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Voiced labiodental approximant
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<h2 id="features">Features</h2> <p>Features of the voiced labiodental approximant: </p> <ul><li>Its <a href="/facts/Manner_of_articulation/HxyCqDQC">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Approximant/SXrlw7zY">approximant</a>, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a <a href="/facts/Turbulence/NpgFUhG5">turbulent airstream</a>.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Place_of_articulation/exCzaxeF">place of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Labiodental_consonant/tbsml4ED">labiodental</a>, which means it is articulated with the lower <a href="/facts/Lip/cUlpthmx">lip</a> and the upper <a href="/facts/Teeth/Wc6IqwVf">teeth</a>.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Phonation/u2IGLdgG">phonation</a> is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/facts/Oral_consonant/feM4cful">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the <a href="/facts/Central_consonant/YLATXvJW">central</a>–<a href="/facts/Lateral_consonant/Mcyc1or8">lateral</a> dichotomy does not apply.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Airstream_mechanism/qooe2ESC">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/facts/Pulmonic_egressive/BICa0WA0">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/facts/Intercostal_muscle/SFCkv3vD">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/facts/Abdominal_muscles/HcTzDFL0">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <h2 id="occurrence">Occurrence</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/%25C3%2584iwoo_language/Rq72Ydj7">Äiwoo</a></td><td><i>nyiveli</i></td><td>[ɲiʋeli]</td><td>'garden land'<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Armenian_language/tELuE2wG">Armenian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Eastern_Armenian/qvxWtyD1">Eastern</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Armenian_alphabet/eah4kBXh">ոսկի</a></td><td>[ʋɔski]</td><td>'gold'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Aramaic_language/FpvKez1w">Assyrian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Syriac_alphabet/dA2LyFax">ܗܘܐ</a> / hawa</td><td>[hɑːʋɑ]</td><td>'wind'</td><td>Predominant in the <a href="/facts/Urmia/EPQ1MK0D">Urmia</a> dialects. For some speakers, [<a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a>] is used. Corresponds to [<a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%25E2%2580%2593velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a>] in the other varieties.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Catalan_language/W2uTbK8Q">Catalan</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Balearic_dialect/fz52oJUV">Balearic</a></td><td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/facts/Catalan_alphabet/EuUUrU6u">fava</a></i></td><td rowspan="2">[ˈfɑʋɐ]</td><td rowspan="2">'bean'</td><td rowspan="2">Allophone of /v/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Catalan_phonology/Hlw9yKdg">Catalan phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Valencian_language/lG6lE8po">Valencian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Chinese_language/771ruUY1">Chinese</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mandarin_Chinese/yxvDg67C">Mandarin</a></td><td>為<p><a href="/facts/Chinese_characters/5pn1PFvj">为</a> / <i><a href="/facts/Pinyin/pUwjfMXg">wèi</a></i></p></td><td>[we̞i]<p>[ʋêi]</p></td><td>'for'</td><td>Prevalent in northern dialects. Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Chuvash_language/2pvVW2sT">Chuvash</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cyrillic_script/0btN3oWC">аван</a></td><td>[aʋ'an]</td><td>'good, well'</td><td>Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Maldivian_language/ld63l0V9">Dhivehi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Thaana/RA8a9PXM">ވަޅު</a> / <i><a href="/facts/Mal%25C3%25A9_Latin/TQLphFUB">valhu</a></i></td><td>[ʋaɭu]</td><td>'well' (noun)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Danish_language/sTcGXTMJ">Danish</a></td><td>Standard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Danish_orthography/5R0QPeuD">véd</a></i></td><td>[ʋe̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ]</td><td>'know(s)'</td><td>Also described as a short plosive [<a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_plosive/upgQ1o02">b̪̆</a>]; rarely realized as a fricative [<a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a>] instead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Danish_phonology/pcTRA2ln">Danish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Dutch_language/yIB5lbsx">Dutch</a></td><td>Standard</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Dutch_orthography/BHW9KxMr">wang</a></i></td><td>[ʋɑŋ]</td><td>'cheek'</td><td>In southern dialects of the Netherlands realised as bilabial [<a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_approximant/2ljHM92m">β̞</a>]. See <a href="/facts/Dutch_phonology/WJP2LDfK">Dutch phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Indian_English/LW2DcJGE">Indian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/English_orthography/1Exe2W6G"><i>vine</i></a></td><td rowspan="2">[ʋaɪ̯n]</td><td>'vine'</td><td>Corresponds to a fricative [<a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a>] in other accents.</td></tr><tr><td>Some speakers</td><td><a href="/facts/English_orthography/1Exe2W6G"><i>rine</i></a></td><td>'rine'</td><td>Mostly idiosyncratic but somewhat dialectal<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> (especially in <a href="/facts/London/KozCCsy9">London</a> and <a href="/facts/South_East_England/d6ucBvDb">South East England</a>). See <a href="/facts/English_phonology/awcxPhHL">English phonology</a> and <a href="/facts/R-labialization/dcw103Xv"><i>R</i>-labialization</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Faroese_language/1nf145FG">Faroese</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Faroese_alphabet/u0ua704c">røða</a></i></td><td>[ˈɹøːʋa]</td><td>'speech'</td><td>Word-initial and intervocalic allophone of /v/. In the first case, it is in a free variation with a fricative [<a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a>].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Faroese_phonology/Muq1mE7R">Faroese phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Finnish_language/lBuEIgs0">Finnish</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Finnish_alphabet/l3bdMLPd">vauva</a></i></td><td>[ˈʋɑu̯ʋɑ]</td><td>'baby'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Finnish_phonology/p1kjVpQ5">Finnish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Swiss_German/a90wuKPb">Swiss</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/German_orthography/wRfTdcfG">was</a></i></td><td>[ʋas]</td><td>'what'</td><td>Corresponds to /v/ in Standard German<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Guarani_language/Rlo1qQMz">Guaraní</a></td><td><i>avañe'ẽ</i></td><td>[ʔãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ]</td><td>'Guaraní language'</td><td>Contrasts with /w/ and /ɰ/</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hawaiian_language/SsQuMKm9">Hawaiian</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Hawaiian_alphabet/TFNEXJst">wikiwiki</a></i></td><td>[ʋikiʋiki]</td><td>'fast'</td><td>May also be realized as [w] or [v]. See <a href="/facts/Hawaiian_phonology/jdAqAKRk">Hawaiian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hindustani_language/rPnbEyYP">Hindustani</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hindi/n1QIEeCC">Hindi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hindustani_orthography/QIIomsLK">वाला</a></td><td rowspan="2">[ʋɑːlɑː]</td><td rowspan="2">(the) 'one'</td><td rowspan="2">Also an allophone of /v/ and /w/. See <a href="/facts/Hindustani_phonology/jSJYXe1d">Hindustani phonology</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Urdu/oLrhuXc6">Urdu</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Urdu_alphabet/SzLs2Poc">والا</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Italian_language/YXsmvlQG">Italian</a></td><td>Some speakers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Italian_orthography/QP2BJ6J7">raro</a></i></td><td>[ˈʋäːʋo]</td><td>'rare'</td><td>Rendition alternative to the standard Italian <a href="/facts/Alveolar_trill/rDplJobc">alveolar trill</a> [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_trill/rDplJobc">r</a>], due to individual <a href="/facts/Orthoepy/fHSko9za">orthoepic</a> defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in <a href="/facts/South_Tyrol/KRMwFeWs">South Tyrol</a> (among the Italian-speaking minority), <a href="/facts/Val_d%2527Aosta/ueqKxV9V">Val d'Aosta</a> (bordering with France) and in parts of the <a href="/facts/Parma/q95VPYJF">Parma</a> province, more markedly around <a href="/facts/Fidenza/yDJAUaft">Fidenza</a>. Other alternative sounds may be a <a href="/facts/Uvular_trill/NKbclM6g">uvular trill</a> [<a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_trill/NKbclM6g">ʀ</a>] or a <a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_fricative/EPs0IHK3">voiced uvular fricative</a> [<a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_fricative/EPs0IHK3">ʁ</a>].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Italian_phonology/6ClLWgLo">Italian phonology</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Lao_language/Gfwndgl0">Lao</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Lao_script/yJC2rshj">ວີ</a> / <i>wi</i></td><td>[ʋíː]</td><td>'hand fan'</td><td>May also be realized as [w]. See <a href="/facts/Lao_phonology/Gfwndgl0">Lao phonology</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Khmer_language/RVR7NyzQ">Khmer</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Khmer_script/al76EeT6">អាវុធ</a> / <i>avŭth</i></td><td>[ʔɑːʋut]</td><td>'weapon'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Khmer_phonology/RVR7NyzQ">Khmer phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Marathi_language/uIJuwlFW">Marathi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Devanagari/dQvQ3Ufs">वजन</a></td><td>[ʋə(d)zən]</td><td>'weight'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Marathi_phonology/kjXbd1r6">Marathi phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Miyakoan_language/tYAfVWAY">Miyako</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td colspan="2">[ʋ̩tɑ]</td><td>'thick'</td><td>May be <a href="/facts/Syllabic_consonant/J19Uh6EK">syllabic</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Norwegian_language/TGEyeerM">Norwegian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Urban_East_Norwegian/EyyTNCeo">Urban East</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Norwegian_alphabet/ersy5Mfu">venn</a></i></td><td>[ʋe̞nː]</td><td>'friend'</td><td>Sometimes realized as a fricative [<a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a>].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Norwegian_phonology/jmBIScAK">Norwegian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nsenga_language/sV6YKblM">Nsenga</a></td><td><i>ŵanthu</i></td><td>[ʋaⁿtʰu]</td><td>'people'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Punjabi_language/Dps9vRRe">Punjabi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Gurmukhi/u6Nt0z14">Gurmukhi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Gurmukhi/u6Nt0z14">ਵਾਲ</a></td><td rowspan="2">[ʋäːl]</td><td rowspan="2">'hair'</td><td rowspan="2">Also an allophone of /v/ and /w/.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Shahmukhi_alphabet/nageddhg">Shahmukhi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Shahmukhi_alphabet/nageddhg">وال</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Russian_alphabet/ezoUpIPL">волосы</a></td><td>[ˈʋʷo̞ɫ̪əsˠɘ]</td><td>'hair'</td><td>Common realization of /v/; contrasts with <a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">palatalized</a> form.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Russian_phonology/JCPYSFSV">Russian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Serbo-Croatian/MS85Xuwk">Serbo-Croatian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet/d5s1lFk2">цврчак</a> / <i><a href="/facts/Gaj%2527s_Latin_alphabet/hxF8FTpe">cvrčak</a></i></td><td>[t͡sʋř̩ːt͡ʃak]</td><td>'cricket'</td><td>/v/ is a phonetic fricative, although it has less frication than /f/. However, it does not interact with unvoiced consonants in clusters as a fricative would, and so is considered to be phonologically a <a href="/facts/Sonorant/D1kkuEby">sonorant</a> (approximant).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Shona_language/HAzrhG6V">Shona</a></td><td><i>vanhu</i></td><td>[ʋan̤u]</td><td>'people'</td><td>Contrasts with /v/ and /w/.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Sinhala_language/qfPUFGYS">Sinhala</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Sinhala_script/2ynWA0GY">වතුර</a></td><td>[ʋat̪urə]</td><td>'water'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Slovak_language/HmmobnJ8">Slovak</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Slovak_alphabet/NCxQPLa8">voda</a></i></td><td>[ˈʋo̞dä]ⓘ</td><td>'water'</td><td>Usual realization of /v/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Slovak_phonology/8Az5gDY9">Slovak phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Slovene_language/09YPyUQr">Slovene</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Slovene_orthography/U2wY1Aj3">veter</a></i></td><td>[ˈʋéːt̪ə̀ɾ]</td><td>'wind'</td><td>Also described as fricative [<a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a>].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Slovene_phonology/cC0He05j">Slovene phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Chilean_Spanish/nMPsQSfQ">Chilean</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Spanish_orthography/DNP7QG9J">hablar</a></i></td><td>[äʋˈläɾ]</td><td>'to speak'</td><td>Allophone of /b/. See <a href="/facts/Spanish_phonology/y7knma4G">Spanish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Swedish_language/1DkSIXkH">Swedish</a></td><td>Some speakers</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Swedish_alphabet/9vQCp9EF">vän</a></i></td><td>[ʋɛːn]</td><td>'friend'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Swedish_phonology/2NY3Prus">Swedish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tamil_language/7I0lHL0d">Tamil</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tamil_script/QAEV8dJ5">வாய்</a></td><td>[ʋɑj]</td><td>'mouth'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Tamil_phonology/k02LcIw7">Tamil phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Telugu_language/yV5dQWhw">Telugu</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Telugu_script/GzUHyXLb">వల</a></td><td>[ʋala]</td><td>'net'</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ukrainian_language/2zDw7rpD">Ukrainian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ukrainian_alphabet/RXdMx44m">він</a></td><td>[ʋin]</td><td>'he'</td><td>Possible prevocalic realization of /w/, most commonly before /i/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_phonology/tMNnkv5W">Ukrainian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/West_Frisian_language/h7PVP7S6">West Frisian</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/West_Frisian_language/h7PVP7S6">wêr</a></i></td><td>[ʋɛːr]</td><td>'where'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/West_Frisian_phonology/Iv3uqmV0">West Frisian phonology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_phonetics_topics/IwhbEHGN">List of phonetics topics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/R-labialization/dcw103Xv"><i>R</i>-labialization</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rhotacism_(speech_impediment)/w00yMA2A">Rhotacism (speech impediment)</a>: pronouncing ⟨r⟩ as [ʋ]</li></ul> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>Árnason, Kristján (2011). <i>The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese</i>. <a href="/facts/Oxford_University_Press/CYyTzzWG">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0199229314.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hans_Basb%25C3%25B8ll/XYF4d9r5">Basbøll, Hans</a> (2005), <i>The Phonology of Danish</i>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-203-97876-5</li> <li>Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), <i>Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian</i>, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company</li> <li>Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard J., eds. (1999), <i>Urban Voices</i>, Arnold</li> <li>Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), <a href="http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/mainframe.jsp?nLanguageID=8"><i>A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene</i></a>, Kansas: <a href="/facts/University_of_Kansas/619CXHmz">University of Kansas</a></li> <li>Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010). <a href="http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf">"Slovak"</a> (PDF). <i><a href="/facts/Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association/d94UV5qT">Journal of the International Phonetic Association</a></i>. 40 (3): 373–378. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100310000162">10.1017/S0025100310000162</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gjert_Kristoffersen/tVzTJkX5">Kristoffersen, Gjert</a> (2000). <i>The Phonology of Norwegian</i>. <a href="/facts/Oxford_University_Press/CYyTzzWG">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-823765-5.</li> <li>Mesthrie, Rajend (2004). "Indian South African English: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). <i>A handbook of varieties of English</i>. Vol. 1: Phonology. <a href="/facts/Mouton_de_Gruyter/2wJSEv3m">Mouton de Gruyter</a>. pp. 953–963. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-11-017532-0.</li> <li>Morén, Bruce (2005), <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150504022243/http://www.hum.uit.no/a/moren/SerbianMorenRevised.pdf"><i>Consonant-Vowel Interactions in Serbian: Features, Representations and Constraint Interactions</i></a> (PDF), Center for Advanced Study of Theoretical Linguistics, Tromsø, archived from <a href="http://www.hum.uit.no/a/moren/SerbianMorenRevised.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 May 2015</li> <li>Priestley, T.M.S. (2002). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uRF9Yiso1OIC">"Slovene"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Bernard_Comrie/hQ58Yolo">Comrie, Bernard</a>; Corbett, Greville. G. (eds.). <i>The Slavonic Languages</i>. London: <a href="/facts/Routledge/aSwcES11">Routledge</a>. pp. 388–451. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-415-28078-8.</li> <li>Saborit Vilar, Josep (2009), <i>Millorem la pronúncia</i>, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</li> <li>Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999). "Slovene". <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/facts/Cambridge_University_Press/fgEBSSRq">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 135–139. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004874">10.1017/S0025100300004874</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-521-65236-7. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249404451">249404451</a>.</li> <li>Vanvik, Arne (1979), <i>Norsk fonetikk</i>, Oslo: <a href="/facts/Universitetet_i_Oslo/uYPDcgpU">Universitetet i Oslo</a>, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 82-990584-0-6</li> <li>Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015). <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/55589EC639ADEF1764B5ECD0B76970FA/S0025100314000395a.pdf/russian.pdf">"Russian"</a> (PDF). <i><a href="/facts/Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association/d94UV5qT">Journal of the International Phonetic Association</a></i>. 45 (2): 221–228. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100314000395">10.1017/S0025100314000395</a>.</li> <li>Žovtobrjux, M.A.; Kulyk, B.M. (1965), <i>Kurs sučasnoji ukrajins'koji literaturnoji movy. Častyna I.</i>, Kiev: Radjans’ka škola</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=%CA%8B">List of languages with [ʋ]</a> on <a href="/facts/PHOIBLE/2qqHhjzI">PHOIBLE</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Ladefoged, Peter (1968). A Phonetic Study of West African Languages: An Auditory-instrumental Survey (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780521069632. <a href="9780521069632" target="_blank">9780521069632</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Mathangwane, Joyce Thambole Mogatse (1996). Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: A Diachronic and Synchronic Study (Thesis). Berkeley: University of California. p. 79. <a href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8m17f977" target="_blank">https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8m17f977</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Mesthrie (2004:960) - Mesthrie, Rajend (2004). "Indian South African English: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A handbook of varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 953–963. ISBN 3-11-017532-0. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Næss, Åshild (2017). A short dictionary of Äiwoo. Asia-Pacific Linguistics. Vol. A-PL 35. Canberra. hdl:1885/112469. ISBN 978-1-922185-37-2. OCLC 970690673.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="978-1-922185-37-2" target="_blank">978-1-922185-37-2</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Dum-Tragut (2009:20) - Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Saborit Vilar (2009:52) - Saborit Vilar, Josep (2009), Millorem la pronúncia, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Saborit Vilar (2009:52) - Saborit Vilar, Josep (2009), Millorem la pronúncia, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Basbøll (2005:62) - Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5 <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Basbøll (2005:27 and 66) - Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5 <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Mesthrie (2004:960) - Mesthrie, Rajend (2004). "Indian South African English: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A handbook of varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 953–963. ISBN 3-11-017532-0. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Foulkes & Docherty (1999:?) - Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard J., eds. (1999), Urban Voices, Arnold <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Árnason (2011:115) - Árnason, Kristján (2011). The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199229314. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Árnason (2011:115) - Árnason, Kristján (2011). The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199229314. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Schmid, Stephan (2010). "Segmental features of Swiss German ethnolects". In Calamai, Silvia; Celata, Chiara; Ciucci, Luca (eds.). Proceedings of the Workshop "Sociophonetics, at the crossroads of speech variation, processing and communication". Edizioni della Normale. pp. 69–72. ISBN 978-88-7642-434-2. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2015. <a href="978-88-7642-434-2" target="_blank">978-88-7642-434-2</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFCanepari1999 (help) <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFCanepari1999 (help) <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Pellard, Thomas (19 January 2009). Why it is important to study the Ryukyuan languages: The example of Õgami Ryukyuan (PDF) (Speech). Oxford. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018113945/http://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/sites/jap-ling/files/files/pellard.eals_.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20151018113945/http://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/sites/jap-ling/files/files/pellard.eals_.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Kristoffersen (2000:22 and 25) - Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000). The Phonology of Norwegian. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Vanvik (1979:41) - Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6 <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Vanvik (1979:41) - Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6 <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Kristoffersen (2000:74) - Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000). The Phonology of Norwegian. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223) - Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015). "Russian" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 45 (2): 221–228. doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395. <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/55589EC639ADEF1764B5ECD0B76970FA/S0025100314000395a.pdf/russian.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/55589EC639ADEF1764B5ECD0B76970FA/S0025100314000395a.pdf/russian.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223) - Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015). "Russian" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 45 (2): 221–228. doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395. <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/55589EC639ADEF1764B5ECD0B76970FA/S0025100314000395a.pdf/russian.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/55589EC639ADEF1764B5ECD0B76970FA/S0025100314000395a.pdf/russian.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Morén (2005:5–6) - Morén, Bruce (2005), Consonant-Vowel Interactions in Serbian: Features, Representations and Constraint Interactions (PDF), Center for Advanced Study of Theoretical Linguistics, Tromsø, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2015 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150504022243/http://www.hum.uit.no/a/moren/SerbianMorenRevised.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150504022243/http://www.hum.uit.no/a/moren/SerbianMorenRevised.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Brown, Wayles; Alt, Theresa (2004). "A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian". SEELRC. Duke University. <a href="http://seelrc.org:8080/grammar/mainframe.jsp?nLanguageID=1" target="_blank">http://seelrc.org:8080/grammar/mainframe.jsp?nLanguageID=1</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374) - Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010). "Slovak" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 40 (3): 373–378. doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162. <a href="http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374) - Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010). "Slovak" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 40 (3): 373–378. doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162. <a href="http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:136) - Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999). "Slovene". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 135–139. doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874. ISBN 0-521-65236-7. S2CID 249404451. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004874" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004874</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Priestley (2002:394) - Priestley, T.M.S. (2002). "Slovene". In Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville. G. (eds.). The Slavonic Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 388–451. ISBN 0-415-28078-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uRF9Yiso1OIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=uRF9Yiso1OIC</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Greenberg (2006:18) - Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas <a href="http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/mainframe.jsp?nLanguageID=8" target="_blank">http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/mainframe.jsp?nLanguageID=8</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Sadowsky, Scott (2010). "El alófono labiodental sonoro [v] del fonema /b/ en el castellano de Concepción (Chile): Una investigación exploratoria" (PDF). Estudios de Fonética Experimental. XIX: 231–261. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180410055958/http://stel.ub.edu/labfon/sites/default/files/XIX-12-S%20Sadowsky.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180410055958/http://stel.ub.edu/labfon/sites/default/files/XIX-12-S%20Sadowsky.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Žovtobrjux & Kulyk (1965:121–122) - Žovtobrjux, M.A.; Kulyk, B.M. (1965), Kurs sučasnoji ukrajins'koji literaturnoji movy. Častyna I., Kiev: Radjans’ka škola <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Žovtobrjux & Kulyk (1965:121–122) - Žovtobrjux, M.A.; Kulyk, B.M. (1965), Kurs sučasnoji ukrajins'koji literaturnoji movy. Častyna I., Kiev: Radjans’ka škola <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>