Scanning tunneling microscope

A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is a type of <a href="/facts/Scanning_probe_microscopy/uJJPXQLN">scanning probe microscope</a> used for imaging <a href="/facts/Surface/0XA8ce89">surfaces</a> at the <a href="/facts/Atom/FoQ4kGN5">atomic</a> level. Its development in 1981 earned its inventors, <a href="/facts/Gerd_Binnig/XRsNRMql">Gerd Binnig</a> and <a href="/facts/Heinrich_Rohrer/Mspnj4vx">Heinrich Rohrer</a>, then at <a href="/facts/IBM_Research_%25E2%2580%2593_Zurich/4DaaL58U">IBM Zürich</a>, the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1986. STM senses the surface by using an extremely sharp <a href="/facts/Electrical_conductor/BSuyupLP">conducting</a> tip that can distinguish features smaller than 0.1 <a href="/facts/Nanometre/a98sjHyu">nm</a> with a 0.01 nm (10 <a href="/facts/Picometre/Cb54mVBX">pm</a>) depth resolution. This means that individual atoms can routinely be imaged and manipulated. Most scanning tunneling microscopes are built for use in <a href="/facts/Ultra-high_vacuum/K3Xu5K7I">ultra-high vacuum</a> at temperatures approaching <a href="/facts/Absolute_zero/U3UyPl2K">absolute zero</a>, but variants exist for studies in air, water and other environments, and for temperatures over 1000 °C.

STM is based on the concept of <a href="/facts/Quantum_tunneling/WU4NMrKx">quantum tunneling</a>. When the tip is brought very near to the surface to be examined, a <a href="/facts/Biasing_(electronics)/lK0e6hbK">bias</a> voltage applied between the two allows <a href="/facts/Electron/L0KBo5cW">electrons</a> to tunnel through the <a href="/facts/Vacuum/BTk3goyV">vacuum</a> separating them. The resulting tunneling <a href="/facts/Electric_current/Dc1xdnUX">current</a> is a function of the tip position, applied voltage, and the <a href="/facts/Density_of_states/bwVTyhTf">local density of states</a> (LDOS) of the sample. Information is acquired by monitoring the current as the tip scans across the surface, and is usually displayed in image form.
A refinement of the technique known as <a href="/facts/Scanning_tunneling_spectroscopy/lxeVmHtJ">scanning tunneling spectroscopy</a> consists of keeping the tip in a constant position above the surface, varying the bias voltage and recording the resultant change in current. Using this technique, the local density of the electronic states can be reconstructed. This is sometimes performed in high magnetic fields and in presence of impurities to infer the properties and interactions of electrons in the studied material.
Scanning tunneling microscopy can be a challenging technique, as it requires extremely clean and stable surfaces, sharp tips, excellent <a href="/facts/Vibration_isolation/Uxm4myF7">vibration isolation</a>, and sophisticated electronics. Nonetheless, many hobbyists build their own microscopes.

Scanning tunneling microscope open-in-new

Scanning tunneling microscope