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Chloroplast DNA
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<a href="/facts/Cytochrome/VF51IeGv">cytochrome</a> <a href="/facts/Photosystem_I/z9hRH0kt">photosystem I</a> <a href="/facts/Acetyl-CoA_carboxylase/9Lh10Lrs">acetyl-CoA carboxylase</a> <a href="/facts/RuBisCO/C8asuQsc">rubisco</a> <a href="/facts/TRNAs/pR9T5XSl">tRNAs</a> <a href="/facts/TRNA/pR9T5XSl">tRNA</a> <a href="/facts/Photosystem_II/9tmDPU50">photosystem II</a> <a href="/facts/TRNAs/pR9T5XSl">tRNAs</a> <a href="/facts/TRNAs/pR9T5XSl">tRNAs</a> <a href="/facts/Photosystem_II/9tmDPU50">photosystem II</a> <a href="/facts/Ribosomal_proteins/73JJEmgN">ribosomalproteins</a> <a href="/facts/TRNA/pR9T5XSl">tRNA</a> <a href="/facts/TRNA/pR9T5XSl">tRNA</a> <a href="/facts/Nadh_dehydrogenase/Vn8Lf26t">nadh dehydrogenase</a> <a href="/facts/Ribosomal_proteins/73JJEmgN">ribosomal proteins</a> <a href="/facts/TRNA/pR9T5XSl">tRNA</a> <a href="/facts/Replication_origin_regions/wrU6RuR3">replication origin regions</a> <a href="/facts/TRNA/pR9T5XSl">tRNA</a> <a href="/facts/Small_RNA/fqhXWhb0">small RNA</a> <a href="/facts/Ribosomal_protein/73JJEmgN">ribosomal protein</a> <a href="/facts/Replication_origin_regions/wrU6RuR3">replication origin regions</a> <a href="/facts/Ribosomal_RNA/zy5FxddY">ribosomal RNA</a> <a href="/facts/TRNAs/pR9T5XSl">tRNAs</a> <a href="/facts/Ribosomal_RNA/zy5FxddY">ribosomal RNA</a> <a href="/facts/TRNA/pR9T5XSl">tRNA</a> <a href="/facts/Cytochromes/VF51IeGv">cytochromes</a> <a href="/facts/Photosystem_II/9tmDPU50">photosystem II</a> <a href="/facts/Ribosomal_proteins/73JJEmgN">ribosomal proteins</a> <a href="/facts/Photosystem_I/z9hRH0kt">photosystem I</a> <a href="/facts/Cytochromes/VF51IeGv">cytochromes</a> <a href="/facts/Photosystem_II/9tmDPU50">photosystem II</a> <a href="/facts/Atp_synthase/5NBMxsVX">atp synthase</a> <a href="/facts/TRNAs/pR9T5XSl">tRNAs</a> <a href="/facts/Nadh_dehydrogenase/Vn8Lf26t">nadh dehydrogenase</a> <a href="/facts/TRNA/pR9T5XSl">tRNA</a> <a href="/facts/Ribosomal_proteins/73JJEmgN">ribosomal proteins</a> <a href="/facts/Photosystem_I/z9hRH0kt">photosystem I</a> <a href="/facts/TRNAs/pR9T5XSl">tRNAs</a> <a href="/facts/Photosystem_II/9tmDPU50">photosystem II</a> <a href="/facts/RNA_polymerase/gHd0ET9R">RNA polymerase</a> <a href="/facts/Ribosomal_protein/73JJEmgN">ribosomal protein</a> <a href="/facts/Atp_synthase/5NBMxsVX">atp synthase</a> <a href="/facts/TRNAs/pR9T5XSl">tRNAs</a> <a href="/facts/Ribosomal_protein/73JJEmgN">ribosomal protein</a> <a href="/facts/TRNA/pR9T5XSl">tRNA</a> <a href="/facts/Photosystem_II/9tmDPU50">photosystem II</a> <a href="/facts/TRNA/pR9T5XSl">tRNA</a> <a href="/facts/TRNA/pR9T5XSl">tRNA</a> <a href="/facts/Ribosomal_RNA/zy5FxddY">ribosomal RNA</a> <a href="/facts/TRNA/pR9T5XSl">tRNA</a> <a href="/facts/Ribosomal_RNA/zy5FxddY">ribosomal RNA</a> <a href="/facts/TRNA/pR9T5XSl">tRNA</a> <a href="/facts/Ribosomal_protein/73JJEmgN">ribosomal protein</a> <a href="/facts/Photosystem_I/z9hRH0kt">photosystem I</a> <a href="/facts/Nadh_dehydrogenase/Vn8Lf26t">nadh dehydrogenase</a> <a href="/facts/TRNA/pR9T5XSl">tRNA</a> <a href="/facts/Ribosomal_protein/73JJEmgN">ribosomal protein</a> <a href="/facts/Nadh_dehydrogenase/Vn8Lf26t">nadh dehydrogenase</a> <a href="/facts/TRNA/pR9T5XSl">tRNA</a> <a href="/facts/TRNA/pR9T5XSl">tRNA</a> <a href="/facts/Ribosomal_proteins/73JJEmgN">ribosomal proteins</a> <a href="/facts/Prokaryotic_initiation_factor-1/uLxUxTS1">initiation factor 1</a> <a href="/facts/Ribosomal_proteins/73JJEmgN">ribosomal proteins</a> <a href="/facts/RNA_polymerase/gHd0ET9R">RNA polymerase</a> <a href="/facts/ATP-dependent_Clp_protease_adaptor_protein_ClpS/oTMDvQtE">atp-dependent protease</a> <a href="/facts/Ribosomal_proteins/73JJEmgN">ribosomal proteins</a> <a href="/facts/TRNAs/pR9T5XSl">tRNAs</a> <a href="/facts/Nicotiana_tabacum/WQKhTHHK"><i>nicotiana tabacum</i></a> edit · image Chloroplast DNA Interactive gene map of chloroplast DNA from <i><a href="/facts/Nicotiana_tabacum/WQKhTHHK">Nicotiana tabacum</a></i>. Segments with labels on the inside reside on the B strand of <a href="/facts/DNA/nB89Iauz">DNA</a>, segments with labels on the outside are on the A strand. Notches indicate <a href="/facts/Introns/LS6YdBEK">introns</a>. <p>Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), also known as plastid DNA (ptDNA) is the <a href="/facts/DNA/nB89Iauz">DNA</a> located in <a href="/facts/Chloroplast/fo8U3yTx">chloroplasts</a>, which are photosynthetic organelles located within the cells of some eukaryotic organisms. Chloroplasts, like other types of <a href="/facts/Plastid/INesmXK7">plastid</a>, contain a <a href="/facts/Genome/31Sm08JT">genome</a> separate from that in the cell <a href="/facts/Cell_nucleus/D7sFRa3c">nucleus</a>. The existence of chloroplast DNA was identified biochemically in 1959, and confirmed by electron microscopy in 1962. The discoveries that the chloroplast contains ribosomes and performs protein synthesis revealed that the chloroplast is genetically semi-autonomous. The first complete chloroplast genome sequences were published in 1986, <i><a href="/facts/Nicotiana_tabacum/WQKhTHHK">Nicotiana tabacum</a></i> (tobacco) by Sugiura and colleagues and <i><a href="/facts/Marchantia_polymorpha/GkjPkbxd">Marchantia polymorpha</a></i> (liverwort) by Ozeki et al. Since then, <a href="/facts/List_of_sequenced_plastomes/QyAxTbQm">tens of thousands of chloroplast genomes</a> from various species have been <a href="/facts/DNA_sequencing/hsPsNCQW">sequenced</a>. </p>