angola</a></td><td><i>província</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Portuguese_language/vr3Fwzw3">Portuguese</a></td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Argentina/7tYYeRg4">Provinces of Argentina</a></td><td><i>provincia</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a></td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Armenia/4d3XVbkG">Provinces of Armenia</a></td><td><i>marz</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Armenian_language/tELuE2wG">Armenian</a></td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Belarus/LjNJo9Sc">Provinces of Belarus</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Voblast/Kx4ccdm6">voblast</a></i></td><td><a href="/facts/Belarusian_language/yRuE1cfX">Belarusian</a></td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Belgium/uzYYX0le">Provinces of Belgium</a> (<a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Belgium/uzYYX0le">Flemish Region</a>)</td><td><i>provincie</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Dutch_language/yIB5lbsx">Dutch</a></td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Belgium/uzYYX0le">Provinces of Belgium</a> (<a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Belgium/uzYYX0le">Walloon Region</a>)</td><td><i>province</i></td><td><a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a></td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Bolivia/V818jB8c">Provinces of Bolivia</a></td><td><i>provincia</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a></td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Bulgaria/CzeQLDD8">Provinces of Bulgaria</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Oblast/Kx4ccdm6">oblast</a></i></td><td><a href="/facts/Bulgarian_language/susG15pr">Bulgarian</a></td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Burkina_Faso/nBSMXX87">Provinces of Burkina Faso</a></td><td><i>province</i></td><td><a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a></td><td>45</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Burundi/CLj2gm1n">Provinces of Burundi</a></td><td><i>province</i></td><td><a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a></td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Cambodia/cBKP8RVF">Provinces of Cambodia</a></td><td><i>khaet</i> (ខេត្ត)</td><td><a href="/facts/Khmer_language/RVR7NyzQ">Khmer</a></td><td>24 + 1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada/k3o89TLx">Provinces of Canada</a></td><td><i>province</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a>, <a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a></td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Chile/jNTUh3be">Provinces of Chile</a></td><td><i>provincia</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a></td><td>54</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_China/e3hWhWHj">Provinces of China</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_China/e3hWhWHj">shěng</a></i> (省)</td><td><a href="/facts/Standard_Chinese/ofl48GA8">Standard Chinese</a></td><td>23 + 35<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Costa_Rica/wogN05La">Provinces of Costa Rica</a></td><td><i>provincia</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a></td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Cuba/e5n20Myc">Provinces of Cuba</a></td><td><i>provincia</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a></td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo/GhGqfews">Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></td><td><i>province</i></td><td><a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a></td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_the_Dominican_Republic/m2QgWTdj">Provinces of the Dominican Republic</a></td><td><i>provincia</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a></td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Ecuador/NLIEJle6">Provinces of Ecuador</a></td><td><i>provincia</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a></td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Equatorial_Guinea/tuv3A7AX">Provinces of Equatorial Guinea</a></td><td><i>provincia</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a></td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Fiji/Pnjvl196">Provinces of Fiji</a></td><td><i>yasana</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Fijian_language/tGrTQF6R">Fijian</a></td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Finland/2QYsw0pT">Provinces of Finland</a></td><td><i>läänit</i> or <i>län</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Finnish_language/lBuEIgs0">Finnish</a>, <a href="/facts/Swedish_language/1DkSIXkH">Swedish</a></td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Gabon/RKDffnwV">Provinces of Gabon</a></td><td><i>province</i></td><td><a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)/n3tp77kJ">Provinces of Georgia</a></td><td><i>mkhare</i> (მხარე)</td><td><a href="/facts/Georgian_Language/DoKtMLfq">Georgian</a>, <a href="/facts/Abkhaz_Language/CCHPFsb6">Abkhazian</a></td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Greece/S4MAVG80">Provinces of Greece</a></td><td><i>επαρχία</i> (eparchia)</td><td><a href="/facts/Greek_language/pzDd6eIz">Greek</a></td><td>73</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Indonesia/lb96z9A8">Provinces of Indonesia</a></td><td><i>provinsi</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Indonesian_language/J8Q78Ywb">Indonesian</a></td><td>38</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Iran/pj9D4UcB">Provinces of Iran</a></td><td><i>ostan</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Persian_language/jfUYbHbt">Persian</a></td><td>31</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Ireland/QFmhUC1W">Provinces of Ireland</a></td><td><i>cúige</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Irish_language/Kw97s2l4">Irish</a></td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Italy/0p68e079">Provinces of Italy</a></td><td><i>provincia</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Italian_language/YXsmvlQG">Italian</a></td><td>110</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Kazakhstan/f4fN6BBa">Provinces of Kazakhstan</a></td><td><i>oblys</i> (облыс)</td><td><a href="/facts/Kazakh_language/rh22ccFt">Kazakh</a></td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Kenya/09UD0vNA">Provinces of Kenya</a></td><td><i>province</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a></td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Kyrgyzstan/sBLkuF1J">Provinces of Kyrgyzstan</a></td><td><i>oblus</i> (облус)</td><td><a href="/facts/Kyrgyz_language/jnuN76wT">Kyrgyz</a></td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Laos/RsuwPsWR">Provinces of Laos</a></td><td><i>khoueng</i> (ແຂວງ)</td><td><a href="/facts/Lao_language/Gfwndgl0">Lao</a></td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Madagascar/63056I2C">Provinces of Madagascar</a></td><td><i>faritany</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Malagasy_language/KefIavD1">Malagasy</a></td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Mongolia/VyUyTbTL">Provinces of Mongolia</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Aimag_(country_subdivision)/KXTBIFKW">aimag</a></i> or <i>aymag</i> (Аймаг)</td><td><a href="/facts/Mongolian_language/0Lxog7Md">Mongolian</a></td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Mozambique/eKazBybC">Provinces of Mozambique</a></td><td><i>província</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Portuguese_language/vr3Fwzw3">Portuguese</a></td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Nepal/66FTUofm">Provinces of Nepal</a></td><td><i>pradesh</i> or <i>pranta</i> (प्रदेश/प्रान्त)</td><td><a href="/facts/Nepali_language/TSC8VdAw">Nepali</a></td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands/kqYoVzuk">Provinces of the Netherlands</a></td><td><i>provincie</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Dutch_language/yIB5lbsx">Dutch</a></td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_North_Korea/af0Uuagj">Provinces of North Korea</a></td><td><i>do</i> or <i>to</i> (도)</td><td><a href="/facts/Korean_language/dmNnRxAA">Korean</a></td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Administrative_divisions_of_Norway/8Sxl4d6t">Administrative divisions of Norway</a></td><td><i>provins</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Norwegian_language/TGEyeerM">Norwegian</a></td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Oman/nJVywKBc">Provinces of Oman</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Wilaya/s7uvYNGu">wilaya</a></i></td><td><a href="/facts/Arabic/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a></td><td>62</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Pakistan/c1UCTqjc">Provinces of Pakistan</a></td><td><i>sûba</i>(صوبہ); plural: <i>sûbé</i> (صوبے)</td><td><a href="/facts/Urdu_language/oLrhuXc6">Urdu</a></td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Panama/stTEl7Lx">Provinces of Panama</a></td><td><i>provincia</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Papua_New_Guinea/EWCNV5yr">Provinces of Papua New Guinea</a></td><td>province</td><td><a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a></td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Peru/e640p9T7">Provinces of Peru</a></td><td><i>provincia</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a></td><td>195</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_the_Philippines/o533JT2S">Provinces of the Philippines</a></td><td><i>lalawigan</i> or <i>probinsya</i>, <i>provincia</i>, <i>province</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Filipino_language/sFspmMjH">Filipino</a>, <a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a>, <a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a></td><td>82</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Voivodeships_of_Poland/oAVBCuq6">Provinces of Poland</a></td><td><i>województwa</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Polish_language/lzpvYDvV">Polish</a></td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Counties_of_Romania/kkT4lvxV">Provinces of Romania</a></td><td><i>provincii</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Romanian_language/zAY3GnkL">Romanian</a></td><td>41</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Rwanda/lccFCJRb">Provinces of Rwanda</a></td><td><i>intara</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Kinyarwanda_language/ugcnn7Fh">Kinyarwanda</a></td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Saudi_Arabia/xwWDpdnR">Provinces of Saudi Arabia</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Mintaqah/xWk8WlI1">mintaqah</a></i></td><td><a href="/facts/Arabic/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a></td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Sierra_Leone/qSmdrPIg">Provinces of Sierra Leone</a></td><td>province</td><td><a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a></td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_the_Solomon_Islands/yW3ACAzT">Provinces of the Solomon Islands</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_South_Africa/pkfEmsIg">Provinces of South Africa</a></td><td>province</td><td><a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_South_Korea/f9oEDJRF">Provinces of South Korea</a></td><td><i>do</i> or <i>to</i> (도/道)</td><td><a href="/facts/Korean_language/dmNnRxAA">Korean</a></td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Spain/nw4PG6nM">Provinces of Spain</a></td><td><i>provincia</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a></td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Sri_Lanka/JkAL1z9P">Provinces of Sri Lanka</a></td><td>පළාත/palaatha,மாகாணம்/maahaanam & province</td><td><a href="/facts/Sinhala_language/qfPUFGYS">Sinhala</a>, <a href="/facts/Tamil_language/7I0lHL0d">Tamil</a>, <a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Districts_of_Suriname/DBEnvINK">Provinces of Suriname</a></td><td><i>provincie</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Dutch_language/yIB5lbsx">Dutch</a></td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Tajikistan/MSQCXPoK">Provinces of Tajikistan</a></td><td><i>viloyat</i> (вилоят), from <a href="/facts/Arabic/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a> <i><a href="/facts/Wilaya/s7uvYNGu">wilaya</a></i></td><td><a href="/facts/Tajik_language/JsPpW9rI">Tajik</a></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Thailand/BcnPIB1T">Provinces of Thailand</a></td><td><i>changwat</i> (จังหวัด)</td><td><a href="/facts/Thai_language/PnaLdG77">Thai</a></td><td>76 + 1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Administrative_divisions_of_Tonga/48eAgPc8">Provinces of Tonga</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Turkey/CN95vY68">Provinces of Turkey</a></td><td><i>il</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Turkish_language/C5X56Ijp">Turkish</a></td><td>81</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Turkmenistan/euzrb9Tm">Provinces of Turkmenistan</a></td><td><i>welayat</i> (plural: <i>welayatlar</i>) from <i><a href="/facts/Wilaya/s7uvYNGu">wilaya</a></i></td><td><a href="/facts/Turkmen_language/83a4zv7w">Turkmen</a></td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Ukraine/HjxLItVt">Provinces of Ukraine</a></td><td><i>oblast</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Ukrainian_language/2zDw7rpD">Ukrainian</a></td><td>24 + 3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Uzbekistan/xdcYQTBl">Provinces of Uzbekistan</a></td><td><i>viloyat</i> (plural: <i>viloyatlar</i>)</td><td>from <a href="/facts/Arabic/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a> <i><a href="/facts/Wilaya/s7uvYNGu">wilaya</a></i></td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Vanuatu/AM8wI5vP">Provinces of Vanuatu</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Vietnam/QlfRN5NI">Provinces of Vietnam</a></td><td><i>tỉnh</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Vietnamese_language/J3Pbx58C">Vietnamese</a></td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Zambia/DEIkgl7j">Provinces of Zambia</a></td><td>province</td><td><a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Zimbabwe/do1yLGTB">Provinces of Zimbabwe</a></td><td>province</td><td><a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a></td><td>8</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="historic-provinces">Historic provinces</h2> <h3>Ancient, medieval and feudal</h3> <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Roman_Empire/l4E1aUuV">Roman Empire</a> was divided into provinces (<i><a href="/facts/Roman_province/lcMVp672">provinciae</a></i>); this is from which the term originated. <a href="/facts/Byzantine_Empire/njEELXWF">Later Eastern Half</a>: see <a href="/facts/Exarchate/AM010Dh9">Exarchate</a>, <a href="/facts/Theme_(Byzantine_district)/mbYMEnS7">thema</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Caliphate/qQ6hCspe">Caliphate</a> and subsequent <a href="/facts/Sultanate/DVfgkBu3">sultanates</a>: see <a href="/facts/Emirate/y3NIp8XB">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Khanate/rXyl8p35">Khanate</a> can also mean a province as well as an independent state, as either can be headed by a Khan</li> <li>Pharaonic <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a>: see <a href="/facts/Nome_(Egypt)/As2FAcJB">nome (Egypt)</a></li> <li>Frankish (Carolingian) 're-founded' <a href="/facts/Holy_Roman_Empire/6mdobnXN">Holy Roman Empire</a>: see <a href="/facts/Gau_(country_subdivision)/lCwlwLjn">gau</a> and <a href="/facts/County/VYDI8nbJ">county</a></li> <li>In the <a href="/facts/Habsburg/0ttzWDwA">Habsburg</a> territories, the traditional provinces are partly expressed in the <i>Länder</i> of 19th-century <a href="/facts/Austria-Hungary/9WPUPj0W">Austria-Hungary</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mughal_Empire/yRg2kAy5">Mughal Empire</a>: <a href="/facts/Subah_(province)/EHNshfC3">subah</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Subdivisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire/UbGQuB0I">provinces of the Ottoman Empire</a> had various types of governors (generally a <a href="/facts/Pasha/Qqx1dt2J">pasha</a>), but mostly styled <a href="/facts/Wali_(administrative_title)/G033qphL">vali</a>, hence the predominant term <i><a href="/facts/Vilayet/xWPHvbDQ">vilayet</a></i>, generally subdivided (often in <a href="/facts/Bey/wGb0Lgcd">beyliks</a> or <a href="/facts/Sanjak/HYC4KJRG">sanjaks</a>), sometimes grouped under a governor-general (styled <a href="/facts/Beylerbey/5a17e0UI">beylerbey</a>).</li> <li>Achaemenid <a href="/facts/Persia/24yukge8">Persia</a> (and probably before in Media, again after conquest and further extension by Alexander the Great, and in the larger Hellenistic <a href="/facts/Successor_state/WSEEnrmp">successor states</a>: see <a href="/facts/Satrapy/kVKpwGXt">satrapy</a></li> <li>In the Tartar <a href="/facts/Khanate_of_Kazan/Ac216Jwn">Khanate of Kazan</a>: the five daruğa ('direction')</li></ul> <h3>Colonial and early modern</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Spanish_empire/RaWWgnQS">Spanish empire</a>, at several echelons: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Viceroyalty/VGYXdCSS">viceroyalty</a> above</li> <li><a href="/facts/Intendencia/783E9CoM">intendencia</a></li></ul></li> <li>The former <a href="/facts/Republic_of_the_Seven_United_Provinces/PlxBXbKF">Republic of the Seven United Provinces</a> (<a href="/facts/The_Netherlands/y8xn5stT">The Netherlands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/British_Empire/hrsz0j7A">British colonies</a>: <ul><li>American <a href="/facts/Southern_Colonies/4LE0FwbW">Southern Colonies</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Province_of_Carolina/k1yhWsQD">Province of Carolina</a> (1629–1712)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Province_of_North_Carolina/HHd4oPw3">Province of North Carolina</a> (1712–1776)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Province_of_South_Carolina/gcRnqHMU">Province of South Carolina</a> (1712–1776)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Province_of_Maryland/81lppC22">Province of Maryland</a> (1632–1776)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Province_of_Georgia/tkaaLtAW">Province of Georgia</a> (1732–1777)</li></ul></li> <li>American <a href="/facts/Middle_Colonies/QrGU6Yrl">Middle Colonies</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Province_of_New_Jersey/onUFWIxK">Province of New Jersey</a> (1664–1776)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Province_of_New_York/5utR29GL">Province of New York</a> (1664–1783)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Province_of_Pennsylvania/5d7o3Qew">Province of Pennsylvania</a> (1681–1783)</li></ul></li> <li>American <a href="/facts/New_England_Colonies/L4Jc4733">New England Colonies</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Province_of_New_Hampshire/cRbW7mV6">Province of New Hampshire</a> (1680–1686, 1692–1783)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay/F0RsprL7">Province of Massachusetts Bay</a> (1692–1776)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Province_of_Maine/cbuNN6xl">Province of Maine</a> (various dates)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Canada_(New_France)/RXv073GK">Canada (New France)</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)/XotFxQpB">Province of Quebec (1763–1791)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Province_of_Lower_Canada/GuUt6DQp">Province of Lower Canada</a> (1791–1841)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Province_of_Upper_Canada/CYYTDQN5">Province of Upper Canada</a> (1791–1841)</li> <li><a href="/facts/United_Province_of_Canada/q7z1RL2V">United Province of Canada</a> (1841–1867)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_the_Philippines/o533JT2S">Provinces of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_New_Zealand/l6qcUL58">Provinces of New Zealand</a> (1841–1876)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Nigeria/tIgdjWJz">Provinces of Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/South_Australia/R7UdxV97">Province of South Australia</a> (<a href="/facts/States_and_territories_of_Australia/kUd6AV5c">Australian state</a> since 1901)</li></ul></li> <li>The former <a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Brazil/PpsIcFxF">provinces of Brazil</a></li> <li>The former <a href="/facts/Provinces_of_France/7fwpoSWA">provinces of France</a></li> <li>The former <a href="/facts/Provinces_of_India/qdbjMfvI">provinces of India</a></li> <li>The former <a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Ireland/QFmhUC1W">provinces of Ireland</a></li> <li>The former <a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Japan/PhXQvnHM">provinces of Japan</a></li> <li>The former <a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Portugal/xGg82vEQ">provinces of Portugal</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Prussia/jTeHTX3n">provinces of Prussia</a>, a former <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">German</a> <a href="/facts/Monarchy/Kg1vY7tt">kingdom</a>/<a href="/facts/Republic/vc8D2pA8">republic</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Provinces_of_the_Republic_of_New_Granada/w091MfLh">provinces of the Republic of New Granada</a></li> <li>The former <a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Sweden/JCkLfKdh">provinces of Sweden</a></li> <li>The former <a href="/facts/United_Provinces_of_Central_America/DpL3LCwV">United Provinces of Central America</a></li> <li>The former <a href="/facts/United_Provinces_of_South_America/qNIuyTMl">United Provinces of the Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Governor/3SmuqT92">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Region/CdM1oaR3">Region</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Provincialism/Kf3TPQW4">Provincialism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Regionalism_(politics)/KLQ7Kq32">Regionalism (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rise:_The_Vieneo_Province/PqVvg17V">Rise: The Vieneo Province</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pradesh/Nq9sn5ER">Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/-stan/TGdJrb00">-stan</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=province&searchmode=none">Etymology Online</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/James_George_Frazer/cKb6nvS1">Frazer, James George</a> (1911). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Province">"Province" </a>. In <a href="/facts/Hugh_Chisholm/2vWblUBe">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 513–514.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Definition of the word Province including the British English derivation". Lexico. Archived from the original on August 7, 2019. Retrieved August 7, 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807184758/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/province" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190807184758/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/province</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>The Perspective of the World, 1984, p. 284. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"A chorographical map of the Province of New-York in North America, divided into counties, manors, patents and townships; exhibiting likewise all the private grants of land made and located in that Province". Library of Congress. Retrieved December 4, 2017. <a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3800.ar107003/" target="_blank">https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3800.ar107003/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"How Canadians Govern Themselves,. 7th ed". .parl.gc.ca. Archived from the original on April 5, 2011. Retrieved May 8, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110405194326/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/AboutParliament/Forsey/fed_state_01-e.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110405194326/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/AboutParliament/Forsey/fed_state_01-e.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Collaborative Federalism in an era of globalization". Pco-bcp.gc.ca. April 22, 1999. Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315135026/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/index.asp?lang=eng&Page=archive&Sub=speeches-discours&Doc=19990422-eng.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120315135026/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/index.asp?lang=eng&Page=archive&Sub=speeches-discours&Doc=19990422-eng.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Municipalities as creatures of the provinces". Archived from the original on September 15, 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915090718/http://portal.publicpolicy.utoronto.ca/EN/CONCEPTSANDTERMS/KLM/MUNICIPALITIESASCREATURESOFPROVINCES/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180915090718/http://portal.publicpolicy.utoronto.ca/EN/CONCEPTSANDTERMS/KLM/MUNICIPALITIESASCREATURESOFPROVINCES/Pages/default.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Also spelled "voivodship," "voievodship," "voievodeship". <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>76 provinces + 1 special governed district (Phnom Penh). However, Cambodian usually presume Phnom Penh as another province for convenience. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>The People's Republic of China (PRC) claims it has 23 provinces, one of them being Taiwan, which the PRC does not have control. The Republic of China (frequently referred to as "Taiwan" or ROC) claims all 35 provinces but it only controls all of Taiwan Province and several small islands of Fujian and Hainan Province. <a href="/wiki/China" target="_blank">/wiki/China</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>76 provinces + 1 special governed district (Bangkok). However, Thai people usually presume Bangkok as another province for convenience. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>24 oblasts, one autonomous republic, and two "cities with special status". <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>