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<h2 id="astronomy">Astronomy</h2> <ul><li>January 10 – The <a href="/facts/Signal_Corps_(United_States_Army)/xAqQnv2w">United States Army Signal Corps</a>' <a href="/facts/Project_Diana/674EfyXP">Project Diana</a> bounces <a href="/facts/Radar/jk9BTbFA">radar</a> waves off the Moon.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Reginald_Aldworth_Daly/sKx8w7TD">Reginald Aldworth Daly</a> of <a href="/facts/Harvard_University/Lhy9L1cx">Harvard University</a> first proposes a <a href="/facts/Giant_impact_hypothesis/x2cw2Xxn">giant impact hypothesis</a> to account for formation of the Moon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="biology">Biology</h2> <ul><li>November 10 – <a href="/facts/Peter_Scott_(conservationist)/lWJwXbnM">Peter Scott</a> opens the <a href="/facts/WWT_Slimbridge/hUjTMInm">Slimbridge Wetland Reserve</a> in <a href="/facts/England/U9mE5bGL">England</a>.</li> <li>December 2 – The <a href="/facts/International_Convention_for_the_Regulation_of_Whaling/slkEvtPv">International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling</a> is signed in Washington, D.C. to "provide for the proper conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the whaling industry" through establishment of the <a href="/facts/International_Whaling_Commission/LVQv5Ldy">International Whaling Commission</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Karl_von_Frisch/kSwtGGqw">Karl von Frisch</a> publishes "Die Tänze der Bienen" ("The dances of the bees").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Edmund_Jaeger/LCNxXxY0">Edmund Jaeger</a> discovers and later documents, in <a href="/facts/The_Condor_(journal)/Fbg4HpgP"><i>The Condor</i></a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> a state of extended <a href="/facts/Torpor/IlGtqU22">torpor</a>, approaching <a href="/facts/Hibernation/oltroTtp">hibernation</a>, in a bird, the <a href="/facts/Common_poorwill/M2Bb4VA5">common poorwill</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="cartography">Cartography</h2> <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Chamberlin_trimetric_projection/G2BxU6Uw">Chamberlin trimetric projection</a> is developed by Wellman Chamberlin for the <a href="/facts/National_Geographic_Society/mlx2uHa4">National Geographic Society</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="chemistry">Chemistry</h2> <ul><li>The structure of the alkaloid <a href="/facts/Strychnine/oaAfW1xP">strychnine</a> is determined by English organic chemist <a href="/facts/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)/PdyEcL81">Robert Robinson</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="computer-science">Computer science</h2> <ul><li>February 14–15 – <a href="/facts/ENIAC/EcfmM1Y0">ENIAC</a>, the first non-classified all-electronic <a href="/facts/Turing_complete/73goop44">Turing complete</a> computer, built under the direction of <a href="/facts/J._Presper_Eckert/G3bXAwdt">J. Presper Eckert</a> and <a href="/facts/John_Mauchly/y6TeMdXU">John Mauchly</a>, is announced and dedicated at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Pennsylvania/LBBBULox">University of Pennsylvania</a>'s <a href="/facts/Moore_School_of_Electrical_Engineering/TIM8dL7m">Moore School of Electrical Engineering</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> It is programmable by <a href="/facts/Plugboard/fE3HX8tS">plugboard</a> and uses <a href="/facts/Conditional_branch/obBGrnor">conditional branching</a>.</li> <li>December 11 – <a href="/facts/Frederic_Calland_Williams/bzPnXzYa">Frederic Calland Williams</a> receives a <a href="/facts/Patent/LjT2bG3A">patent</a> for a <a href="/facts/Random-access_memory/DuD4bxh6">random-access memory</a> device.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="earth-sciences">Earth sciences</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Arthur_Holmes/RoFQuyRJ">Arthur Holmes</a> estimates the <a href="/facts/Age_of_the_Earth/MxNh2Q11">age of the Earth</a>, using <a href="/facts/Uranium%E2%80%93lead_dating/LMCJBhrQ">uranium–lead dating</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="mathematics">Mathematics</h2> <ul><li>June – <a href="/facts/Joseph_Berkson/rFEq4JYE">Joseph Berkson</a> describes Berkson's Paradox.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="medicine">Medicine</h2> <ul><li>July 14 – Dr. <a href="/facts/Benjamin_Spock/hprA1Dku">Benjamin Spock</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/The_Common_Sense_Book_of_Baby_and_Child_Care/5ttY62jN">The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care</a></i> is first published in <a href="/facts/New_York_(state)/mnl67G1G">New York</a>; it becomes one of the biggest best-sellers of all time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Harold_Gillies/nmKk8mA0">Harold Gillies</a> begins to perform <a href="/facts/Sex_reassignment_surgery/DJjBjrpH">sex reassignment surgery</a> on <a href="/facts/Michael_Dillon/NcCeVWm3">Michael Dillon</a>, including the first <a href="/facts/Phalloplasty/1qbzc5Jf">phalloplasty</a> for a <a href="/facts/Trans_man/UmUsq8Hu">trans man</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chance_Brothers/YnHsRgNQ">Chance Brothers</a> of <a href="/facts/Smethwick/AAJ13ccf">Smethwick</a>, England, produce the first all-glass <a href="/facts/Syringe/8m937D8m">syringe</a> with interchangeable barrel and plunger, allowing easy mass-sterilisation of components.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alfred_Gilman,_Sr./mjFpGJmA">Alfred Gilman</a>, with Frederick S. Philips, first publish the results of trials of anti-<a href="/facts/Cancer/PVW6n1D0">cancer</a> <a href="/facts/Chemotherapy/fWTLbaUT">chemotherapy</a>, using <a href="/facts/Mechlorethamine/q6YM0xug">mechlorethamine</a>, carried out with Louis S. Goodman.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="physics">Physics</h2> <ul><li>January 1 – <a href="/facts/Atomic_Energy_Research_Establishment/4UMoNfcP">Atomic Energy Research Establishment</a> established at <a href="/facts/Harwell,_Oxfordshire/JVxFjBEH">Harwell, Oxfordshire</a> under <a href="/facts/John_Cockcroft/Is5qGyKV">John Cockcroft</a>.</li> <li>May 21 – <a href="/facts/Manhattan_Project/gtg8yRK2">Manhattan Project</a> physicist <a href="/facts/Louis_Slotin/dECI3D24">Louis Slotin</a> accidentally triggers a <a href="/facts/Fission_reaction/LfkIylvm">fission reaction</a> at the <a href="/facts/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory/tlrLkV7r">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a> and gives himself a lethal dose of <a href="/facts/Hard_radiation/vw0d9GaT">hard radiation</a>, making him the second victim of a <a href="/facts/Criticality_accident/c68hQvNh">criticality accident</a> in history.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/BBGKY_hierarchy/3o7c81tg">BBGKY hierarchy</a> of equations for <i>s</i>-particle distribution functions is applied to the derivation of kinetic equations by <a href="/facts/Nikolay_Bogolyubov/39w1trXl">Nikolay Bogolyubov</a> in a paper received in July 1945 and published in 1946 in Russian<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> and in English.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> The related kinetic transport theory is considered by <a href="/facts/John_Gamble_Kirkwood/EWbpmFoB">John Gamble Kirkwood</a> in a paper<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> received in October 1945 and published in March 1946. The first paper by <a href="/facts/Max_Born/6VnUDWhA">Max Born</a> and <a href="/facts/Herbert_S._Green/wKkWAYcA">Herbert S. Green</a> considering a general kinetic theory of liquids is received in February 1946 and published on 31 December 1946.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="technology">Technology</h2> <ul><li>July 24 – First <a href="/facts/Martin-Baker/7KrPeaqq">Martin-Baker</a> <a href="/facts/Ejection_seat/nl3AmHHI">ejection seat</a> live-tested from a jet aircraft over England.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="awards">Awards</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize/3z1Y3oFL">Nobel Prizes</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a> – <a href="/facts/Percy_Williams_Bridgman/h72BUYPt">Percy Williams Bridgman</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Chemistry</a> – <a href="/facts/James_B._Sumner/n3IKj6kV">James B. Sumner</a>, <a href="/facts/John_Howard_Northrop/KJXAqx6j">John Howard Northrop</a>, <a href="/facts/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley/V7wL3p9j">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Medicine</a> – <a href="/facts/Hermann_Joseph_Muller/vmQSDmDC">Hermann Joseph Muller</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="births">Births</h2> <ul><li>February 26 – <a href="/facts/Ahmed_Zewail/aKJuw0a7">Ahmed Zewail</a> (died <a href="/facts/2016_in_science/xaChyHmT">2016</a>), Egyptian-born "father of <a href="/facts/Femtochemistry/6GHRJ2ns">femtochemistry</a>", recipient of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li> <li>May 11 – <a href="/facts/Robert_Jarvik/KYceYpfM">Robert Jarvik</a>, American co-inventor of the <a href="/facts/Jarvik-7/BeLtuRoE">Jarvik-7</a> <a href="/facts/Artificial_heart/BeLtuRoE">artificial heart</a></li> <li>June 13 – <a href="/facts/Paul_L._Modrich/PD0RauTz">Paul L. Modrich</a>, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry</li> <li>June 24 – <a href="/facts/Ellison_Onizuka/jJECVekD">Ellison Onizuka</a> (killed <a href="/facts/1986_in_science/ywkYU3NA">1986</a>), American <a href="/facts/Astronaut/HB1bd6Lz">astronaut</a></li> <li>July 2 – <a href="/facts/Richard_Axel/P9VL0Kq4">Richard Axel</a>, American <a href="/facts/Physiologist/fh25y2pQ">physiologist</a>, recipient of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></li> <li>August 2 – <a href="/facts/Nigel_Hitchin/HY5u59I5">Nigel Hitchin</a>, English mathematician</li> <li>August 5 – <a href="/facts/Shirley_Ann_Jackson/6pdpwlDd">Shirley Ann Jackson</a>, African American physicist</li> <li>August 11 – <a href="/facts/Marilyn_vos_Savant/XeeTB1cY">Marilyn vos Savant</a>, American polymath</li> <li>September 7 – <a href="/facts/Francisco_Varela/cuSCSIhm">Francisco Varela</a> (died <a href="/facts/2001_in_science/BeRcDMev">2001</a>), Chilean-born <a href="/facts/Biologist/yJJGXyKR">biologist</a> and <a href="/facts/Philosopher/Hyvzc54m">philosopher</a></li> <li>September 8 – <a href="/facts/Aziz_Sancar/BzurPXBT">Aziz Sancar</a>, Turkish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry</li> <li>September 9 – <a href="/facts/Adrian_Smith_(statistician)/K0kTAgsI">Adrian Smith</a>, English statistician, <a href="/facts/President_of_the_Royal_Society/ECv5IsS1">President of the Royal Society</a></li> <li>September 28 – <a href="/facts/Morinobu_Endo/p9pyaSsM">Morinobu Endo</a>, Japanese <a href="/facts/Chemist/N09K7Bdm">chemist</a></li> <li>October 14 – <a href="/facts/Kay_Redfield_Jamison/Krv4hA45">Kay Redfield Jamison</a>, American <a href="/facts/Clinical_psychologist/dUXP6Edt">clinical psychologist</a></li> <li>October 17 – <a href="/facts/Carol_Dweck/AzjXa7oh">Carol Dweck</a>, American <a href="/facts/Social_psychologist/VfEKM8U0">social psychologist</a></li> <li>October 29 – <a href="/facts/Peter_Barnes_(respiratory_scientist)/IfvGxSdK">Peter Barnes</a>, English respiratory scientist</li> <li>December 31 – <a href="/facts/Roy_Porter/dBPambLU">Roy Porter</a> (died <a href="/facts/2002_in_science/LP4lLXeB">2002</a>), English <a href="/facts/Medical_historian/P2xSfuYF">medical historian</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Faiza_Al-Kharafi/CCMXx1dm">Faiza Al-Kharafi</a>, Kuwaiti electrochemist</li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <ul><li>March 8 – <a href="/facts/Frederick_W._Lanchester/aaLM7uNP">Frederick W. Lanchester</a> (born <a href="/facts/1868_in_science/K35shjPr">1868</a>), English <a href="/facts/Automotive_engineering/dspDKGwP">automotive engineer</a>.</li> <li>March 23 – <a href="/facts/Gilbert_N._Lewis/wWnV6QXL">Gilbert N. Lewis</a> (born <a href="/facts/1875_in_science/uXaVxjU1">1875</a>), American <a href="/facts/Chemist/N09K7Bdm">chemist</a>; first to isolate <a href="/facts/Deuterium/Bv4wfCkw">deuterium</a>.</li> <li>March 26 – <a href="/facts/Gerhard_Heilmann/MS6kGBUk">Gerhard Heilman</a> (born <a href="/facts/1859_in_science/t8oVY6aT">1859</a>), Danish paleo-ornithologist.</li> <li>May 2 – <a href="/facts/Simon_Flexner/Ij4DhzrP">Simon Flexner</a> (born <a href="/facts/1863_in_science/ISd4glP4">1863</a>), American <a href="/facts/Pathologist/U9b18LJG">pathologist</a> and <a href="/facts/Bacteriologist/Xk70D2YU">bacteriologist</a>.</li> <li>June 14 – <a href="/facts/John_Logie_Baird/bkngND9Q">John Logie Baird</a> (born <a href="/facts/1888_in_science/fyVznYuU">1888</a>), Scottish-born <a href="/facts/Inventor/P3LdUHBY">inventor</a>.</li> <li>August 13 – <a href="/facts/H._G._Wells/J0Y372Km">H. G. Wells</a> (born <a href="/facts/1866_in_science/pLoM3mjz">1866</a>), English novelist and scientific populariser.</li> <li>September 16 – <a href="/facts/James_Jeans/fFbJttMj">James Jeans</a> (born <a href="/facts/1877_in_science/PvF8wXrx">1877</a>), English <a href="/facts/Mathematician/eaFSR8Fx">mathematician</a> and <a href="/facts/Scientist/JDvthEFM">scientist</a>.</li> <li>October 2 – <a href="/facts/Ignacy_Mo%C5%9Bcicki/Y8Vr7js0">Ignacy Mościcki</a> (born <a href="/facts/1867_in_science/W9300Kyo">1867</a>), <a href="/facts/Chemist/N09K7Bdm">chemist</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_Presidents_of_Poland/FDkCw5yd">President of Poland</a>.</li> <li>October 4 – <a href="/facts/Barney_Oldfield/okHEodnG">Barney Oldfield</a> (born <a href="/facts/1878_in_science/MQME3dqx">1878</a>), American automobile racer.</li> <li>December 2 – <a href="/facts/Hilda_Lyon/C9kWzbTR">Hilda Lyon</a> (born <a href="/facts/1896_in_science/Hn7lN2H3">1896</a>), English <a href="/facts/Aeronautical_engineer/2Ib02w7f">aeronautical engineer</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Israel_Aharoni/m6stRa0u">Israel Aharoni</a> (born <a href="/facts/1882_in_science/33pFPWcL">1882</a>), Russian-born Jewish <a href="/facts/Zoologist/6Kj13mBt">zoologist</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Daly, Reginald A. (1946). "Origin of the Moon and Its Topography". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 90 (2): 104–19. JSTOR 3301051. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" target="_blank">/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Österreichische Zoologische Zeitschrift 1: pp. 1–48. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Jaeger, Edmund C. (May–June 1949). "Further Observations on the Hibernation of the Poor-will". The Condor. 3. 51 (3): 105–109. doi:10.2307/1365104. ISSN 0010-5422. JSTOR 1365104. OCLC 478309773. Earlier I gave an account (Condor, 50, 1948:45) of the behavior of a Poor-will (Phalaenoptilus nuttallinii) which I found in a state of profound torpidity in the winter of 1946–47 in the Chuckawalla Mountains of the Colorado Desert, California. (photographs by Kenneth Middleham) <a href="/wiki/The_Condor_(journal)" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Condor_(journal)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Hiltner, Nita (2011-02-20). "A Look Back". The Press-Enterprise. Riverside, California: Enterprise Media. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved 2011-11-15. <a href="https://archive.today/20130131020614/http://www.pe.com/local-news/riverside-county/riverside/riverside-headlines-index/20110227-a-look-back.ece" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130131020614/http://www.pe.com/local-news/riverside-county/riverside/riverside-headlines-index/20110227-a-look-back.ece</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Chamberlin, Wellman (1947). The Round Earth on Flat Paper: Map Projections Used by Cartographers. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. ASIN B000WTCPXE. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Robinson, R. (1946). "The constitution of strychnine". Experientia. 2 (1): 1946. doi:10.1007/BF02154708. PMID 21012825. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Briggs, L. H.; Openshaw, H. T.; Robinson, Robert (1946). "Strychnine and brucine. Part XLII. Constitution of the neo-series of bases and their oxidation products". Journal of the Chemical Society. London: 903. doi:10.1039/JR9460000903. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Chemical_Society" target="_blank">/wiki/Journal_of_the_Chemical_Society</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Openshaw, H. T.; Robinson, R. (1946). "Constitution of Strychnine and the Biogenetic Relationship of Strychnine and Quinine". Nature. 157 (3988): 438. Bibcode:1946Natur.157..438O. doi:10.1038/157438a0. PMID 21024272. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F157438a0" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038%2F157438a0</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"1946." Britannica. <a href="http://www.britannica.com/facts/10/40945235/1946-The-all-electronic-ENIAC-Electronic-Numerical" target="_blank">http://www.britannica.com/facts/10/40945235/1946-The-all-electronic-ENIAC-Electronic-Numerical</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Computing timeline". The Centre for Computing History. Retrieved 2012-01-29. <a href="http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/cgi/computing-timeline.pl" target="_blank">http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/cgi/computing-timeline.pl</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Berkson, Joseph (June 1946). "Limitations of the Application of Fourfold Table Analysis to Hospital Data". Biometrics Bulletin. 2 (3): 47–53. doi:10.2307/3002000. JSTOR 3002000. PMID 21001024. <a href="/wiki/Biometrics_(journal)" target="_blank">/wiki/Biometrics_(journal)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Meisol, Patricia (17 March 1998). "Echoes from the baby boom appreciation: for 50 years, parents turned to the book by Dr. Benjamin Spock for the most common-sense advice about raising children". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2010-05-16. Retrieved 2010-03-31. <a href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/1998/03/17/echoes-from-the-baby-boom-appreciation-for-50-years-parents-turned-to-the-book-by-dr-benjamin-spock-for-the-most-common-sense-advice-about-raising-children/" target="_blank">https://www.baltimoresun.com/1998/03/17/echoes-from-the-baby-boom-appreciation-for-50-years-parents-turned-to-the-book-by-dr-benjamin-spock-for-the-most-common-sense-advice-about-raising-children/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Roach, Mary (2007-03-18). "Girls Will Be Boys". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved 2007-03-25. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/18/books/review/Roach.t.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/18/books/review/Roach.t.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Gilman, Alfred; Philips, Frederick S. (5 April 1946). "The Biological Actions and Therapeutic Applications of the Β-Chloroethyl Amines and Sulfides". Science. 103 (2675): 409–15, 436. Bibcode:1946Sci...103..409G. doi:10.1126/science.103.2675.409. JSTOR 1673195. PMID 17751251. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" target="_blank">/wiki/Science_(journal)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Gilman, Alfred (1963). "The Initial Clinical Trial of Nitrogen Mustard". American Journal of Surgery. 105 (5): 574–578. doi:10.1016/0002-9610(63)90232-0. PMID 13947966. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Bogoliubov, N. N. (1946). "Kinetic Equations". 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