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Quantum simulator
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<h2 id="solving-physics-problems">Solving physics problems</h2> <p>Many important problems in physics, especially <a href="/facts/Thermodynamics/q4hIx3yP">low-temperature physics</a> and <a href="/facts/Many-body_theory/uoMIVD3E">many-body physics</a>, remain poorly understood because the underlying <a href="/facts/Quantum_mechanics/BRc3Mzgr">quantum mechanics</a> is vastly complex. Conventional computers, including supercomputers, are inadequate for simulating quantum systems with as few as 30 particles because the dimension of the Hilbert space grows exponentially with particle number.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Better computational tools are needed to understand and rationally design materials whose properties are believed to depend on the collective <a href="/facts/Quantum_mechanics/BRc3Mzgr">quantum behavior</a> of hundreds of particles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Quantum simulators provide an alternative route to understanding the properties of these systems. These simulators create clean realizations of specific systems of interest, which allows precise realizations of their properties. Precise control over and broad tunability of parameters of the system allows the influence of various parameters to be cleanly disentangled. </p><p>Quantum simulators can solve problems which are difficult to simulate on classical computers because they directly exploit quantum properties of real particles. In particular, they exploit a property of quantum mechanics called <a href="/facts/Quantum_superposition/4z1UJg9o">superposition</a>, wherein a <a href="/facts/Quantum_particle/qhFMapN6">quantum particle</a> is made to be in two distinct states at the same time, for example, aligned and anti-aligned with an external magnetic field. Crucially, simulators also take advantage of a second quantum property called <a href="/facts/Quantum_entanglement/afzslwN0">entanglement</a>, allowing the behavior of even physically well separated particles to be correlated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>Recently quantum simulators have been used to obtain <a href="/facts/Time_crystal/A5mq9AwN">time crystals</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Quantum_spin_liquid/cUJx0mq8">quantum spin liquids</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="trapped-ion-simulators">Trapped-ion simulators</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Ion_trap/L1m5HBMU">Ion trap</a> based system forms an ideal setting for simulating interactions in quantum spin models.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> A <a href="/facts/Ion_trap/L1m5HBMU">trapped-ion</a> simulator, built by a team that included the <a href="/facts/NIST/gr9Fnh85">NIST</a> can engineer and control interactions among hundreds of <a href="/facts/Quantum_bit/WveeEubw">quantum bits</a> (qubits).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Previous endeavors were unable to go beyond 30 quantum bits. The capability of this simulator is 10 times more than previous devices. It has passed a series of important benchmarking tests that indicate a capability to solve problems in material science that are impossible to model on conventional computers. </p><p>The trapped-ion simulator consists of a tiny, single-plane crystal of hundreds of <a href="/facts/Beryllium/dv295voP">beryllium ions</a>, less than 1 millimeter in diameter, hovering inside a device called a <a href="/facts/Penning_trap/9GPXsFoV">Penning trap</a>. The outermost <a href="/facts/Electron/L0KBo5cW">electron</a> of each ion acts as a tiny quantum magnet and is used as a qubit, the quantum equivalent of a “1” or a “0” in a conventional computer. In the benchmarking experiment, physicists used laser beams to cool the ions to near absolute zero. Carefully timed microwave and <a href="/facts/Laser_pulse/jk6PTvvT">laser pulses</a> then caused the qubits to interact, mimicking the quantum behavior of materials otherwise very difficult to study in the laboratory. Although the two systems may outwardly appear dissimilar, their behavior is engineered to be mathematically identical. In this way, simulators allow researchers to vary parameters that could not be changed in natural solids, such as atomic <a href="/facts/Lattice_spacing/h3gMKk6V">lattice spacing</a> and geometry. </p><p>Friedenauer et al., adiabatically manipulated 2 spins, showing their separation into ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic states.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Kim et al., extended the trapped ion quantum simulator to 3 spins, with global antiferromagnetic Ising interactions featuring frustration and showing the link between frustration and entanglement<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> and Islam et al., used adiabatic quantum simulation to demonstrate the sharpening of a <a href="/facts/Phase_transition/eLP2BY8R">phase transition</a> between paramagnetic and ferromagnetic ordering as the number of spins increased from 2 to 9.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> Barreiro et al. created a digital quantum simulator of interacting spins with up to 5 trapped ions by coupling to an open reservoir<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> and Lanyon <i>et al.</i> demonstrated digital quantum simulation with up to 6 ions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> Islam, et al., demonstrated adiabatic quantum simulation of the transverse Ising model with variable (long) range interactions with up to 18 trapped ion spins, showing control of the level of spin frustration by adjusting the antiferromagnetic interaction range.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> Britton, et al. from NIST has experimentally benchmarked Ising interactions in a system of hundreds of qubits for studies of quantum magnetism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> Pagano, et al., reported a new cryogenic ion trapping system designed for long time storage of large ion chains demonstrating coherent one and two-qubit operations for chains of up to 44 ions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> Joshi, et al., probed the quantum dynamics of 51 individually controlled ions, realizing a long-range interacting spin chain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ultracold-atom-simulators">Ultracold atom simulators</h2> <p>Many <a href="/facts/Ultracold_atom/LdM0IeD7">ultracold atom</a> experiments are examples of quantum simulators. These include experiments studying <a href="/facts/Bose-Hubbard_model/r2QfbhCn">bosons</a> or <a href="/facts/Fermi-Hubbard_model/5pphLNde">fermions</a> in <a href="/facts/Optical_lattice/Inu8klUj">optical lattices</a>, the unitary Fermi gas, <a href="/facts/Rydberg_atom/yUrerWYz">Rydberg atom</a> arrays in <a href="/facts/Optical_tweezers/wsPxwmX6">optical tweezers</a>. A common thread for these experiments is the capability of realizing generic Hamiltonians, such as the <a href="/facts/Hubbard_model/5pphLNde">Hubbard</a> or <a href="/facts/Ising_model/lvBpj2h1">transverse-field Ising</a> Hamiltonian. Major aims of these experiments include identifying low-temperature phases or tracking out-of-equilibrium dynamics for various models, problems which are theoretically and numerically intractable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> Other experiments have realized condensed matter models in regimes which are difficult or impossible to realize with conventional materials, such as the <a href="/facts/Quantum_spin_Hall_effect/26hdSS9L">Haldane model</a> and the <a href="/facts/Quantum_Hall_effect/yK3zcCgu">Harper-Hofstadter model</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="superconducting-qubits">Superconducting qubits</h2> <p>Quantum simulators using superconducting qubits fall into two main categories. First, so called <a href="/facts/Quantum_annealing/maR034Gr">quantum annealers</a> determine ground states of certain Hamiltonians after an adiabatic ramp. This approach is sometimes called <a href="/facts/Adiabatic_quantum_computing/USqCIzRf">adiabatic quantum computing</a>. Second, many systems emulate specific Hamiltonians and study their ground state properties, <a href="/facts/Quantum_phase_transition/XP5W2kYs">quantum phase transitions</a>, or time dynamics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> Several important recent results include the realization of a <a href="/facts/Mott_insulator/nPswoaFc">Mott insulator</a> in a driven-dissipative <a href="/facts/Bose-Hubbard_model/r2QfbhCn">Bose-Hubbard system</a> and studies of phase transitions in lattices of superconducting resonators coupled to qubits.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Hamiltonian_simulation/f5TNUDtY">Hamiltonian simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Quantum_Turing_machine/tTJ8P43B">Quantum Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Quantum_computing/nbbcgmvq">Quantum computing</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081123183419/http://www.ceid.upatras.gr/tech_news/papers/quantum_theory.pdf">Deutsch's 1985 paper</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Johnson, Tomi H.; Clark, Stephen R.; Jaksch, Dieter (2014). "What is a quantum simulator?". EPJ Quantum Technology. 1 (10). arXiv:1405.2831. doi:10.1140/epjqt10. S2CID 120250321. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>This article incorporates public domain material from Michael E. Newman. NIST Physicists Benchmark Quantum Simulator with Hundreds of Qubits. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2013-02-22. <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" target="_blank">/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Britton, Joseph W.; Sawyer, Brian C.; Keith, Adam C.; Wang, C.-C. Joseph; Freericks, James K.; Uys, Hermann; Biercuk, Michael J.; Bollinger, John J. (2012). "Engineered two-dimensional Ising interactions in a trapped-ion quantum simulator with hundreds of spins" (PDF). Nature. 484 (7395): 489–92. arXiv:1204.5789. Bibcode:2012Natur.484..489B. doi:10.1038/nature10981. PMID 22538611. S2CID 4370334. Note: This manuscript is a contribution of the US National Institute of Standards and Technology and is not subject to US copyright. <a href="http://tf.boulder.nist.gov/general/pdf/2614.pdf" target="_blank">http://tf.boulder.nist.gov/general/pdf/2614.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Manin, Yu. I. (1980). Vychislimoe i nevychislimoe [Computable and Noncomputable] (in Russian). Sov.Radio. pp. 13–15. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. 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NIST Physicists Benchmark Quantum Simulator with Hundreds of Qubits. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2013-02-22. <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" target="_blank">/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Britton, Joseph W.; Sawyer, Brian C.; Keith, Adam C.; Wang, C.-C. Joseph; Freericks, James K.; Uys, Hermann; Biercuk, Michael J.; Bollinger, John J. (2012). "Engineered two-dimensional Ising interactions in a trapped-ion quantum simulator with hundreds of spins" (PDF). Nature. 484 (7395): 489–92. arXiv:1204.5789. Bibcode:2012Natur.484..489B. doi:10.1038/nature10981. PMID 22538611. S2CID 4370334. 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