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<h2 id="astronomy">Astronomy</h2> <ul><li>November 30 – In <a href="/facts/Sylacauga%2c_Alabama/rYq0GIRK">Sylacauga, Alabama</a>, an 8.5 pound sulfide <a href="/facts/Meteorite/NsmHlBlX">meteorite</a> crashes through a roof and hits Mrs. Elizabeth Hodges in her living room after bouncing off her radio, giving her a bad bruise; the first known modern case of a human being hit by a space rock.</li></ul> <h2 id="biology">Biology</h2> <ul><li>January 10 – Last confirmed specimen of a <a href="/facts/Caspian_tiger/guXb68XJ">Caspian tiger</a> is killed, in the valley of the <a href="/facts/Sumbar_River/tpPR88Sf">Sumbar River</a> in the <a href="/facts/Kopet_Dag/zYgHdoo7">Kopet Dag Mountains</a> of <a href="/facts/Turkmenistan/YqJ4NvjU">Turkmenistan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Daniel_I._Arnon/5UuUN7vn">Daniel I. Arnon</a> demonstrates in the laboratory the chemical function of <a href="/facts/Photosynthesis/TMV7w693">photosynthesis</a> in <a href="/facts/Chloroplast/fo8U3yTx">chloroplasts</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Heinz_Sielmann/KsqpaeqJ">Heinz Sielmann</a> makes the pioneering <a href="/facts/Nature_documentary/MTrR4PaU">nature documentary</a> about <a href="/facts/Woodpecker/dFdEHRHw">woodpeckers</a>, <i>Zimmerleute des Waldes</i> ("Carpenters of the forest").</li> <li><a href="/facts/Eduard_Paul_Tratz/00XxBwsQ">Eduard Paul Tratz</a> and <a href="/facts/Heinz_Heck/rlQHWJBw">Heinz Heck</a> propose the species name <i><a href="/facts/Bonobo/B4ddCJK4">bonobo</a></i> for what was previously known as the <a href="/facts/Pygmy_chimpanzee/B4ddCJK4">pygmy chimpanzee</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="chemistry">Chemistry</h2> <ul><li>Publication of the first analysis of the three-dimensional molecular structure of <a href="/facts/Vitamin_B12/vCk613gD">vitamin B12</a> by a group including <a href="/facts/Dorothy_Hodgkin/vjsD4zQS">Dorothy Hodgkin</a>, and utilising computer analysis provided by <a href="/facts/Kenneth_Nyitray_Trueblood/Cm3Sn8LH">Kenneth Nyitray Trueblood</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Strychnine_total_synthesis/tIH65mIs">Strychnine total synthesis</a> is first achieved in the laboratory by <a href="/facts/Robert_Burns_Woodward/bAQeInCb">Robert Burns Woodward</a>'s team at Harvard.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Wittig_reaction/7Cjao2HI">Wittig reaction</a> is discovered by German chemist <a href="/facts/Georg_Wittig/XKGpFMEJ">Georg Wittig</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="computer-science">Computer science</h2> <ul><li>January – The <a href="/facts/TRADIC/XKtqg5Pz">TRADIC</a> Phase One computer is completed at <a href="/facts/Bell_Labs/fKP5Gk0H">Bell Labs</a> in the United States, a candidate to be regarded as the first <a href="/facts/Transistor_computer/4JXJWsaQ">transistor computer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li>January 7 – <a href="/facts/Georgetown%25E2%2580%2593IBM_experiment/92CVHtkd">Georgetown–IBM experiment</a>: the first public demonstration of a <a href="/facts/Machine_translation/DGF3NwuI">machine translation</a> system held in New York at the head office of IBM.</li></ul> <h2 id="geology">Geology</h2> <ul><li>December 31 – The first specimens of the mineral <a href="/facts/Benstonite/9JJXoC1R">benstonite</a> are collected by Orlando J. Benston in the <a href="/facts/Magnet_Cove_igneous_complex/w3qLDfKQ">Magnet Cove igneous complex</a> of <a href="/facts/Arkansas/Qun124UP">Arkansas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="history-of-science">History of science</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Joseph_Needham/lC1qJAuI">Joseph Needham</a> begins publication of <i><a href="/facts/Science_and_Civilisation_in_China/cneHE835">Science and Civilisation in China</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Cambridge_University_Press/fgEBSSRq">Cambridge University Press</a>).</li> <li><i>A History of Technology</i>, edited by <a href="/facts/Charles_Singer/I1aKTprm">Charles Singer</a>, <a href="/facts/Eric_John_Holmyard/v874gxal">E. J. Holmyard</a> and A. R. Hall, begins publication (<a href="/facts/Oxford_University_Press/CYyTzzWG">Oxford University Press</a>).</li></ul> <h2 id="mathematics">Mathematics</h2> <ul><li>January 6 – The <a href="/facts/Luhn_algorithm/s44Qds5L">Luhn algorithm</a>, devised by IBM information scientist <a href="/facts/Hans_Peter_Luhn/j5zx9csm">Hans Peter Luhn</a>, is described in a United States <a href="/facts/Patent/LjT2bG3A">patent</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Klaus_Roth/exBd7vDU">Klaus Roth</a> publishes a paper<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> laying the foundations for modern <a href="/facts/Discrepancy_theory/8dknBzQa">discrepancy theory</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Leonard_Jimmie_Savage/qlmq7Uaq">Leonard Jimmie Savage</a> publishes <i>Foundations of Statistics</i>, promoting <a href="/facts/Bayesian_statistics/9w7b1Bw4">Bayesian statistics</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="medicine">Medicine</h2> <ul><li>February 23 – The first mass vaccination of children against <a href="/facts/Polio/6dYyXUhE">polio</a> begins, in <a href="/facts/Pittsburgh/42yPHyS0">Pittsburgh</a>, Pennsylvania.</li> <li>August 10 – British epidemiologist <a href="/facts/Richard_Doll/PMdfb4AK">Richard Doll</a> submits a study on the risk to workers in <a href="/facts/Asbestos/dEnjQyee">asbestos</a> manufacture of mortality from <a href="/facts/Lung_cancer/LHLdR454">lung cancer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>The first <a href="/facts/Organ_transplant/1jNvVJn6">organ transplants</a> are done in Boston and Paris. <ul><li>December 23 – <a href="/facts/Joseph_Murray/K2IgJtvI">Joseph Murray</a> at <a href="/facts/Peter_Bent_Brigham_Hospital/pzsaYR4q">Peter Bent Brigham Hospital</a> in Boston carries out the first successful <a href="/facts/Kidney/HBspPrv9">kidney</a> transplant, between identical twins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>The first of the <a href="/facts/Antipsychotic/7bNTg7T3">anti-psychotic</a> <a href="/facts/Phenothiazine/SXgRQEeb">phenothiazine</a> drugs, <a href="/facts/Chlorpromazine/oFja1FYA">Chlorpromazine</a>, starts being sold under the trade names <i>Thorazine</i> (U.S.) and <i>Largactil</i> (U.K.)</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Sucrose_gap/wYoMud3g">sucrose gap</a> is introduced by Robert Stämpfli for the reliable measurement of <a href="/facts/Action_potential/Sz8yCRqx">action potential</a> in <a href="/facts/Nerve_fiber/5DCd4wLo">nerve fibers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="metrology">Metrology</h2> <ul><li>10th <a href="/facts/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures/a1FPjTtr">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a> proposes the six original <a href="/facts/SI_base_unit/M7PsTWg4">SI base units</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alexander_Macmillan_(engineer)/QXpc0vqS">Alexander Macmillan</a> publishes the "Macmillan correction" to account for errors in the calculation of velocity of an object moving along a gradient due to viscous effects and wall proximity.</li></ul> <h2 id="physics">Physics</h2> <ul><li>January 2 – <a href="/facts/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)/sY0S7QBY">Harold Hopkins</a> and <a href="/facts/Narinder_Singh_Kapany/wwWYFYAp">Narinder Singh Kapany</a> at <a href="/facts/Imperial_College_London/SoXBRyax">Imperial College London</a> report achieving low-loss light transmission through a 75 cm long <a href="/facts/Optical_fiber/5ruuIFbj">optical fiber</a> bundle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li>March 1 – <a href="/facts/Castle_Bravo/R2F4BRFf">Castle Bravo</a>: United States carries out a <a href="/facts/Thermonuclear_weapon/T9zFe3H0">thermonuclear weapon</a> test on <a href="/facts/Bikini_Atoll/NrrgM5pd">Bikini Atoll</a> in the Pacific Ocean.</li> <li>September 29 – <a href="/facts/CERN/y1gwRchm">CERN</a> is founded by twelve European states.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li>First <a href="/facts/Tokamak/kDtb8Bsw">tokamak</a> built, in the Soviet Union.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="psychology">Psychology</h2> <ul><li>Summer – <a href="/facts/Realistic_conflict_theory/tH7Y7V7m">Robbers Cave Experiment</a> carried out by <a href="/facts/Muzafer_Sherif/mbped9mr">Muzafer</a> and <a href="/facts/Carolyn_Sherif/zrMG1q1W">Carolyn Sherif</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Man_Meets_Dog/pozXXQMm">Man Meets Dog</a></i> is published by <a href="/facts/Konrad_Lorenz/gS57IPhS">Konrad Lorenz</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="technology">Technology</h2> <ul><li>June 26 – <a href="/facts/Obninsk_Nuclear_Power_Plant/ocl5EDod">Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant</a>, the first civilian nuclear power station, is commissioned in the Soviet Union.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li>June 29 – <a href="/facts/Buckminster_Fuller/fLvx87hc">Buckminster Fuller</a> is granted a United States patent for his development of the <a href="/facts/Geodesic_dome/XmHEPKmK">geodesic dome</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li>September 30 – The <a href="/facts/Submarine/6fhcAKHV">submarine</a> <a href="/facts/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)/p73kaFTj">USS <i>Nautilus</i> (SSN-571)</a>, the first atomic-powered vessel, is commissioned by the United States Navy.</li> <li>October 18 – <a href="/facts/Texas_Instruments/88NUhuHF">Texas Instruments</a> announces development of the first commercial <a href="/facts/Transistor_radio/5chsStE7">transistor radio</a>, the <a href="/facts/Regency_TR-1/lcw2YvF1">Regency TR-1</a>, manufactured in <a href="/facts/Indianapolis/r8BQof9G">Indianapolis</a>; it goes on sale the following month.</li> <li>December 16 – The first <a href="/facts/Synthetic_diamond/G74kbCBg">synthetic diamond</a> is produced.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li>New Zealand engineer <a href="/facts/Bill_Hamilton_(engineer)/BtcgD6zB">Sir William Hamilton</a> develops the first <a href="/facts/Pump-jet/eHnVHFad">pump-jet</a> engine (the "Hamilton Jet") capable of propelling a <a href="/facts/Jetboat/9vuhuQu7">jetboat</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li>The first electric <a href="/facts/Drip_brew/yG1jpo5l">drip brew</a> <a href="/facts/Coffeemaker/8PwCovmD">coffeemaker</a> is patented in Germany and named the <a href="/facts/Wigomat/8vcMewEA">Wigomat</a> after its inventor Gottlob Widmann.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Staley_T._McBrayer/xRD396WP">Staley T. McBrayer</a> invents the Vanguard web <a href="/facts/Offset_printing/dADgaujb">offset press</a> for newspaper printing in <a href="/facts/Fort_Worth%2c_Texas/NNBEqVe8">Fort Worth, Texas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Angle_grinder/P9PSbN3W">angle grinder</a> is invented by German company Ackermann + Schmitt (<a href="/facts/Flex-Elektrowerkzeuge/Ruk7ea8F">Flex-Elektrowerkzeuge</a>).</li></ul> <h2 id="awards">Awards</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Fields_Medal/khFmkEnm">Fields Prize in Mathematics</a>: <a href="/facts/Kunihiko_Kodaira/u73B5W0D">Kunihiko Kodaira</a> and <a href="/facts/Jean-Pierre_Serre/1xSr7BCh">Jean-Pierre Serre</a>, the latter being the youngest-ever winner, at age 27</li> <li>Nobel Prizes <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a> – <a href="/facts/Max_Born/6VnUDWhA">Max Born</a> and <a href="/facts/Walther_Bothe/sUnzEYxY">Walther Bothe</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Chemistry</a> – <a href="/facts/Linus_Pauling/cBNBzs5c">Linus Pauling</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Medicine</a> – <a href="/facts/John_Franklin_Enders/V55DXweX">John Franklin Enders</a>, <a href="/facts/Thomas_Huckle_Weller/3fbMmELN">Thomas Huckle Weller</a> and <a href="/facts/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins/Kln1ovAy">Frederick Chapman Robbins</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="births">Births</h2> <ul><li>January 16 – <a href="/facts/Morten_P._Meldal/AdD9BGfY">Morten P. Meldal</a>, <a href="/facts/Danes/bUt1hyMQ">Danish</a> <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Nobel Chemistry laureate, 2022</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li>February 9 – <a href="/facts/Kevin_Warwick/854Vfodb">Kevin Warwick</a>, English scientist, author of <i><a href="/facts/March_of_the_Machines/j5CB9aHH">March of the Machines</a></i>.</li> <li>March – <a href="/facts/Clare_Marx/ljhT2hgC">Clare Marx</a>, English <a href="/facts/Surgeon/Hm0R9t6n">surgeon</a>.</li> <li>May 14 – <a href="/facts/Peter_J._Ratcliffe/fUott7R2">Peter J. Ratcliffe</a>, English cellular biologist, <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Medicine laureate, 2019</a>.</li> <li>June 20 – <a href="/facts/Ilan_Ramon/hM3YQzAB">Ilan Ramon</a> (died <a href="/facts/2003_in_science/DEzE438Y">2003</a>), <a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israeli</a> <a href="/facts/Astronaut/HB1bd6Lz">astronaut</a>.</li> <li>July 11 – <a href="/facts/Julia_King%2c_Baroness_Brown_of_Cambridge/TS55S1us">Julia King</a>, English <a href="/facts/Materials_engineer/N5HrXRYW">materials engineer</a>.</li> <li>July 17 – <a href="/facts/Angela_Merkel/n7jjpybM">Angela Kasner</a>, German <a href="/facts/Physical_chemist/WqwnJjRM">physical chemist</a> and <a href="/facts/Chancellor_of_Germany/NHWTh4Tt">Chancellor</a>.</li> <li>August 28 – <a href="/facts/George_M._Church/dlvzcoaT">George M. Church</a>, American <a href="/facts/Geneticist/cCvzvuKU">geneticist</a>, <a href="/facts/Molecular_engineering/ANbdfhgN">molecular engineer</a> and <a href="/facts/Chemist/N09K7Bdm">chemist</a>.</li> <li>September 5 – <a href="/facts/Myeong-Hee_Yu/kjerC1e2">Myeong-Hee Yu</a>, South Korean <a href="/facts/Microbiologist/cqEyJwNK">microbiologist</a>.</li> <li>November 1 – <a href="/facts/Graham_Colditz/mEPbTbNE">Graham Colditz</a>, Australian-born <a href="/facts/Epidemiologist/wgTmxoMA">epidemiologist</a>.</li> <li>November 7 – <a href="/facts/Vijay_Kumar_(molecular_biologist)/p0kPLYE4">Vijay Kumar</a>, <a href="/facts/Indian_people/S30UyveY">Indian</a> <a href="/facts/Molecular_biologist/YgqU35ub">molecular biologist</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Pat_Hanrahan/np0rxDJf">Pat Hanrahan</a>, American <a href="/facts/Computer_scientist/DavggjGL">computer scientist</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/George_McGavin/eP3FKWSb">George McGavin</a>, Scottish <a href="/facts/Entomologist/zTtUNTWm">entomologist</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Huda_Zoghbi/tEMTeyKH">Huda Zoghbi</a>, <a href="/facts/Lebanese_people/rXN9UU6o">Lebanese</a>-born <a href="/facts/Geneticist/cCvzvuKU">geneticist</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <ul><li>January 17 – <a href="/facts/Leonard_Eugene_Dickson/zJ3rPHDJ">Leonard Eugene Dickson</a> (born <a href="/facts/1874_in_science/f7oeKSob">1874</a>), American <a href="/facts/Mathematician/eaFSR8Fx">mathematician</a>.</li> <li>March 7 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Otto_Diels/Lov8SkYD">Otto Diels</a> (born <a href="/facts/1876_in_science/9BateKlC">1876</a>), German <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Nobel Chemistry laureate, 1950</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ludwik_Hirszfeld/LekKAP9o">Ludwik Hirszfeld</a> (born <a href="/facts/1884_in_science/fGwEUMb8">1884</a>), Polish <a href="/facts/Microbiologist/cqEyJwNK">microbiologist</a> and <a href="/facts/Serology/wmNg447o">serologist</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>April 10 – <a href="/facts/Auguste_Lumi%25C3%25A8re/dplwB7Ae">Auguste Lumière</a> (born <a href="/facts/1862_in_science/QgMtveLf">1862</a>), French inventor, film pioneer.</li> <li>April 21 – <a href="/facts/Emil_Leon_Post/Hl2CKCxw">Emil Post</a> (born <a href="/facts/1897_in_science/1IcNGmU5">1897</a>), American mathematician and logician.</li> <li>June 7 – <a href="/facts/Alan_Turing/klov9b6g">Alan Turing</a> (born <a href="/facts/1912_in_science/ro3op4mA">1912</a>), English mathematician and <a href="/facts/Computer_scientist/DavggjGL">computer scientist</a> (probable suicide).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li>July 11 – <a href="/facts/Henry_Valentine_Knaggs/8KMhJAwS">Henry Valentine Knaggs</a> (born <a href="/facts/1859_in_science/t8oVY6aT">1859</a>), English practitioner of <a href="/facts/Naturopathic_medicine/sks1TkxS">naturopathic medicine</a>.</li> <li>October 3 – <a href="/facts/Vera_Gaze/yRmAnDA6">Vera Gaze</a> (born <a href="/facts/1899_in_science/eeGQg6tL">1899</a>), Soviet Russian astronomer.</li> <li>October 8 – <a href="/facts/Dimitrie_Pompeiu/9QRIueDR">Dimitrie Pompeiu</a> (born <a href="/facts/1873_in_science/Cz0weAdA">1873</a>), Romanian mathematician.</li> <li>November 29 – <a href="/facts/Enrico_Fermi/cmYcY15H">Enrico Fermi</a> (born <a href="/facts/1901_in_science/PbHMXfG4">1901</a>), <a href="/facts/Italian_American/xrp3KgVX">Italian American</a> <a href="/facts/Physicist/cQcgvSIm">physicist</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Dement'yev and Rustamov (1985). The Red Data Book of Turkmenistan. Ashgabat: Turkmenistan Publishing House. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Arnon, Daniel I.; Allen, Mary B.; Whatley, F. R. (1954). "Photosynthesis by Isolated Chloroplasts". Nature. 174 (4426): 394–6. Bibcode:1954Natur.174..394A. doi:10.1038/174394a0. PMID 13194001. S2CID 2462316. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" target="_blank">/wiki/Nature_(journal)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Laurence, William L. (December 30, 1954). "Sun is Harnessed to Create Food: Science Team on the Coast Duplicates Photosynthesis Outside Plants' Cells". The New York Times. 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