Comparative method

In <a href="/facts/Linguistics/oQuamvf2">linguistics</a>, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with <a href="/facts/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)/Wnl94kES">common descent</a> from a shared ancestor and then extrapolating backwards to infer the properties of that ancestor. The comparative method may be contrasted with the method of <a href="/facts/Internal_reconstruction/XxcCDsem">internal reconstruction</a> in which the internal development of a single language is inferred by the analysis of features within that language. Ordinarily, both methods are used together to reconstruct prehistoric phases of languages; to fill in gaps in the historical record of a language; to discover the development of phonological, morphological and other linguistic systems and to confirm or to refute hypothesised relationships between languages.
The comparative method emerged in the early 19th century with the birth of <a href="/facts/Indo-European_studies/ExbGjgzD">Indo-European studies</a>, then took a definite scientific approach with the works of the <a href="/facts/Neogrammarians/ukLnXQAl">Neogrammarians</a> in the late 19th–early 20th century. Key contributions were made by the Danish scholars <a href="/facts/Rasmus_Christian_Rask/hVXIXmgc">Rasmus Rask</a> (1787–1832) and <a href="/facts/Karl_Verner/SKIyRDy4">Karl Verner</a> (1846–1896), and the German scholar <a href="/facts/Jacob_Grimm/6qdM4ksF">Jacob Grimm</a> (1785–1863). The first linguist to offer reconstructed forms from a <a href="/facts/Proto-language/BkXHmE3J">proto-language</a> was <a href="/facts/August_Schleicher/MHhAmGEg">August Schleicher</a> (1821–1868) in his Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen, originally published in 1861. Here is Schleicher's explanation of why he offered reconstructed forms:

<blockquote>In the present work an attempt is made to set forth the inferred <a href="/facts/Proto-Indo-European_language/cVLNoM3p">Indo-European original language</a> side by side with its really existent derived languages. Besides the advantages offered by such a plan, in setting immediately before the eyes of the student the final results of the investigation in a more concrete form, and thereby rendering easier his insight into the nature of particular <a href="/facts/Indo-European_languages/L34TfgSr">Indo-European languages</a>, there is, I think, another of no less importance gained by it, namely that it shows the baselessness of the assumption that the non-Indian Indo-European languages were derived from Old-Indian (<a href="/facts/Sanskrit/ychfjhlx">Sanskrit</a>).</blockquote>

Comparative method open-in-new

Comparative method